Manicherimala
Sulal NL et al., 2016. Marcoscale Landslide Susceptibility Map for mountainous/hilly region on GIS platform for toposheets nos 49M/14 and 53A/3, Kozikode, Wayanad and Malappuram districts, Kerala. Unpub. GSI Report of FS 2014-16.

Thoradumala rupture
Charnockite with granulites biotite gneiss. Archean crystallines are overlain by lateritic soil
Report on the recent Landslides in Koilandy and Kozhikode taluks, Kozhikode district, Kerela byC. Muraleedharan and M.Koshy John, Geologist Sr., Ops: TNPK, Thiruvananthapuram. Inventory- LHIM_KER_2007_005
Dendritic drainage, The land rupture extended to a length of 200m and width of about 80m
Surface water flow to be diverted. Catch water drains and chutes may be constructed.
Excess pore pressure, Faulty design of rainwater harvesting

ponodumala
Sulal NL et al., 2016. Marcoscale Landslide Susceptibility Map for mountainous/hilly region on GIS platform for toposheets nos 49M/14 and 53A/3, Kozikode, Wayanad and Malappuram districts, Kerala. Unpub. GSI Report of FS 2014-16.

Idinjakunnu
Sulal NL et al., 2016. Marcoscale Landslide Susceptibility Map for mountainous/hilly region on GIS platform for toposheets nos 49M/14 and 53A/3, Kozikode, Wayanad and Malappuram districts, Kerala. Unpub. GSI Report of FS 2014-16.

Kurumpoyil Landslide
On 14th June 2018 a debris flow was occurred at Kurumpoyil. This landslide initiated as planar failure at the contact between rock and overburden in the form of debris slide and then transformed in to debris flow. Excessive rainfall is the triggering fac
Unscientific hill slope modification has to avoided
Landslide initiated as planar failure at the contact between rock and overburden in the form of debris slide and then transformed in to debris flow. Excessive rainfall is the triggering factor which resulted in the reduction of strength on saturation and

Thalayad Landslide
A debris slide was occurred on 14th June 2018 at Thalayad. Unscientific slope modification and unprotected cut slope made for road construction. Incessant rainfall is the triggering factor which resulted in the reduction of strength on saturation and in
Unscientific slope modification and unprotected cut slope made for road construction. Incessant rainfall is the triggering factor which resulted in the reduction of strength on saturation and increase in pore water pressure.

Kilikudikki

Poovathunchola

North of Kilikudikkimala

Vallanod

Vattachira ponodumala

Cherukkad
Small landslide, not mappable on macro scale

Avidanallur

Chembra
Small landslide, not mappable on macro scale

Vengappatta

Muthucadu

Poozhithodu

Randajali puzha
Small landslide, not mappable on macro scale

Puzhithodu

Alampara

Rubber Estate

Poozhithode

Chembanode

Kombancode

Peruvannamoozhi

Vattippana

Chathanamkotunada

Chattankottunada

Nagampara

Chathampadam

Muttathiplavu

Nellikunnu

Ekkal

Pambukodu

Kaipumala

Anjippara

Poozhithode KSEB

Kadanthrapuzha

Mulavithottumala

Pasukadavu

Pakramthalam 10th curve

Manappadu

Puthenpeedika

Edathakunnu

Iruttuvalavu

Kunnamthottam

Puthampara

Kaarimunda

Choorani

Pakramthalam 4th hairpin

Pakramthalam 5th hairpin

Chappamala

Valut

Kappil

Mundyod mala

Karingad

Hanumanmala

Kumari N., et. al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheet Nos. 48J/1, 48J/2, 48J/6, 48J/7 and 48J/8, Uttar Kannada district, Karnataka. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2015-2016.
Slope stabilization by plantation on natural slope
Nala erosion by first order stream, highly weathered, fractured and jointed rock and human interfernces

Kumari N., et. al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheet Nos. 48J/1, 48J/2, 48J/6, 48J/7 and 48J/8, Uttar Kannada district, Karnataka. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2015-2016.
Rainfall, seepage through fractured and jointed weaker plane

Kumari N., et. al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheet Nos. 48J/1, 48J/2, 48J/6, 48J/7 and 48J/8, Uttar Kannada district, Karnataka. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2015-2016.

High height retaining wall should be constructed, although low height retaining wall is constructed

Weathering and seepage along fracture and weaker plane

Retaining wall with draining chutes constructed
Road cut leading to destablization and modification of slope angle

Weathering along fracture and weaker plane

South Goa/on NH-17 1.5 km fromTamanen village
Vertical cut slope failure, weathering along fracture plane

Vertical cut slope failure, weathering along fracture plane

Rainfall and weathering activity, vertical cut made for construction, unscientific way of excavation

Plantation on slope and slope gradation required
Rainfall, seepage along joint and fracture

Retaining wall is constructed with draining holes for proper drainage

Weathering activity, seepage along weaker plane

Retaining wall with chute drains to arrest rain water percolation from slide area

Retaining wall with draining holes are constructed, plantation on disturbed slope will impart stability

Slope gradation required and plantation on slope required

3 km N of Anshi, SH 34
Singh, K. & Muduli, S. D., 2019: Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets nos. 48 I/8, I/10 and I/11 Belgaum and Uttar Kannada districts, Karnataka and South Goa district, Goa. Un pub. GSI report for FS 2018-1
Breast wall with weep holes is suggested
Highly weathered rock mass and damp condition.

S of Badapohl
Singh, K. & Muduli, S. D., 2019: Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets nos. 48 I/8, I/10 and I/11 Belgaum and Uttar Kannada districts, Karnataka and South Goa district, Goa. Un pub. GSI report for FS 2018-3
Retaining wall with weep holes is suggested

S of Badapohl
Singh, K. & Muduli, S. D., 2019: Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets nos. 48 I/8, I/10 and I/11 Belgaum and Uttar Kannada districts, Karnataka and South Goa district, Goa. Un pub. GSI report for FS 2018-2
Damp soil on slope.
Retaining wall with weep holes is suggested

Shah Z. A., et. al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheet Nos. 48J/5 and 48J/9, Uttar Kannada district, Karnataka. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2015-2016.
Increase in pore pressure, reduction of strength on saturation,

Shah Z. A., et. al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheet Nos. 48J/5 and 48J/9, Uttar Kannada district, Karnataka. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2015-2016.
Undercutting,bed rock is weathered granite & is highly saturated

Shah Z. A., et. al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheet Nos. 48J/5 and 48J/9, Uttar Kannada district, Karnataka. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2015-2016.

Road cut failure, seepage along fractured and jointed

NH-63 on Yellapur road near Navagadde Halla
Rock bolting required , proper drainage at toe part is required
Seepage along joints and fracture along road cut, toe erosion by water

NH-63 on Yellapur road near Navagadde Halla
Planar failure along weaker plane, Seepage along joints and fracture along road cut

Road cut failure leading to failure along joints and fracture, seepage aand water saturation through fracture zone

Plantation on destablized slope is required

Seepage along joints and fracture , weathering phenomenon

NH-17 on ankola-kumta road near Shirur village
Retaining wall is constructed/plantation on loose material on slope is required
Drainge and water saturation/ rainfall/cut slope failure

NH-17 on ankola-kumta road near Shirur village
Retaining wall should be constructed with proper drainage at toe portion, large volume of loose debris should be removed
Unscientific way of removal of material and Slope modification by making vertical road cut, seepage along weaker plane

Slope gradation and plantation on natural slope should be done

Slope gradtion and benches should be made

Weathering and water saturation during rainfall on exposed cut section where materials are removed

Plantation on destablized slope is required
Weathering and water saturation during rainfall on exposed cut section where materials are removed

Toe part is supported by 1/2m height drainage chute

Santhe katte
Shallow translational, enlarging debris soil slide has been observed on a rolling plain topography.
Anju, P. S and Mohanraj, E., 2020. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of Toposheet nos. 48K10, 48K14, 48K15 and 48K16,covering parts of Shimoga,Udipi and Dakshina Kannad district, Karnataka. Unpublished GSI report.

Sitanadi
Presence of an Old Retaining wall in damaging condition pointing to the past movement in the slope.Debris hump at the base of the slope is observed.Well Jointed rocks are exposed.

Bandimata

Nadpal
Toe cutting of the slope for road widening

Near Village Someshwar

Near Agumbe
Benching on the slope and Deeprooted vegetation for slope stabilization

Near Agumbe
Jointed Rock blocks at the base of the slope is observed.
Benching on the slope and Deeprooted vegetation for slope stabilization

Near Agumbe
Fallen trees on the slope is observed
Benching on the slope and Deeprooted vegetation for slope stabilization

Slumped slope with leaning trees.An old retaining wall adjucent to the slope is observed damaged.Rocks are dipping inside.

Slumped slope with leaning trees.An old retaining wall at the base of the slope is damaged.Rocks at the base are showing cracks resulted due to overlying load.

Slumped slope with leaning trees.

Near Village Someshwar
Toe cutting of the slope for road widening

Agumbe-Koppa road
The slope failure occurred on the concave turn of the road extensive road cut. The vertical cut transforms the slope and opens up new path way for water seepage and slope saturation. The prolonged over saturation of slope failed due to deceased cohesive
Kumari, N. and Muduli, S. D., 2020. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of Toposheet nos. 48O02 and 48O06, Chikmangaluru Shimoga, Dakshin Kannada district, Karnataka. Unpublished GSI report.
esing of slope and Lined drainage is required .
Removal of toe support, Toe erosion by diverted stream undercut the slope making it steeper & made the slope unstable. Laterite/Saprolite cover thickness is more than 5m

Agumbe road section NH-169A
The debris slide initiated during heavy rainfall on lowly dissected hill slope with moderate vegetation cover. The slope disturbance is observed due to unscientific way of modification of slope & removal of soil for construction. The vertical cut made le
Kumari, N. and Muduli, S. D., 2020. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of Toposheet nos. 48O02 and 48O06, Chikmangaluru Shimoga, Dakshin Kannada district, Karnataka. Unpublished GSI report.
Easing of slope, lined drainage and low height retaining wall with weep holes are required.
Removal of toe support after road cutting, high slope gradient and thick overburden are the primary causes.

NH-169, Agumbe road
The shallow debris slide on lowly dissected hill slope with Moderate vegetation cover. The vertical cut open up new way of water seepage & slope saturation in weathered rock. Drainage at toe part saturates the slope and induces toe erosion during heavy
Kumari, N. and Muduli, S. D., 2020. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of Toposheet nos. 48O02 and 48O06, Chikmangaluru Shimoga, Dakshin Kannada district, Karnataka. Unpublished GSI report.
lined draiange and easing of slope is required. Retaining wall with weep holes are required at road bench level.
high degree of weathered rock profile, toe erosion by second order stream, high slope gradient are the primary causes.

Addagudda
The shallow debris slide occurred on highly weathered and loose soil on hillslope. The wet condition resulted in decrease in cohesive strength of slope forming material. The slumping zone ~75m on either side is observed.
Lined drainage is required.

Addagudda
The Debris slump occurred on hillslope at road bench level due to intense weathering and erosional activities.The slope saturation can be minimized by effective drainage provisions.
Lined drainage is required.

Addagudda
The multiple slope failures were recorded on extensive cut slope made for settlement purposes. The slope should be monitored during heavy rainfall. The slope failure is prone during heavy rainfall and the hillslope is demarcated as meta-stable zone susce
Easing of slope required,construction of retaining wall with weep holes are suggested
Removal of toe support, high slope gradient and high degree of weathering profile are the primary causes.

Hansa village
The multiple slope failure and road subsidences at road bench level occurred due to creep movement in upslope and nala erosion at footslope. Effective drainage measures i.e. lined drainage with weep holes and culvert of suitable dimension should be const
Easing of slope and lined drainage and retaining wall with weep holes are required at road bench level in downslope direction.
Litho contacts between Metabasalt (competent) and quartz-sericite-schist (highly weathered) facilitating percolation of water, Removal of toe support.

Karunepura village
Creep movement in top slope resulted in small dimension debris slide at road bench level in downslope direction .Multiple slope failure occurred due to due to nala erosion by flowing nala at footslope. Crack was observed on road are evidence of road sub
Easing of slope and lined drainage and retaining wall with weep holes are required at road bench level in downslope direction.
Removal of toe support, high slope gradient are the primary causes.

Dinda village
The vertical road cut failure at road bench level The primary cause of slope failure occurred due to intense weathering and erosion and loss of cohesive strength of the soil.The lined drainage at toe part is required to avoid toe erosion and culvert shou
Easing of slope and lined drainage and retaining wall with weep holes are required at road bench level in downslope direction.
Removal of toe support, high slope gradient are the primary causes.

North of Dinda village
The debris slide occurred due to toe cutting of hillslope for widening of agricultural land. The drainage at toe part causes toe erosion and removal of toe support. The prolonged seepage and saturation resulted in hillside collapse due to loss in cohesiv
Plantation on slope should be encouraged.
Litho contacts between Metabasalt (competent) and quartz-sericite-schist (highly weathered) facilitating percolation of water, Removal of toe support.

The Debris slump occurred on hillslope at road bench level due to intense weathering and erosional activities.The slope saturation can be minimized by effective drainage provisions.
Lined drainage is required.
Removal of toe support, toe erosion and high degree of weathering profile are the primary causes. .

North west of Yadur village
The debris slide observed on lowly dissected hillslope at road bench level. The road cut is susceptible to failure during monsoon rainfall. So, the lined drainage with suitable dimension culvert should be designed and constructed at suitable location for
Lined drainage and culvert is required to discharge excess water downslope
Removal of toe support, toe erosion by diversion of the stream and high degree of weathering profile are the primary causes. .

North west of Yadur village
The debris slide observed on lowly dissected hillslope at road bench level. The road cut is susceptible to failure during monsoon rainfall. So, the lined drainage with suitable dimension culvert should be designed and constructed at suitable location for
Lined drainage and culvert is required to discharge excess water downslope
Removal of toe support and high degree of weathering profile are the primary causes. .

South of Mekkeri village
The shallow multiple translational debris slide observed in South of Mekkeri village on lowly dissected slope with Moderate vegetation cover in vicinity of Arecanut Plantation. In present scenario the landslide zone is active, widening and enlarging in n
Easing of slope required, construction of gabion wall with wire mesh is rquired to prevent toe erosion and toe support.
Removal of toe support, high slope gradient and high degree of weathering profile are the primary causes.

Nidagodu village area
The shallow translation debris slide occurred on lowly dissected hillslope beside agricultural land where toe part of hillslope is saturated by naturally flowing stream. The scouring and under cutting by higher 2nd order stream due to heavy water dischar
Easing of slope required
Removal of toe support after road cutting is the primary cause.

Kankod Village area
Debris landslide occurred on lowly dissected slope with moderate vegetation. In present scenario the landslide is active & retrogressive in nature. The slope disturbance resulted due to unscientific way of removal of soil by toe or piedmont cutting of th
Easing of slope required, construction of gabion wall with wire mesh is rquired. Plantation should be done to hold the loose soil
Removal of toe support, high slope gradient and saturation of overburden.

West of Kankod Village
Debris landslide occurred on lowly dissected slope with moderate vegetation.In present scenario the landslide is active & retrogressive in nature. The slope disturbance resulted due to unscientific way of removal of soil by toe or piedmont cutting of the
Lined drainage and culvert is required to discharge excess water downslope
Removal of toe support, high slope gradient and saturation of overburden.

Kavaledurga road section
The shallow translational debris slide observed at convex curvature of on road in 660 m SW of Kavaledurga village area on lowly dissected slope. The slope failure is 130 m wide occurred on fractured and jointed granite gneiss along road. The prolonged se
Lined drainage and culvert is required to discharge excess water downslope. Retaining wall constructed in downslope direction at road bench level
Removal of toe support, high slope gradient and high degree of weathering profile are the primary causes.

Heggebailu
Steep slope and weak slope forming material coupled with the incessant rainfall and toe cut by the stream are the causes for the slide. Easing of the slope and construction of channel wall are recommended. Due to the toe erosion the stream shifted towar
Reghu, R. and Senthilkumar, K., 2020. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of Toposheet nos.Toposheets nos. 48O01, 48O05 and 48N08, Shimoga and Chikmagalur district, Karnataka. Unpublished GSI report.
Easing of the slope and construction of channel wall.

Edanala
Toe cut by 3rd order stream and steep slope are the main causes for the slide.
Reghu, R. and Senthilkumar, K., 2020. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of Toposheet nos.Toposheets nos. 48O01, 48O05 and 48N08, Shimoga and Chikmagalur district, Karnataka. Unpublished GSI report.
Easing of the slope recommended.
saturation of overburden material, toe erosion by stream, and unscientific cutting of slope.

Hirinagadde
The presence of highly weathered phyllitic rock coupled with incessant rainfall which increased the pore water pressure are the main causes for the slide. Removal of the debris, easing of the slope and lining of the stream are recommended.
Reghu, R. and Senthilkumar, K., 2020. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of Toposheet nos.Toposheets nos. 48O01, 48O05 and 48N08, Shimoga and Chikmagalur district, Karnataka. Unpublished GSI report.
Removal of the debris, easing of the slope and lining of the stream are recommended.
Disturbing the slope for road construction.

Asamane
Slides occurred on the lowly dissected slope and having a width of 50m. This landslides are retrogressive in nature. At places it is stabilized. Over the slide material vegetation growth are seen. Removal of the debris from the slide area and easing of t
Removal of the debris from the slide area and easing of the slope by benching are recommended.
The road cut has destabilise the slope and with rainfall gets supersaturated and failed.

Hulikal road section
The vertical road cut (ECS) made for road widening leads to sloe transformation that opens up new way of water seepage,slope saturation in weathered rock and soil. Thus increased water infiltration destabilizes the slope due to increased pore water press
Easing of slope required. Lined drainage and culvert is required . Breast wall in downslope direction is required.
Removal of toe support , high slope gradient are the primary causes.

South of Halagunda village
The old scars of shallow translational debris slide observed on lowly dissected hillslope. The slide is suspended in present scenario; afforestation on slope has been stabilized. In long term the lined drainage should be provided at toe part to avoid sub
Removal of toe support for road construction, high slope gradient are the primary causes.

North of Ulakoppa village
T The shallow translational rock slide observed along road section on extensive road cut on lowly dissected slope with moderate vegetation cover. The landslide zone is active, retrogressive, widening and enlarging in nature. The landslide zone is ~35m w
Lined drainage and culvert is required to discharge excess water downslope. Precarious rock boulders should be removed
Removal of toe support, toe erosion by diversion of the stream and high degree of weathering profile are the primary causes. .

Ulakoppa village area
T The shallow translational debris slide observed along road section North of Ulakoppa village on lowly dissected slope with sparse vegetation cover. In present scenario the landslide zone is active, retrogressive, widening and enlarging in nature. The l
Removal of toe support for settlement construction, toe erosion by diversion of the stream and high degree of weathering profile are the primary causes. .

Hulikal road section
Fractured, Highly weathered rock and in soil
The road cut failure at road bench level because of reduced cohesion and shear strength of slope forming material caused due to intense weathering and erosional activity. The lined drainage at toe part is required to avoid toe erosion. The slope forming

Hulikal road section
The shallow translational debris slide observed along road section, South of Mastikatte village on lowly dissected slope with moderate vegetation cover. In present scenario the landslide zone is active, retrogressive, widening and enlarging in nature. T
Easing of slope & Lined drainage is required . Breast wall in downslope direction is required.

Hulikal Ghat road
The debris slide of shallow translational nature occurred along the road cut slope.
Anju, P. S and Mohanraj, E., 2020. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of Toposheet nos. 48K10, 48K14, 48K15 and 48K16,covering parts of Shimoga,Udipi and Dakshina Kannad district, Karnataka. Unpublished GSI report.
Lined drainage at toe part is required to avoid toe erosion.

Hulikal Ghat road
The shallow translational debris slide with dormant activity has occurred along the cut slope.
Anju, P. S and Mohanraj, E., 2020. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of Toposheet nos. 48K10, 48K14, 48K15 and 48K16,covering parts of Shimoga,Udipi and Dakshina Kannad district, Karnataka. Unpublished GSI report.

Hulikal Ghat road
Shallow translational soil slide has occurred along the cutslope.
Lined drainage at the toe part.

The soil slide has occurred on the cut slope.

Retrogressively distributed soil slide has occurred on
Retaining wall with weep holes is suggested

The shallow translational soil slide as slumps occurred on the cut slopes which has been made for road construction.
Toe erosion by stream. Steep Slope on escarpment. Gully erosion

The debris slide triggered by rainfall occurred along the cut slope of a lowly dissected hill.
Lined drainage at the toe part.

The debris slide is identified as shallow translational failure occurred on concave curve of highly dissected hillslope of ghat road.
Unscientific cutting of slope. Increase in pore water pressure

Soil slide has occurred on a lowly dissected slopes.

The soil slide has occurred on the cut slope.
Breast wall with weep holes is suggested

Debris slide of shallow translational failure has happened due t

The road cut failure at road bench level because of reduced cohesion and shears strength of slope forming material caused due to intense weathering and erosional activity. The lined drainage at toe part is required to avoid toe erosion. The slope formin
Removal of toe support. Laterite/Saprolite cover thickness is more than 10m adding the overburden weight on saturation.

The debris slide occurred on lowly dissected hill slope on vertical cut slope.
Easing of slope required.

The slide is debris slide occurred on lowly dissected hill slope.
Easing of modified slope required.

The debris slide occurred on lowly dissected hill slope on vertical cut slope. The slide is old and can get reactivated during monsoon. At present the area is meta-stable.

The debris slide has happened along the road cut in the initial days of road construction and it is a older slide.

The debris slide occurred on lowly dissected hill slope on vertical cut slope. The slide is old.

The debris slide occurred on the lowly dissected hill slope as cut slope failure.

The soil slide has happened over the road cut of the lowly dissected hill slope.

The debris slide occurred on lowly dissected hill slope on vertical cut slope. The slide is old and can get reactivated during monsoon. At present the area is stable.
Easing of slope required.

The soil slide has occurred on lowly dissected hill slope.

The rock slide occurred on the lowly dissected hill slope on ghat road section. The rock slide occurred due to intense weathering due to water seepage and saturation along the fracture and joints. The vertical cut slope failure is more intense during he
Slope regradation/easing of slope required. Dislodged precarious rock on top of hill slope should be removed.

The cut slope failures as debris slide occurred on lowly dissected hill slope. on vertical cut slope. The slide is old.
easing of slope required.

Hosangadi slide
Shallow translational soil slide with dormant activity and enlarging distribution failed along a road cut in al lowly dissected hill slope.
Anju, P. S and Mohanraj, E., 2020. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of Toposheet nos. 48K10, 48K14, 48K15 and 48K16 covering parts of Shimoga,Udipi and Dakshina Kannad district, Karnataka. Unpublished GSI report.

The shallow translational soil slide with enlarging distribution fails along the cut slope of a lowly dissected hill.

The shallow translational soil slide has occurred on the cut slope for road construction.
Lined drainage at the toe part is required.
Unscientific cutting of slope. Increase of unit mass due to water saturation

The rock slide occurred on the lowly dissected hill slope on ghat road section.
Slope regradation/easing of slope required. Dislodged precarious rock on top of hill slope should be removed.
Increase in pore water pressure. Loading at head

The rock cum debris slide occurred along the road cut slope.
Lined drainage at the toe part is required.

The shallow translational soil slide occurred on the cut slope for road cut on a lowly dissected hill slope.
The scarp will gets stabilized by its own.
Unscientific cutting of slope. Toe cut for agricultural purposes, increase in unit mass along slope by water saturation

The debris slide with shallow translational failure plane occurred along the cutslope for road cut.

The soil slide has happened along the cut slope failure plane on a lowly dissected hill slope.

The shallow translational debris slide occurred on the vertical road cut that can damage the communication line.
Benching of the slope.

The shallow translational debris slide occurred on the road cut that paved the new pathway for water seepage and saturation during heavy rainfall.
The scarp will gets stabilized by its own.
saturation of overburden material. Toe erosion by stream. Loading at head region.

The rock cum debris slide occurred on lowly dissected hillslope that has weathered. The slide is retrogressive in nature and the chances of landslips are more during heavy rainfall.

The debris slide occurred along the modified slope of the lowly dissected hil slope.

The shallow debris slide occurred due to weathering and erosion of the slope forming material. At present the zone is susceptible for landslips.

The soil slide occurred on a cut slope of lowly dissected hill slope.
The lined drainage should be provided at the toe part.

Suspended retrogressive earth slide due to toe cutting of slope.

The debris slide with enlarging distribution has occurred over the cut slope of a lowly dissected hillslope.
unscientific cutting of slope, Reduction of strength on super saturation

The debris slide over the road cut slope has failed for the rainwater.

The debris slide occurred on the lowly dissected hill slope on ghat road section. The rock slide occurred due to intense weathering due to water seepage and saturation along the fracture and joints. The vertical cut slope failure is more intense during
Toe erosion by stream. Unplanned cutting of slope

The debris slide occurred on the road cut slopes
Slope regradation is required.
Toe erosion by stream. Unplanned cutting of slope

BC Road, NE of Tenkanamakki
The active debris slide is observed to have occurred on the north-westerly slope. The inclination of failure slope is observed to be around 40°. There are number of settlements present along the foot of the hill & are constructed without giving any late
Singh, K. and Kumar, K., 2020. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of Toposheet nos. 48K13, 48N3 and 48N04, Udipi and Shimogha district, Karnataka. Unpublished GSI report
The slope around the house and the house situated near to the hill is deduced to be highly susceptible to failure, particularly in the event of heavy or prolonged rainfall. The residents are therefore advised to keep safe distance from the vulnerable slo
Debris accumulated at the back side of the house.

Siddapur
Shallow translational dormant soil slide with successive nature fails along a gently sloping cut slope in a lowly dissected hillslope.
Toe erosion by stream. Increase in unit mass during rains

Siddapur
Suspended soil slide with widening nature and succesive styles has been observed.
Pore water pressure. Toe erosion by stream. Unplnnned cutting of slope

Siddapura
Shallow translational soil slides with suspended activity and enlarging diatribution has been observed along a road cut.

Siddapur
Dormant soil slide with a successive nature of failure has been observed along a rolling plain topography.

2km W of Kodgali
Anbandoned shallow translational soil slide has occurred on a lowly dissected granitic terrain.

3.5km SW of Nergali
Enlarging dormant soil slide with rapid rate of movement has been failed along along a road cut.
unscientific cutting of slope. Toe erosion by stream

Kollur-Nagodi road (Ghat road)
Metabasalt and Hornblende actinolite chlorite schist
The debris slide is observed to have occurred on the north-westerly slope. The inclination of planar failure slope is observed to be around 45°. Initially, slope has been cut for road construction making it unstable. The slope forming material (SFM) obs
Singh, K. and Kumar, K., 2020. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of Toposheet nos. 48K13, 48N3 and 48N04, Udipi and Shimogha district, Karnataka. Unpublished GSI report
Easing of slope with proper grading, Debris accumulated in the drainage line should be cleared. Drainage system along the road should be supported by concrete work.

1.27 Km North of Kollur along Kollur-Nagodi road
The slide is observed to have occurred on the north-westerly slope. The inclination of planar failure slope is observed to be around 50°. Initially, slope has been cut for road construction making it unstable. The slope forming material (SFM) observed o
Singh, K. and Kumar, K., 2020. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of Toposheet nos. 48K13, 48N3 and 48N04, Udipi and Shimogha district, Karnataka. Unpublished GSI report
The toe support should be given by construction of retaining wall with weep holes and also minimize the slope gradient by benching and back filling. Clogged road side drainage should be cleared.

1.34 Km North of Kollur along Kollur-Nagodi road
An old suspended slide is observed to have occurred on the north-westerly slope. The inclination of planar failure slope is observed to be around 50°. Initially, slope has been cut for road construction making it unstable. The slope forming material (SF
Easing of slope with proper grading, Clogged road side drainage should be cleared. Drainage system along the road should be supported by concrete work. Below the road bench.

Sulvalli- Herbettu road
Hb actinolite chlorite schist and Quartzite
Multiple debris slidesare observed to have occurred on the northerly slope. Initially, slope has been extensively cut for road construction making it unstable. The quartzite is intruded into schist and along these contact, the schist is showing a high de
Easing of slope with proper grading, Debris accumulated in the drainage line should be cleared. Drainage system along the road should be supported by concrete work.

Sulvalli-Herbettu road
Hb actinolite chlorite schist and Quartzite
Debris slide is observed to have reactivated and occurred on the northerly slope. Initially, slope has been extensively cut for road construction making it unstable. The quartzite is intruded into schist and along these contact, the schist is showing a h
Easing of slope with proper grading, Debris accumulated in the drainage line should be cleared. Drainage system along the road should be supported by concrete work.

Vill. Magod; Milestone:Kollur-21Km
Earth slide initiated as a planar failure and is occurredduring the rain event of August2019. Initially, slope has been cut for road construction making the slope unstable. The thick soil cover over the hard rock got saturated by percolation of water dur
Easing of slope with proper grading, Drainage at the base of slope should be provided with concrete lining. Landslide debris accumulated at the drainage line should be removed before next rain.

Vill. Malur
Hornblende actinolite chlorite schist and Quartzite
A reactivated slide is observed due to toe erosion by southerly flowing stream during heavy incessant rainfall. This causes steepening of slope due to undercutting and thus failed due to overloading and reduced shear strength. The pre-existing plane of i
Easing of slope with proper grading with plantation of deep rooted trees will increase the slope stability. Drainage system should be supported by concrete work. Blocked stream should be made clear of landslide debris.

Ikkibilu- Kirgodgi road
An old suspended slide is observed in easterly slope. Initially, slope has been cut for road construction making it unstable. The slope forming material (SFM) laying over the hard rock got saturated by percolation of water during rains which increased it
Easing of slope with proper grading, Drainage system along the road should be supported by concrete work and any obstructions in the drainage should be cleaned.

Vill. Kirgodi; Kapdur-Malur road
Hb actinolite chlorite schist intruded by Dolerite and Quartzite
The landslide is an active earth slide having translational movement along rupture plane. Earth slide occurrence is due to anthropogenic activities i.e. Slope cut and diversion of stream for increase of agriculture area or for better irrigation. Diversio
Easing of slope with proper grading, Blocked drainage at the foot slope should be made clear for free flow of water. Drainage should be provided with concrete lining.

Vill. Mallur
Debris slide in the month of August, 2019 reactivated and occurred due to anthropogenic activities i.e. extensive slope cut and diversion of stream for increase of agriculture area or for better irrigation. Diversion of large stream towards foot of the s
Natural drainage should be left unaltered. Plantation/Cultivation on the nala/stream should be avoided for the free flow of water. Benching on the slope is advisable for easing the slope. The drainage should be lined with concrete.

Ikkibilu- Kirgodgi road
Multiple old debris slides occurreddue to removal of soil from hillsides for increasing cultivation area leaving behind a vertical cut section and diversion of main stream channel towards hill side. The north-easterly running IIndorder stream during heav
Easing of slope with proper grading, Natural flow of drainage should be unaltered. Plantation/Cultivation on the flow path of stream should be avoided for the free flow of water.

Vill. Changolli
The slide initiated after south-westerly slope has been extensively cut for making settlement. No lateral support has been provided by the land owner Shri M.N Krishna.The cut slope failure occurred on 08th August 2019 during the rainfall event. Highly we
Easing of slope with proper grading, Surface water is to be diverted from unstable slopes by ditches and pipes.

Nagodi-Kasgod road
Quartz chlorite schist and Hornblende actinolite chlorite schist
The debris slide is observed to have occurred on the south-westerly slope. Initially, slope has been extensively cut for road construction making it unstable. The slope forming material observed on the slope corresponding to soil thickness of 3m to 5m go

Nagodi- Kodanagar road
Earth slide initiated as a planar failure and is occurredduring the rain event of August2019. Initially, slope has been cut for road construction making the slope unstable. The thick soil covers over the hard rock got saturated by percolation of water du
Easing of slope with proper grading, Drainage at the base of slope should be provided with concrete lining. Landslide debris accumulated at the drainage line should be removed before next rain.

Kollur-Nagodi road
Metabasalt and Hornblende actinolite chlorite schist
Multiple debris slides are observed due to road-cut occurred along the bend of the road. The slope forming material (SFM) laying over the hard rock got saturated by percolation of water during rains which increased its mass, decreased the shear strength.
Easing of slope with proper grading with plantation of deep rooted trees will increase the slope stability. Drainage system along the road should be supported by concrete work. Blocked drainage along the road should be clear before next rain.

Nagodi- Kollur road
Multiple debris slides are observed due to road-cut occurred on steep slope. The slope forming material (SFM) laying over the hard rock got saturated by percolation of water during rains which increased its mass, decreased the shear strength. Consequentl
Easing of slope with proper grading, Drainage system along the road should be supported by concrete work and any obstructions in the drainage should be clean.

Nagodi- Kollur road
Earth slide initiated as a planar failure and is occurring on north-westerly slope. Initially, steep slope has been cut for road construction making the slope unstable. The thick soil cover over the hard rock got saturated by percolation of water during
Easing of slope with proper grading, Drainage at the base of slope should be provided with concrete lining. Landslide debris accumulated at the drainage line should be removed before next rain.

Nagodi- Kollur road
An old suspended slide is observed to have occurred on the steep slope. The inclination of planar failure slope is observed to be around 50°. Initially, slope has been cut for road construction making it unstable. The slope forming material (SFM) observ
Easing of slope with proper grading, Drainage system along the road should be supported by concrete work.

Multiple (03no’s) old suspended slides are observed to have occurred on the steep slope. The inclination of planar failure slope is observed to be around 60°. Initially, slope has been cut for road construction making it unstable. The slope forming ma
Easing of slope with proper grading, Drainage system along the road should be supported by concrete work.

Nagodi-Kollur road
Metabasalt, Intrusion of Dolerite dyke in Metabasalt
Debris slide initiated as a planar failure and is occurring within a large old slide scar in south-easterly slope. Initially, steep slope has been cut for road construction making the slope unstable.Metabasalt have been intruded by NW-SE trending dolerit
Easing of slope with proper grading, Drainage at the base of slope should be provided with concrete lining. Deep rooted plants should be grown on upslope to strengthen the soil.

Kollur-Nagodi road
Multiple slides are observed in South-easterly directed steep slope along the bend of the road. The slides are occurring within a large old slide scar. There are two slides adjacent to each other, which are reactivated after the spell of rain in August 2

Kollur-Nagodi road
An old suspended slide is observed to have occurred along the south-easterly steep slope. The slide occurrence is due to slope cut for road construction making it unstable. However, highly weathered rock is observed on the slope corresponding to soil thi
Easing of slope with proper grading will increase the slope stability. Drainage system along the road should be supported by concrete work. Blocked drainage should be cleared immediately.

Multiple slides are observed in South-easterly directed steep slope along the bend of the road. There are three slides adjacent to one another, which are reactivated after the spell of rain in August 2019. Initially, high angle slope has been cut for roa

Hornblende actinolite chlorite schist and Metabasalt
A reactivated slide is observed to have occurred along the bend of the road. The crown part is exposed and soil accumulated at main body of the slide is partly covered with shrubs. The old slip zone with lower permeability was an important factor to caus
Easing of slope with proper grading with plantation of deep rooted trees will increase the slope stability. Drainage system along the road should be supported by concrete work. Soil has blocked the road side drainage that should be removed immediately.

The slide is observed to have occurred along the bend of the road. Initially, high angel slope has been cut for road construction making the slope unstable. The slope forming material (SFM) laying over the hard rock got saturated by percolation of water

Hornblende actinolite chlorite schist and Metabasalt
A reactivated slide is observed to have occurred along the bend of the road. The crown part is exposed and soil accumulated at main body of the slide is partly covered with trees and shrubs. Creeping at the zone of accumulation is evident as tree trunks
Easing of slope with proper grading with plantation of deep rooted trees will increase the slope stability. Drainage system along the road should be supported by concrete work.

A reactivated slide is observed to have occurred on high gradient north-westerly slope. The old slip zone with low permeability was an important factor to cause the infiltrated water to accumulate and form a zone of high pore water pressure above slip zo
Easing of slope with proper grading, Drainage system along the road should be supported by concrete work.

An old suspended slide is observed to have occurred on the south-easterly slope. The inclination of planar failure slope is observed to be around 45°. Initially, slope has been cut for road construction making it unstable. The slope forming material (SF

Kollur-Nagodi Ghat road
A reactivated slide is observed to have occurred on the north-westerly slope. The old slip zone with low permeability was an important factor to cause the infiltrated water to accumulate and form a zone of high pore water pressure above slip zone. Then t

An old suspended slide is observed in southerly steep slope. Initially, slope has been cut for road construction making it unstable. The slope forming material (SFM) laying over the hard rock got saturated by percolation of water during rains which incre
Easing of slope with proper grading, Drainage system along the road should be supported by concrete work and any obstructions in the drainage should be clean.

The slide initiated as a planar failure at the head and in the central toe zone the landslide slides up and out and out on the foliation. The failure reactivated the earlier old slip plane and crown crack of an adjacent old slide. The older slide widened
Easing of slope with proper grading, Drainage at the base of slope should be provided with concrete lining. Deep rooted plants should be grown on upslope to strengthen the soil.

An old suspended slide is observed in south-westerly steep slope. Initially, slope has been cut for road construction making it unstable. The slope forming material (SFM) laying over the hard rock got saturated by percolation of water during rains which
Easing of slope with proper grading, Drainage system along the road should be supported by concrete work and any obstructions in the drainage should be clean.

An old suspended slideis observed in southerly steep slope. Initially, slope has been cut for road construction making it unstable. The slope forming material (SFM) laying over the hard rock got saturated by percolation of water during rains which increa

Multiple debris slides are observed due to road-cut occurred on moderate slope.The failure reactivated the earlier old slip plane and crown crack of an adjacent old slide. Initially, slope has been cut for road construction making the slope unstable. Th
Easing of slope with proper grading with plantation of deep rooted trees will increase the slope stability. Drainage system along the road should be supported by concrete work. Blocked drainage along the road should be clear before next rain.

Earth slide initiated as a planar failure and is occurring at the bend of the road. Initially, slope has been cut for road construction making the slope unstable. The thick soil cover over the hard rock got saturated by percolation of water during rains

An old suspended slide is observed in south-westerlymoderate slope. Initially, slope has been cut for road construction making it unstable. The slope forming material (SFM) laying over the hard rock got saturated by percolation of water during rains whic
Easing of slope with proper grading, Drainage system along the road should be supported by concrete work and any obstructions in the drainage should be clean.Deep rooted plants should be grown on upslope.

Multiple suspended slides (03no’s) are observed in southerly steep slope. Initially, slope has been cut for road construction making it unstable. The slope forming material (SFM) laying over the hard rock got saturated by percolation of water during ra

An old suspended slide initiated as a planar failure and is occurring on south-westerly slope. Initially, steep slope has been cut for road construction making the slope unstable. The thick soil cover over the hard rock got saturated by percolation of wa

An old suspended slide is observed in south-easterly facing slope. The slope forming material (SFM) laying over the hard rock got saturated by percolation of water during rains which increased its mass, decreased the shear strength. Consequently the satu
Easing of slope with proper grading, Drainage system along the road should be supported by concrete work and any obstructions in the drainage should be cleaned. Deep rooted plants should be grown on upslope to str

Multiple debris slides are reactivated and observed due to road-cut occurred on steep slope. The slope forming material (SFM) laying over the hard rock got saturated by percolation of water during rains which increased its mass, decreased the shear stren
Easing of slope with proper grading, Drainage system along the road should be supported by concrete work and any obstructions in the drainage should be cleaned.

An old suspended slide is observed in southerly facing slope. Initially, steep slope has been cut for road construction making it unstable. The slope forming material (SFM) laying over the hard rock got saturated by percolation of water during rains whic
Easing of slope with proper grading, Drainage system along the road should be supported by concrete work and any obstructions in the drainage should be clean. Deep rooted plants should be grown on upslope.

Earth slide initiated as a planar failure and is occurring on moderate slope. Initially, slope has been cut for road construction making the slope unstable. The thick soil cover over the hard rock got saturated by percolation of water during rains that a
Easing of slope with proper grading, Drainage at the base of slope should be provided with concrete lining.

An old suspended slide is observed in south-easterly facing slope. The slope forming material (SFM) laying over the hard rock got saturated by percolation of water during rains which increased its mass, decreased the shear strength. Consequently, the sat

Nittur-Nagodi road
Debris slide is observed in north-westerly directed high angle slope. Regolith thickness varies from 5m to 7m corresponding to considerable depth of soil and weathered rock mass. Highly weathered soil got saturated by percolation of water during rain eve

Vill. Nagodi; Nagodi- Kollur road
An old suspended slide is observed to have occurred on the north-westerly slope. The inclination of planar failure slope is observed to be around 40°. Initially, slope has been cut for road construction making it unstable. The slope forming material (SF
Easing of slope with proper grading, Concrete lining for drainage should be extended more in length.

Vill. Holegaru ; Nittur-Nagodi road
Debris slide initiated on the downside of the road in highly weathered schistose rock. Toe erosion by heavily charged Nagodi Hole (High order Stream) during heavy rain event of August 2019 leading to flash flood, undercut or scours the slope making it st
The toe support should be given at the toe of slide by Retaining wall with weep holes before going for back filling of slope. Strengthened concrete measures right from firm hard rock surface

Vill.Holegaru; Nittur-Nagodi road
Debris slide initiated as a planar failure on a high angle slope. Initially, slope has been cut for road construction making the slope unstable. Highly weathered soil got saturated by percolation of water during rains which increased pore water pressure
Easing of slope with proper grading,Drainage at the base of slope should be provided with concrete lining. Landslide debris accumulated at the drainage line should be removed before next rain.

Nittur-Nagodi road
Debris slide is observed in northerly directed high angle slope. Regolith thickness varies from 5m to 7m corresponding to considerable depth of soil and weathered rock mass. Highly weathered soil got saturated by percolation of water during rain event of

Nittur-Nagodi road
An earth slide initiated as a rotational failure in moderate slope. The landslide is an active earth slide having rotational movement along rupture plane with approx. 7m run-out distance. Earth slide occurrence is due to anthropogenic activities i.e. slo
The toe support should be given at the base contour line of slope (foot of slope) by appropriate concrete measures and minimize the slope gradient by benching and back filling process. Drainage at the base of slope should be provided with concrete lining

Nittur -Nagodi road
An old suspended slide is observed to have occurred on the north-eastery slope. The inclination of planar failure slope is observed to be around 50°. Initially, slope has been cut for road construction making it unstable. The slope forming material (SFM

Vill.Holegaru; Nittur-Nagodi road
Multiple slides (03 No’s) are observed in northerly directed high angle slope. There are three slides adjacent to one another, which are reactivated after the spell of rain in August 2019. Regolith thickness varies from 2m to 5m corresponding to consid
Easing of slope with proper grading,Drainage at the base of slope should be provided with concrete lining. Landslide debris accumulated at the drainage line should be removed before next rain.

Vill.Holegaru; Nittur-Nagodi road
Debris slide initiated as a planar failure and is occurring within a large old slide scar. Initially, slope has been cut for road construction making the slope unstable. The thick soil cover over the hard rock got saturated by percolation of water during
Easing of slope with proper grading,Drainage at the base of slope should be provided with concrete lining. Deep rooted plants should be grown on upslope to strengthen the soil. Landslide debris accumulated at the

Nittur-Katkamadi road
The debris slide is observed to have occurred on the north-westerly slope. The inclination of planar failure slope is observed to be around 40°. Initially, slope has been cut for road construction making it unstable. The slope forming material (SFM) obs
Easing of slope with proper grading, drainage at the base of slope should be provided with concrete lining.

Nittur-Katkamadi road
Debris slide initiated as a planar failure. The slope forming material (SFM) got saturated by percolation of water during heavy rains which increased its mass. Initially, slope has been cut for road construction making it unstable. Top of the hill is cov
Easing of slope with proper grading, drainage at the base of slope should be provided with concrete lining.

Kumbli-Sampekatte road
Debris slide initiated on the downside of the road in highly weathered schistose rock. Toe erosion by heavily charged Markatke Hole (IInd order Stream) during heavy rain event of August 2019, undercut or scoured the slope making it steeper. Also, the slo
The toe support should be given at the toe of slide (where slide material stopped) by appropriate concrete measures (Retaining wall with weep holes) .

Kumbli-Sampekatte road, near village Ambiladi
Debris slide initiated as a planar failure. The slope forming material (SFM) got saturated by percolation of water during heavy rains which increased its mass. Initially, high angle slope has been cut for road construction making the slope unstable. Top
Easing of slope with proper grading, Drainage at the base of slope should be provided with concrete lining with plantations on the graded slope.

Nittur-Nagodi road section
The debris slide is initiated as a planar failure. The debris is highly saturated with water. The slope forming material (SFM) laying over the hard rock got saturated by percolation of water during heavy spell of rain which increased its mass. Initially,
Easing of the slope with deep rooted plant has to be done.

Sidalguni-Nittur road section / Milestone-Kollur:22 km
Gneissosity trends NNW SSE dipping 45o ENE.
Debris slide initiated as a planar failure. The slope forming material (SFM) got saturated by percolation of water during heavy rains which increased its mass. Initially, slope has been cut for road construction making it unstable. Top of the hill bushes
Slope gradient by benches. Proper drainage with concrete lining should be made at the foot of the slope along with planataions on the slope.

Nittur-Markutka road
The slide initiated after extensively cutting the slope for making settlement. No lateral support has been provided by the house owner. Highly weathered and saturated debris with soil thickness 3-5 m increased the pore pressure and thus reduced the shea
Easing of slope with proper grading with deep rooted plantations on the graded slope, Surface water should be diverted from unstable slopes by ditches and pipes.

Nittur-Nagodi road section
Debris slide initiated as a planar failure and is retrogressive in nature. The debris is highly saturated with water. The slope forming material (SFM) laying over the hard rock got saturated by percolation of water during heavy spell of rain which increa
Easing of slope with proper grading, Retaining wall with weep holes is required for better protection. Drainage at the base of slope should be provided with concrete lining.

Nittur-Nagodi road section
Multiple debris slides (03no’s) initiated as a planar failure. The debris is highly saturated with water. The slope forming material (SFM) lying over the hard rock got saturated by percolation of water during heavy spell of rain which increased its
Easing of slope with proper grading, Retaining wall with weep holes is required for better protection. Drainage at the base of slope should be provided with concrete lining.

Nittur
The slide initiated as a planar failure. The slide initiated after disturbance of the slope for making settlement. No support has been provided by the house owner. Highly weathered and saturated debris with soil thickness 2-5 m accumulated at the back o
Easing of slope with proper grading, Retaining wall with weep holes is required for better protection. Drainage at the base of slope should be provided with concrete lining.
Huge debris accumulated at the back side of Chandrashekhar Jogi’s house.

Nittur-Lingadakai road
The slide initiated as a planar failure. The slide initiated after disturbance of the slope for making settlement. No support has been provided by the house owner.Top of the hill sparse vegetation is observed reflecting presence of rock and thin soil cov
Easing of slope with proper grading, Surface & sub-surface water is to be diverted from unstable slope by ditches and pipes

Nittur-Katkamadi road
The landslide is reactivated slide having translational movement along a single rupture plane. Since the area already witnessed an old slide earlier, the old cracks formed by old slide may have played a key role for rainfall infiltration. The old slip zo
easing the slope by benching, the drainage should be lined with concrete to avoid any infiltration from the stream.

Vill. Changvalli
Earth slide in the month of August, 2019 occurreddue to removal of soil from hillsides for increasing plantation area leaving behind a vertical cut section and diversion of main stream channel towards hill side. During high incessant rain, voluminous wat
Easing of slope with proper grading, Deep rooted plants should be grown on the slope. Blocked drainage at the foot slope should be made clear for free flow of water.

Vill. Changolli
The landslide is an active earth slide having translational movement along rupture plane with approx. 5m run-out distance. Earth slide occurred due to slope cut for road construction that left unsupported. Highly saturated lateritic soil with thickness c
Easing of slope with proper grading, Drainage at the base of slope should be provided with concrete lining.Landslide debris accumulated at the drainage line should be removed before next rain.

Nittur-Bailgi road
An old suspended slide has occurred at the road bend. Initially, slope has been cut for road construction making it unstable. A first order stream running south-easterly observed to meet back water of Linganamakki reservoir. During intense rainfall, gro

Nittur-Bailgi road
Multiple (03no’s) old suspended slides are observed to have occurred on the steep slope. The inclination of planar failure slope is observed to be around 50°. Initially, slope has been cut for road construction making it unstable. The slope forming ma
Easing of slope and proper grading, Drainage system along the road should be supported by concrete work.

Nittur-Bailgi road
An old suspended slide has occurred at the road bend near the culvert draining the first order stream to back water. Initially, slope has been cut for road construction making it unstable. Highly weathered soil got saturated by percolation of water dur

Vill. Kirkodi
Massive earth slide initiated as translational failure on westerly slope. The slide initiated after reservoir flooding during incessant and high rain event of August, 2019.The area is inaccessible, and therefore the study has been carried out remotely. L
Easing of slope with proper grading.

Vill. Kesaremane; Bailgi-Hebbige road
Massive debris slide initiated from the forest region as rotational failure & is further moved down as debris flow collecting material from upper catchment area. The slide occurred on southerly slope during rain event of August 2019. The slope is modifi
Easing of slope with proper grading, The debris accumulated at the body of slide should be planted with deep rooted plants.

Vill. Hebbige
Massive earth slide initiated on mid-slope as rotational failure & is further graded down as earth flow. The slide occurred on westerly slope during rain event of August 2019. The slope is modified by cutting the hillside slope and diversion of stream f
Easing of slope with proper grading,
Part of Forest land destroyed under earth flow.Areca nut and peeper plantation of the land owner also damaged during the event of sliding.

Vill. Hebbige
Massive earth slide initiated from the forest region as rotational failure & is further moved down as earth flow collecting material from upper catchment area. The slide occurred on southerly slope during rain event of August 2019. The slope is modifie
Easing of slope with proper grading, Huge debris accumulated at the body of slide should be planted with deep rooted plants. Crown cracks to be sealed with some impervious material.
Part of Forest land and agricultural land destroyed under earth flow.

Mani-Bennette road
Gneissosity trends NNW SSE dipping 50o ENE.
The debris slide is initiated as a planar failure. The slope forming material got saturated by percolation of water during heavy spell of rain which increased its mass. Top of the hill sparse vegetation is observed reflecting presence of rock and/or thi
Slope gradient should be ease by constructing benches. Proper drainage with concrete lining should be made at the foot of the slope. Blocked drainage should be made clear from debris.

Malekoppa- Sidalguni road section
Gneissosity trends NNW SSE dipping 50o ENE.
Debris slide initiated as a planar failure. The slope forming material (SFM) got saturated by percolation of water during heavy rains which increased its mass. Initially, slope has been cut for road construction making it unstable. Top of the hill bushes
Grading of slope along with plantations and protecting the base of the slope from erosion or excavation.

Belur-Nittur road
A debris slide is observed on the downside of road bench in weathered gneissic rock. Extensive slope cut for constructing road left an unsupported cut down the road bench. The slope was also disturbed for increasing agriculture area activities. A first o
The toe support should be given at the toe of slide (where slide material stopped) by appropriate concrete measures (Retaining wall with weep holes) before going for back filling of slope. Strengthened concrete measures right from firm hard rock surface

Vill. Sidlukuni
Massive debris flow initiated on the upper slope of the ridge as rotational failure & is further come down as debris flow collecting material from upper catchment area. The slide occurred on north-westerly slope during rain event of August 2019. Debris
Easing of slope with proper grading, The debris accumulated at the body of slide should be grown up with deep rooted plants. Crown cracks to be sealed with some impervious material & covered with tarpaulin to avoi

Vill. Sidlukuni
Debris slide on 09th August 2019 occurredon northerly moderate slope. The first order stream flowing northerly meets the higher order stream at foot slope. During the heavy incessant rainfall spell of August 2019, the east flowing higher order stream blo
Easing of slope with proper grading, Blocked drainage at the foot slope should be clear for free flow of water. Surface water is diverted from unstable slopes by ditches and pipes
Part of Forest land,Areca nut, Pepper and ba plantation damaged.

Hoshalli
Initially, north westerly high angle slope has been cut for road construction making the slope unstable. Multiple debris slides are initiated as a planar failure. Two debris slides are occurred within old slides. The old scars along with the active slide
The toe support by construction of retaining wall with weep holes and minimize the slope gradient by benching and back filling. Plantations on the slope is also recommended.

Belur-Madvi road
Laterite and Saprolite derived from Quartz chlorite schist
The landslide is an active earth slide having translational movement along rupture plane with approx. 5m run-out distance. Earth slide occurrence is due to anthropogenic activities i.e. Slope cut and diversion of stream for increase of agriculture area o
Easing of slope with proper grading, Blocked drainage at the foot slope should be clear for free flow of water. Drainage should be provided with concrete lining.

Vill. Malekoppa
Debris slide initiated as a planar failure. The slope forming material (SFM) got saturated by percolation of water during heavy rains which increased its mass. Initially, high angel slope has been cut for road construction making the slope unstable. Top
The toe support by appropriate concrete measures and minimize the slope gradient by benching along with plantations on the slope.

Vill. Malekoppa
Debris slide initiated as a planar failure. The slope forming material (SFM) got saturated by percolation of water during heavy rains which increased its mass. Initially, slope has been cut for road construction making it unstable. Top of the hill bushes
Slope gradient by benches. Proper drainage with concrete lining should be made at the foot of the slope along with plantations on the slope.

Belur-Madvi road, Near Vill. Madvi
The earth slide is observed to have occurred on the westerly slope. The inclination of failure slope is observed to be around 40°. The landslide is an active earth slide having translational movement failing along the interface of soil and weathered roc
Easing of slope with proper grading, Blocked drainage at the foot slope should be clear for free flow of water. Drainage should be provided with concrete lining.

Belur-Madvi road, Near Vill. Madvi
An old suspended earth slide is observed on the east facing slope. The slide initiated as a translational failure along the interface of soil and weathered rock. Earth slide occurrence is due to anthropogenic activities i.e. Slope cut and diversion of st
Easing of slope with proper grading, Natural flow of drainage should be unaltered.

Vill. Sunkadavaramane
Massive debris slide initiated on the upper slope of the ridge as rotational failure & is further came down as debris flow collecting material from upper catchment area. The slide occurred on south-westerly slope during rain event of August 2019. Debris
Easing of slope with proper grading, The debris accumulated at the body of slide should be covered with deep rooted plants. Crown cracks to be sealed with some impervious material & covered with tarpaulin to avoid
Part of Forest land , Areca nut and peeper plantation damaged.
House wall and floor of Shri S.R Radhakrish is partly damaged with cracks

Vill. Deviyaramane
An old suspended slide is observed in north-westerly slope.The slope has been modified (slope cut) for increasing agriculture area. Simultaneously, the stream has been diverted along the toe cut of the slope for irrigation purpose. During high rain, heav
Easing of slope with proper grading, Blocked drainage at the foot slope should be made clear for free flow of water. The drainage should be supported by concrete works to restrict infiltration of water.

Vill. Deviyaramane
Laterite and Saprolite derived from Granite gneiss
A reactivated old slide having translational movement along rupture plane observed on north-westerly steep slope. Earth slide occurrence in the year 2018 is due to anthropogenic activities i.e. Slope cut and diversion of stream for increasing agriculture
Easing of slope with proper grading, Blocked drainage at the foot slope should be clear for free flow of water. The toe erosion of slopes by water action should be stopped by appropriate strengthened concrete.

Vill. Deviyaramane
An old slide is reactivated and observed on the downside of road bench in highly weathered schistose rock. Toe erosion by heavily charged Stream during heavy rain event in the year 2018, undercut or scoured the slope making it steeper. Also, the slope fo
The toe support should be given at the toe of slide by Retaining wall with weep holes before going for benching and back filling of slope. Strengthened concrete measures right from firm hard.

Sampekatte-Kollur road
An old suspended debris slide initiated as translational failure. The slide occurrence is due to slope cut for road construction making it unstable. However, highly weathered rock is observed on the slope corresponding to soil thickness of more than 5m.
Slope gradient by benching. Proper drainage with concrete lining should be made at the foot of the slope.

Government high school, Sampekatte
The active debris slide is observed to have occurred on the southerly gentle slope. The debris slide was occurred on 08th August 2019, as conveyed by School Headmaster Shri Prakash K.R. Initially, extensive cutting of slope for construction of school wit
The toe support should be given at the foot of slope by construction of retaining wall with weep holes and minimize the slope gradient by benching and back filling. Surface water is diverted from unstable slopes by ditches and pipes.
Back side of the School, damaged the walls of chemistry lab.

Sampekatte- Ambiladi road
The slide initiated after removal of soil from hillside for making settlement. The Quartz-chlorite schist showing a high degree of alteration and development of reddish-brown, soft and friable materials (saprolite). The percolating water through soil hyd
Easing of slope and proper grading,

Sampekatte-Ambiladi road
Quartz chlorite schist and Banded magnetite quartzite
The debris slide is observed to have occurred on the easterly slope. Initially, slope has been cut for road construction making it unstable. Along the Quartz-chlorite schist and Banded magnetite quartzite lithology contact, the schist is showing a high d

Ambiladi-Sampekatte road; Milestone: Sampekatte-3Km
Quartz chlorite schist altered into Laterite and Saprolite
An Earth slide is observed in north-easterly directed moderate slope. Highly saturated lateritic soil with thickness corresponding to 5 to 7 m added an extra weight. Percolation of water during rain event of August 2019 resulting in building up of pore w
Easing of slope with proper grading, Drainage at the base of slope should be provided with concrete lining. Soil blocked the drainage line should be removed before next rain.

Sampekatte - Ambiladi road
Debris slide is observed in easterly directed moderate slope. The slide occurred in less weathered soil cover corresponding to 0.5 to 1m thickness. The slide movement is low and suspended. Percolation of water during rain resulting in building up of p
Easing of slope with proper grading, Drainage at the base of slope should be provided with concrete lining. Soil blocking the drainage line should be removed before next rain.

Sampekatte - Ambiladi road
Debris slide is observed in easterly directed moderate slope. The slide occurred in less weathered soil cover corresponding to 0.5 to 1m thickness. The slide movement is low and suspended. Percolation of water during rain resulting in building up of pore
Easing of slope with proper grading, Drainage at the base of slope should be provided with concrete lining. Soil blocking the drainage line should be removed before next rain.

Kodachadri
Quartz chlorite schist and Banded magnetite quartzite
An old suspended slide is observed to have occurred on the steep slope and at the bend of the road. The inclination of planar failure slope is observed to be around 50°. Initially, high angel slope has been cut for construction of road making the slope

Kodachadri
An old suspended slide is observed to occur due to improper drainage network along the road side. The inclination of planar failure slope is observed to be around 50°. Initially, slope has been cut for construction of jeepable road making the slope unst
Easing of slope with proper grading, Drainage system along the road should be supported by concrete work. Blocked drainage should be made free for the water flow.

Kodachadri
An old suspended slide is observed to have occurred on the steep slope and at the bend of the road. The inclination of planar failure slope is observed to be around 50°. Initially, high angel slope has been cut for construction of jeepable road making t
Singh, K. and Kumar, K., 2020.. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of Toposheet nos. 48K13, 48N3 and 48N04, Udipi and Shimogha district, Karnataka. Unpublished GSI report.

Muduru- Kundanabailu road
The slide initiated after removal of soil from hillslope for making settlement. The Hb-actinolite-chlorite schist showing a high degree of alteration and development of reddish-brown, soft and friable material (saprolite). The percolating water through s
Easing of slope with proper grading, The toe erosion of slopes by water action should be stopped by appropriate strengthened concrete measures right from firm hard rock surface which may also act as toe support.

Muduru-Kundanabailu road
The debris slide is observed to have occurred on the north-westerly slope. The inclination of planar failure slope is observed to be around 45°. Initially, slope has been cut for road construction making it unstable. The slope forming material (SFM) obs
Easing of slope with proper grading, Clogged road side drainage should be cleared. Drainage system along the road should be supported by concrete work.

1.2 km West of Vatgod
Debris slide initiated as a planar failure. The slope forming material (SFM) got saturated by percolation of water during heavy rains which increased its mass. Initially, high angle slope has been cut for road construction making the slope unstable. Top
Easing of slope with proper grading, Drainage at the base of slope should be provided with concrete lining.

Vill. Vatgod
The landslide is an old suspended slide having translational movement along a single rupture plane. Debris slide occurrence is due to anthropogenic activities i.e. Slope cut and diversion of stream for increase of agriculture area or for better irrigatio
Natural drainage should be left unaltered. Plantation/Cultivation on the nala/stream should be avoided for the free flow of water. Benching on the slope is advisable. The drainage should be lined with concrete.

Boppanamane
Slope modified for road construction, trenching and the slope left as vertically by without any to support
Construction of breast wall, easing of the slope and shifting of the road towards the hill side.
Presence of weak slope forming material saturated during the incessant rainfall.

Brahmanwada
The landslide occurred on lowly dissected steep slope. It is stabilized and now there is no any visible movement. Easing of the slope and maintaining of the slope are recommended.
Easing of the slope.
Presence of weak slope forming material saturated during the incessant rainfall.

Nagara- Mathimane road
Foliations trending E W, dipping 60o North
The toe support by construction of retaining wall with weep holes and minimize the slope gradient by benching and back filling. cleared and shoul

Ebbegodu
The slide initiated on the lowly dissected slope by cutting of the slope for construction of road.
Easing of the slope and construction of retaining wall with sufficient weep holes.
Weathering and Erosion on the vertical cut slope.

Vertical slope coupled with incessant rainfall, toe cut are the main causes for the slide. Removal of the debris, easing of the slope and construction of channel drain are recommended.
Removal of the debris, easing of the slope and construction of channel drain are recommended.
High degree of weathering and weak slope forming material, sudden drop of the slope between the valley and hill side and toe cut by the flowing of the stream.

Netrabailu
The debris slide initiated since 2017 and since then reactivated every year. The length width and height of the slide is 20m, 30m, 15m respectively. Vertical slope coupled with incessant rainfall, toe cut are the main causes for the slide. Removal of the
Removal of the debris, easing of the slope and construction of channel drain are recommended.
Thick saturated overburden material on the Steep slope.

The soil slide initiated since 2017 and since then reactivated every year. Vertical slope coupled with incessant rainfall, toe cut are the main causes for the slide. Removal of the debris, easing of the slope and construction of channel drain are recomme
Removal of the debris, easing of the slope and construction of channel drain are recommended.
Toe cut for the road construction and presence of saprolite layer on slope.

Sampemane
Thick overburden, vertical slope, incessant rainfall, toe cut by the stream are the causes for the slide. Removal of the debris, easing of the slope and maintainance of the channel path.
Removal of the debris, easing of the slope and maintainance of the channel path.
Presence of weak slope forming material saturated during the incessant rainfall.

Devaganege
The soil slide initiated since 2015 and since then reactivated every year. Vertical slope coupled with incessant rainfall increased the pore pressure, toe cut and weak slope forming material in the steep slope are the main causes for the slide. Removal o
Slope angle ranges from 25-35 degree and the interface between the overburden and bed rock is very less along the flow direction.

Nagar
The slope failure initiated since 2018 and reactivated in 2019. The slope modified to construct the settlement and the slope left as vertical cut without any toe support. Shifting of the house recommended and easing of the slope, construction of retainin
Shifting of the house recommended and easing of the slope, construction of retaining wall is also recommended.
1 house totally damaged and 3 house partially damaged
Toe cut for the road construction, Weak slope forming material got oversaturated during the incessant rainfall.

Bolakoppa
The slope modified for settlement and slope left as vertical cut without any remedial measures. Construction of retaining wall with proper weep holes, easing of the slope and toe drain is recommended.
Construction of retaining wall with proper weep holes and toe drain is recommended.

The slide initiated on low lying vertical slope. Very soft slope forming material which is on vertical slope and the material lost its strength by continuous rainfall. The slide initiated in 2006 and since then every year during the monsoon its gets reac
Easing of the slope recommended.
The highly weathered materials gets saturated for the rainfall and fails along the cutslope.

Ravemane
The slide originated on the lowly dissected, thickly vegetated area. Clearing of the debris, fallen trees and easing of the slope is recommended.
Clearing of the debris, fallen trees and easing of the slope is recommended.

Surugodu
The slope modified for settlement and slope left as verticalcut without any remedial measures. Construction of retaining wall with proper weep holes and toe drain is recommended.
Construction of retaining wall with proper weep holes and toe drain is recommended.
Due to the cutting of the slope for road cut.

Hilkunji
Thick weak slope forming material in the vertical steep slope, incessant rain fall. Crown cracks are observed on the left flank which may lead to further failure. Easing of the slope recommended.
Easing of the slope is recommended.
The thick overburden material fails due to saturation.

Beluru
Weak slope forming material failed due to increase of the pore pressure and toe cut by the stream. Clearing of the debris and construction of channel wall.
Clearing of the debris and construction of channel wall.

Kodurutenkabailu
The lowly dissected slope modified for settlement and slope left as vertical cut without any remedial measures. Easing of the slope, construction of retaining wall with proper weep holes and toe drain is recommended.
Easing of the slope, construction of etaining wall with proper weep holes and toe drain is recommended.
The highly weathered material gets saturated and failed along the road cut during rainfall season.

Baise
Weak slope forming material, incessant rainfall and toe cut by the stream. Clearing of the debris and construction of channel wall.
Clearing of the debris and construction of channel wall.
Vertical cut slope failed due to weathering induced by water saturation during rainfall.

Debris slide occurred on the lowly dissected slope due to cutting of slope for construction of road. Construction of retaining wall or toe drain recommended.
Removal of the material, Construction of retaining wall or toe drain recommended.

slope modified for road construction
Easing of the slope and construction of retaining wall with sufficient weep holes.

Hiregadde
Debris slide occurred on the very gentle slope due to cutting of slope for construction of road. Construction of retaining wall or toe drain recommended.
Construction of retaining wall or toe drain recommended.
The highly weathered material gets saturated and failed along the cut slope.

Nagarakudige
Debris slide occurred on the lowly dissected slope due to cutting of slope for construction of road. Construction of retaining wall or toe drain recommended.
Removal of the material, construction of retaining wall or toe drain recommended.
The tree removal for the powerline route and the slope cut for road construction.

Talanari
Failure happened on the very gentle slope. The dimension of the slide is very less and it is initiated adjacent to the cultivation.
Construction of channel wall will reduce the further slope failure.
The saturated materials fails along the cutslope.

Presence of thick slope forming material in the steep slope and toe cut by the stream are the causes for slide. Removal of the debris and hanging trees, regularizing the stream flow, easing of the slope can minimize the slope failure.
Removal of the debris and uprooted trees, regularizing the stream flow, easing of the slope.

Borikoppa
Slope modification should be avoided and construction of channel wall will reduce the further slope failure.
Avoid disturbing of the slope and construction of channel wall will reduce the further slope failure.

Kolagi
Steep slope coupled with weak slope forming material and toe cut by the stream are prime causes for the slide.
Easing of the slope and realignment of the village link road.
The highly weathered materials saturated during the rainfall.

Landslide occurred on the lowly dissected hill slope. Easing of the slope by proper benching and construction of channel wall.
Removal of the debris and easing of the slope and lining of the stream are recommended.
saturation of overburden material and toe cut by the flowing stream.

Removal of the debris and maintaining of the drainage are recommended.
saturation of overburden material and toe cut by the flowing stream.The slope was modified for plantation and construction of the road.

Alagaru
Landslide occurred on the lowly dissected hill slope. Easing of the slope by proper benching and construction of channel wall.
Removal of the debris and easing of the slope and lining of the stream are recommended.
The highly weathered soil materials flows along the nala due to toe erosion and moderate to steep slope conditons.

Varamballi
Landslide happened on very gentle slope due to toe cut by the stream.
Construction of Channel wall or retaining wall
Slope modification i.e. cutting of slope for road construction.

Handayalakoppa
Toe cut by the stream and incessant rainfall. Removal of the debris and regularizing of the stream channel are recommended.
Removal of the debris and regularizing of the stream channel are recommended.

Goragal
The slope modified for settlement and slope left as verticalcut without ant remedial measures. Construction of Retaining wall with proper weep holes and toe drain is recommended.
Construction of Retaining wall with proper weep holes and toe drain is recommended.

Slope modified for road construction.
Easing of the slope

Arodi
Slope modified for road construction.
Easing of the slope
Toe cutting and weathered rock mass on slope

The slide initiated on the lowly dissected slope by cutting of the slope for construction of road.
Easing of the slope and construction of retaining wall with sufficient weep holes.
Saturated material got failed along the cut slope.

Arodi
The slide initiated on the lowly dissected slope by cutting of the slope for construction of road.
Weathering , Erosion and vertical cut slope.

Haniya
saturation of overburden material, weathering and erosion

Mutturu
The slide initiated on the lowly dissected slope by cutting of the slope for construction of road widening.
Maintenance of weep holes.

Formation of thick laterite horizon and in between occurrence of saprolite layer. The saprolite layer is the main reason for the slide. Slide initiated since 2006 and reactivated 2019.
Easing of the slope and construction of channel wall are recommended.
Thick overburden material saturated and toe cut by the nala.

The slide initiated on the gentle sloping area, Natural slope modified without any engineering consideration and incessant rainfall, toe cut by stream are the major causes. Maintainance of the drainage is recommended.
Maintainance of the drainage is recommended.

Kankalale
The slide originated since 2006.
Natural stream flow to be maintained
Presence of weak slope forming material and toe cut by flowing stream.

Barahmeswara
The slope is modified for the construction of settlement and the toe left without any support. During the incessant rainfall the slope failed along the cut slope. The settlement should be relocated and easing of the slope is recommended.
The settlement should be relocated and easing of the slope is recommended.
Steep slope coupled with saturated overburden material, Toe cut and thick overbuden material causes for the slide.

Kalikapur
The slide initiated in the steep slope which is having thick slope forming material. Easing of the slope and removal of the debris and maintaining of the drainage are recommended.
Easing of the slope and removal of the debris.

Manninakoppa
Adjacent to the crown settlement located, during the monsoon season the slide to be monitored.
Construction of channel wall and in the crown portion drainage to be maintained.
Presence of weak slope forming material and toe cut by flowing stream.

Jamballi
Thick and weak slope forming material in the vertical slope, incessant rainfall increased the pore water pressure in the overburden and toe cut by the stream. Easing of the slope by benching and Channelizing of the stream are recommended.
Easing of the slope by benching and Channelizing of the stream are recommended.
Slope modified for the cultivation and presence of thick weak slope forming material, toe cut by stream.

Avinahalli-Chikkamattur road
The landslide is an old suspended slide having translational movement along a single rupture plane. Debris slide occurrence is due to anthropogenic activities i.e. Slope cut and diversion of stream for increase of agriculture area or for better irrigatio
Benching on the slope is advisable, The drainage should be lined with concrete to avoid any infiltration from the stream.

Genasinakuni- Heggodu road
Granite gneiss and Quartz chlorite schist
The landslide is an active earth slide having translational movement along a single rupture plane with approx. 7m run-out distance. The soil material has been moved along with trees and other vegetation. Another causative factor may be the litho contact
Singh, K. and Kumar, K., 2020.. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of Toposheet nos. 48K13, 48N3 and 48N04, Udipi and Shimogha district, Karnataka. Unpublished GSI report
Easing of slope and proper grading, possibly reduce the hazard considerably. Hill side drainage to be provided.
Part of Forest land and agriculture destroyed.

Patagoppa
The slide initiated in 2009 and since then reactivated every year. Thick weak slope forming material in the vertical slope, incessant rainfall increased the pore water pressure in the overburden and toe cut by the stream. Easing of the slope by benching
Easing of the slope by benching and planting like vetiver grass are recommended.
Presence of weak slope forming material (saprolite). Toe cut by flowing stream.

Kachigebail
Slide initiated by anthropogenic activity and aggravated by incessant rainfall.
Lining of the channel and easing of the slope are recommended.
Presence of weak slope forming material. Toe cut by flowing stream

Vaddahalli
Salu S and Senthil Kumar K.,2019: Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets nos. 48J12 & 48J16 Uttar Kannada and Shimoga districts, Karnataka. Un pub. GSI report for FS 2018-10
Slide materaials to be removed and lining of the stream to be done. Soil nailing to be carried to protect the road which located above the crown portion.
Steep slope coupled with incessant rainfall and toe cutting by stream and weak slope forming material.

Naduvaddahalli
Salu S and Senthil Kumar K.,2019: Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets nos. 48J12 & 48J16 Uttar Kannada and Shimoga districts, Karnataka. Un pub. GSI report for FS 2018-11
over the slide materaial vegetation growth observed and the slide are retrogressive in nature. At places fresh scars observed.
Lining of the stream to be carried and loose debris to be removed from the slide area.
Weak slope forming material (clayey soil) coupled with incessant rainfall may cause for the local increase of pore water pressure leads to failure of the slope. Due to incessant rainfall excess water in the stream which leads to toe cut.

Naduvaddahalli
Salu S and Senthil Kumar K.,2019: Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets nos. 48J12 & 48J16 Uttar Kannada and Shimoga districts, Karnataka. Un pub. GSI report for FS 2018-17
Easing of the slope and channelising of the stream to be suggested to avoid to further slide in this area.
Thick overburden coupled with incessant rainfall may increase the pore pressure and subsequently the soil lossess the strength. Toe cut by flowing stream.

Marakatte
Reduce the slope angle by benching to avoid further slide in this area. Removal of the debris and channelising of the stream aslo recommented to avoide the future slide. Plantating of the suitable grass or geo-jute technique also can be applied.
Steep slope and weak slope forming material (soft clay) coupled with incessant rainfall may leads to increase the hydrostatic pressure locally. Excess rainwater in the stream which cut the toe and it leads to failure of the slope.

0.4Km NNE of Marakatte
Divert the surface runoff from the slide area.
Poor slope forming material and incessant rainfall

Ramanagadde
Removal of the debris from the slide area and easing of slope Lining of the stream will reduce the toe cut.
Weak slope forming material coupled with incessant rainfall may cause for the local increase of pore water pressure leads to failure of the slope. Due to incessant rainfall excess water in the stream which leads to toe cut.

Ramanagadde 1
Last 10years back the slide has initiated after that the slide reactivated every year during the rainfall.
Reduce the slope angle by benching to avoid further slide in this area. Removal of the debris and channelising of the stream aslo recommented to avoide the future slide.
Steep slope and weak slope forming material (soft clay) coupled with incessant rainfall may leads to increase the hydrostatic pressure locally. Excess rainwater in the stream which cut the toe and it leads to failure of the slope.

Tumbe
Reduce the slope angle by benching and flowing stream to be lined to reduce the toe erosion
Incessant rainfall coubled with thick overburden material over the slope and toe cut by the flowing stream Steep slope also one of the reason for the slide.

Bramanakeppige 1
Slide material to be removed and easing of the slope to be done. Surface runoff to be diverted from the crown portion to avoid the infiltration of rain water.
Presence of weak slope forming material with huge thickness of overburden. Incessant raifall aggravated the landslide by increasing of the local pore pressure.

Bramanakeppige
Rill erosion observed over the presence of soft clayey materials.
All along the stream boulder gabbion to be constructed or lining of stream to be done. Easing of the slope to be done and suitable plantion to be planted in the slide area.
Presence of claey soft slope forming material and incessant raifall cause for this landslide.

Honnagodu
Easing of the slope and flowing stream to be lined.
Presence of weak slope forming material with huge thickness of overburden cut by flowing stream. Incessant raifall aggravated the landslide by increasing of the local pore pressure.

Honnagodu 1
Removal of the debris from the slide area and easing of the slope by multible benching. Toe drain to be constructed and maitenance to be done properly.
Steep slope presence of weak slope forming material having huge thickness of soil. The slide aggravated by incessant rain fall.

Kandavalli
Presently there is any cisible movement.
stream to be lined to reduce the toe cut.
Presence of thick over burden material losses its strength by increasing local porewater pressure due to incessant rainfall and toe cut by flowing stream.

0.8 KM NNw of Sulemakki
stream to be lined to reduce the toe cut.
Weak slope forming material which is eroded by the stream coupled with incessand rainfall may leads to increase the pore pressure locally.

Samase
Retaining wall with sufficient weep holes to be provided to avoid further slide in the area.
Thick overburden toe cut for road construction and incessant main cause for the slide

0.3Km SW of Samase
Earlier road situateed vicinity to the slide. At present the road shifted towards hillside.
stram to be lined and easing of the slope to be done to avoid.
Thick overburden material and teo cut by the stream vibration of the vehicle and incessant rainfall major cause for the landslide.

1Km NE of Basti
Slide material to be removed and easing of the slope or palanting of suitable grass or Geo jute may reduce the further soil erosion. Surface runoff to be diverted over the crown portion.
Thick slope forming material coubled with incessant rainfall may cause for the slide.

Kunchi
Easing of the slope and removal of the debris lining of the stream
Weak geological formation steep slope coupled incessant rainfal local improvement of pore pressure toe cut by flowing stream.

0.5Km E of Kudarur
Above the crown one road was observed that road should be shifted to hill side.
surface runoff to be diverted from the crown portion flowing stream to be linned to reduce the toe cut construction of any infrastructure to be avoided above the crown and both the flank of the slide.
Steep slope and weakly slope forming material local improvement of pore pressure. Toe cut by by the stream.

1Km NE of Kudarur
Weak geolgical formation incessant rain fall may cause increase of pore pressure

Belamakki
Weak slope forming material cut by flowing stream.

1Km SW of Arodi
Removal of the debris and easing of the slope and lining of the stream.
weak slope forming material cut by flowing of the stream and incessand rainfall also cause for the landslide.

Arodi
Lining if the stream and removal of the debris and applying geo jute to reduce the soil erosion.
Steep slope coupled with weak slope forming material and incessant rainfall. Toe cut by flowing stream.

Vill. Kattinkal
Multiple earth slidesin the month of August, 2019 occurreddue to removal of soil from hillsides for increasing cultivation area leaving behind a vertical cut section and diversion of main stream channel towards hill side. The southerly running IIndorder
Easing of slope with proper grading, Deep rooted plants should be grown on the slope. Blocked drainage at the foot slope should be made clear for free flow of water. Drainage should be provided with concrete linin

Hunagallu
Lining of stream to be done to reduce further toe cut by stream. Precarsiously hanging tree to be removed easing of the slope.
Thick slope forming material coubled with incessant rainfall and toe cut by small stream.

Muchavalli
Above adjacent to the slide road was observed that should be shifted towards the hill side.
lining of stream to be done to reduce further toe cut by stream. Precarsiously hanging tree to be removed easing of the slope.
Weak slope forming material and toe cut for road construction incessant rainfall may cause for the slide.

Kadakunda
Modification of slope or construction of any infrastructure to be avoided towards the slide direction.
Weak geological formation highly weathered rock local improvement of pore pressure.

Kolegodu
Debris and uprooted trees to be removed and increasing of the retaining wall and also construction of toe train and proper maintance.
Huge thickness of weak slope forming material failed due to cutting of the slope for road construction and the slide aggravated by incessant rainfall.

Kalur 2
Stream to be lined to reduce the toe cut.
Weak slope forming material which is eroded by the stream coupled with incessand rainfall may leads to increase the pore pressure locally.

Kalur 1
Stream to be lined to reduce the toe cut.
Weak slope forming material which is eroded by the stream coupled with incessand rainfall may leads to increase the pore pressure locally.

Kalur
stream to be lined to reduce the toe cut.
Poor slope forming material failed due to toe cut by stream. Incessant rainfall also played a major role by increasing the pore pressure.

BanUTTuli
Divert the surface runoff around the slide area and easing of the slope from the crown aswell as flank. Applying geo jute also helpful to reduce the soil erosion.
steep slope with weak slope forming material and incessant rain fall may cause the increase of pore pressure and its leads to failure of the slope.

BanUTTuli 1
crown cracks observed and they are very prisistent. Well developed successive cracks are seen in the field.
Slide material to be removed and easing of the slope and construction of retaining wall flowing stream to be lined to reduce the toe erosion.
Steep slope coupled with weak slope forming material and incessant rain fall may cause increase of local pore pressure.

0.7Km NNW of Linganamakki colony
Applying Geo-Jute may reduce the soil erosion.
Toe distrubed for extension of road presence of weak slope forimg material and incessant rainfall aggravated the slide.

0.62Km NNW of Talaguni
Construction of retaining wall or easing of the slope.
Vertical toe cut for the road construction and presence of steep slope with weak slope forming material. Incessant rainfall aggravated the slide.

Aravadi
Ealier road and retaining wall damaged by the slide
Slide material to be removed and easing of the slope. Surface water flow to be diverted or toe drain to be constructed to avoid the infiltaration of rainwater in the slide area. Easing of the crown portion and romoval of the trees over the crown portion.
Vertical toe cut for the road construction and poor slope forming material contineous rainfall may cause for the increase of the pore pressure.

1.04Km NE of Geripal
Divert the surface runoff from the slide area.
Steep slope and incessant rainfall may leads to failure of the slope

Bellur
poor slope forming material coubled with incessant rainfall

Togachi
presently there is any visible movement but in future it may reactivatedue to incessant rainfall.
Easing of the slope both the flank aswel as crown portion and further modification of slope to be avoided at the adjoining area.
Natural slope modified by cutting of the steep slope for plantation purpose presence of weak thick slope forming material delighted and it increase the surfacial erosion during the rainfall.

1.2Km Surimane
Divert the surface runoff from the slide area.
Steep slope and incessant rainfall may leads to failure of the slope

Nagavalli
Construction of hill drain and proper maintanence.
Vertical to cut for road construction and weak thick slope forming material on the slope.

Nagavalli 2
Reducing the slope angle and construction of toe drai
vertical slope cut for road construction Incessant rain fall may cause the improvement of local hydrostatic or pore pressure.

Nagavalli 1
Reducing the slope by making muliple benching and construction of retaining wall with sufficient weep holes.
Thick insitu soil associated with rainfall may increase the pore pressure and the soil losses its strength.

The soil slide occurred over the road cut slope of lowly dissected hill slope.

Hirebail
Rmoval of debris and construction of hill side drain. Easing of the slope.
cutting of slope for the road cut and local increment of pore water pressure during the incessant rainfall.

Kavati
Blocking of nala should be avoided.
Weak slope forming material cut by flowing of the stream and some amount of anthropogenic activity also play role to initiate the landslide.

Kavati 1
Weak slope forming material cut by flowing of the stream and some amount of anthropogenic activity also play role to initiate the landslide.

Halgeri
Suspended soil slide with widening nature and has been observed.

Nagaramakki
Suspended soil slide with rapid rate of movement failed along the road section.

Yellurmane-Areshirur road
Easing of slope with proper grading, drainage at the base of slope should be provided with concrete lining.

Baindoor
The Deep translational soil slide has happened in a quarry section a lowly dissected hillslopes.
Mintaining proper drainage outlet and benching on a proper scale.
Saturation of overburden material, cutting of slope for road construction

Kundapura
Deep translational - debris slide with rapid movement has failed along a quarry cut during the monsoon on a lowly dissected hillock.
Proper benching and removing the over burden is very essential.

Kundapura
Suspended Shallow translational debris slide with rapide rate of movement, D
Removing the as far as possible and then go for proper benching with wiremesh.

The soil slide has happened on a lowly dissected slope.
Toe erosion by stream. Reduction of strength on super saturation

The debris slide occurred on lowly dissected hill slope on vertical cut slope.

The debris slide occurred on lowly dissected hill slope on vertical cut slope. The slide is old and can get reactivated during monsoon. At present the area is stable.
Easing of slope required. The dislodged rock boulders should be removed. The lined drainage with weep holes as Toe support is provided at base of the hill slope.

Failure along weaker plane/Slope modification/road cut for road construction

60.4m width and 2.5m high retaining wall constructed and toe part is supported with proper drainage

Gradation of slope required for stabilization/benches should be constructed at shorter interval
Slope modification,road cut for road construction

Unscientific way of excavation/removal of material

49.6m width and 3m high retaining wall constructed and toe part is supported with proper drainage

Retaining wall constructed for toe support, plantation on slope will impart stability

1 km from Honavar Areangadi road on NH-17

Slope modification and excavation for road construction

Weathering , railway line nearby may reduce the cohesive and shear strength of weatherd rock

Weathering and destablization of slope due to road cut

Shukla K., et. al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheet Nos. 48J/11 Uttar Kannada district, Karnataka. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2015-2016.
Increase in pore pressure, reduction of strength on saturation,

Shukla K., et. al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheet Nos. 48J/11 Uttar Kannada district, Karnataka. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2015-2016.
Reduction of strength on saturation, anthropogenic activity

Shukla K., et. al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheet Nos. 48J/11 Uttar Kannada district, Karnataka. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2015-2016.

Allanki 2

Increase in pore pressure, anthropogenic activity

Allanki 1

Allanki

Small landslips
Reduction of strength on saturation, anthropogenic activity

Hinnur
Anthropogenic one of the factor for this landslide.
removal of the debris easing of the slope and maintance of culvert to be done properly.
Thick over burden material coupled with incessant rainfall may cause for the slides soil losses its strength due to increse in pore pressure

Devar Gazni
Slide material not removed presently there is no any significant movement observed.
Removal of the debris easing of the slope construction of hill side drainage and proper maintenance.
Highly weathered rock mass coupled with steep slope prolonged rain fall may cause the improvement of local hydrostatic pressure Cutting of the slope for the road widining and poor slope forming material.

Gazni 2
Cutting of trees observed in the affected area. Loose and rolled boulders are observed in the upslope.
Removal of the debris construction of retaining wall with sufficient height with sufficient weep hole or easing of the slope and construction and proper maintenance of hill side drainage.
vertical cutting of the slope for the road construction or road widening with out any toe support. Poor slope forming material coupled with contineous rain fall may leads to increase of the pore pressure.

Gazni
proper toe support construction of toe drain and proper maintenance.
Construction of hill side drainage and proper maintenance.
vertical cutting of the slope for the road construction with out any toe support. Poor slope forming material coupled with continueous rain fall may leads to increase of the pore pressure.

Gazni 1
proper toe support construction of toe drain and proper maintance. Hanging of the tree to be removed. Geo-jute to be applied to protect the slope from further erosion.Construction of hill side drainage and proper maintenance.
vertical cutting of the slope for the road construction with out any toe support. Poor slope forming material coupled with contineous rain fall may leads to increase of the pore pressure.

AdUTTal
Above the road bench the vertical toe cut observed. If any slope failure above the hills that will affect the settlement which is located below the road bench. its is reported that during the rain time the slide occurred and surface cracks developed down
Avoid construction if needed proper slope protection to be done.
vertical cut slope for settlement construction. Weak slope forming matrial incessant rainfall.

Hinnur 1
present condition there is no any visible movement
Geo jute to be applied or suitable grass planted to reduce the soil erosion.
Cutting of the slope for the road widining highly weathered rock and increase in the pore pressure.

Masabag
Slide may reactivate may be in the future rainy season.
divert the surface runoff and construction toe drain and proper maintance slope angle to be reduce by benching. constructing hill side drainage. Debris material to be removed from the hill slope. proper benching to be done in the above the settlemen
incessant rain fall may cause to increase the pore pressure and vertical toe cut for road construction weak slope forming material.

Magod
Applying geo jute to avoid the slope failure. Costruction of toe drain and proper maintenance.
Vertical toe cut for the road construction and poor slope forming material contineous rainfall may cause for the increase of the pore pressure.

Samsi
its reported that every year there is a small localized slide happen during the rainfall.
Benching needs to done in this area. Hill side drainge to be constructed.
steep slope coupled with vertical cut for the settlement construction and weak slope forming material. Incessant rain fall may cause for the incerment of pore pressure in the soil.

Kachodi
Removal of debris material and construction of hill side drain.
Weak slope forming material and toe cut for road construction incessant rainfall may cause for the slide.

Magod 2
constuction of hill side drain and proper maintance.
vertical road cut for road construction and weak slope forming material

Magod 1
Removal of the slide material constuction of hill side drain and proper maintance.

Upponi
small trees has grown over the slide material. At present no visible movement
construction of toe drain and easing of the slope.
toe cut for road construction. Weak slope forming material and incessant rainfall.

Upponi 1
Easing of the slope applying the geo-jute over the slide area. Construction of toe drain.
Toe cut for the road construction and delighted weak slope forming material it leads to erosion in this area.

Hulegar 1
Removal of the debris and easing of the slope both flank.
Blocking of the natural flowing stream and weak slope forming material excavating the soil material. Incessand rain fall.

Hulegar
Removal of debris and proper maintenance of hill side drainage.
Weak slope forming material and incessant rainfall may cause for the slide.

Hulegar 3
Precarious removal of up rooted trees and construction of toe drain .
Toe cut for the road construction and delighted weak slope forming material it leads to erosion in this area.

Heggargadde
construction of toe drain and easing of the slope. Applying geo-jute over the slide area.
Extensive slope cut coupled with steep slope highly weathered rock weak slope forming material. Incessant rain fall may cause for the increase of the pore water pressure.

ChaturmUTTha Basti 1
Constructing of hill side drainage and proper maintenance. Easing of the slope by multiple benching and counstruction of retaining wall.
Weak geological formation/highly weathered rock. Cutting of the toe for road benching. Over saturation of weak overburden material due to continuous rainfall and development of local hydrostatic pressure in the weak slope forming material which leads to

ChaturmUTTha Basti
construction of toe drain and easing of the slope. Applying geo-jute over the slide area. Easing of the slope by muliple benching.
Extensive slope cut coupled with steep slope highly weathered rock weak slope forming material. Incessant rain fall may cause for the increase of the pore water pressure.

Nagarbastikere
road may be shifted towards the hill side.
Easing of the slope by benching and construction of toe drain.
vertical slope cut for road construction Incessant rain fall may cause the improvement of local hydrostatic or pore pressure. Weak slope forming material over the slope and dynamic load given by the tree.

Hulegar 2
Early builted fencing wall damaged by the slide.
Removal of the debris from the slide area and construction of retaining wall.
Weak slope forming material and incessant rain fall

Bare Gudda
Chaurasiya, R.K., & Mohanraj E.: 2019: Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets nos. 48J/10, J/15 and 48O/15 Uttar Kannada, Shimoga and Chickmangaluru districts, Karnataka. Un pub. GSI report for FS 2018-58
The area is meta stable.

Bare Gudda
Chaurasiya, R.K., & Mohanraj E.: 2019: Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets nos. 48J/10, J/15 and 48O/15 Uttar Kannada, Shimoga and Chickmangaluru districts, Karnataka. Un pub. GSI report for FS 2018-59
The area is meta stable.

Small landslips
Proper drainage, removal od loose material
Increase in pore pressure and loosenig of overburden due to tree roots

Increase in pore pressure and loosenig of overburden due to tree roots

Proper drainage, removal od loose material

Proper drainage, removal of loose material, retaining wall

Reduction of strength on saturation, anthropogenic activity, removal of vegetation

Increase in pore pressure ,Slope disturbance

Heggarbail
Chaurasiya, R.K., & Mohanraj E.: 2019: Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets nos. 48J/10, J/15 and 48O/15 Uttar Kannada, Shimoga and Chickmangaluru districts, Karnataka. Un pub. GSI report for FS 2018-55
The area is meta stable.

Chakdi
Slope regradation and easing of slope is required.

Chakdi

Tattikai village
The slide is a stable slide.
Neena Vaman, K. V., and Bhat, A. A., 2020.Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of Toposheet nos. 48I12, 48I16, 48J14 and 48J14, Uttar Kannada and Shimoga i district, Karnataka. Unpublished GSI report.
No remedy required as slide is stable.
Saturation of overburden material, cutting of slope for road construction

Sappurti village
The slope failure occurred due to unscientific cutting of slope for cultivation. The slope gradient is very high making it susceptible to failure.
Neena Vaman, K. V., and Bhat, A. A., 2020.Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of Toposheet nos. 48I12, 48I16, 48J14 and 48J14, Uttar Kannada and Shimoga i district, Karnataka. Unpublished GSI report.
Avoid removal of slided material from toe portion. Provide toe support by appropriate measures. Proper drainage arrangement. Stream blockage to be avoided. Minimize head load
Saturation of overburden material, cutting of slope for road construction

Hendur

Ajbail Village
During heavy rains, the water in the streams increases. This sediment laden water tends to erode the toe of the slope, thereby making the upper part of the slope unstable and susceptible to failure.
Neena Vaman, K. V., and Bhat, A. A., 2020.Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of Toposheet nos. 48I12, 48I16, 48J14 and 48J14, Uttar Kannada and Shimoga i district, Karnataka. Unpublished GSI report.
Toe support to be given by concrete measures

Kasage

Arge
Slope regradation/easing of slope is required.

Nagagadde
Lined drainage at toe part of slope required.

Hanta
Slope regradation/easing of slope required. Dislodged precarious rock on top of hill slope should be removed.

West of Devimane

Devimane

In and around Kujali village area (Laterite quarry )
laterite Quarry, the exposed cut section are prone to weathering and failure due to watre saturation

In and around Kalkeri village/Basti Devsthana(Laterite quarry)
laterite Quarry, the exposed cut section are prone to weathering and failure due to watre saturation

Weathering phenomenon, unscientic way of removal of material

Slope gradation required , loose debris materia has to b eremoved

near Chitrang village(school)600 m from school
Removal of material making vertical cut for open ground

Small landslips
Road cut failure, seepage along fractured and jointed

West of Vaddi

Vaddi

North East of Bidaratale

West of Kanmuski

Reduction of strength on saturation, anthropogenic activity

Dip Slope seems to be the main cause of failure

Increase in pore pressure, Road cutting along Highway

Bisgod
The area represents a very complex slide. The entire slope has failed. Along the same slope, where rock is present, rock slide has occurred. In the area where soil is present, earth slide is observed and in between the two, a debris slide is observed.
Proper drainage arrangement. Appropriate toe support for retaining the slided material along with plantation along the slope
Vertical road cut failure in downslope direction

Mankulli village
The slope was extensively modified for cultivation. Moreover the stream flowing at the base has also eroded the toe. During rainfall, the water flowing from the upper slopes has caused the slope to fail.
Avoid Slope cutting. Proper drainage arrangements. Toe support at base of slope and plantation on slopes

Harigadde-Arbail village
The landslide has occurred by erosion of the toe of the slope by the stream flowing at the base. The slide is well within a forest and has occurred under natural conditions. During rainfall, the water flow tends to become turbulent causing the river
Toe to be supported by appropriate measures. Slope to be benched.

East of Ganeshpal village, Shivaganga Falls
The landslide has occurred by erosion of the toe of the slope by the stream flowing at the base. During rainfall, the water flow tends to become turbulent causing the river to erode its banks. Along with the weathered material, vegetation and rock fr
Toe support by concrete measures along with plantation on the slope

Ambalike village
The landslide has occurred due to toe erosion by the stream flowing at the base of the slope. The slide had further blocked the stream, causing the water to flow into the cultivated fields and plantation sites, causing heavy losses to the farmers.
Toe support is to be given by concrete measures, Slope to be benched to reduce the gradient. Slided material not to be removed so as to stabilize the slide

East of Kanmuski

Kanmuski

Anmod-Mollem Ghat road

Hakkigadde

Kerllakoppa village
Landslide occurred within Arecanut plantation, mainly due to unplanned cutting of slope. The toe of the slope is disturbed when soil is removed for agricultural purposes.
Toe support to be given by concrete measures
Extensive cut slope failure for settlement purposes

Devarkoppa Village
The landslide has been caused by giving cuts along the slope unscientifically. Instead of giving shallow slope angle or benching the slope, the farmers remove soil using JCB, leaving behind steep slopes which are highly vulnerable to failure.
Benching of the slope to reduce the gradient. Planting small shrubs and grass on the slope to stabilize it. The fallen material at the toe of the slope should not be removed as it adds to the stability of the slope.

Taragod village
The landslide occurred on the slopes bordering the cultivated land. There is a stream flowing at the base of the slope, causing toe erosion. The overburden thickness and vegetation on the upper slope also aided in slope failure
Toe support to be given by concrete measures

Dasangadde village
The landslide occurred on the slopes bordering the cultivated land. There is a stream flowing at the base of the slope, causing toe erosion. The overburden thickness and vegetation on the upper slope also aided in slope failure

Gaddigehole-Agsale village
The slope gradient is high. Moreover its continuously failing during the rains. After the slide the stream was blocked. At places the stream is almost 5 feet deep. The owners tend to remove the failed material at the base of the slope for cultivation pur
Toe support by appropriate measures. Avoid removal of material from the base of the slope. Benching of slope
vertical road cut failure & nala erosion in footslope

Agsala Village
The slope failure occurred due to unscientific cutting of slope for roads. The slope gradient is very high making it susceptible to failure.
Slope to be benched to reduce the gradient along with plantation on the slope

Bhairumbe Village
The landslide has occurred by erosion of the toe of the slope by the stream flowing at the base. During rainfall, the water flow tends to become turbulent causing the river to erode its banks.
Toe support to be given by concreate measures

Gadkai village
The landslide has occurred by erosion of the toe of the slope by the stream flowing at the base. During rainfall, the water flow tends to become turbulent causing the river to erode its banks
Toe support by concrete measures. Proper drainage arrangements. Material at slope should not be removed, along with plantation along the slope.

Kumbrigadde village
The landslide has occurred by erosion of the toe of the slope by the stream flowing at the base. During rainfall, the water flow tends to become turbulent causing the river to erode its banks
Slope to be benched and plantation to be provided along the slope. Toe support by concrete measures

Taragod village
The landslide occurred on the slopes bordering the cultivated land. There is a stream flowing at the base of the slope, causing toe erosion. The upper part of the slope is part of a road, hence further failure of the slope can lead to the road collapsi
Extensive cut slope failure for settlement purposes

Taragod village
There is a stream flowing at the base of the slope, causing toe erosion. The landslide occurred on the slopes bordering the cultivated land. There is a stream flowing at the base of the slope, causing toe erosion. The overburden thickness and vegetatio

NE of Else village
The banks of the stream have been eroded during the heavy rainfall, where the stream discharge increased.
Toe support by appropriate measure

Byagadde village
The earth slide occurred due to overflowing of the water from the lake adjacent to the area. the water washed away a part of the slope, causing it to fail. The mud road had numerous cracks post sliding which were filled overtime by the localities.
Toe support by appropriate measures. Avoid removing material from foot of slope. Maintain drainage properly
increase pore water pressure, weathering and erosion

Duminsare village
The landslide has occurred by erosion of the toe of the slope by the stream flowing at the base. During rainfall, the water flow tends to become turbulent causing the river to erode its banks. Along with the weathered material, vegetation and rock fr
Give toe support by appropriate measures. Avoid increase of unit mass of slope by providing proper drainage arrangement. Avoid blockage of drain

Babankatte village
Increased rainfall in the area and modifications of land for cultivation, accompanied by blocking of streams has led to subsidence in the area. Cracks have developed parallel to the crown all along the area, and these cracks are filled with water durin
Proper drainage management. Add perforated pipes and connect them by common drainage
unscientific way of removal of soil for plantation

Boppanalli village
The landslide has occurred by erosion of the toe of the slope by the stream flowing at the base. During rainfall, the water flow tends to become turbulent causing the river to erode its banks. The landslide has blocked the stream causing the water to
Toe support by concrete measures. Slope to be benched along with plantation on the slope

Boppanalli village
The landslide has occurred by erosion of the toe of the slope by the stream flowing at the base. During rainfall, the water flow tends to become turbulent causing the river to erode its banks. Along with the weathered material, vegetation and rock fr
Toe support by concrete measures. Slope to be benched along with plantation on the slope

Bailgadde village
The landslide has occurred by erosion of the toe of the slope by the stream flowing at the base. During rainfall, the water flow tends to become turbulent causing the river to erode its banks
Plantation and proper drainage arrangement. Toe support by appropriate measures

Bailgadde village
The landslide occurred due to reduction of strength of slope on super saturation. The clayey material forming the slope forms an impervious layer, thereby constricting the movement of water. This leads to increase in pore water pressure causing slope t
Provide perforated pipes into slope material to drain out the infiltrated water during rainfall

Atbail village
Toe support by concrete measures along with plantation along the slope.

Kundargi village
Avoid removal of slided material from toe portion. Provide toe support by appropriate measures. Proper drainage arrangement. Stream blockage to be avoided. Minimize head load

Tarehalli village
The landslide has occurred by erosion of the toe of the slope by the stream flowing at the base. During rainfall, the water flow tends to become turbulent causing the river to erode its banks.
Toe support by concrete measures. If possible widen the stream valley to allow more inflow of water

Onithotta village
The landslide has occurred by erosion of the toe of the slope by the stream flowing at the base. During rainfall, the water flow tends to become turbulent causing the river to erode its banks.
Toe support by appropriate concrete measures. Proper drainage network to be given. Bench the slope and plantation be provided along the slope.

Hosamane village
Extensive slope cuts should be avoided. Avoid removal of slided material

Tarehalli village
Toe support by concrete measures. Give perforated drain holes and proper drainage arrangements. Remove check points, barriers from main stream.
Trench on top of slope saturates and increased the pore water pressure & shear strength failure

North of Kannur village
Toe support by concreate measures. Remove check points, barriers from main stream.

Hemmadi village
The landslide has occurred by erosion of the toe of the slope by the stream flowing at the base. During rainfall, the water flow tends to become turbulent causing the river to erode its banks along with the weathered material, vegetation and rock fra
Give toe support by appropriate measures to stop erosion of toe.

Belale village
Avoid removal of toe material. Proper Drainage arrangements. Proper toe support by concrete measures. Avoid blockage of drainage. Minimize slope gradient with plantation

East of Mulgol village
The slope has failed due to presence of thick vegetation on the crown. The head loading, combined with unscientific cutting of slope has led to failure.
Avoid extensive cut slope. Proper toe support to stabilize the slope. Proper drainage arrangement. Minimize head load. Plantation may be given on slope

Near Sonda Cross
These are multiple landslides caused by unscientific road cuts all along the highway near Sonda Cross.  The slopes have been steeply cut, and there is thick vegetation, including big trees on the upper slope, which adds to head load.
Slope to be benched to reduce the gradient along with plantation on the slope

Near Sonda Cross
The landslide occurred on the slopes bordering the cultivated land. There is a stream flowing at the base of the slope, causing toe erosion. The overburden thickness and vegetation on the upper slope also aided in slope failure
Toe support by concrete measures. Slope to be benched

Kerekoppa, Agsale village
The landslide has occurred by erosion of the toe of the slope by the stream flowing at the base. During rainfall, the water flow tends to become turbulent causing the river to erode its banks. Along with the weathered material, vegetation and rock
Toe support by appropriate measures. Avoid removal of material from the base of the slope

Kodigar village
The slide was caused by unscientific road cuts given on the slope. Instead of benching the slope or giving a shallow angle, the steep road cuts along the roads give rise to slope failure.
Reduce the Slope gradient. Benching of Slopes along with plantation along the slope

Kummanmane village
The landslide has occurred by erosion of the toe of the slope by the stream flowing at the base. During rainfall, the water flow tends to become turbulent causing the river to erode its banks. Along with the weathered material, vegetation and rock frag
Toe support by concrete measures

Kummanmane village
Unplanned cutting of slope for cultivation purpose had led to slope failure. During monsoons, the unit mass of the slope increased, this accompanied by existing head load caused the slope to fail.
Toe support by concreate measures. Decrease the slope gradient along with plantations on the slope

Chauti village
Unplanned cutting of slope for cultivation purpose had led to slope failure. During monsoons, the unit mass of the slope increased, this accompanied by existing head load caused the slope to fail.
Toe support by concrete measures. Decrease the slope gradient

Chauti village
Unplanned cutting of slope for cultivation purpose had led to slope failure. During monsoons, the unit mass of the slope increased, this accompanied by existing head load caused the slope to fail.
Toe support by concrete measures and plantation along the slope.

Chauti village
The landslide has occurred by erosion of the toe of the slope by the stream flowing at the base. During rainfall, the water flow tends to become turbulent causing the river to erode its banks. The slopes have also been extensively cut for c
Bamboo stick pillaring at toe. Plantation on slopes. Avoid extensive cut slopes

Bamboo stick pillaring at toe. Plantation on slopes. Avoid extensive cut slopes
unscientific way of removal of soil at road bench level for plantation

Hitlalli village
The slopes have been modified extensively for the purpose of settlements and cultivation. Unscientific slope cuts have caused the slope to fail.
Plantation along the slope with slope grading is recommended.
unscientific way of removal of soil for widening of agricultural land

Hitlalli village
Toe support by concrete measures. Plantation may be given on the slopes to stabilize it

Bidralli
Toe support by appropriate measures. Avoid removal of material from the base of the slope

Kummanmane village
Unplanned cutting of slope for cultivation purpose had led to slope failure. During monsoons, the unit mass of the sloe increase. This accompanied by existing head load caused the slope to fail.
Give cut slopes at gentle gradients. Toe support by concrete measures along with plantation on the slope

Devarkalahalli village
Small stream flowing along base caused toe erosion during heavy erosion. The entire slope collapsed at one go. A tank with water is present nearby, which was completely blocked post sliding.
Provide proper drainage upslope. Toe support by concrete measures, along with plantation on the slope.
unscientific way of removal of soil for widening of road

Onithotta village
Well defined slip plane present. It’s an earth slide with few trees. Big trees have fallen during the slide. Along the base of the stream, rock has been exposed. The rainfall was accompanied by strong winds.
Toe support by appropriate concrete measures. Proper drainage network. Bench the slope along with plantation on the slope

Hasangi village
Thick vegetation along the upper slope- big trees such as bamboo observed. The loading at the head has led to failure of the slope. The slope is adjacent to a stream, but no river action observed
Reduce the gradient of slope.
Extensive cut slope failure for settlement purposes

Anejaddi village
Toe support by concrete measures. Bench the slope to reduce the gradient. Plantation may be given along the slope

Kudlemane village
Toe support by appropriate measures. Gabion wall may be given

Shelur village
The slope failure occurred due to unscientific cutting of slope for construction of roads. The slope gradient is very high and there is thick vegetation on the upper slopes, making it susceptible to failure.
Toe support by appropriate measures. Proper drainage arrangement to be given

Marathekoppa village
Toe support by appropriate measures. Planation to be given on slope

Tarkanalli village
Avoid removal of toe material. Proper toe support by concrete measures. Avoid blockage of drainage.

Kulave village
Toe support by appropriate measures

Doddamanekere village
The slope failure occurred due to unscientific cutting of slope for roads. The slope gradient is very high making it susceptible to failure. The meta argillite is highly weathered and jointed making it highly susceptible to failure.
Add toe support by concrete measures. Reduce gradient of slope by benching. Add plantation to stabilize the slope

Tataguni village
The slope failure occurred due to unscientific cutting of slope for roads. The slope gradient is very high making it susceptible to failure. The slope may be stabilized by benching it to reduce the gradient.
Add toe support by concrete measures. Reduce gradient of slope by benching. Add plantation to stabilize the slope

Tudguni village
Unplanned cutting of slope for widening of roads has led to slope failure. During monsoons, the unit mass of the sloe increase. This accompanied by existing head load has caused the slope to fail.
Breast wall with weep holes. Drainage maintenance along with plantation along the slope

Tudguni village
Unplanned cutting of slope for cultivation purpose had led to slope failure. During monsoons, the unit mass of the sloe increase. This accompanied by existing head load causes slope to fail.
Toe support. Stepping of slope

North of Halligeri village
Unplanned cutting of slope for constructing roads has led to slope failure. During monsoons, the unit mass of the slope increased, this accompanied by existing head load caused the slope to fail.
Toe support by concrete measures along with plantation along the slope

Bitgod village
The landslide has occurred by erosion of the toe of the slope by the stream flowing at the base. During rainfall, the water flow tends to become turbulent causing the river to erode its banks. The loose debris material is removed by the farmers
Toe support with back filling. Benching of slope along with plantation along the slope. Material at toe region not to be removed

Halligeri village
Unplanned cutting of slope for widening of road had led to slope failure. During monsoons, the unit mass of the slope increased, this accompanied by existing head load caused the slope to fail. The slope material is highly pulverized and clayey in natu
Toe support of slope cut by concrete measures. Slope easing by benching along with plantation along the slope.

Guddetata village
. During monsoons, the unit mass of the slope has increased. This accompanied by existing head load has caused the slope to fail.
Provide contour drain along the slope, which should be properly maintained as well. Bench the slope and provide plantation along the slope

Kanchimane village
Toe support of slope cut by concrete measures along with plantation along the slope

Kodsinge village
High risk as road is present. Proper retaining structure followed by filling. Avoid removal of material at toe region

Dantekal village
The landslide has occurred by erosion of the toe of the slope by the stream flowing at the base. During rainfall, the water flow tends to become turbulent causing the river to erode its banks. The slope has also been unscientifically cut.
Slope to be benched to reduce the gradient and plantation may be provided along the slope.

Dantekal village
The slope failure occurred due to unscientific cutting of slope for construction of roads. The slope gradient is very high and there is thick vegetation on the upper slopes, making it susceptible to failure.
Slope to be benched to reduce the gradient along with plantation on the slope.

Dantekal village
The landslide has occurred due to loading of slope on the crown portion. Drain is present along the crown. During rainfall, excessive water with large rock fragments eroded the walls of the drain, leading to failure of slope
Slope to be benched to reduce the gradient. Plantation to be provided along the slope.
unscientific way of removal of soil for plantation

Dantekal
The slope has been stabilized and there are very little chances of failure in future.
Slope stabilized.

Toe support to be given. Plantation may be given along the slope. Slope to be benched. Slided material not to be removed.

Yelugar village
Toe support to be given. Slope to be benched, along with plantation to be given on the slope. Slided material not to be removed.

Mukktakai village
The landslide has occurred by erosion of the toe of the slope by the stream flowing at the base.
Slope to be benched to reduce the gradient. Plantation may be given along the slope.

Sankadamane, Yelgar Mane
Toe support to be given. Slope to be benched. Slided material not to be removed. Slope to be benched

Keremane village
The slope has been cut for agricultural and construction material (soil) purposes. The steep slope accompanied by loading at head has led to failure of slope.
Benching of slope to reduce the gradient. Proper drainage arrangement to be given. Plantation may be provided along the slope.

Keremane village
The slope has been cut for agricultural and construction material (soil) purposes. The steep slope accompanied by loading at head has led to failure of slope.
Benching of slope to reduce the gradient. Proper drainage arrangement to be given along with plantation on the slope
Toe cutting for widening agricultural land and toe erosion by stream

Mukktakai village
The slope failure occurred due to unscientific cutting of slope for construction of roads. The slope gradient is very high and there is thick vegetation on the upper slopes, making it susceptible to failure.
Toe support to be given. Slope to be benched along with plantation on the slope. Slided material not to be removed.
unscientific way of removal of soil for plantation

Kansur village
Benching of slope to reduce the gradient along with plantation along the slope

Kansur village
Benching of slope to reduce the gradient. Proper drainage arrangement to be given, along with plantation on the slope

Kansur village
Retaining wall to be given. Settlements on upper slope may be shifted

Retaining wall to be given. Settlements on upper slope may be shifted

Jananalli village
Unplanned cutting of slope for cultivation purpose had led to slope failure. During monsoons, the unit mass of the sloe increase. This accompanied by existing head load caused slope to fail. Moreover the farmers tend to remove the loose material at t
Benching upslope. Material at toe of slope not to be removed. Drainage arrangement to drain the infiltrated water during rains

Ajjibail village
The slope failure occurred due to unscientific cutting of slope for roads. The thick vegetation on the upper slope adds to the head load.
Toe support by concrete measures along with plantation along the slope

Chalagdde village
This slide is observed within a moderately vegetated slope. The overburden thickness is very high. The stream flowing at the base of the slope eroded the toe of the slope leading to failure.
Appropriate toe cupport by providing retaining wall or gabion wall. Stepping of slope to reduce the gradient near the crown along with plantation on the slope

Ajibail village
The slope failure occurred due to unscientific cutting of slope for cultivation. The slope gradient is very high making it susceptible to failure.
Avoid ECS and Removal of slided material. Toe support by appropriate measures

Misgundli village
The slope failure occurred due to unscientific cutting of slope for cultivation. The slope gradient is very high making it susceptible to failure.
Avoid removal of slide debris. Give proper drainage arrangement. Avoid cutting of slopes

Gattikai village
Avoid removal of slide debris and toe of slope. Give proper drainage arrangement. Toe support and benching of slope

Iragoppa village
Avoid removal of slided material from toe. Toe support by appropriate measures and proper drainage management

South of Balur

Yelugar

North of Herur

Nelemav

Kamkar

Hantikuli
Lined drainage should be provided at the toe part of the hillslope.

Balesar

West of Matalmane

Balahalli

Nanikatta

Bidrakan

Tummaragadde

Mavingundi

0.3Kog falls
Slide material and uprooted trees to be removed and construction of retaining wall to be done to avoid the futher failure.
Weak slope forming material coupled with incessand rainfall may leads to increase the pore pressure locally. Toe cut for construction of road.

0.4Km N of Jog falls
Slide material to be removedand construction of retaining wall to be done to avoid the futher failure.
Weak slope forming material coupled with incessand rainfall may leads to increase the pore pressure locally. Toe cut for construction of road.

Jog fall PWD
removal of the debris form the slide and construction of retaining wall with sufficient height, Earlier constructed retaining wall not sufficient.
Cuttingof toe for infrastructure and weak slope forming material incessant rain fall.

0.3Km NE of Jog falls
Removal of the debris. Precariously hanging tree to be removed.
Toe cut for construction of road. Weak slope forming material coupled with incessand rainfall may leads to increase the pore pressure locally.

0.6KM SE of jog falls
Slide material and uprooted trees to be removed and construction of retaining wall to be done to avoid the futher failure.
Steep slope highly weathered rock coupled with incessant rainfall may cause increament of local pore pressure and the toe distrubed for construction or extension of road.

0.6KM SE of jog falls 2
Removal of the debris and easing of slope by benching and construction of retaining wall with sufficient weep holes and proper maintance may reduce the slope failure.
Presece of soft clay material and steep slope are the predisposing factors. Incessant rainfall and toe cut for road widening are the trigging factor for the slide

0.6KM SE of jog falls 1
Slide material and uprooted trees to be removed and construction of retaining wall to be done to avoid the futher failure. Applying Geojute is effective methods to reduce the soil erosion.
Steep slope highly weathered rock coupled with incessant rainfall may cause increament of local pore pressure and the toe distrubed for construction or extension of road.

Iragi
Construction of gabbion retaining wall and toe drain.
Steep slope and toe cut for the road construction are the main factors to initiate the landslide. Incessant rainfall aggravated the slide.

Korkodu
Above the crown observed presence of Power line. Over the slide material rill erosion observed
Easing of slope construction of hill side drain and proper maintance.
slope forming material having a regolith thickness of 18-20m and incessant rain fall may cause improvement of pore pressure steep slope and toe cut by the stream during the rainfall.

Korkodu
easing of slope construction of hill side drain and proper maintance.
toe cut by stream in clayey soil slope forming material having a regolith thickness of 12m and incessant rain fall may cause improvement of pore pressure steep slope and toe cut by the stream during the rainfall.

Kantota
Construction of retaining wall or boulder gabbion wall.Applying geojute to reduce the soil erosion
Steep slope modified by cuting of the toe for the road construction and presence of delighted thick overburden material eroded by incessant rainfall and infiltration of excess of water in the soil the soil losses its strength by increasing pore water p

Jogin Math
Slide material to be removed. construction of retaining wall and proper drainage maintenance
Poor slope forming material and toe cut for the road construction incessant rainfall may cause for the landslide.

Padambail 1
Easing of slope and removal debris and channelizing of the stream applying Geo-jute to reduce the surface erosion by rainfall. Uprooted trees to be romoved.
Thick regolith thickness coupled with steep slope incessant rainfall and toe cut by the small stream.

Padambail
Removal of the debris easing of the slope and construction of retaining wall.
presence of claey soil and incessant rain fall cause for the landslide.

Kalgar
Easing of the slope and construction of reatain wall to be done to avoid any further slope movent in this area.
Cutting of the slope for the settlement construction without any protection and presence of very soft thickslope forming material and incessant rainfall.

Honnegodu
removal of soil from the slide area and easing of the slope channnelizing of the stream.
Weak slope forming material and huge regolith thickness continous rainfall may increase the poor water pressure in the soil

Vill. Mumbala
The slide is an old suspended slide that initiated as translational failure. Top of the hill moderate vegetation is observed with some bushes reflecting soil cover of 2 to 3m.The primary cause being the slope cut for road construction making the slope un
Slope gradient by benching. Proper drainage with concrete lining should be made at the foot of the slope.

Incessant rainfall increased pore water pressure and toe cut by nala. The main predisposing factor is weak slope forming material such as saprolite (clayey martial). Easing of the slope and planting the slope with suitable grass, construction of channel
Easing of the slope and planting the suitable grass on the slope construction of channel wall will reduce the future failure.
Toe erosion by stream. unscientific cutting of slope

Incessant rainfall and toe cut by the flowing stream. Construction of channel wall will reduce the future failure.
Construction of channel wall will reduce the future failure.
saturation of overburden material. unscientific cutting of slope

Slide is triggered by the incessant rainfall and predisposing factors are weak slope forming material coupled with steep slope and drainage condition. Applying geojute or planting suitable grass may reduce the further failure.
Clearing of the debris from the slide area and maintain the natural stream course, applying geojute or planting suitable grass may reduce the further failure.
unscientific cutting of slope. Loading at head region

Jiregemane
Weak slope forming material in the steep slope and incessant rainfall causes the increase the water level in the narrow stream and increase of pore water pressure. Clearing of the slide material and construction of channel wall to reduce the toe cut by t
Clearing of the slide material and construction of channel wall to reduce the toe cut by the nala. Applying Geojute can stabilize the slope.
unscientific cutting of slope. Loading at head region

Small dimension slide occurred on the gentle sloping area due to Incessant rainfall and toe cut by nala.
Maintaining of the drainage is recommended.

Karagodu
The slide initiated in the rolling plane with steep slope.
Removal of the debris and construction of channel wall.

Continuous rainfall may have increase the pore water pressure in the thick overburden which is exposed on the vertical slope. Increase of the water level in the channel which lead to toe cut/scouring by the stream. Removal of the debris and maintaining t
Removal of the debris and maintaining the drainage is recommended.

Chitrahalli
Continuous rainfall may have increased the pore water pressure. Maintainance of the drainage.
Maintainance of the drainage.
The quarry cut has destabilized the slope and thus the top lateritic soil overburden has failed because of supersaturaion.

Belekoppa
Small dimension landslide initiated due to incessant rainfall and presence of weak slope forming material (saprolite).
Maintainance of the drainage.
The higly weathered materials losts its cohension for the heavy rainfall and fails.

Toe cut by stream, incessant rainfall and thick overburden in the vertical slope are the main causes. Easing of the slope and maintaining of the drainage are recommended.
Easing of the slope and maintaining of the drainage are recommended.

Kalkankoppa
Toe cut by stream incessant rainfall and thick overburden in the vertical slope are the main causes. Easing of the slope and maintaining of the drainage are recommended.
Easing of the slope and maintaining of the drainage are recommended.
Toe cutting and saturation of overburden material

Harekoppa
Very small dimension slide triggered by rainfall and toe cut by stream.
Maintainance of the drainage is recommended.
Toe cutting and saturation of overburden material

Incessant rainfall increased the pore water pressure in the thick overburden which is on vertical slope. The weak slope forming material eroded by stream during the heavy rainfall.
Removal of the debris, fallen trees and maintainance of the drainage are recommended.
The highly weathered soil materials failed due to the toe cut for road constructoin & overburden saturation.

K.Kannuru
Incessant rainfall may have increased the pore water pressure in the thick overburden which is on vertical slope. The weak slope forming material eroded by stream during the heavy rainfall.
Removal of the debris, trees and maintainance of the drainage are recommended.
Toe cutting and saturated condition of soil.

Slide initiated since 2010. Stream cut the slope and it is shifting towards the hill side.
Removal of the debris to regularize stream flow and construction of channel wall. Easing of the slope.
Toe cutting and saturation of overburden material

Helekote
Vertical slope, incessant rainfall increase the pore water pressure in the soil and toe cut by the stream. Removal of the debris, easing of the slope and channelizing the stream are recommended.
Removal of the debris, easing of the slope and channelizing the stream are recommended.
saturated overburden material on the steep slope.The slope gradient ranges from 30-40 degree.

Bailshettikoppa
Maintaining of the drainage is recommended.

Weak and thick slope forming material in the vertical slope, toe cut by the stream and loss of soil strength due to incessant rainfall. Clearing of the debris and maintaining of the drainage will reduce failure.
Clearing of the debris and maintaining of the drainage will reduce failure.

Incessant rainfall and toe cut by nala. Maintaining of the drainage is recommended.
Maintaining of the drainage is recommended.

Removal of the debris, Maintaining of the drainage are recommended.

Huligaru
Incessant rainfall and toe cut by nala. Maintaining of the drainage is recommended.

Continuous rainfall may have increased the pore water pressure in the thick overburden which is exposed on the vertical slope. Increase of the water level in the channel which lead to toe cut/scouring by the stream.
Easing of the slope and lining of the stream.
The thick soil materials lying on moderate slope 15-20angle gets saturated and failed.

Malur
Continuous rainfall may have increased the pore water pressure in the thick overburden which is exposed on the vertical slope. Increase of the water level in the channel which leads to toe cut/ scouring by the stream. Initiation of the slide was in 2006.
Easing of the slope and construction of channel wall. During monsoon season red alert to be given in this area and monitoring to be done continuously.
The highly weathered laterites get saturated and failed.

The slide seen along the plantation and cultivated land. The slide initiated since 2010 and reactivated 2019. Construction of Channel wall is recommended.
Construction of Channel wall is recommended.
Road cut vertical slope with saturation.

Continuous rainfall may have increased the pore water pressure in the thick overburden which is exposed on the vertical slope. Increase of the water level in the channel which lead to toe cut/scouring by the stream. Easing of the slope, clearing of the d
Easing of the slope, clearing of the debris and construction of channel wall are recommended.

Sunkal
The slide initiated july 2019 rainfall and reactivated on Aug 2019. Continuous rainfall may have increased the pore water pressure in the thick overburden which is exposed on the vertical slope. Construction of Channel wall is recommended.
Clearing of the debris and construction of channel wall.

Nagarahalli
slide initiated by anthropogenic activity and aggravated by rainfall
Benching and maintainance of the drainage are recommended.
The thick highly weathered lateritic soil materials got oversaturated and failed on a moderte to steep slope along the quarry cut, where the cut slope for quarry has destabilised the hill slope and thus failed.

Herekoppa
Removal of the debris to regularize stream flow and construction of channel wall.

Kannuru
The slide initiated in 2010 since then every year it gets reactivated. Continuous rainfall and toe cut by stream are the main causes for the slide. Removal of the debris to regularize stream flow and construction of channel wall is recommended.
Removal of the debris to regularize stream flow and construction of channel wall.
The thick lateritic soil gets saturated and failed.

The debris slide initiated due to incessant rainfall and toe cut by the stream. To reduce the failure it is recommended that lining of stream, easing of the slope.
Maintain the original stream course, the debris should be cleaned and easing of the slope will reduce the future failure.

Karugodu
Vertical slope with thick overburden, incessant rainfall fall and toe cut by stream. Easing of the slope and construction of channel wall.
Removal of the debris, easing of the slope and construction of channel wall.

Hondalagadde
Slope modified for the cultivation purpose, incessant rainfall. Removal of the debris and maintaining of the drainage, construction of breast wall recommended.
Removal of the debris and maintaining of the drainage, construction of breast wall recommended.
Toe cut stream channel and saturation of the soil materials.

Rainfall is the main triggering factor. Slide dimension is very small.
Construction of channel wall and removal of the debris, maintainance of the drainage.

Shankarahalli
This soil slide initiated on Aug 2019 by incessant rainfall.
Maintenance of drainage

Mudali
Toe cut by the stream and pore pressure development in the soil due to incessant rain fall. Channel wall to reduce the toe cut by the stream.
Channel wall to reduce the toe cut by the stream.

Kadasuru
The slide initiated since 2006 and reactivated 2019.
Clearing of the debris and easing of the slope, applying Geo-jute or any natural plantation, maintaining of the drainage are recommended.
The road cut bench materials got saturated and failed for the rainfall.

Sattodi
Slide originated on gentle topography on vertical slope. Easing of the slope or construction of channel wall recommended.
Easing of the slope or construction of channel wall recommended.
The slope modified for the plantation purpose by cutting of the toe and incessant rainfall aggravated the slide. The incessant rainfall saturate the overburden material.

Yelladakone
Slide occurred on gentle sloping area. Toe cut by the stream and pore pressure development in the soil due to incessant rain fall. Thick overburden on the steep slope. Reducing the slope angle by benching with proper height and width. Construct channel w
Reducing the slope angle by benching , Construct channel wall to reduce the toe cut by the stream.

Sonale
Debris slide occurred on the lowly dissected slope. Weak slope forming (boulders and insitu-soil) lying on the slope and the slope modified for road construction without prior mitigation.
Removal of the debris, easing of the slope or construction of retaining wall with proper weep holes.
The slope modification leads to vertical road cut failure and weathering along the weaker planes.

Hanagodu
Debris slide occurred adjacent to the cultivation. Construction of channel wall recommended.
Construction of channel wall.
The highly weathered soil materials lying along the road cut bench.

Hulisara
The slide occurred steep slope on the lowly dissected hills.
Easing of the slope and channel wall to reduce the toe cut by the stream.
Slope modification i.e. cutting of slope for road construction

Thick overburden exposed on the steep slope and continuous rainfall are the main factors initiated the landslide. Removal of the debris to regularize stream flow and easing of the slope at necessary locations.
Removal of the debris to regularize stream flow and easing of the slope at necessary locations.
The saturated materials fails along the cutslope.

Hosagadde
Slide occurred on the lowly dissected vertical slope. Toe cut by the stream and pore pressure development in the soil due to incessant rain fall. Reducing the slope angle by benching with proper height and width. Channel wall to reduce the toe cut by the
Reducing the slope angle by benching, Construct channel wall to reduce the toe cut by the stream.
The moderately weathered & jointed rock with 1m overburden fails along the road cut .

Anegadde
In the vertical steep slope weak and thick overburden disposed, incessant rainfall increased the pore water pressure and stream eroded the toe. Removal of the debris, easing of the slope may reduce the further failure.
Removal of the debris, easing of the slope may reduce the further failure.
Presence of thick weak slope forming material saprolite on the slope. The flowing stream water level increased during the rainfall about 2-3m. This caused the toe cut by the stream.

Lagadamane
Landslide occurred on the lowly dissected slope. Easing of the slope by proper benching and construction of channel wall.
Easing of the slope by proper benching and construction of channel wall.

Nerale
Slide occurred on the lowly dissected slope.
Clearing of the debris from the slide area and easing of the slope, applying geo-jute/ natural planatations in the slide area.

Hanukoppa
Highly weathered rock exposed on the steep slope coupled with the incessant rainfall and toe cut are the causes for the slide. Construction of channel wall and easing of the slope will reduce the further slope failure.
Construction of channel wall and easing of the slope will reduce the further slope failure.

Mudali
Clearing of the debris, construction of channel wall recommended.
The highly weathered materials failed due to the toe cutting of the slope for road construction and the saturation of materials for the rainfall.

Torebaillu
Vertical slope coupled with thick overburden and incessant rainfall are the main geo-scientific causes for the slide. Removal of the slide materials from the slide area and maintaining of the natural stream water course. Applying Geo-jute in the slide ar
Removal of the slide materials from the slide area and maintaining of the natural stream water course. Applying Geo-jute in the slide area.

Landslide initiated as small slump and later it graded in to slide. Thick overburden material with incessant rainfall and toe cut by the nala. Grading of the slope by proper benching with proper height and width and cleaning of the slide material. Mainta
Grading of the slope by proper benching and cleaning of the slide material. Maintain the natural stream flow.
Increase in pore water pressure. Loading at head region

Dombisara
Steep slope coupled with incessant rainfall caused the increase of the pore water pressure and the soil lost it strength. During the rainfall excess water in the stream cut/scoured the adjacent slope. Presence of thick insitu soil also one of the reason.
Clearing of the fallen slide material from the slide area and easing of the slope.
Toe erosion by stream. Anthropogenic activities( unscientific cutting of slope)

Bisilamane
During the monsoon season try to maintain the original path of the straem.
Original stream flow to be maintained
Toe erosion by stream. Anthropogenic activities( unscientific cutting of slope)

Kalavatti
During the monsoon season try to maintain the original path
Original stream flow to be maintained

During the monsoon season try to maintain the original path of stream
Original stream flow to be maintained
Toe erosion by stream. Loading at head region

Salekoppa
Landslide occurred on 9th Aug 2019. Triggering factor of the slide is incessant rain fall. To mitigate the slide toe drain is to be constructed.
Construction of retaining wall towards the hill side with weep holes and lined drainage.
Anthropogenic activity (unscientific cutting of slope)

Incessant rain fall is one of the triggering factor for the slide. The slope forming material sandy clay aided the failure.
Clearing of the slide material from the slide area and regularize natural stream flow.
Anthropogenic activity (unscientific cutting of slope), Toe erosion bt stream

The slide was initiated during August 2019 due to incessant rainfall.
Lined drainage system

The slide wasinitiated during August 2019 due to incessant rainfall.
Lined drainage system

Jaddinagadde
The length of the slide is small but the width of the slide is 40m and landslide initiated due to incessant rainfall. Clean the fallen debris and maintain the original stream path which will reduce the failure in the future.
Clean the fallen debris and maintain the original stream path. Do not disturb the slope.
Increase in pore water pressure. Loading at head region

Weak slope forming material coupled with incessant rainfall. Incessant rainfall caused increase of the pore pressure. Clearing of the debris from the slide area to regularize the natural stream flow. Construction of channel wall to avoid the toe cut by t
Clearing of the debris from the slide area to regularize the natural stream flow. Construction of channel wall to avoid the toe cut by the stream.
Toe erosion by stream. Loading at head region

High degree of weathering and weak slope forming material, sudden drop of the slope between the valley and hill side. Incessant rainfall and toe cut/scouring by the flowing stream. Channel wall to be constructed to avoid the toe erosion.
Channel wall to be constructed to avoid the toe erosion.
Toe erosion by stream. Loading at head region

Steep slope coupled with incessant rainfall caused the increase of the pore water pressure and the soil lost it strength. During the rainfall excess water in the stream cut the adjacent slope bank. Presence of thick insitu soil is also one of the reason.
plantation of deep rooted grass and Channel wall to be constructed to avoid the toe erosion.

Makeri
On 18th Aug 2019 debris flow occurred in the moderately dissected hills. The predisposing factors are steep slope and presence of slope forming material.
Maintain the natural stream course

Debris flow occurred on 19th Aug 2019 in the thick forest where the slopes are moderately dissected. Debris flow initiated due to incessant rainfall. Weak slope forming material and steep slope coupled with continuous rainfall increased the pore pressure
Maintain the natural stream course

Hanigeri
The slide originated in the high to moderately dissected steep slope. Initially the slide occurred as a soil slide later graded into debris flow. This debris flow should be monitored during the future rainy season.
Maintain the original nala course. Do not construct any settlement along the flow direction. This landslide to be monitored during the future rainy season.
Toe erosion by stream. unscientific cutting of slope

The slide originated in the high to moderately dissected steep slope. Continuous rainfall locally increased the pore water pressure and the soil along the steep slope lost its strength and failed. The failed material flowed towards the down slope by car
Maintain the original nala course. Do not construct any settlement along the flow direction. This landslide to be monitored during the rainy season.

The debris flow originated in the thick forest during the rainy season. The slope gradient are high and the slopes are moderately dissected. During the rainy season the slide to be monitored properly.
Maintain the natural stream course

Mulisara
The slide is very smaller dimension and after the toe cut the slope is not treated with engineering consideration and leaving the slope vertically unstable.
Retaining wall with proper weep holes and proper back filling is to be provided at toe of the slide.
Anthropogenic activity (unscientific cutting of slope), Loading at head

Debris flow occurred on 19th Aug 2019 in the thick forest and the slopes are moderately dissected. Debris flow initiated due to incessant rainfall.

Hebballi
On 18th Aug 2019 debris flow occurred in the moderately dissected hills. The predisposing factors are steep slope and interface between the overburden and bed rock is very low.

Alase
The slide initiated on 9th Aug 2019. The slide originated at the top of the hill and flowed towards the down slope direction.
At the crown precariously hanging boulder is to be removed and do not disturb the original flow direction of the stream.

The soil slide occurred in the narrow valley. During the incessant rainfall, the water increase in the narrow valley and its starts to cut the toe. Construction of channel wall or applying of geojute may reduce the further slope failure.
Clearing of the slide material and construction of channel wall to reduce the toe cut by the nala. Applying Geo-jute can stabilize the slope.

Incessant rainfall and weak slope forming material. Toe cut by the flowing stream. Channel wall to be constructed to avoid the toe erosion.
Channel wall to be constructed to avoid the toe erosion.

Maskani
This soil slide occurred during the monsoon. The main predisposing factors are vertical slope, thick overburden and the triggering factorisrainfall.
Reduce the slope by benching and lining of the stream may reduce any further failure.

Hallimangatta
Initially Slope angle ranges from 25-35 degree and the interface between the overburden and bed rock is very less along the flow direction. At few places the overburden thickness ranges from 2-3m. Incessant rainfall is also one of the triggering factors

Maleshankara Gudi
Steep slope and the inter face between the soil and bed rock is very less, incessant rainfall percolated into the soil. Maintaining of the natural stream flow is recommended.
Maintaining of the natural stream flow.
vertical slope coupled with thick overburden material.

Maleshankara Gudi-1
Highly jointed rock and Steep slope and the inter face between the soil and bed rock is very less, incessant rainfall are the causes for the slide. Maintaining of the natural stream flow.
Maintaining of the natural stream flow.
Steep slope and the interface between the overburden and bedrock is very less, saturated overburden material.

Mudalumane
Steep slope and the inter face between the soil and bed rock is very less, incessant rainfall increase the pore water pressure and percolation of water in between the rock and overburden act as weak plane. Maintaining of the natural stream flow.
Maintaining of the natural stream flow.
Steep slope are the major causes for the slide. The interface between the overburden and bed rock is very less.

Hegalathi
Incessant rainfall is the triggering factor. The predisposing factors are steep slope, weathered rock and interface between the overburden and bedrock is very low. Maintaining of the natural stream flow and from the left flank one settlement situated. Du
Maintaining of the natural stream flow and from the left flank one settlement situated. During the rainfall that settlement should be relocated. Avoid construction of settlement towards the flow direction.
Interface between the overburden and bedrock is less. and the slope gradient are high.

Halusuvala
Toe cut for the road construction and presence of saprolite layer on slope and incessant rainfall. Construction of retaining wall with weep holes and hill side drain may reduce the further failure.
Construction of retaining wall with weep holes and hill side drain may reduce the further failure.

750 m east of Nidagalale
The slope failure resulted due to toe erosion and undercutting or scouring of footslope by flowing stream that leads to slope transformation that opens up new way of water seepage & slope saturation. Thus increased infiltration destabilizes the slope due
Easing of slope & Lined drainage is required . Retaining wall with weep holes are required.

Shimoga road (NH-13)
The slope disturbance is observed due to unscientific way of modification of slope & removal of soil for road development. The vertical cut and toe cutting of hillslope leads to slope transformation that opens up new way of water seepage & slope saturati
Easing of slope & Lined drainage is required . Retaining wall with weep holes are required.
Removal of toe support, Toe erosion by stream , Laterite/Saprolite cover thickness is more than 5m.

Mudaba road
The vertical road cut failure at concave curvature at road bench level The primary cause of slope failure occurred due to intense weathering and erosion and loss of cohesive strength of the soil. The lined drainage at toe part is required to avoid toe er

West of Banagi village
The vertical cut and toe cutting of hillslope for road construction that leads to slope transformation that opens up new way of water seepage & slope saturation. The increased infiltration that destabilizes the slope due to over water saturation and decr
Removal of toe support by stream, high angle slope cut.

Arkilli village
The debris slide occurred on lowly dissected hillslope at road bench level in downslope direction where removal of soil for areca nut plantation destabilised the slope. The stream/nala erosion and undercutting or scouring at toe part of hillslope destabi
Easing of slope, lined drainage are required
Removal of toe support, Toe erosion by diverted stream which has undercut the slope making it steeper and saturation of thick overburden.

Edigere village
The debris slide occurred on lowly dissected hillslope. The unscientific way of slope modification for plantation purposes destabilizes the slope gradient and provides new pathway for water seepage and saturation. The slope failure resulted due to reduce
Easing of slope is required.
Lithology contacts of Quartzite (competent) and Hb-actinolite-chlorite schist (highly weathered) facilitating percolation of water, Removal of toe support due to IInd order stream.

Kargese village
Earth-cum-debris landslide occurred on lowly dissected slope with moderate to sparse vegetation. In present scenario the landslide is active & retrogressive in nature. The palaeo-stream channels get reactivated during intense rainfall that provides new p
Retaining wall with weep holes are required at road bench level.

Kargese village
Earth-cum-debris landslide occurred on lowly dissected slope with moderate to sparse vegetation. In present scenario the landslide is active & retrogressive in nature. The palaeo-stream channels get reactivated during intense rainfall that provides new p
Gabion wall with wire mesh are required.
Removal of toe support after road cutting, high slope gradient are the primary causes.

Gunavanti
Debris slide occurred on lowly dissected slope with moderate to sparse vegetation. In present scenario the landslide is active & retrogressive in nature. The vertical cut provides new pathway for water seepage and saturation during intense rainfall. The
Plantation on slope should be encouraged.
Removal of toe support, high slope gradient are the primary causes.

Urumakki village
Quartz muscovite schist and Granite gneiss
Debris slide occurred on lowly dissected slope with moderate to sparse vegetation. In present scenario the landslide is active & retrogressive in nature. The vertical cut provides new pathway for water seepage and saturation during intense rainfall. The
Easing of slope & Lined drainage is required . Retaining wall with weep holes are required.
Litho contacts between Metabasalt (competent) and Hb-actinolite-chlorite schist (highly weathered) facilitating percolation of water, Removal of toe support.

Urumakki village
The slope disturbance resulted due to unscientific way of removal of soil by toe or piedmont cutting of the hillslope for widening the agricultural land and getting soil for arecanut plantation. The naturally flowing stream at toe part for irrigation pu
Easing of slope & Lined drainage is required . gabion wall with wire mesh are required.

North of Gunavanti
The slope disturbance resulted due to unscientific way of removal of soil by toe or piedmont cutting of the hillslope for widening the agricultural land and getting soil for arecanut plantation. The naturally flowing stream at toe part for irrigation pu
Easing of slope & Lined drainage is required . gabion wall with wire mesh are required.

Nagaravalli
The vertical cut made for road construction leads to slope transformation that opens up new way of water seepage & slope saturation in fractured granite. The increased pore water pressure and reduces shear and cohesive strength leads to slope failure dur
lithology contacts of Metabasalt (competent) and Hb-actinolite-chlorite schist (highly weathered) facilitating percolation of water, Removal of toe support.

2 km north of Nagaravalli
The debris slide occurred on convex curvature on vertical cut made for road construction leads to slope transformation that opens up new way of water seepage & slope saturation in fractured granite. The increased pore water pressure and reduces shear and
Lined drainage and culvert is required to discharge excess water downslope. Precarious rock boulders should be removed
Removal of toe support after road cutting is the primary causes.

2 km South of Herambapur
The multiple shallow debris slides occurred on lowly dissected hill slope with sparse vegetation cover. The debris slide occurred on vertical cut made for road construction leads to slope transformation that opens up new way of water seepage & slope sat
Lined drainage and culvert is required to discharge excess water downslope. Precarious rock boulders should be removed
Removal of toe support after road cutting is the primary causes.

Kanave road
Easing of slope required.

Doddammane village
The debris slump occurred on lowly dissected hillslope due to increased pore pressure and reduction in shear and cohesive strength of the soil due to over saturation of weathered rock and soil during heavy rainfall. The slope gradation is required.
Slope gradation is required
Unscientific way of cutting slope for making settlement.

Kavatamane
Slope modified for the cultivation and presence of thick weak slope forming material, during the rain the water level increased in the stream and the excess water in the stream cut/scoured the slope. To avoid the further failure slope modification should
Slope modification should be done with proper engineering consideration and lined drainage to avoid any future toe cut by the stream.
unscientific cutting of slope. Loading at head region in the form of vegetation-big trees

Thirthahalli-Shimoga Road (NH-13)
Subsidence of road was observed due to debris slide at downslope direction at due to improper and ineffective drainage on upslope. The slope stabilization at road bench level is provided using sand bags at successive benches in downslope direction to pre
Reinforced retaining wall with weep holes are required

Bhartipura village
Quartz Chlorite Schist and Quartz Sericite Schist
The slumping is observed on hillslope and is demarcated as meta-stable zone susceptible to slope failure during rainfall. The area is identified as slumping zone. The slope forming material consists of in-situ soil with overburden thickness varies betwee
No damage recorded, Electric Powerline nearby

Bhartipura village
The multiple slope failures were recorded on extensive cut slope on highly weathered quartz sericite schist excavated for settlement purposes. The slope should be monitored during heavy rainfall. The slope failure is prone during heavy rainfall and the h
Easing of slope required,construction of retaining wall with weep holes are suggested

Bhartipura village
The slope failures were recorded on vertical extensive cut slope made for settlement purposes. The slope gradation is required to minimize slope saturation and slope should be monitored during heavy rainfall. The slope forming material consists of in-sit
Easing of slope required,construction of retaining wall with weep holes are suggested

Kolikalgudda
The debris slide occurred on lowing dissected disturbance hillslope due to unscientific way of modification of slope & removal of soil for construction. The vertical cut made for settlement purpose leads to slope transformation that opens up new way of w
Easing of slope, lined drainage and low height retaining wall with weep holes are required.
Removal of toe support after road cutting, high slope gradient and thick overburden are the primary causes.

Heggarkoppa village
Earth-cum-debris landslide occurred on lowly dissected slope with moderate to sparse vegetation. In present scenario the landslide is active & retrogressive in nature. The palaeo-stream channels get reactivated during intense rainfall that provides new p
Easing of slope required, construction of gabion wall with wire mesh is rquired. Plantation should be done to hold the loose soil.

Taragoli
Slide initiated during the August 2019 monsoon. Slide happed due to increase of the pore water pressure. During the rainy season settlement should be evacuated.
Construction of retaining wall with weep holes or modification of slope by benching is recommended.
saturation of overburden material. Toe erosion by stream. Increase in unit mass during rainfall

Main causes for the slide are rainfall and steep slope, thick overburden material. To avoid failure the following measures are recommended removal of the debris, proper benching, construction of channel wall and applying Geo jute or planting of suitable
Removal of the debris, proper benching, construction of channel wall and applying Geo jute or planting of suitable grass.

Puttalikoppa
Main causes for the slide are continuous rain fall and increase in the pore water pressure, presence of thick overburden. Proper benching and maintaining drainage will reduce the future failure.
Proper benching and maintaining drainage will reduce the future failure.
vertical toe cut in the loose overbrden material.

Bilve Hariharpur/ Hudala road section
The small dimension debris slide occurred on lowly dissected hillslope at road bench level. The slope is susceptible to failure during monsoon rainfall. So, the lined drainage and properly designed culvert at suitable location is the suggestive remedial
1.6 km Northwest of Bilve Hariharpur village
Removing the toe support for settlement construction & saturation of overburden material.

BilliveHariharapura
The slide initiated due to anthropogenic activity and aggravated by the incessant rainfall.Further failure may be reduced by benching of the slope and maintaining of the natural stream flow. Avoid cutting of the slope for plantation purpose.
Cleaning of the slide material from the slide area and easing of the slope by benching, the original stream flow to be maintain.
Increase in pore water pressure. unscientific cutting of slope

Kaudalli
Continuous rainfall caused the loss of shear strength by increasing pore water pressure. Presence of weak slope forming material (saprolite). Toe cut by flowing stream. During the monsoon season try to maintain the original path of the stream
Toe erosion by stream. Anthropogenic activities( unscientific cutting of slope)

Kotehalli
The slide happened due to the incessant rainfall. The predisposing factors are presence of week slope forming material and drainage condition.
Cleaning of the slide material and make the stream to flow in its original path. slope grading and planataions on the slope are also recommended.

Kotehalli 1
Main triggering factor is anthropogenic and rainfall and the predisposing factor was slope and presence of overburden as soil.
Clean the fallen slide material and make the stream to flow in its original path. Gradation of the slope by benching.
unscientific cutting of slope. Pore water pressure

Main causes for the slide are steep slope and weak overburden material and incessant rain fall. Removal of the debris and lining of the stream is recommeneded.
Removal of the debris and lining of the stream.

Guddekoppa
Main causes for the slide are steep slope with thick insitu soil, incessant rainfall, toe cut by flowing stream. Proper benching and maintaining drainage will reduce the future failure.
Easing of the slope and lining of the drainage.
cutting of slope for road construction. Vertical road cut failure.

Main causes for the slide are presence of three sets of joins and water percolation lead to failure of the slope, toe cut by stream aided in failure.
Removal of the debris, lining of the toe and easing of the slope will reduce the further slope failure

Talluru
Pore water pressure increased by incessant rainfall, the water level increased in the channel which lead to toe cut of the slope.
Construction of channel wall and removal of the debris, easing of the slope.

Kavaldurga road section
The small dimension debris slide occurred on extensive cut slope observed on lowly dissected hillslope at road bench level. The slope is susceptible to failure during monsoon rainfall. So, the lined drainage with properly designed culvert is the sugges

Kankod road section
The debris slide with multiple slope failures and slumps were observed on the concave curvature of the road cut on lowly dissected hill slope. The slope forming material consists of weathered rock and loose soil that failed during rainfall. The loose deb

Kankod road section
The debris slide with multiple slope failures and slumps were observed on the convex curvature of the road cut on lowly dissected hill slope.The slope forming material consists of weathered rock and loose soil that failed during rainfall. The loose debri
Slope gradation is require, low height lined drainage with weep holes should be constructed
Removal of toe support and saturation of overburden.

Kavaledurga road
The shallow translational debris slide observed on on lowly dissected slope in downslope direction at convex turn of the road beside arecanut plantation in Kestur village area. The unscientific way of removal of soil for arecanut plantation destabilized
Lined drainage and retaining wall with weep holes are required and construction on progress.

600m West of Niratur Village
The small dimension debris slide observed on lowly dissected hillslope at road bench level. The slope is susceptible to failure during monsoon rainfall. So, the lined drainage with properly designed culvert is the suggestive remedial measure for avoiding
No damage recorded, Electric Power line nearby

Tirthahalli Court road
Debris slide was recorded along the court road near Tirthahalli town. The old slide scars and reactivation of old slide has taken place on disturbed hillslope. The weathered granite gneiss constitutes the slope material. The slope disturbance by unscient
Slope gradation and retaining wall with weep holes should be constructed

Kuruvalli- Komane road section
The small dimension debris slide observed on lowly dissected hillslope at road bench level. The slope is susceptible to failure during monsoon rainfall. So, the lined drainage with properly designed culvert is the suggestive remedial measure for avoiding
Removal of toe support, The soil slide has occurred at the litho contact between Granite gneiss and Qtz chlorite schist. The contact act as a conduit for the rainwater.

South of Hukkalbailu village
The slope failure occurred on lowly dissected hillslope adjoining agricultural land due to increased infiltration and nala erosion at toe part of hillslope due to over water saturation and increased pore water pressure triggered during heavy rainfall. T
Easing of slope and lined drainage with weep holes are required
removal of toe support, Diversion of main stream channel towards hill side accelerated toe erosion.

Annavalli village
Debris slide occurred on lowly dissected slope with moderate to sparse vegetation. In present scenario the landslide is active & retrogressive in nature. The vertical cut provides new pathway for water seepage and saturation during intense rainfall. The
Easing of slope and lined drainage with weep holes are required.
Removal of toe support , high slope gradient are the primary causes.

South of Annavalli village
The debris slide occurred on hillslope due to unscientific way of removal of soil paved new pathway for water seepage that triggers intense weathering and erosion and loss of cohesive strength of the soil. Easing of slope is required. Slope is demarcated
Easing of slope is required. Plantation on slope should be done.

Chakkodi
The shallow debris slide on lowly dissected hill slope with Moderate vegetation cover. The vertical cut open up new way of water seepage & slope saturation in weathered rock. Drainage at toe part saturates the slope and induces toe erosion during heavy
Removal of toe support, high slope gradient are the primary cause and high degree of weathering profile.

West of Madagere village
The Debris cum rock slide observed on lowly dissected hillslope. The slope failure occurred due to intense weathering and erosional activity. The toe erosion and water saturation increases pore water pressure induces shear strength failure. The area is
Removal of toe, high slope gradient are the primary causes.

West of Madagere village
The debris slide observed on lowly dissected hillslope. The slope failure occurred due to intense weathering and erosional activity. The toe erosion and water saturation increases pore water pressure induces shear strength failure. The area is susceptib

Madagere village
The debris slide occurred on lowly dissected hill slope due to made for settlement purposes that open up new way of water seepage & slope saturation in weathered rock and soil. Water infiltration increases pore water pressure and reduces the cohesive and
Slope gradation is required and retaining wall should be constructed

South of Andagere village
The shallow debris slide occurred on hill slope in vicinity of agricultural land. The slope is unstable and likely to fail during intense rainfall. The excavation of soil destabilizes the hillslope. And toe erosion by flowing nala and saturation of slope
construction of gabion wall with wire mesh is rquired to prevent toe erosion and toe support.

Kampanakodagi
The Debris slump occurred on lowly dissected hill slope with sparse vegetation cover. The slope disturbance is observed due to unscientific way of modification of slope & removal of soil for construction. The slope transformation due to vertical opens up
Removal of toe support after road cutting, high slope gradient and thick overburden are the primary causes.

Kuruvalli
The shallow rock failure on lowly dissected hill slope with sparse vegetation cover. The slope disturbance is observed due to unscientific way of modification of slope & removal of soil for construction. The vertical cut made for settlement purpose leads
Retaining wall with weep holes are required.

North-West of Solugodu village
The slope failure occurred on extensive cut slope made on lowly dissected hill slope. The water infiltration and saturation of weathered granite gneiss results in increased pore water pressure and reduction in the shear and cohesive strength of the slope
Lined drainage and culvert is required to discharge excess water and breast wall should be constructed in downslope direction
Removal of toe support for constructing settlement without giving any lateral support and thick saturated soil cover of 3 to 5m are the primary causes.

Lakshmipur village
The slope failure occurred on extensive cut slope made on lowly dissected hill slope. The slope got failed on koilinized weathered granite gneiss. Thus increased water infiltration reduces the shear strength of the slope forming material during heavy rai
Slope gradation is required
Removal of toe support for road construction, high slope gradient are the primary causes.

East of Suranakodagi village
Weathered Quartz sericite schist and Quartz Chlorite schist
The shallow debris slide occurred on hill slope in vicinity of agricultural land. The slope got failed along kaoilinised highly weathered Quartz Sericite schist and Quartz Chlorite schist. The slope is unstable and likely to fail during intense rainfall.
Easing of slope required, construction of retaining wall with weep holes are required to prevent toe erosion and toe support.
Removal of toe support for road construction, high slope gradient are the primary causes.

Ganapatikatte village
The debris slide occurred on lowly dissected hillslope due to removal of soil for arecanut plantation that destabilised the slope. The stream/nala erosion and undercutting or scouring at toe part of hillslope destabilizes the slope due to over water satu
Easing of slope, lined drainage and breast wall with weep holes are required

Koppa road NH-169
The unscientific way of removal of soil provides new pathway for water seepage and saturation leads to shear strength failure due to increased pore water pressure. Easing of slope required. The area is demarcated as unstable zone susceptible to slope fai
Retaining wall with weep holes are required at road bench level
No damage recorded, Electric pole on upslope.
Removal of toe support and Toe erosion by stream which has undercut the slope making it steeper.

Koppa road NH-169
The debris slide occurred on lowly dissected hillslope at road bench level in downslope direction where removal of soil for areca nut plantation destabilised the slope. The stream/nala erosion and undercutting or scouring at toe part of hillslope destabi
Lined drainage and retaining wall with weep holes are required
No damage recorded, Electric pole on upslope.
Toe erosion by stream , Laterite/Saprolite cover thickness is more than 10m adding the weight on saturation.

West of Kalgudge village
Highly weathered rock, 2 sets widely spaced joints
The shallow debris slide on lowly dissected hill slope with Moderate vegetation cover. The joints open up new way of water seepage & slope saturation in weathered rock and soil. Artificial drainage at toe part of hillslope adjoining to cultivation for i
Easing of slope required, construction of gabion wall with wire mesh is rquired to prevent toe erosion and toe support.
Removal of toe support after road cutting is the primary causes.

South of Kalgudge Village/Koppa road
The stream/nala erosion and undercutting or scouring at toe part of hillslope destabilizes the slope due to over water saturation that results in cohesive and shear strength failure during heavy rainfall. The low height retaining wall and lined drainage
Lined drainage and low height retaining wall with weep holes are required
No damage recorded, Electric pole on upslope.
Removal of toe support, Toe erosion by stream undercut the slope making it steeper.

NH-169, Koppa Road
The increased pore water pressure and nala erosion at toe part destabilizes the slope due to over water saturation triggered during heavy rainfall. The lined drainage and culvert should be designed at proper location to drain excess rain water to minimiz
Easing of slope, lined drainage and breast wall with weep holes are required

Ganapatikatte
The vertical cut made for road construction leads to slope transformation that opens up new way of water seepage & slope saturation in fractured granite. The increased pore water pressure and reduces shear and cohesive strength leads to slope failure dur

Ganapatikatte
The slope failure occurred on lowly dissected hill slope due to unscientific way of removal of soil for plantation that leads to slope transformation that opens up new way of erosion, water seepage & slope saturation that increases the pore water pressur
Easing of slope is required.

Ganapatikatte
The debris slide occurred due to unscientific way of modification of slope & removal of soil for construction. The vertical cut made for settlement purpose leads to slope transformation that opens up new way of water seepage & runoff pattern. Thus increa
Slope gradation is required
litho contacts of Metabasalt (competent) and Hb-actinolite-chlorite schist (highly weathered) facilitating percolation of water,Removal of toe support.

Mel koppa
The road cut failure at road bench level occurred due to intense weathering and erosion and loss of cohesive strength of the soil. The area is slumping zone. The lined drainage at toe part is required to avoid toe erosion and culvert should be constructe

Mel koppa
The road cut failure at road bench level occurred due to intense weathering and erosion and loss of cohesive strength of the soil. The area is slumping zone upto ~155m. The lined drainage at toe part is required to avoid toe erosion and culvert should be

Hariharpur Village
The slope disturbance is observed due to unscientific way of modification of slope and removal of soil for road development. The vertical road cut and toe cutting of hillslope leads to slope transformation that opens up new way of water seepage & slope s
Easing or slope gradation is required.
Removal of toe support, Toe erosion by stream and thick overburden material greater than 5m.

Near Hariharpur
The slope disturbance is observed due to unscientific way of modification of slope & removal of soil. The vertical cut and toe cutting of hillslope leads to slope transformation that opens up new way of water seepage & slope saturation. Thus increased in
Removal of toe support and saturation of overburden material.

Koppa-Agumbe road
The slope disturbance is observed due to unscientific way of modification of slope & removal of soil. The vertical cut and toe cutting of hillslope leads to slope transformation that opens up new way of water seepage & slope saturation. Thus increased in
Removal of toe support, and thick saturated soil cover of 3 to 5m are the primary causes .

Nagalapur Village
The slope disturbance is observed due to unscientific way of modification of slope & removal of soil for settlement purposes. The vertical cut and toe cutting of hillslope leads to slope transformation that opens up new way of water seepage & slope satur
vertiacl to cut for road construction , high slope gradient are the primary causes

SuralliVillage
The vertical road cut transformed the hillslope that paved the new pathway for water infiltration and saturation in highly weathered rock and soil leading to reduced cohesive and shear strength of the slope forming material. The low height retaining wall
Lined drainage and low height retaining wall with weep holes are required

Mathevani village
Granite gneiss/quartz vein and quartz sericite schist
The shallow translational debris flow observed Mathevani village area on lowly dissected slope with Moderate vegetation. In present scenario the landslide zone is active, retrogressive, widening and enlarging in nature.The landslide zone is ~75m wide wit
Easing of slope & Retaining wall with weep holes are required.

Koppa-Agumbe road
The slope disturbance is observed due to unscientific way of modification of slope & removal of soil. The vertical cut and toe cutting of hillslope leads to slope transformation that opens up new way of water seepage & slope saturation. Thus increased in
Unscientific way of cutting slope for making school building thus removing toe support & increased slope instability.

Kodtal Village
The debris slide that occurred due to unscientific way of removal of soil opens up new pathway for water seepage and saturation. The heavy discharge in flowing higher order stream during rainfall resulted in scouring and toe cutting of hillslope by nala
Lined drainage is required
Removal of toe support , Quartz-chlorite-schist altered to laterite/Saprolite with thickness 3-5 m adding the weight on saturation.

Gaurigadde Village
The debris slide that occurred due to unscientific way of removal of soil opens up new pathway for water seepage and saturation. The heavy discharge in flowing higher order stream during rainfall resulted in scouring and toe cutting of hillslope by nala
Lined drainage and low height retaining wall with weep holes are required

Gaurigadde Village
The debris slide that occurred due to unscientific way of removal of soil opens up new pathway for water seepage and saturation. The heavy discharge in flowing higher order stream during rainfall resulted in scouring and toe cutting of hillslope by nala
Lined drainage is required
Removal of toe support and thick saturated soil cover of 3 to 5m are the primary causes

Gaurigadde Village
The debris slide occurred on lowly dissected hillslope with thick vegetation during rainfall. The heavy discharge in flowing higher order stream during rainfall resulted in scouring and toe cutting of hillslope by nala erosion at toe part of hilllslope
Lined drainage is required
toe erosion by first order stream are the primary causes.

South west of Heggaru village
The vertical cut and toe cutting of hillslope for betel nut plantation that leads to slope transformation that opens up new way of water seepage & slope saturation. Thus increased infiltration destabilizes the slope due to over water saturation and decre

Edtal Village, Matina Math
The debris slide occurred due to slope disturbance is observed due to unscientific way of modification of slope & removal of soil for road development. The vertical cut and toe cutting of hillslope leads to slope transformation that opens up new way of w
distrubing the toe support for settlement construction.

Kundadi Gudda
The slope failure resulted due to weathering and erosion of rocks caused by increased pore water pressure and slope saturation during heavy rainfall. The lined drainage with weep holes and excess water should be diverted through properly designed culver
removal of toe support, Diversion of main stream channel towards hill side accelerated toe erosion.

Nabala village
The shallow debris slide on lowly dissected hill slope with Moderate vegetation cover. The vertical cut open up new way of water seepage & slope saturation in weathered rock. Drainage at toe part saturates the slope and induces toe erosion during heavy
Easing of slope and lined drainage are required.
Removal of toe support and saturation of overburden material.

1.5 km east of Hosagadde village
The shallow debris slide occurred on lowly dissected hillslope by toe erosion by flowing nala adjoining agricultural land.
lined draiange and easing of slope is required.
Removal of toe support, Highly weathered & soft soil is observed on the slope corresponding to soil thickness of 3m to 5m.

North of Hosakere village
Easing of slope and lined drainage are required.

1.2 km from Mavinkatte village
The shallow translational debris slide observed extensive road cut on Koppa-Agumbe Road 1.2 km from Mavinkatte village (Lat:13?31'8.6"N: Long:75?9'47.2"E) on lowly dissected slope with Moderate vegetation cover. In present scenario the landslide zone is
lined draiange and easing of slope is required. Retaining wall with weep holes are required at road bench level.
Removing soil from hillsides, , Diversion of main stream channel towards hill side accelerates toe erosion.

Hulse

Sirimane

Tyavana

Melinkoppa

South of Kavadi

South East of Sulugodu

North East of Sulugodu
Height of the reataining wall to be increased and new weep holes to be provieded.

East of Herur

North of Agalagundi

South of Jayapura

North West of Heruru

The vertical road cut failure at concave curvature at road bench level The primary cause of slope failure occurred due to intense weathering and erosion and loss of cohesive strength of the soil.The area is slumping zone upto ~125m. The lined drainage at

The vertical road cut failure at concave curvature at road bench level The primary cause of slope failure occurred due to intense weathering and erosion and loss of cohesive strength of the soil.The lined drainage at toe part is required to avoid toe ero

Ammadi coffee estate
The vertical road cut failure at concave curvature at road bench level The primary cause of slope failure occurred due to intense weathering and erosion and loss of cohesive strength of the soil.The lined drainage at toe part is required to avoid toe ero
Lined drainage at toe part is required
Removal of toe support,the contact between dolerite dyke and Metabasalt providing passage for water and increased the hydrostatic pressure.

Hasakere village area
Quartz muscovite schist, pyribolite, granite gneiss
Gabion wall with wire mesh are required.

Kumberkoppa
At Kumbarakoppa village area in T.S. no. 48O/6 multiple active debris landslides with slope failures are recorded on lowly dissected hillslope. The slope forming material is in-situ soil with overburden thickness of >10m. The settlements on top of the hi
Lined drainage and retaining wall with weep holes are required

Kela Harandur
The vertical cut and toe cutting of hillslope leads to slope transformation that opens up new way of water seepage & slope saturation. The increased infiltration that destabilizes the slope due to over water saturation and decrease in cohesive strength o
Toe erosion by stream undercut the slope making it steeper & increased the slope instability.

Ajaravalli village
Easing of slope & gabion wall with wire mesh are required.
Removal of toe support, high slope gradient and saturation of overburden material are the primary causes.

Kugi village
Easing of slope and lined drainage are required.
Removal of toe support, high slope gradient and saturation of overburden material are the primary causes.

South of Kela Harandur
The vertical cut and toe cutting of hillslope leads to slope transformation that opens up new way of water seepage & slope saturation. The increased infiltration that destabilizes the slope due to over water saturation and decrease in cohesive strength o
Unscientific way of cutting slope for making settlement.

Baru Kodagi
The vertical road cut failure at concave curvature at road bench level The primary cause of slope failure occurred due to intense weathering and erosion and loss of cohesive strength of the soil.The lined drainage at toe part is required to avoid toe ero
Lined drainage at toe part is required

West of Badigi village
Removal of toe support primary causes. Highly weathered & soft soil is observed on the slope having a thickness of 3m to 5m.

Koppa road near Kudregundi
The vertical cut and toe cutting of hillslope leads to slope transformation that opens up new way of water seepage & slope saturation. The increased infiltration that destabilizes the slope due to over water saturation and decrease in cohesive strength o
Removal of toe support, Toe erosion by stream undercut the slope making it steeper & increased the slope instability. Granite gneiss altered into laterite/saprolite.

Muthodi village area
landslide is active and un stable and risk factor is high and metastable, Risk to communication line, man and material. Old scars present
Removal of loose material, Lined drainage and slope gradation required.
Seepage along weak plane, water saturation leading to weathering, downslope Somavahini halla

Muthodi village area
landslide is suspended and un stable and risk factor is moderate and metastable,
Seepage along weak plane, water saturation leading to weathering, low cohesive strength., near nala, vertical cut slope failure

Muthodi village area
landslide is active and un stable and risk factor is high and metastable, Risk to communication line, man and material. Old slide plantation on slope
Removal of loose material, Lined drainage and slope gradation required.
Seepage along weak plane, water saturation leading to weathering, downslope Somavahini halla

In present condition landslide is active and un stable and risk factor is high and metastable, Risk to communication line, man and material. Old scars present
Removal of loose material, Lined drainage and slope gradation required.
Seepage along weak plane, water saturation leading to weathering, downslope Somavahini halla

In present condition landslide is active and un stable , Risk to communication line, man and material. Old scars present

Kavikalgundi Attigundi village area
landslide is suspended and un stable and risk factor is moderate and metastable, Risk to communication line, man and material. Vertical cut slope failure.

Kavikalgundi Attigundi village area
In present condition landslide is suspended and un stable and risk factor is moderate and metastable, Risk to communication line, man and material. Vertical cut slope failure.

Mulliyangiri hill
In present condition landslide is suspended and un stable and risk factor is moderate and metastable,
Seepage along weak plane, water saturation leading to weathering, low cohesive strength., near nala

Kavikalgundi village area
landslide is active and un stable and risk factor is high and metastable, Risk to communication line, man and material. Vertical cut slope failure dipping towards road.
Lined drainage and retaining wall 1.5m , rock bolting required.
Seepage along weak plane, water saturation leading to weathering

Mulliyangiri hill
landslide is suspended and un stable and risk factor is moderate and metastable,
Seepage along weak plane, water saturation leading to weathering, low cohesive strength., near nala

Mulliyangiri hill
Ferrugenous phyllite and Banded magnetite quartzite
landslide is suspended and un stable and risk factor is moderate and metastable,
Seepage along weak plane, water saturation leading to weathering, low cohesive strength., near nala, vertical cut slope failure

Seepage along weak plane, water saturation leading to weathering, low cohesive strength., underground water seepage

Kavikalgundi Village area
landslide is suspended and un stable and risk factor is moderate and metastable, Risk to communication line, man and material.

Kavikalgundi village area
landslide is suspended and un stable and risk factor is moderate and metastable, Risk to communication line, man and material. Vertical cut slope failure.

Kaimara village area
landslide is active and un stable and risk factor is moderate and metastable,
Slope Gradation required. Removal of loose material
Seepage along weak plane, water saturation leading to weathering, low cohesive strength., vertical cut slope failure, rainfall as triggering factor

Hirekolale Village area
landslide is suspended and un stable and risk factor is moderate and metastable, few settlements were there at downslope/foothill are at low risk
wedge failure due to water seepage and saturation along joint plane.

Devarahalli
Seepage along weak plane, water saturation leading to weathering, low cohesive strength., near nala, vertical cut slope failure

Hunasehalli village area
debris slide is suspended and stable and risk factor is low.
Lined drainage , slope gradation required
Weathering and Erosion of loose material due to water saturation during heavy rainfall

AldurBalehonnur road
landslide is active and un stable and risk factor is high and metastable, man and material and settlement nearby.
Slope Gradation required. Removal of loose material
Seepage along weak plane, water saturation leading to weathering, low cohesive strength., vertical cut slope failure, rainfall as triggering factor

ChandugoduKanegadde village area
landslide is suspended and un stable and risk factor is High. Electric pole nearby, Risk to communication line, man and material.
1km from Slide no.16, ChandugoduKanegadde road section
Lined drainage required, afforestation and slope gradation required
Weathering and Erosion along nala , Toe erosion by nala section

ChandugoduKanegadde village area
landslide is suspended and un stable and risk factor is High. Electric pole nearby, Risk to communication line, man and material.
380 from Slide no.17, ChandugoduKanegadde road section
Weathering and Erosion along nala , Toe erosion by nala section, seepage along weaker plane.

ChandugoduKanegadde village area
landslide is suspended and un stable and risk factor is High. Electric pole nearby, Risk to communication line, man and material.
30 from Slide no.18, ChandugoduKanegadde road section
Weathering and Erosion along nala , Toe erosion by nala section

landslide is suspended and un stable and risk factor is moderate and metastable, Risk to communication line, man and material. Old slide scars are visible.
30 from Slide no.19, ChandugoduKanegadde road section
Weathering and Erosion along nala , Toe erosion by nala section

Chandugodu village
In present condition landslide is suspended and stable and risk factor is High. Electric pole nearby, Risk to communication line, man and material.
Lined drainage required, afforestation and slope gradation required

In present condition landslide is suspended and un stable and risk factor is High. Electric pole nearby, Risk to communication line, man and material.
150m from slide no. 15 ChandugoduKanegadde road section
Lined drainage required, afforestation and slope gradation required

AldurBalehonnur road
landslide is active and un stable and risk factor is high and metastable, Risk to communication line (Interuption), man and material.
Seepage along weak plane, water saturation leading to weathering, near nala, low cohesive strength.

AldurBalehonnur road
landslide is active and un stable and risk factor is high and metastable, Risk to communication line, man and material.
Seepage along weak plane, water saturation leading to weathering, near nala, low cohesive strength.

Mudigere village area on SH64
Road cut failure
10 km from Mudigere towards chikmagalur on SH6

Kannapura village
Debris slide is suspended and stable, risk to communication line
1km from Kannapura village on KannapuraMudigere road
Weathering and Erosion of loose material due to water saturation during heavy rainfall

Naduvina Madakal village
Debris slide is suspended but active and however single bench are made to reduce the risk factor.The zone of 120m is demarcated as unstable zone. Downslope settlement is at risk. Risk to communication line , man and material.
1.7km from Kannapura village on KannapuraMudigere road
Lined drainage with weep holes , slope gradation , more benches are required
Weathering and Erosion of loose material due to water saturation during heavy rainfall

Kannapura village
Debris slide/slump is active .The area is demarcated as metastable to unstable. Risk to communication line.
1km from Kannapura village on KannapuraMudigere road
Seepage and water saturation along weak plane during heavy rainfall

MudigereTattakola road section
landslide is suspended and stable and risk factor is moderate. Risk to communication line, man and material. Slope is fragile upto 200m extension.

Bapujinagra village area
landslide is suspended and un stable and risk factor is moderate and metastable, few settlements were there at downslope/foothill are at low risk

MudigereTattakola road section
In present condition landslide is suspended and stable and risk factor is moderate. Risk to communication line and electric power line neary by is risky to man and material during slope failure.
Lined drainage required, afforestation on slope
Weathering and Erosion of loose material due to water saturation during heavy rainfall along nala section

MudigereTattakola road section, 50m from Slide no. 11
landslide is suspended and stable and risk factor is moderate. Risk to communication line.
Lined drainage required, afforestation on slope
Weathering and Erosion of loose material due to water saturation during heavy rainfall along nala section

MudigereTattakola road section, 125m from Slide no. 12
landslide is suspended and stable and risk factor is moderate. Risk to communication line.
Lined drainage required, afforestation on slope
Weathering and Erosion of loose material due to water saturation during heavy rainfall along nala section

MudigereTattakola road section
landslide is suspended and stable and risk factor is low. Risk to communication line

MudigereTattakola road section, 40m from Slide no. 10
landslide is suspended and stable and risk factor is low. Risk to communication line. Vegetation on slope present.

Mudigere towards chikmagalur on SH64
landslide is suspended and un stable and risk factor is moderate and metastable, few settlements were there at downslope/foothill are at low risk
5 km from Mudigere towards chikmagalur on SH64

Horatti village area
debris slide is suspended and stable and risk factor is low.

1.8 km from Kotighera
landslide is suspended and un stable and risk factor is moderate and metastable, Risk to communication line, man and material.
retaining wall with 25m lengh and 1.5m height is made.

164m from KAR/CHK/2017/02 on NH234
Debris slide is suspended and stable, risk factor is low.

Hebbarige village near Banakal on NH234
Debris slide is suspended and stable, risk factor is low.

Kotigehara village area
landslide is active and un stable and risk factor is high and metastable, Risk to communication line, man and material. Old scars present

Gutti village area
wedge failure due to water seepage and saturation along joint plane.

Mulahalli village
debris slide is suspended and stable and risk factor is low. Risk to communication line
Sparse vegetation/Barren, Downslope Plantation and settlement

.5 km from Slide no. 06
debris slide is suspended and stable and risk factor is low. Risk to communication line

50m from Slide no. 07
debris slide is suspended and stable and risk factor is high. Risk to communication line

Changadahalli

Not Available
It may be active due to intense rain fall

Uchangi

Sakleshpur
It may be active due to intense rain fall

Not Available

Not Available
Increase in pre pressure and toe cutting

Sukla,. K, and Chaurasia, R. K. 2017, Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 48 P/6 & 10, Dakshin Kannada district, Karnataka. Unpubl. Report GSI FS 2016-17

Basu. S, and Gupta, T., 2017, Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 48 P/5 & 9, Dakshin Kannada and Hassan districts, Karnataka. Unpubl. Report GSI FS 2016-17

Basu. S, and Gupta, T., 2017, Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 48 P/5 & 9, Dakshin Kannada and Hassan districts, Karnataka. Unpubl. Report GSI FS 2016-17
The slide is almost removed as the toe part of the slide is cut due to road construction and wiedning. This is the case with most of the previously reported slides which are removed due to road construction and wiedning.

Dharmasthala - Nekladi Road
Basu. S, and Gupta, T., 2017, Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 48 P/5 & 9, Dakshin Kannada and Hassan districts, Karnataka. Unpubl. Report GSI FS 2016-17

Sukla,. K, and Chaurasia, R. K. 2017, Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 48 P/6 & 10, Dakshin Kannada district, Karnataka. Unpubl. Report GSI FS 2016-17
May be active due to intense rainfall

Near Mangalore ΓÇô Mysore Highway
Singh. K, and Shah, Z. A. 2017, Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 48 P/1 & 2,48L/13, Dakshin Kannada district, Karnataka. Unpubl. Report GSI FS 2016-17
The area is still going under step-wise excavation.

Mangalore ΓÇô Mysore Highway
Singh. K, and Shah, Z. A. 2017, Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 48 P/1 & 2,48L/13, Dakshin Kannada district, Karnataka. Unpubl. Report GSI FS 2016-17
Toe cutting of the slope for road widening

Near Barya road
Singh. K, and Shah, Z. A. 2017, Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 48 P/1 & 2,48L/13, Dakshin Kannada district, Karnataka. Unpubl. Report GSI FS 2016-17

Near Uppinangady cross road

On Maninalkuru Naibelu road

Local road near Ultar

North East of Nadumane

North of Nadumane

North East of Nadumane
Retaining wall with weep holes are constucted. Presently covered with grass.

North East of Nadumane
The slide is presently covered with grass.

South of Bidaratale
Existing retaing wall is damaged

South of Bidaratale

South of Bidaratale
The slide is presently covered with grass.

Though the slide is mostly covered with grass, the toe portion of the slide is showing some sign of activity.

Though most of the slide is Suspended, few patchs shows signs of activity

Presently covered with grass

Kotigehara village area
landslide is active and un stable and risk factor is high and metastable. Old scars present
Lined drainage and retaining wall is required.
Seepage along weak plane leading to weathering

Kotigehara village area
landslide is active and un stable and risk factor is high and metastable, Risk to communication line, man and material. Old scars present
Seepage along weak plane, water saturation leading to weathering, along nala

Seepage along weak plane, water saturation leading to weathering, near nala

North East of Bidaratale
Retaining wall already constructed but there is no draingae holes

South East of Bidaratale

landslide is suspended and un stable and risk factor is moderate and metastable, Risk to communication line, man and material.

North West of Kelagur

North East of Maidadi

North East of Maidadi
Collaspe of filling material due to increasing pore pressure

North of Maidadi

South West of Galigandi

South of Galigandi

South East of Kalasa

South East of Kalasa
Retaining wall with weep holes and plantation

North West of Kalasa

South of Kalasa

South of Kalasa
Existing reatining wall sould be extended along road and weep holes to be cleaned

North of Hirebail

North West of Gangankudrige

Gangankudrige

West of Hirebail

North West of Hirebail

South of Hirebail

South East of Hirebail
Covered with plants presenlty

South West of Bedagadu

South East of Totaduru

South of Totaduru

South of Kogre

North of Kogre

North East of Sallolli

West of Samse

West of Jamble

05 km N of village Bilegat

Bhagavati

1.8 km NW of Village Bhagavati
weathered granite,Joints observed at the top

Near Kadambe falls

1.5 km SW of Village Siralu

Hallimakki
Vegetation growth upon old debris material

Sunkadamakki
Road parralel to Tunga River

Sunkadamakki
Muscovite along the slip surface act as a lubricant for slippage of the rock mass.Alternate banding of Quartz Chlorite Schist & BMQ
Toe cutting of the slope for Road widening

Sunkadamakki
Remotely Sensed from alongside of the road at 310┬░.Slide occur along the river Tunga.

Tanikoda
Slide is water saturated.Joints vertical to sub vertical.Cracks parralel to the road obseved adjacent to the slide.

Edagaru

1.3 km S of Heggantota

1.4 km N of Village Heranje

Near Mulluru

2.28 km N of Village Heranje

Near Mulluru
Slide covered by vegetation.

Near SK border
Toe cutting of the slope for road extension

1.2 km SE of Malachouki

Hosangadi

Padandadka
Soil Slide at the bend of the road resulted due to subsidence.

Moodabidri-Bantval road
East of Sittakadde road (Maddame village)
Retaining wall and free flow of the channel

Aruvail

Hosabetta slide
Dormant soil slide with enlarging nature and rapid movement failed along the road cut in a lowly dissected hill slope.
easing of the slope.

Puttinge
The suspended soil slide with enlarging distribution fails on a road cut.
unscientific cutting of slope. Loading at head

Puttinge
The shallow translational suspended soil slide with rapid rate of movement had been located close to the settlement.

Puttinge
Oversaturation by ground water and closely spaces jointed caused landslide aided by toe cutting and heavy rainfall.
Providing culvert and construction of retaining wall are recommended.
unscientific cutting of slope. Loading at head

Kadandale
The shallow translational lateritic soil slide with rapid rate of movement fails on a road cut slope of a lowly dissected hill slopes.

4 km SW of Kumbarwada
Shallow translational debris slide with dormant nature and widening distribution failed along the cut slope.

Mundukur slide
Dormant soil slide with shallow rotational failure plane in an enlarging nature has been noted along the road section.
Reduction of strength on super saturation

Mundukur slide
Suspended retrogressive shallow rotational debris slide is observed on granitic terrain.

Kadandale
The highly weathered materials on a gentle to moderate slope (~15?) get saturated and failed.

Kadandale
The confined shallow translational slide has occurred on a road cut bench of lowly dissected hill slopes.

Oversaturation by rainfall and toecut for road caused shallow translational soil slide

The dormant soil slide with retrogresive nature fails.
Toe erosion by stream. Loading on head region

Kadandale slide
Deep translational, enlarging soil flow occurred on a moderate to steep slope of a lowly dissected hill slope.

Poopadikallu
Shallow translational Debris slide with rapid rate of flow has failesd occurred due to toe cutting of slope.

Poopadikallu
Suspended enlarging shallow rotational slide is observed on granitic terrain.

Kallamundukur
Dormant soill slide with rapid nature failed along a rolling plain topography.

Niddodi
The Dormant soil slide with rapid rate of movement fails on a road cut slope.
unscientific construction, Loading at head region. Increase in unit mass

Niddodi
The Dormant soil slide with rapid rate of movement fails on a road cut slope.
Concerete Lining for water movement along th toe part of the hillslope.
unscientific construction, Loading at head region. Increase in unit mass

Niddodi
Dormant soil slide with shallow rotational failure plane in an enlarging nature has been noted along the road section.
Retaining wall with weep holes.
Pore water pressure. Reduction of strength on super saturation

Bakrabail- Salethur- Vittala Road

Feringipet ΓÇô Benjen padavu road

Near Moodabidri-Bantval road

Moodabidri-Bantval road
Anthropogenic, due to base removal by the local people for land grabbing.
Growing vegetation on entire slope and prohibition any excavation on entire slope.
Toe cutting of the slope, due to toe cutting by local people.

Local road
Toe cutting of the slope for road extension

Manila ΓÇô Peruvai road

Puttur - Manjeshwar road
Trees are well bended near crown

Kallapalli
Srivastava, A. K., and Kumari .N 2017, Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 48 P/7, 11 & 12, Kodagu (Coorg) district, Karnataka. Unpubl. Report GSI FS 2016-17
Lined drainage is to be provided at toe part as well as diverging of drainage away from crown.

Sukla,. K, and Chaurasia, R. K. 2017, Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 48 P/6 & 10, Dakshin Kannada district, Karnataka. Unpubl. Report GSI FS 2016-17
It may active due to rain

Gundadka
Srivastava, A. K., and Kumari .N 2017, Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 48 P/7, 11 & 12, Kodagu (Coorg) district, Karnataka. Unpubl. Report GSI FS 2016-17
risk to communication line, life and property

Mallikarjuna temple
Srivastava, A. K., and Kumari .N 2017, Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 48 P/7, 11 & 12, Kodagu (Coorg) district, Karnataka. Unpubl. Report GSI FS 2016-17

South of Patti
Slope benching and proper drainage at the toe part

South of Patti

East of Chethugal
Lined drainage is to be provided at toe part as well as diverging of drainage away from crown.

East of Chethugal

East of Chethugal
rock on both side of the slide
Lined drainage is to be provided at toe part as well as diverging of drainage away from crown.

150m zone is susceptible
Slope benching and proper drainage at the toe part

Talakaveri
about 100m on either side slumps observed..about 5m wide and 6m length.
Slope benching and proper drainage at the toe part

Patti ghat

Pandiyala

Thrideep K and Limbraj WR., 2017. Marcoscale Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets nos 48P/12, P/16, 49M/9 and M/13, Kozikode, Wayanad and Kannur districts, Kerala. Unpub. GSI Report of FS 2016-17.

Vellattukolli
Thrideep K and Limbraj WR., 2017. Marcoscale Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets nos 48P/12, P/16, 49M/9 and M/13, Kozikode, Wayanad and Kannur districts, Kerala. Unpub. GSI Report of FS 2016-17.

Melaramthattu
Thrideep K and Limbraj WR., 2017. Marcoscale Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets nos 48P/12, P/16, 49M/9 and M/13, Kozikode, Wayanad and Kannur districts, Kerala. Unpub. GSI Report of FS 2016-17.

Karamaramthattu

Vaithalkundu

Munnurkochi

Chaithankadu

Pottemplavu

Kappimala-Santhigiri Rd

1.5 acre land damaged and one well submerged

Furlongara
0.5 Acre land damaged, one house damaged

Kappimala-Manjapullu Rd
retaining wall has been constructed and now it seems to be stable

Thazhe Purathotti

Purathotti

Purathotti debris flow
Two family have temporarily evacuated the house.
Guide wall along the debris flow path can be provided and check dams at places to reduce the velocity. Further, it must be ensured that no houses are constructed in/or around the channel path of the stream.

Paithalmala debris flow
One family temporarily evacuated the house for two days.
Guide wall along the debris flow path can be provided and check dams at places to reduce the velocity. Further, it must be ensured that no houses are constructed in/or around the channel path of the stream.

Korangla
Anthropogenic due to steep vertical road cut, adversely oriented joint pattern, damp and seepage along weaker plane

Patti ghat
risk to communication line, life and property

Dabbadka
risk to communication line, life and property

Koyanad
Increase in pore pressure (Damp), slope disturbance

Galibidu

Monnangeri

Jodpal

Monnangeri
120m retaining wall of 1m height constructed and lined drainage provided.

Devarakolli
Increase in pore pressure (Damp), slope disturbance/ECS

Appangala

Chamundeshwari temple, Madikeri

Madikeri
Extensive slope cut, loose slope forming material, plantation, mostly barren

Madikeri
Lined drainage is provided at toe part of the cut slope

Madikeri
weathered rock; increase in pore water pressure

Lined drainage is provided at toe part of the cut slope
weathered rock; increase in pore water pressure

50m down weathered rock and loose material

Weathered rock

Tyre factory, Madikeri
modified slope with settlement near drainge /nala

Tyre factory, Madikeri
settlement at top and downslope are at high risk.
modified slope with settlement near drainge /nala

Srivastav A. K., et. al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheet Nos. 48P/15 and 48P/16, Coorg Kannada district, Karnataka. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2015-2016.

Abbey falls

NW of PWD office, Madikeri
highly susceptible zone for failure, sprsely vegetated
highly jointed and fractured rock with 3 sets of adversely oriented joints

Pump house, Madikeri

Niduvattu

Srivastav A. K., et. al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheet Nos. 48P/15 and 48P/16, Coorg Kannada district, Karnataka. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2015-2016.
Retaining wall and proper drainage at crown and toe
Increase in pore pressure, rainfall triggered

Srivastav A. K., et. al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheet Nos. 48P/15 and 48P/16, Coorg Kannada district, Karnataka. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2015-2016.
Removal of tilted trees and loose debris, retaining wall, diversion of drainage away from crown by developing contoured slopes

Rajgiri

Valathod debris flow
Randamkadavu river flowing E-W direction, long culvert is needed across the road to pass the water.
Culverts must be provided for pasagge of water and It must be ensured that no houses are constructed in/or around the channel path of the stream.

Karikkottakari earth slide
Due to unplanned anthropogenic activity slope become unstable, pore water pressure developed and lead to rotational failure.
2 families (Ottapanal Mohanan family & Ottapanal Raveendran family)
one concrete and one hut were totally damaged

Keezhanganan debris flow
F=NS/SV towards East, J1=EW/SV towards South
Collapse of road due to overflowing of water in the river channel.
2 person (1 male Thomas & 1 female Shiny)
Guide wall along the debris flow path can be provided and check dams at places to reduce the velocity. Further, it must be ensured that no houses are constructed in/or around the channel path of the stream.

Uruppamkutty debris flow
It must be ensured that no houses are constructed in/or around the channel path of the stream.

Kundumangodu

Anapanthi Kavala Cut slope failure
Toe protection at the road level with wire mesh crate wall with proper weep holes for sub surface drainage.
Concrete House may fall in future. (presently evacuated)

Malapottu

Koottupuzha

Udeshikunnu

Kalanki (Upper)

Charnockite gneiss and associated granulites, biotite gneiss, pyroxenites, amphibolites
Fol- N15°E-S15°W: 75°SE to N45°E-S45°W: 45°SE; 3 sets of joints
Report on recent Landslides in Thalassery taluk, Kannur district, Kerala, by C. Muraleedharan & M. Koshy John, Senior Geologists, Thiruvananthapuram, Ops:TNPK, Unit: Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram,2007 (LHIM_KER_2007_004)
Natural hill slope

Parakkamala rock-cum-debris flow
Rubber plantation and around 2 acres land damaged.

Parakkamala Landslide
Shear zone having thickness of about 1m dipping 47 degree towards N 330 degree.
A debris flow was occurred on 12th June 2018 at Parakkamala where the debris material flown along an already existing nala path. This landslide is a reactivated one. Excessive rainfall is the triggering factor which resulted in the re
Debris material flown along the already existing nala resulted blockage of the road and damaged the small box culvert at the road bench.
Unscientific hill slope modification has to be avoided. Avoid constructing houses/buildings along the debris flown nala path.
Excessive rainfall is the triggering factor which resulted in the reduction of strength on saturation and increase in pore water pressure.

Parakkamala debris flow-2
Rubber & Cashew plantation and land damaged.
It must be ensured that no houses are constructed in/or around the channel path of the stream.

Parakkamala debris flow-1
Rubber & Cashew plantation and land damaged.
It must be ensured that no houses are constructed in/or around the channel path of the stream.

Parakkamala debris flow-3
Guide wall along the debris flow path can be provided and check dams at places to reduce the velocity. Suitable bridge with deep foundation must be provided. Further, it must be ensured that no houses are constructed in/or around the channel path of the

Charnockite gneiss and associated granulites, biotite gneiss, pyroxenites, amphibolites
Fol- N15°E-S15°W: 75°SE to N45°E-S45°W: 45°SE; 3 sets of joints
Report on recent Landslides in Thalassery taluk, Kannur district, Kerala, by C. Muraleedharan & M. Koshy John, Senior Geologists, Thiruvananthapuram, Ops:TNPK, Unit: Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram,2007 (LHIM_KER_2007_004)
Natural hill slope
Construction of a retaining wall below the break in slope. Soil binding by afforestation.

Parakkamala

Palathumkadavu
Precambrian shield characterized by Charnockite group of rocks consisting of hypersthene bearing gneisses and granulites.
Fol- N15°E-S15°W: 75°SE to N45°E-S45°W: 45°SE; 3 sets of joints
Report on recent Landslides in Thalassery taluk, Kannur district, Kerala, by C. Muraleedharan & M. Koshy John, Senior Geologists, Thiruvananthapuram, Ops:TNPK, Unit: Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram,2007 (LHIM_KER_2007_004)
Natural hill slope
Construction for diverting the water flows

Palathinkadavu
The entire area is subsidence prone during rainy season

Removal of tilted and precariously hanging trees

Kalanki rock-cum-debris topple
Rubber plantation and around 2 acres land damaged.

Arabikkulam Debris Flow
A lot of gneissic rock boulder is randomly scattered along the stream course.
Rubber plantation and around 2 acres land damaged.

Arabikulam

Randamkai Debris Flow
F1= N40┬░E-S40┬░W/N30┬░W with an amount of 45┬░.
At this location the materials flowed along two streams from different direction and forming a 'Y' Junction. The co-ordinated of two stream and confluence point is mentioned here-1). 75┬░41'38.00" - 12┬░05'30.15" ;(2). 75┬░41'39.56" - 12┬

Kolittattu-Kurishamala

1st bridge
entire slope has been replaced with rubber plantation . At presnent there is no evidence of slide.
2 House damaged and 2 well completly filled up.

Narukumcheeta
at this place retaining wall and one house has been constructed and it is also in dangerous situation.

Shimoga Nagar
track road got damaged

Thenankayam debris flow
Forest and 1and 1/2 acres land damaged and electric polls is fully damaged.
Two nos. of house in which one is concrete and another is hut, totally damaged.

Mukkuzhi debris flow
One concrete house is located at the toe of hillslope which is in endanger and may be damaged during subsequent heavy rain due to debris flow.

Arinathodu Palam

Payyavur-Kunjirakulli
7 families shifted.No settlement in this area

Madakkoli debris flow
At this place material came out from three different river which is having different direction. Here slope breakage taken placedue to which bigger boulder rolled down to river and flowed along with river. There are 20 nos. of family and 20 house was affe
20 nos. of family and 20 house was affected (temporally flooded) and two nos. of family has temporaarily evacuated the house. The debris and mud fell down in the houses and well.

Adampara

Vanchiyam - Paithalmala Road

Vanchiyam Mala

Tellikkavala
A small shed got damamged and 1 acre plantation damaged
Pore water pressure, Reduction of stength on super-saturation

Mavumchal

Arekamala
Bund constructed by soil conservation department

Arikamala debris flow

Kudiyanmala

Thurumbi

Nyanmala Kariyamtichal

Koorattu

Edakkanam Debris Slide
Grey gneiss / hornblende-biotite gneiss, Peninsular Gneissic Complex
F1= N80┬░E-S80┬░W/N10┬░W with an amount of 75┬░.
The natural stream was buried at the time of construction of house. During rainfall the original course of stream is became activated and huge volume of water with debris material followed the stream channel.
Toe protection at the road level with wire mesh crate wall with proper weep holes for sub surface drainage. Uphill Slope dresing with geo-jute and deep drainage holes also surface drainage along the slope must be provided.

Vattapara-Thondikkulam

Aryankod-Kombanpara Road
Proper drainage pattern may be done
Pore water pressure,Reduction of stength on super-saturation

Vallithala

Paisalakundam

Kalluvayal

Kolayad panchayat

Kolattayi

Abhayagiri (Chakkiyad)
retaining wall has been constructed

Narikottumala

Abhayagiri

Chittari

Valia Panome

Chengome
Bund constructed

Nedumpuramchal

Mudavangodu-24th Mile

Thudiyad

Near Vellara-28th Mile

Near 28th Mile

Elapeedika

Malayampadi

CT Kavala-Malayampadi Rd
Channel sides has been made with retaining structures

Thottikavala-Mankulam Rd
slide area was protected with bund

Pottenthodu

Madathinkavu

Thottikavala-Mankulam Rd

Madathumkavu

Vengalodi

Poyyamala
Bund constructed

Puvathinchola

Chengome-Murchilakkavu Rd
Adjacent to the slide a cut slope failure observed.

Chengome-Murchilakkavu Rd
retaining wall has been constructed.

Ventekkumchal-Santigiri Rd
1 house, 1 shed, 1 bio gas plant, 1 house partly damaged

Ventekkumchal-Santigiri Rd 2

Vendekumchal, Kelakam
Charnockite gneiss and associated granulites, biotite gneiss, pyroxenites, amphibolites
Fol- N40°E-S40°W: 80°SE to N65°W-S65°E: 75°SW; 3 sets of joints
Soil-binding afforestation, Removal of boulders by controlled blasting

Ventekkumchal-Santigiri Rd 3
Retaining wall constructed

Ottapilavu-Palukachi Rd

Kelakkam Creep (Cracks)
Earlier the cracks was appeared in 2004, due to which 2 houses were affected.
Tensional cracks (Longitudional as well as tranverse)
23 house affected by cracks in which 5 houses have been vacated the house.

Ventekkumchal-Santigiri Rd 4
step wise retaining wall has been constructed

Santhigiri
Fol- N35°E-S35°W: 65°SE to N45°W-S45°E: 55°SW; 4 sets of joints
Construction for diverting the water flows

Palukachimala

Kaduvpara, Kottiyoor

Palukachimala Rd
Bund damaged

Poyyamala-Chettapilavu

Chappamala debris flow

Nelliyodi

Kandappanam earth slide
The slide has completely damaged the house of Baby Elevunkal along with the plantation land, partially damaged houses of Anthony Kadapur and Mary Padiyaru are evacuated. Further, the houses of Varkey Kunnathettu and Augusty Vazhakkamala are endangered an
Detailed studies are required to suggest long term durable remedies.
However, short term remedies are as follows
i. Facilitate proper slope drainage (contour drainage)
ii. Filling of the cracks with available clay material
iii. Covering the tension crack
Prima facie heavy rainfall in the hilly parts where the moderately steep slopes comprising of extraordinary thickness of overburden (mainly lateritic clay) developed abnormal pore pressure which may have triggered the earth slide. The slide is a deep rot

Nelliyodu debris flow
Two nos. of bridge totally damaged and one concrete house partially damaged.

Kandapunam

Theeporikunnu-Chembarathi mala

Chappamala landslip/slump

Nedumpoyil-Mananthavady Rd

Nedumpoyil-Mananthavady Rd
retaining wall with proper drainage outlet

Adayil

Thettamala

Venmoni-Katimala Rd

New Wayanad Eng. college
Toe has to be protected with random rubble wall /gabion wall with easing of slope is recommended.
pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super-saturation, unplanned cutting of slope

Thalapuzha 1
Toe has to be protected with random rubble wall /gabion wall with easing of slope is recommended.
pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super-saturation, unplanned cutting of slope

Thalapuzha 5
Toe has to be protected with random rubble wall /gabion wall with easing of slope is recommended. Trees inside the slide has to be uprooted.
pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super-saturation, unplanned cutting of slope

Thalapuzha 4
Toe has to be protected with random rubble wall /gabion wall with easing of slope is recommended.

Katterikunnu
Existing house must be relocataed to safer zone or providing following remedial measures are., Toe has to be provided with retaining wall / masonry wall with weep/drain holes at back side of the house. Easing of slope into forming benches with gabions/RR

Toe has to be provided with Retaining wall / masonry wall with weep/drain holes. Easing of slope into forming benches.

Thazhe Kunnothmala Landslide
A debris slide was occurred on 14th June 2018 at Thazhe Kunnothumala along ValadKunnathumala road. Crown cracks are developed which may activate the slide in future. The important causes include (a) Unscientific slope modification and unprotected cut sl
Crown cracks are developed which may activate the slide in future.
Retaining structures with proper drainage outlet has to be provided. Crown cracks are to be treated to avoid percolation of water through it.
Unscientific slope modification and unprotected cut slope made for road construction. Excessive rainfall is the triggering factor which resulted in the reduction of strength on saturation and increase in pore water pressure.

Toe has to be provided with Retaining wall / masonry wall with weep/drain holes 3mx20m. Easing of slope into forming benches at upslope.

Toe has to be protected with random rubble wall /gabion wall with easing of slope is recommended. Slope modification to forming benches.

Palchuram-Boys town Rd

Palchuram
Bund constructed

Palchuram
retaining wall with proper drainage outlet

Boys town

Boys town 42 mile

Kannothmala

Chandanakuzhi

Paloot Coloney

Kottukulli

Chuliyil

Edattana Koshale

Periya

Periya 1

Ambayathodu debris slide

Idinjimala
Trideep et al., 2016. Marcoscale Landslide Susceptibility Mapping of Mananthavady-Kalpetta-Sultan Battery-Vazhikkadavu area in parts of toposheets nos 58A/1, A/2, A/5, A/6, A/7 and A/11, Wayanad and Malappuram districts, Kerala. Unpub. GSI Report of FS
Inside the forest area

Akolli kunnu
Trideep et al., 2016. Marcoscale Landslide Susceptibility Mapping of Mananthavady-Kalpetta-Sultan Battery-Vazhikkadavu area in parts of toposheets nos 58A/1, A/2, A/5, A/6, A/7 and A/11, Wayanad and Malappuram districts, Kerala. Unpub. GSI Report of FS

Thirunelli 2

Thirunelli 1
Entire slide stretch has to be protected with RR stone wall /masonry wall with weep holes. Cut slope may be modified with easing of slope. Trees has to be uprooted from the slide area.

Vellachal
Gar-bio-sill gneiss + graphite + kyanite
Toe has to be provided with retaining wall / masonry wall with weep/drain holes with back filling. Forming of benches for slope.Drainage line must be channelized.

Tirunelli-Kattikulam Rd-3
Downslope of slide, stretch below road level, has to be provided with retaining wall/masonry wall with weep holes. Drainage has to be channelized.

Tirunelli-Kattikulam Rd-2

Tirunelli-Kattikulam Rd-1

Panavalli Rd

Mudramoola
Trideep et al., 2016. Marcoscale Landslide Susceptibility Mapping of Mananthavady-Kalpetta-Sultan Battery-Vazhikkadavu area in parts of toposheets nos 58A/1, A/2, A/5, A/6, A/7 and A/11, Wayanad and Malappuram districts, Kerala. Unpub. GSI Report of FS

Kuricharmoola colony
Detail study needed for appropriate remedial measures.
pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super-saturation, afforestation

Tachirakolli
Tea cultivations
Retaining wall along with proper drainage outlet

Thonichal
Settlement, road collapsed. Crown cracks in road 7m length
Downslope of slide stretch belowRoad bench level has to be provided with Retaining wall/masonry wall with weep holes.

Kottayatukunnu
Detail study needed for appropriate remedial measures.
pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super-saturation, toe erosion by stream

Balaji, B. And Achrya, S. 2017. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 58F/4, 8, 11, 12, 14 & 15 in Dindigul district Tamil Nadu. Unpubl. GSI report FS 2016-17
Construction of retaining wall with weep holes, lined toe drainage
Steep/ extensive cutting of the slope during road alignment, removal of toe support

Balaji, B. And Achrya, S. 2017. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 58F/4, 8, 11, 12, 14 & 15 in Dindigul district Tamil Nadu. Unpubl. GSI report FS 2016-17
Batalguntu road ( Thandikudi road to Batlaguntu)
Construction of retaining wall with weep holes, lined toe drainage
Steep/ extensive cutting of the slope during road alignment, removal of toe support

Balaji, B. And Achrya, S. 2017. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 58F/4, 8, 11, 12, 14 & 15 in Dindigul district Tamil Nadu. Unpubl. GSI report FS 2016-17
Construction of retaining wall support to be provided
Due to steep cutting along the road / Removal of lateral support due to road cutting

Construction of Breast wall with weep holes
Increase in pore water pressure and shear stress of the material due to heavy rainfall, removal of lateral support

Construction of retaining wall with weep holes and lined toe drainage
Due to steep cutting of slope / Removal of lateral support due to road cutting

Steep cutting along the road / Removal of lateral support due to road cutting

Old landslide temporarily stabilized
Due to heavy rainfall, increase in pore water pressure and shear stress of the material

Due to steep cutting along the road / Removal of lateral support due to road cutting

Construction of retaining wall with weep holes
Removal of lateral support due to road cutting

Due to steep cutting of slope / Removal of lateral support due to road cutting

Stabilizing of slope by terracing Construction of retaining wall with weep holes
Increase in pore water pressure and shear stress of the material due to heavy rainfall, removal of lateral support. Development of large of joints

Increase in pore water pressure and shear stress of the material due to heavy rainfall, removal of lateral support. Development of large of joints

Construction of retaining wall with weep holes, lined toe drainage
Increase in pore water pressure and shear stress of the material due to heavy rainfall, removal of lateral support

Construction of Gabion wall, Rock bolting, lined Toe drainage
Removal of lateral support due to toe erosion, increase in pore water pressure due to heavy rainfall

Retaining wall already provided with no weep holes
Increase in pore water pressure and shear stress of the material due to heavy rainfall, removal of lateral support

Retaining wall already provided but no weep holes provided.
Steep/ extensive cutting of the slope during road alignment, removal of toe support

Development of large no of fractures along the rock mass and buildup of pore pressure due to heavy rain fall.

Along the road from Kodaikanal to Vatlakundu
Steep/ extensive cutting of the slope for road construction, removal of lateral support

Along the road from Kodaikanal to Vatlakundu

Along the road from Kodaikanal to Vatlakundu, near Tom Tom Parai
Rock bolting, stabilization of the slope by removing hanging boulders
Development of 2 sets of joints, increase in the cleft water pressure between the weak planes due to heavy rainfall

Along the road from Kodaikanal to Vatlakundu, near Tom Tom Parai
Steep/ extensive cutting of slope during road construction , removal of lateral support

Along the road from Kodaikanal to Vatlakundu, near Tom Tom Parai
Construction of gabion wall, stabilization of the slope by removing hanging boulders
Development of large nos. of fractures and joint sets, increase in the cleft water pressure between the weak planes due to heavy rainfall

Along the road from Kodaikanal to Vatlakundu, via Tom Tom Parai
Steep/ extensive cutting of slope during road construction , removal of lateral support

Along the road from Perumal Malai to Adukkam near Adukkam village
Construction of retaining wall, lined toe drainage
Steep/extensive cutting of slope during road construction, removal of lateral support

Construction of retaining wall, lined toe drainage
Due to steep/extensive cutting of slope during road construction

Temporary stabilized
Along the road from Perumal Malai to Adukkam near Adukkam village
Stabilization of the slope by terracing, removal of suspended boulders
Increase in pore water pressure and shear stress of the material due to heavy rainfall

Along the road from Perumal Malai to Adukkam
Construction of retaining wall, lined toe drainage
Due to steep/extensive cutting of slope during road construction

Construction of retaining wall with weep holes
Steep/extensive cutting of slope along the road, removal of toe support

Due to creep all trees were aligned towards south east
Construction of retaining wall with weep holes
Steep/extensive cutting of slope along the road, removal of toe support

Temporary stabilized
Steep/ extensive cutting of the slope for road construction, removal of lateral support

Temporary blockage of the road during the slide
Steep/ extensive cutting of the slope for road construction, removal of lateral support

Temporarily stabilized, root wedging at left side may fall

Steep/extensive cutting of slope along the road, removal of toe support

Along the road from Kodaikanal to Palani
Step/ extensive cutting of slope during road alignment, removal of toe support

Along the road from Kodaikanal to Palani

Road from Kodaikanal to Melpallam, Palani road

Increase in pore water pressure and shear stress of the material due to heavy rainfall

Road from Kodaikanal to Palani ( South of Melpallam)

Rock bolting, construction of gabion wall
Presence of joint sets, increase in cleft water pressure between the joint sets

Stabilizing the slope and construction of retaining wall with weep holes.
Steep/extensive cutting of slope along the road, Removal of toe support

Road from Perumal Malai to Palani, near pettuparai road bifurcation
Stabilizing the slope and construction of retaining wall with weep holes.
Steep/extensive cutting of slope along the road, Removal of toe support

Along the road from Perumal Malai to Pettuparai

Root wedging
Removal of loose boulders and Construction of Retaining wall with weep holes
Removal of lateral support due to toe erosion, increase in pore water pressure due to heavy rainfall

Removal of loose boulders and Construction of Gabion wall with line toe drainage
Removal of lateral support due to toe erosion, increase in pore water pressure due to heavy rainfall

Removal of loose boulders and Construction of Retaining wall with weep holes.

Huge blocks are fallen.
Removal of loose boulders and Construction of Retaining wall with weep holes

Retaining wall has been broken and the wall of a house is been broken
Removal of loose boulders and Construction of Gabion wall with line toe drainage

Soil creep
Removal of loose boulders and Construction of Retaining wall with weep holes.
Due to ockhi cyclone heavy rainfall increase in pore water pressure and removal of lateral support due to toe erosion.

Root wedging

Construction of Gabion wall with line toe drainage

Retaining wall provided already

Old slide compact debris

construction of retaining wall with weep holes, lined Toe drainage
Steep/extensive cutting of slope along the road, Removal of lateral support

Increase in pore water pressure and shear stress of the material due to heavy rainfall, removal of toe support

Stabilization of the slope, construction of retaining wall with weep holes

Improper drainage system on up slope .
Construction of Breast wall with weep holes

Increase in pore water pressure and shear stress of the material due to heavy rainfall, removal of lateral support.

Road from Kodaikanal to Genguvarpatti near Perumalmalai
Stabilizing the slope and construction of retaining wall with weep holes.
Steep/extensive cutting of slope along the road, Removal of toe support

Road from Kodaikanal to Genguvarpatti near Perumalmalai
Stabilizing the slope and removal of loose rock fragments
Steep/extensive cutting of slope along the road, large no of fractures are developed triggering rock fall

Road from Kodaikanal to Genguvarpatti near Perumalmalai
Stabilizing the slop and construction of retaining wall is required

Old slide, temporarily stabilized

Along the road from Mannavanur to Poombarai
Due to steep/extensive cutting of slope during road construction

Along the road from Mannavanur to Poombarai
Construction of gabion wall, lined toe drainage

Soil creep
Removal of loose boulders and Construction of Retaining wall with weep holes. Soil creep
Removal of lateral support due to extensive road cut, removal of lateral support.

Pumbarai to Kukkal road 4 km east of Kukkal
Construction of Gabion wall with line toe drainage

Contact of Charnokite and Granitic gneiss

Lithomarge clay

Removal of loose boulders and Construction of Retaining wall with weep holes

Removal of loose boulders and Construction of Retaining wall with weep holes.
Removal of lateral support due to extensive road cut, removal of lateral support.

Removal of lateral support due to extensive road cut, removal of lateral support.

Removal of loose boulders and Construction of Retaining wall with weep holes. Soil creep

Removal of loose boulders ,Rock bolting, construction of gabion wall
Presence of joint sets, increase in cleft water pressure between the joint sets

Temporary blockage of road
Removal of lateral support due to road widening

Removal of lateral support due to road widening

Breast wall with weep holes already provided

Rajkumar A., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 58A/7, 11, 12, 15, Coimbatore and Nilgiri districts, Tamil Nadu. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2015-2016
Removal of lateral support along the railway trac

Rajkumar A., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 58A/7, 11, 12, 15, Coimbatore and Nilgiri districts, Tamil Nadu. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2015-2016
Extensive slope cutting for the construction of

Rajkumar A., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 58A/7, 11, 12, 15, Coimbatore and Nilgiri districts, Tamil Nadu. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2015-2016
Construction of retaining wall with weep holes; st
Extensive slope cutting for the construction of

Heavy rainfall, increase in pore water pressure &

Extensive slope cutting for the construction of

Construction of retaining wall of high height with

Saturation of interface between rock and soil due

The slide has initiated due to reduction of strength on supersaturation of debris material.

Siruvani estate(f-15)
Sachin R and Ashamol TL., 2017. Marcoscale Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets nos 58A/8, A/12, 58B/9 and B/13, Malapuram and Palakkad districts, Kerala. Unpub. GSI Report of FS 2016-17.

Siruvani estate(f-14)
Sachin R and Ashamol TL., 2017. Marcoscale Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets nos 58A/8, A/12, 58B/9 and B/13, Malapuram and Palakkad districts, Kerala. Unpub. GSI Report of FS 2016-17.
Toe erosion by stream, toe erosion by stream

Siruvani estate(f-6)
Sachin R and Ashamol TL., 2017. Marcoscale Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets nos 58A/8, A/12, 58B/9 and B/13, Malapuram and Palakkad districts, Kerala. Unpub. GSI Report of FS 2016-17.

MeleKoravambadi
Debris slide due to super saturation
reduction of strength on super saturation

MeleKoravambadi

MeleKoravambadi
Debris slide in 2009
reduction of strength on super saturation

Debris slide during heavy rainfall in1997-98
reduction of strength on super saturation

Koravambadi
Debris slide in1998-99

Debris slide in1997-98,reactivated in 2009

Thekke Puliyara

Koravambadi

Goolikadavu-Pettikallu sholayur road-1

Maranatti

Maranatti
New house constructed on slide material after construction of bench on slide slope
reduction of strength on super saturation, toe erosion by stream

Kozhikuddam

Kozhikuddam
reduction of strength on super saturation, toe erosion by stream

West of Sholayur

Chavadiyur

Kadambara
Toe erosion by stream during heavy rainfall

Palliyara
Talc tremolite actinolite schist, Moderately weathered

Mulakombu

retaining wall with weep holes, stabilization of t
Heavy rainfall, increase in pore water pressure &

Terracing of the slope, to increase stability

Mele Mulli

Kumar, A. and Rajkumar, M. 2017. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 58A/10, 14, 16, 58B/9 & 13 & E/2 & 3 in Nilgiri and Coimbatore districts Tamil Nadu. Unpubl. GSI report FS 2016-17
Slope cut for road construction, removal of lateral support

Kumar, A. and Rajkumar, M. 2017. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 58A/10, 14, 16, 58B/9 & 13 & E/2 & 3 in Nilgiri and Coimbatore districts Tamil Nadu. Unpubl. GSI report FS 2016-17
Construction of retaining wall with weep holes; Lined toe drainage
Slide along the joint plane led to root wedging

High discharge of water along the nala course due

Concrete lining along the convex portion of the na

Stabilization of the slope by terracing, concrete
Toe erosion, high discharge of water along the nal

Concrete lining along the convex portion of the na
High discharge of water along the nala course & he

Retaining wall with weep holes, stabilization of t

Concrete lining along the convex portion of the na
Toe erosion, high discharge of water along the nal

retaining wall with weep holes; stabilization of

Construction of high heighted retaining wall with

Stabilization of the slope by terracing, concrete
Toe erosion by nala, high discharge along the nala

Mile stone no. 4, Katteri to Karumapalam

Stabilization of the slope by terracing, retaining

Stabilization of the slope by terracing, Concrete

Concrete lining of the Nala bank, Stabilization of

Extensive cutting of slope along the road

retaining wall with weep holes; terracing of the s

Heavy rainfall, resulting in increase in pore wate

Culvert no. 13/2, Kanthala towards Kunda

Concrete lining of the nala, terracing of the slop

Stabilization of slope,Construction of retaining w
Due to development of high joint sets, extensive c

Stabilization of the slope by terracing, retaining
High discharge of water along the nala course due

retaining wall with weep holes & Stabilization of

Concrete lining of the Nala, terracing of the slop

Kundapalam to Bengal Mattam, HPB no. 4 25/4

Kundapalem to Bengal Mattam, HPB no. 6/9

step type retaining wall with weep holes

Development of high joint sets, extensive slope cu

Terracing of the slope, prohibiting the downpour o

Stabilization of the slope by terracing; plantatio

Gandhi Puthur to Kunda Kotagiri, PC.No: 22/4

Stabilization of the slope by terracing, concrete

retaining wall with weep holes; Stabilization of t

Stabilization of the slope by plantation of Dedoni

Gabion wall support along convex portion of the na

retaining wall with weep holes; Stabilization of s

retaining wall with weep holes; Lined Toe drainage

Provision of retaining wall; Stabilization of the

Proper drainage system, Concrete lining of drainag
Due to improper drainage system for the discharge

Near Tribal Museum, Kappatorai towards Palada

retaining wall with weep holes & stabilization of

retaining wall with weep holes & Stabilization of
Vertical cut slope (H - >10m) for the construction

Heavy rainfall,increase in pore water pressure, sh

Nundala Junction to Nundala Mattam, PC.No:8/5
Stabilization of the slope by plantation of Dedoni

Construction of retaining wall with wep holes

Retaining wall with weep holes; Lined toe drainage

Stabilization of the slope by planting Lemon grass

Construction of retaining wall with weep holes & S

Stabilization of the slope; construction of retain

Toe cutting, leading to subsidence, increase in p

retaining wall with weep holes; Lined toe drainage

retaining wall; provision of lined toe drainage

Anger Board Tea Estate towards Anikalmund

Retaining wall with weep holes in down slope

Balani Village - 2 Km from Tuneri road junction
Gabion wall support along convex portion of the na

Construction of retaining wall of higher size

Concrete lining in convex portion of the nala

Approx. 3 km South East of Tummanhatti village
Concrete lining in convex portion of the nala, ter

300 m from HPB no: 9, Nehruji Nagar towards Kendor

Lined toe drainage & avoid percolation of waste wa

Retaining wall with weep holes & Stabilization of

Retaining wall with weep holes; Step type of stabi

Easing of the slope; construction of retaining wal

Provision of retaining wall with weep holes; lined

NH 67, west of Yellanhalli road junction
Step like retaining wall with weep holes.

Stabilization of the slope; retaining wall with we

Step like retaining wall with weep holes; stabiliz

Stabilization of slope by terracing and planting l

retaining wall with weep holes; Stabilization by p

Stabilization of slope by planting lemon grass.

Stabilization of slope by terracing and plantation

Stabilization of slope by planting lemon grass

Concrete lining in convex portion of the nala, Sta

retaining wall with weep holes; Stabilization of

Concrete lining inconvex portion of the nala, Stab

Removal of lateral support due to rail road constr

Wedge failure
Wedge failure owing to the development of large nu

Stabilization of the slope by terracing, concretin

Chidi slide
On 15.08.2018, a Rock cum debris slide occurred Chidikuzhi, Kozhikode District. During heavy rainfall, due to increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material, the slope got failed which initiated the debris slide
Removal of unstable material from the source as well as flow path,. No plantation and slope modification should be made blocking the natural stream course.
During heavy rainfall, due to increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material, the slope got failed which initiated the debris slide along the seasonal stream down slope.

Terracing of the slope; concreting of the nala

Hair Pin Bend no. 3/10, Gudakkalhalla to Sholur M
retaining wall with weep holes; stabilization of t

KakkaKam to kakkayam Dam road slide_1
On 15th August 2018, a debris slide occurred on the road leads to Kakkayam Dam near Bapootikannau,Kozhikode District. During heavy rainfall, due to increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material, the slope got
Removal of unstable material from the source as well as flow path and road may be constructed by Rip rap road topping to infiltrate the stream water. Brest wall must be constructed in the valley side slope.
During heavy rainfall, due to increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material, the slope got failed which initiated the debris slide along the seasonal stream down slope.

Kumar, A. and Rajkumar, M. 2017. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 58A/10, 14, 16, 58B/9 & 13 & E/2 & 3 in Nilgiri and Coimbatore districts Tamil Nadu. Unpubl. GSI report FS 2016-17
Toe cutting removal of lateral support by nala.

Indra Nagar, Hunumapuram towards Indra Nagar.
Stabilization of slope by terracing; Gabion wall s

Retaining wall with Rock Bolting & Cable Anchoring

Construction of step type retaining wall

Heavy rainfall, increase in pore water pressure, i

A Cut slope of about 4m length and 8m width took place along the road heading from Gudalur to Theppakadu, Nilgiri district. The main causative factor for the slide is due to heavy rainfall, there was increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear
Ahmed A. and Achrya, S., 2020. Macroscale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 58G/4,7,8,9,10,13,14, 58H/1,5 & 58A/02, 06, 08 & 10 parts of Tirunelveli, Theni, Madurai , Virudunagar & Nilgiri Districts of Tamil Nadu
Removal of loose material and construction of retaining/ gabion wall with lined toe drainage
Due to heavy rainfall, there was increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material. Unplanned cutting and removal of toe support for construction of road lead to failure.

A cut slope failure of about 6m length and 10m width took place along the road heading from Pandanthorai to Mukkur, Nilgiri district. The main causative factor for the slide is due to heavy rainfall, there was increase in pore water pressure and decrease
Ahmed A. and Achrya, S., 2020. Macroscale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 58G/4,7,8,9,10,13,14, 58H/1,5 & 58A/02, 06, 08 & 10 parts of Tirunelveli, Theni, Madurai , Virudunagar & Nilgiri Districts of Tamil Nadu
Removal of loose material and construction of retaining/ gabion wall with lined toe drainage
Due to heavy rainfall, there was increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material. Unplanned cutting and removal of toe support for construction of road lead to failure.

A Cut slope of about 6m length and 18m width took place along the road heading from Gudalur to Devarshola, Nilgiri district. The main causative factor for the slide is due to heavy rainfall, there was increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear
Ahmed A. and Achrya, S., 2020. Macroscale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 58G/4,7,8,9,10,13,14, 58H/1,5 & 58A/02, 06, 08 & 10 parts of Tirunelveli, Theni, Madurai , Virudunagar & Nilgiri Districts of Tamil Nadu
Removal of loose material and construction of retaining/ gabion wall with lined toe drainage
Due to heavy rainfall, there was increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material. Unplanned cutting and removal of toe support for construction of road lead to failure.

A Cut slope of about 5m length and 30m width took place along the road heading from Gudalur to Devarshola, Nilgiri district. The main causative factor for the slide is due to heavy rainfall, there was increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear

A Cut slope of about 6m length and 25m width took place along the road near Mathukkuti tea estate, Nilgiri district. The main causative factor for the slide is due to heavy rainfall, there was increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strengt

A Cut slope of about 12m length and 40m width took place behind a house near Mathukkuti tea estate, Nilgiri district. The main causative factor for the slide is due to heavy rainfall, there was increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear streng

A Cut slope of about 10m length and 30m width took place on 9th August 2019, behind a house near Pandanthorai, Nilgiri district. The main causative factor for the slide is due to heavy rainfall, there was increase in pore water pressure and decrease in s

A Cut slope of about 7m length and 15m width took place along the road heading from Pandanthorai to Devarshola, Nilgiri district. The main causative factor for the slide is due to heavy rainfall, there was increase in pore water pressure and decrease in
Huge debris accumulated at the back side of Chandrashekhar Jogi’s house.

Devarsholai road debris slide1
A debris slide of about 10m length and 20m width took place along the road heading from Pandanthorai to Devarshola, Nilgiri district. The main causative factor for the slide is due to heavy rainfall, there was increase in pore water pressure and decrease

Sulthan Bathery road debris slide
A debris slide of about 14m length and 30m width took place, upslope of the road heading from Kariyashola to Sultan Bathery, Nilgiri district. The main causative factor for the slide is due to heavy rainfall, there was increase in pore water pressure and
Removal of loose material and construction of retaining wall/ gabion wall with lined toe drain
Due to heavy rainfall, there was increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material. Unplanned steep cutting of slope for construction of road lead to failure.

A Cut slope of about 6m length and 45m width took place along the Sulthan Bathery road, Nilgiri district. The main causative factor for the slide is due to heavy rainfall, there was increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the ov

Devarsholai road debris slide2
A debris slide of about 30m length and 35m width took place on 6th August 2019, bvelow the road heading from Nellakottai to Kariyashola, Nilgiri district. The main causative factor for the slide is due to heavy rainfall, there was increase in pore water
Removal of loose material and construction of breast wall/ gabion wall in the down slope of road

A Cut slope of about 4m length and 20m width took place along the road heading from Nellakottai to Kariyashola, Nilgiri district. The main causative factor for the slide is due to heavy rainfall, there was increase in pore water pressure and decrease in

A Cut slope of about 5m length and 40m width took place along the road heading from Nellakottai to Kariyashola, Nilgiri district. The main causative factor for the slide is due to heavy rainfall, there was increase in pore water pressure and decrease in

A Cut slope of about 5m length and 50m width took place along the road heading from Nellakottai to Kariyashola, Nilgiri district. The main causative factor for the slide is due to heavy rainfall, there was increase in pore water pressure and decrease in

Cut stone culvert no. 116/4, Devala to Pandalur

Pandalur road slide
A debris slide of about 10m length and 12m width took place along the road heading to Pandalur, Nilgiri district. The main causative factor for the slide is due to heavy rainfall, there was increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength o

Nadukanichuram
An overburden slide occurred at Nadukanichuram on TNo.58A/7 in Malappuram district, Kerala. The area experiences a rainfall of 85mm on the day of the incident. The slide got triggered due to heavy rainfall, spreading to a total length of 700m and an aver
Natural hill slope.
Reactivation of paleo slide due to rain water created pore water pressure

Nadugani Betta
On NH 212 from Vazhikadavu to Nadugani Betta road

on NH 212
On NH 212 from Vazhikadavu to Nadugani Betta road
Retaining wall along with proper drainage outlet

on NH 212
Forest area
On NH 212 from Vazhikadavu to Nadugani Betta road
Retaining wall along with proper drainage outlet

on NH 212

Near Muslim Juma

Kallala 102/800
Fol- N50°E-S50°W: 75°SE; 3 sets of joints
Investigation was carried out in order to identify the causative factors of the occurrence of the Kallala 102/800 slump, Vazhikkadavu village. The area had the experience of the history of landslides. The old slump/slide got triggered due to incessant ra
Report on the Kallal 102/800 slump/creep, Vazikkadavu, Malappuram district, Kerala, by C. Muraleedharan, Senior Geologists & Dr. Soney Kurien, Asstt. Geologist, Thiruvananthapuram. (LHIM_KER_2007_002)
Predated slide got reactivated
Construction of strong breast wall and retaining wall, relocation of culvert, afforestation

A Cut slope of about 12m length and 20m width took place along the road, near Cherangode, Nilgiri district. The main causative factor for the slide is due to heavy rainfall, there was increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the

A Cut slope of about 9m length and 7m width took place along the road towards Cherangode, Nilgiri district. The main causative factor for the slide is due to heavy rainfall, there was increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the
Debris accumulated at the back side of the house.

A Cut slope of about 8m length and 7m width took place along the road heading to Cherambadi, Nilgiri district. The main causative factor for the slide is due to heavy rainfall, there was increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of t

Cherambadi road debris flow
A debris flow occurred along the seasonal 1st order streamlet which took place along the road heading towards Cherambadi, Nilgiri district. The main causative factor for the slide is due to heavy rainfall, there was increase in pore water pressure and de
Removal of loose material, lining of the stream course and construction of culvert with suitable dimension at road level.
Due to heavy rainfall, there was increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material on the slope. Due to heavy rainfall a paleo first order stream widened and brought down the debris. First order stream drains seaso

Cherangode tea Cut slope
A debris slide of about 8m length and 7m width took place along the road towards Cherangode, Nilgiri district. The main causative factor for the slide is due to heavy rainfall, there was increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of t
Due to heavy rainfall, there was increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material. Unplanned cutting and removal of toe support for constrution of road lead to failure.

Cherangode tea estate slide
A debris slide of about 15m length and 12m width took place along the road towards Cherangode, Nilgiri district. The main causative factor for the slide is due to heavy rainfall, there was increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of

Cherangode tea Cut slope
A debris slide of about 8m length and 7m width took place along the road towards Cherangode tea estate, Nilgiri district. The main causative factor for the slide is due to heavy rainfall, there was increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear st
Due to heavy rainfall, there was increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material. Unplanned cutting and removal of toe support for constrution of road lead to failure.

Cherambadi debris slide
A debris slide of about 12m length and 40m width took place along the road, near Cherambadi, Nilgiri district. The main causative factor for the slide is due to heavy rainfall, there was increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of t

A Cut slope of about 8m length and 25m width took place along the road, near Cherambadi, Nilgiri district. The main causative factor for the slide is due to heavy rainfall, there was increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the o

Vythiri 2
Toe has to be protected with random rubble wall /gabion wall with easing of slope. Trees inside slide has to be removed.

Nellakottai Cut slope
A Cut slope of about 12m length and 10m width took place along the road heading from Pandanthorai to Devarshola, near Nellakottai village, Nilgiri district. The main causative factor for the slide is due to heavy rainfall, there was increase in pore wate
Road from Pandanthorai to Devarshola, near Nellakottai
Removal of loose material and construction of retaining/ gabion wall with lined toe drainage. A settlement is situated above the crown portion of the slide, the house members has to be precautioned about the slide.

Nellakottai stream bank failure
A stream bank failure took place below the road heading from Pandanthorai to Devarshola, near Nellakottai village, Nilgiri district. The main causative factor for the slide is due to heavy rainfall, there was increase in pore water pressure and decrease
Removal of loose material and construction of gabion walls along the nala course were ever required.
Due to heavy rainfall, there was increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material which resulted in triggering landslide.

Pallivayal
Retaining wall / masonry wall with weep/drain holes has to be provided with easing of slope by forming benches. Drainage to be channelized.

Mupainad

Padivayal
Road blocked & removed by local authority
Toe has to be protected with random rubble wall /gabion wall. Cut slope may be modified with easing of slope. Trees has to be uprooted from the slide area.
pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super-saturation

Narikundu 1
Toe has to be protected with random rubble wall /gabion wall. Cut slope may be modified with easing of slope. Trees has to be uprooted from the slide area.

Narikundu 2
Retaining wall / masonry wall with weep/drain holes has to be provided with 3m height for full stretch with back filling to avoid further damage at back side of the house(cut face).
house wall damaged/coffee + material come inside home
pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super-saturation, unplanned cutting of slope, unplanned construction

Narikundu 3
Retaining wall / masonry wall with weep/drain holes has to be provided with 3m height for full stretch with back filling to avoid further damage at back side of the house(cut face). Drainage to be channelized.
home 2 rooms wall collapsed + material + water br
pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super-saturation, unplanned cutting of slope, unplanned construction

Kadamad

Kallaramkula
Unscientific slope cut without toe support for house construction. Retaining wall / masonry wall with weep/drain holes has to be provided with 3m height for full stretch with back filling to avoid further damage at back side of the house(cut face) and do
house damaged + washroom completely washed/collapsed
pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super-saturation,anthropogenic activities, unplanned cutting of slope, unplanned construction

Kumbleri-Ambalavayal

Arepetta Tea Estate

Chembothara
Cut slope has to be protected with random rubble wall /gabion wall along the road stretch. Drainage line to be channelized.

Kunnumangalam kunnu
Unscientific slope cut made for house construction. The overburden thickness is >5m and noted with seepage in this location.
Behind the house slope should be modified and retaining wall with weep holes should be provided. Drainage should be channelized. Below the house entire stretch has to be protected with /masonry wall with weep holes.
1 house wall damaged/collapsed and 2 hats washed out
pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super-saturation

Poothakolly

Mappilathottam

Kunnamangalam vayal

Meppadi-Near Market

Meppadi PHC
1 house (Owner-Chekku, Kunnathu house,Kottapadi PHC) washed off completely at the crown area. 2 houses at the left flank has been damaged by ground cracks (Owners: Vilasini, Kunnumel house, Kottapadi PHC & Abdu Rahman, Parakkal house, Kottapadi PHC.)
Construction of retaining wall /masonry wall to cover the main scarp area to avoid retrogression and to safeguard the existing foot path. Nala has to be channelised. Not recommended for any construction activities near the slide.
pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super-saturation, gully erosion, unplanned construction

Retaining wall / masonry wall with weep/drain holes has to be provided with back filling to avoid further damage of road at back side of the house. Drainage to be channelized.
pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super-saturation

Kappamkolli
At toe portion, existing masonry/RR wall height must be increased 2-3m for full stretch of slide area along the road. Further cutting is not allowed in toe portion. Drainage to be channelized properly and cut faces to be modified with easing of slopes.

Mangavayal 2
1 house (Owner- V.K. Radha, Sivagiri Estate, Mangavayal, Home located at portion
Palaeoslide presently dormant. Suitable toe support structures viz. RC wall / masonry wall with proper drainage outlet has to be provided at the toe portion. Drainage has to be channelised.

Mangavayal
Detailed study needed
Detailed study is recommended for suggesting appropriate permanent remedial measure. For temporary measures, Further construction inside the active slide area is not advisable. Toe of the slide has to be protected with proper suitable retaining structu
Palaeoslide: The landslide occurred due to increase in pore water pressure and reduction of strength on super saturation due to heavy rain. The submerged well placed in the contact of quartz vein and PGC as per the geological map.

Kottavayal
Toe has to be protected with random rubble wall /gabion wall proper drainage outlet.

Near road Jn towards Erumakolli School

Erumakolli 1
Rainfall in mm, anthropogenic factors likeRoad cutting
Retaining wall / concrete masonry wall with weep holes should be provided with backfilling for full stretch 23m length of the slide at road bench level. Drainage has to be channelised. Box culvert with suitable dimension at toe portion may be provided.
pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super-saturation, gully erosion

Chembera 22
Upslope treatment with proper drainage outlet

Erumakolli 2
Precarious boulders and the debris materials in the slide zone should be removed.Road cut has to be protected with RC wall/masonry wall with weep holes. Easing of slope with benches
planar failure, pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super-saturation, unplanned cutting of slope

Odathodu temple
Precarious boulders and debris materials has to be removed from the slide area and the drainage has to be channelised. Box culvert has to be provided at the road bench level.
pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super-saturation, toe erosion by stream

Chembra peak 1
Drainage has to be channelised, Box culvert of suitable dimensions should be provided.

Chembera

Near Chembera parking area

Chemra peak 2
Palaeoslide presently dormant. Suitable toe support structures needed to avoid toe erosion by Nala which may reactivate the slide in future.
pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super-saturation, toe erosion by stream, anthropogenic activities

Erumakolli 3
Drainage has to be channelised, Box culvert with suitable dimensions should be provided at road bench level.
planar failure, reduction of strength on super-saturation, toe erosion by stream

Near Chembera Watch tower

Odathode
RR stone wall/gabion wall for protection of toe. Further toe cutting is not recommended.

Manjalamkolli
Rainfall in mm, anthropogenic factors likeRoad cutting
3 houses affected by ground subsidence and cracks in house. (Owners: Chellan Saratha- Kalapura house, Pomman Mari & Ibrahim, Manjalamkolli)
The entire subsided stretch of road has to be provided with retaining wall/masonry wall with weep holes. Toe portion has to be provided with suitable support structures. Drainage has to be channelize.
pore water pressure, unplanned cutting of slope

Chuzhali

Vellaramkunnu 3
Retaining wall / masonry wall with weep/drain holes has to be provided with back filling along road stretch of NH-212 to avoid further blockage/damage of road by reactivation of slide.

Chenamala 1

Chenamala 2
Detail study needed for appropriate remedial measures.
pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super-saturation, unplanned cutting of slope, unplanned construction

Kalpetta ESI
Toe has to be protected with random rubble wall proper drainage outlet.
pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super-saturation, toe erosion by stream

Kolpara
Subsidence creep movement towards slope direction has to be provided with toe support. Drainage shuld be channelised, Box culvert with suitable dimensions should be provided.

Edapetti
Drainage should be channelised, Box culvert with suitable dimensions should be provided at road bench level.

Drainage/nala has to be channelised, debris material has to be removed from the flow path. Box culvert of suitable dimension may be provided at the road bench level.

Pullinjal

Perigula

Veetikunnu Landslide
A rock cum debris slide was occurred on 14th June 2018 at Veetikunnu which resulted in the damage to one house. Incessant rainfall is the triggering factor which resulted in the reduction of strength on saturation and increase in pore water pressure. Re
A number of rock boulders fallen along with this slide destroyed the house at the downslope side. Three precarious boulders are present in the crown area and three huge boulders already detached from the crown are also lying along the flow path. This loc
Precarious boulders along the slide path have to be removed. Ensure free flow of water along the hill slopes. Avoid construction of dwelling units in the vicinity of the flow path.
Incessant rainfall is the triggering factor which resulted in the reduction of strength on saturation and increase in pore water pressure.

Pulipparakunnu Landslide
A successive landslide occurred on 14th June 2018 at Pulipparakunnu. The landslide initiated at the contact between rock and overburden in the form of debris slide and then transformed in to debris flow. Excessive rainfall is the triggering fac
Adjacent to this landslide another landslide with similar properties was observed.
Precarious boulders along the debris flow path have to be removed. The natural flow of water should not be blocked along the nala.
Landslide initiated at the contact between rock and overburden in the form of debris slide and then transformed in to debris flow. Excessive rainfall is the triggering factor which resulted in the reduction of strength on saturation and increase in pore

Purrimudi

Priyadarshini

Kammukutty coffee plantation

Kapikalam
Drainage should to be channelised, Box culvert with suitable dimension should be provided at road bench level
pore water pressure,reduction of strength on super-saturation, gully erosion

Banasuramala

Padinjarethara forest

Valaramkunnu Landslide
A debris slide was occurred on 14th June 2018 at Valaramkunnu. Radial cracks developed on the upslope area. Debris material has reached up to nursery school downslope The main causes include (a) Unscientific slope modification and unp
Radial cracks developed on the upslope area. Debris material has reached up to nursery school downslope
Toe support with proper drainage conduits may be provided. Radial cracks are to be treated in order to avoid percolation of water.
Unscientific slope modification and unprotected cut slope made for road construction. Incessant rainfall is the triggering factor which resulted in the reduction of strength on saturation and increase in pore water pressure.

Varampatta

Chiriyanaripara
Drainage has to be channelised. Box culvert with suitable dimension should be provided at road bench level

Himagiri estate

Narrikal

Putiyanirathu

Naimoola
Entire slide stretch has to be protected with RC wall /masonry wall with weep holes. Cut slope may be modified with easing of slope.

Kottalakunnu

Ladysmith reserved forest

Kakkayam hairpin

Kuttali

Kakkayam

KakkaKam to kkayam Dam road slide_5
On 15th August 2018, a Rock cum debris slide occurred during heavy rainfall, due to increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the thick overburden material, the slope got failed. As remedial measures, it is suggested for the remo
Removal of unstable material from the source as well as flow path. Construction of concrete retaining wall with adequate weep holes is recommended.
Metal road leads to Kakkayam Dam got damaged and blocked during the event
During heavy rainfall, due to increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material and rocky strata, the slope got failed mainly along stream path

KakkaKam to kkayam Dam road slide_4
On 15th August 2018, a debris slide occurred along the road side slope due to slope cutting for road construction. During heavy rainfall, due to increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material, the slope got fail
Road got damaged and blocked during the slide
Removal of unstable material from the source as well as flow path,. No construction should be made blocking the natural stream course.
During heavy rainfall, due to increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material, the slope got failed which initiated the debris slide along the seasonal stream down slope.

KakkaKam to kakkayam Dam road slide_2
On 15th August 2018, a debris slide occurred on the road leads to Kakkayam Dam Kozhikode District. During heavy rainfall, due to increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material, the slope got failed which initiat
Road leads to Kakkayam Dam was blocked during the landslide event.
Removal of unstable material from the source as well as flow path and road may be constructed by Rip rap road topping to infiltrate the stream water. Brest wall must be constructed in the valley side slope.

KakkaKam to kkayam Dam road slide_3
On 15th August 2018, a debris slide occurred. Unscientific slope modification and unprotected cut slope made for road construction.Heavy rainfall is the triggering factor which resulted in the reduction of strength on supersaturation and increase in por
PWD constructed road leads to Kakkayam Dam got blocked during the lanslide
The main remedial measures include provision of retaining wall with proper drainage outlet
Unscientific slope modification and unprotected cut slope made for road construction. Incessant rainfall is the triggering factor which resulted in the reduction of strength on supersaturation and increase in pore water pressure.

Attikod estate

Chennayakavala 1
Retaining wall/masonry wall with weep holes to cover main scarp their by protect the house. Easing the upslope area with benches. Trees present close proxity to the crown area has to be uprooted.
unplanned cutting of slope, unplanned construction

Sugandhagiri 4th unit 2
Forest area. Toe protection may be provided as per the site condition.

Sugandhagiri 3rd unit
Stream/drainage has to be channelised and precarious boulders and fallen trees along the flow path has to be removed. Box culvert of suitable dimension has to be provided at road bench level

Sugandhagiri 4th unit 1
Existing house has to be evacuated. In the upstream side, retaining wall with weep holes may be provided to control the erosion. The trees along the nala course should be removed/uprooted and the drainage has to be channelized.
The debris flow occurred due to heavy rainfall lead to gully erosion along the both side of the nala and trees fallen in nala course leads to blockage of nala course near check dam. At main scarp weathered rock exposure is visible and natural slope distu

Chennayakavala 3
One stream has been blocked. Loose debris cover is having >4m thickness. A crack has developed in front of the house placed above the crown.
Retaining wall with weep holes to be provided at main scarp area upto the ground level to avoid further reactivation of the slide. Nala has to be channelized. gabion wall should be provided along the runoff to control the erosion of slope. Down slope fro
The debris slide occurred due to heavy rainfall led to increase of pore water pressure and reduction of slope stability which resulted in slope failure in the coffee plantation. Above main scarp 12 m length crown crack observed and natural slope disturbe

Chennayakavala 4
Retaining wall /masonry wall with weep holes has to be provided to cover main scarp to avoid retrogression, which will affect the existing road at the crown level. Drainage has to be channelised and boulders along the nala has to be removed to avoid clog
The debris slide occurred due to unscientific slope cut without toe support for construction and heavy rainfall lead to increase of pore water pressure and reduction of slope stability which resulted in slope failure. At main scarp no rock exposure is vi

Sugandhagiri 2nd unit 5
RR wall/gabion wall of suitable dimention with proper drainage arrangements should be provided at road bench level

Sugandhagiri 2nd unit 3
gabion wall of suitable dimention with proper drainage channelization/arrangements should be provided.

Sugandhagiri 2nd unit 4
Construction is not advisable at close proximity to the slide. The house has to be relocated to safer zone. It is suggested to channelize the existing nala and provide proper retaining wall with weep holes in flank of the slide, where settlement located
cracks developed in the house, left side wall
The slide triggered due to heavy rainfall and gully erosion along the nala carried huge rock boulders, overburden material along the nala course and damaged the road at toe portion.. Due to steep slope slide was very rapidly moved.

Pozhuthana 3
Retaining wall / masonry wall with weep/drain holes has to be provided for vulnerable stretch as settlement is located just above the crown.Slope may be modified with easing of slope with forming benches.

Pozhuthana 2
Toe has to be protected with random rubble wall /gabion wall with easing of slope.

kalloor
The stream has to be channelized. Gabion/ RC wall should be provided for toe support. Precarious boulders has to be removed and the slope should be modified..
one house washed out . One auto and bike damaged
Unplanned slope cut and heavy rainfall triggered the slide. Due to heavy downpour the pore water pressure increased and blocked nala got activated.

Drainage to be channelised.Box culvert with suitable dimension should be provided at road bench level
The debris slide occurred due to heavy rainfall led to increase of pore water pressure and reduction of slope stability which resulted in slope failure in the coffee plantation. Above main scarp 12 m length crown crack observed and natural slope disturbe

Pozhuthana 1
Slide stretch of road has to be provided with Retaining wall/masonry wall with weep holes. Slope easing/modification is needed with forming benches.

Idiyamvayal
Drainage has to be channelised. Box culvert with suitable dimensions should be provided at road bench level

Ettamvayal 2
Entire slide stretch has to be protected with RC wall /masonry wall with weep holes. Cut slope may be modified with easing of slope. Trees has to be uprooted from the slide area. Drainage line must be channelized.

Ettamvayal 1
At toe portion existing RR wall height must be increased 2-3m for full stretch of slide area along the road. Drainage to be channelized properly

Achoor (6th mile) Landslide
An earth slide was occurred on 14th June 2018 at Achoor, Vythiri resulted in the death of one person and damage to house. The important causes include (a) Unscientific slope modification and unprotected vertical cut slope made for house construction and
The houses at this location are built with vertical cut without any retaining wall. Weathered rock patch is also observed along the slide zone
Easing of slope with benches. The vertical cut may be protected with proper retaining wall with weep holes.
One house fully and one house partially damaged
Unscientific slope modification and unprotected vertical cut slope made for house construction. Incessant rainfall is the triggering factor which resulted in the reduction of strength on saturation and increase in pore water pressure.

Achoor
Toe has to be provided with Retaining wall / masonry wall with weep/drain holes with back filling. Forming of benches for slope.Drainage line must be channelized.

Chenamala 3
Lateritic soil cover
It is suggested to provide RR wall/gabion at toe with weep holes for entire vulnerable stretch to avoid retrogression of the slide. Slope has to be modified to form benches. Sewage/drainage water at road side/toe portion has to be channelized.

Thekumthara
Toe has to be protected with random rubble wall /gabion wall with easing of slope is recommended. Trees inside the slide has to be uprooted.

Korattapadi
Detail study needed.
Road susidence/creeping at 1m depth half road subsided
Temporary measures may be provided immediately eg. road subsidence stretch has to be provided with retaining structure with weep holes at below road level. Toe portion has to be provided with suitable support structures. Drainage has to be channelized. D
pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super-saturation, unplanned construction

Edaguni
Toe portion has to be provided with retaining wall / masonry wall with weep/drain holes has to be provided for vulnerable stretch as settlement completely damaged located just above the crown .Slope may be modified by forming benches.
one house damaged. Cracks developed in 3-4 house
pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super-saturation, unplanned construction

Vellaram kunnu 2
Rainfall in mm, anthropogenic factors likeRoad cutting
Drainage should to be channelised, Box culvert with suitable dimension should be provided at road bench level

Vellaramkunnu 4
Retaining wall / masonry wall with weep/drain holes has to be provided.

Vellaram kunnu 1
Rainfall in mm , Anthropogenic factors likeRoad cutting
Retaining wall /masonry wall should be provided to cover main scarp and side flanks to control the reactivation. Entire stretch has to be protected with retaining wall with weep holes with back filling and easing the slope with benches. Toe support shoul
The slide happened due to unscientific cutting of slope and rainfall. Due to heavy downpour the pore pressure increased.

Vellaramkunnu 5
BelowRoad bench level coffee plantation, aboveRoad level Coffee plantation.
Retaining wall / masonry wall with weep/drain holes has to be provided at the cut face down slope, as the crown affected the road bench level. Down slope may be modified with easing of slope with forming benches.

Retaining wall / masonry wall with weep/drain holes has to be provided at the cut face down slope as the crown affected the road bench level. Down slope may be modified with easing of slope with forming benches. Drainage to be channelized properly.
pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super-saturation, gully erosion

Sreepuram ST colony 3
Toe has to be protected with random rubble wall /gabion wall/ masonry wall with proper drainage outlet. Downslope may be loaded with earth materials.

Sreepuram ST colony 2
Main scarp has to be protected with random rubble wall / stone wall. Downslope may loaded with earth material to stabilise the slope. On the right flank existing nala has to be channelised.
pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super-saturation, gully erosion

Sreepuram ST colony 1
Unscientific slope cut without toe support for construction. RC wall / masonry wall with weep holes has to be provided at the cut face with back filling and easing of slope.

Chundel estate 4
On 9th August 2018 debris slide occurred at Chundale estate area. The slide occurred due to porewater pressure and reduction of strength of soil on super saturation caused by heavy downpour. It is suggested to provide RR wall/gabion/breast wall as per th
Settlement located at left flank to be provided with gabion wall.

Chundel estate 2
On 9th August 2018 debris slide occurred at Chundale estate area. The slide occurred due to pore water pressure and reduction of strength of soil on super saturation caused by heavy downpour. It is suggested to provide RR wall/gabion/breast wall. As per
Reinforced retaining wall with proper drainage outlet should be provided.

Chundel estate 3
To be provided with RR wall/gabion/breast wall with proper drainage outlet.

Ammara anganvadi
Overburden thickness is >5 above the slip face.
Drainage has to be channelized. Slope should be modified with berm or benches. Retaining wall with weep holes should be provided above the free face. Precarious boulders should be removed from the slope and the trees should be uprooted inside the slided
Gully erosion along the nala and increase in pore water pressure reactivated palaeoslide due to heavy rainfall.

Anoth 1
Toe has to be protected with random rubble wall /gabion wall and drainage to be channelized properly, Trees inside the slide to be uprooted.
pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super-saturation, gully erosion, unplanned cutting of slope

Anoth 2
Toe has to be provided with Retaining wall / masonry wall with weep/drain holes with back filling. Forming of benches for slope.

Chelode 4
Retaining wall / masonry wall with weep/drain holes has to be provided at the cut face along NH-212 with back filling and easing of slope.

Chelode 3
RR stone wall/gabion wall for protection of toe.Easing of slope.

Chelode 2
Road blocked and removed by local authority
Toe has to be protected with random rubble wall /gabion wall/ masonry wall with proper drainage outlet. Precarious boulders to be removed from the slide material and easing of slope.
pore water pressure, toe erosion by stream, gully erosion

Toe has to be protected with random rubble wall /gabion wall/ masonry wall. Precarious boulders to be removed from the slide material and easing of slope.

Vythiri 1
Slide stretch of road has to be provided with Retaining wall/masonry wall with weep holes. Slope easing/modification is needed with forming benches.

Vythiri Pozhuthana Rd
Slide toe must be provided with Retaining wall/masonry wall with weep holes. Slope easing/modification is needed with forming benches.

12th bridge

Vythiri 3
Existing stone wall damaged by slide.Slide stretch of road has to be provided with retaining wall/masonry wall with weep holes. Slope easing/modification may needed.

Pookod-Pozhuthana Rd

Vythiri busstand
House of Rukhia, Paloor house, Vaithiri has to be re located. One house, Bus stand building, Hayathul Islam Madrassa (Rukhia, Khadimul islam Sangam-Reg no 45/83, Hayathul Islam Madrassa )
Road culvert along the stream path is clogged allowing restricted flow of water.
1.The vertical cut has to be protected by retaining wall with weep holes. At right flank, already provided retaining wall has to be extended up to 10m.
2.At left and right flanks of the slide has to be protected with retaining wall as the crack observed
2 floor building collapsed, a car and van damaged.
Pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super-saturation. Unscientific slope cut without proper toe support.

Ayisha plantation1
Damaged stone wall should be replaced with suitable retaining structure like masonry wall/ retaining wall with weep holes. Drainage has to be channelised and provide benches in slope with back filling. Precariously perched huge rock boulder has to be rem
pore water pressure, unplanned cutting of slope

Thalimala Ayisha1
RR wall/stone wall with proper drainage outlet should be provided at road cut.

Thalimala ayisha 3
Unscientific slope cut without toe support.
RR wall/stone wall with proper draiange outlet should be provided at road cut.
pore water pressure, unplanned cutting of slope

Chelode estate
Precarious boulders and debris materials has to be removed from the slide area and the drainage has to be channelised.

Niket
From crown to toe, slope has to be eased by providing berms of suitable width at regular intervals. Gabion/RR wall/stone wall shall be provided.The road which connect with the resort have to be provided with RC wall with weep holes at road bench level a
reduction of strength on super-saturation, unplanned cutting of slope

Thalimala Ayisha 2
RR wall/stone wall of suitable dimension with proper drainage outlet to be provided at road cut.

Thalimala charity bridge
settlement + opposite back tea plantation
Construction of retaining wall for the entire vulnerable stretch with weep holes. Backfilling at the site has to be done for a height of about 4m. Easing the upslope area with benches. Seewage water from the houses has to be channelised away from the vul
Due to heavy rain the pore water pressure increased and the strength of the soil reduced. Along with this toe erosion by stream also caused the landslide.

Road damaged by transverse cracks and blocked at toe
Retaining wall/masonry wall with weep holes/gabion wall to cover main scarp above and below road level to protect the houses from retrogression of the slide.
pore water pressure , anthropogenic activities

Retaining wall /masonry wall with proper drainage arrangements has to be provided. Easing the slope with benching. Ensure the smooth discharge of the drainage.

Pookode lake 1
Toe has to be protected with random rubble wall /gabion wall with easing of slope. Trees inside slide has to be removed.

Pookode lake 3
Toe has to be protected with random rubble wall /gabion wall with easing of slope. Further cutting of slope is ot recommended.

Pookode lake 2
Toe has to be protected with random rubble wall /gabion wall with easing of slope.

Veterinary College Landslide
A debris slide was occurred on 14thJune 2018 at the Veterinary College, Vythiri. The main cause is the unscientific slope modification for building construction. Remedial measures include easing of slope, provision of proper retaining structures
Ground cracks were developed at the hostel location
Easing of slope. Proper retaining structures with weep holes may be provided at the cut surfaces. Ground cracks are to be treated in order to avoid percolation of water.
Unscientific slope modification and unprotected cut slope made for building construction. Incessant rainfall is the triggering factor which resulted in the reduction of strength on saturation and increase in pore water pressure.

Toe has to be protected with random rubble wall /gabion wall/ masonry wall with proper drainage outlet. Trees have to be uprooted inside the slide area.
reduction of strength on super-saturation, anthropogenic activities, unplanned cutting of slope

Aramalakunnu Landslide
An earth side occurred on 14th June 2018 at Aramalakunnu which affected the people and damage to the houses. Rock boulders are observed to be embedded in the soil column. Another adjacent house also got damaged with small stripping failures. Crown crac
Rock boulders are seen embedded in the soil column. Another adjacent house also got damaged with small stripping failures. Panchayat foot track passes above the crown area of this slide. Crown cracks are developed. Two houses located above this landslide
The vertical cut may be protected with proper retaining wall with weep holes. Crown cracks are to be treated in order to avoid percolation of water.
Unscientific slope modification and unprotected cut slope made for house construction. Incessant rainfall is the triggering factor which resulted in the reduction of strength on saturation and increase in pore water pressure.

Lakkidi
The entire stretch of road subsidence has to be provided with retaining wall/masonry wall with weep holes. Slope easing/modification has to be done by forming benches with suitable support structures. Drainage has to be channelized.
reduction of strength on super-saturation, anthropogenic activities, unplanned cutting of slope

Ayisha plantation pond
RR wall/gabion wall should be given in the left flank of the slide for providing toe support and there by avoid nala erosion.Slope has to be eased with suitable benches.

Near Lakkidi-Near Hairpin No.9

Churam Road
Forest area

Thusharagiri

Puliyilakkattupadi

Vallolikkal slide
On 15th of August 2018, a Rock-cum debris flow took place at Koorotipara village.Unscientific hill slope modification and plantation resulted in the removal of toe support. Heavy rainfall within a short span of time is the triggering factor which result
Moderate Vegetation (Banana, coco and Mango)
Debris in the stream path to be cleared and nala should be lined to ensure the free flow of water. Further slope modification and plantation on the stream bank should not be permitted.
1 house got partially damaged and remaining portion of the home has crack marks on the wall. House owner Name: Joseph V.T.
Unscientific hill slope modification and plantation resulted in the removal of toe support. Excessive rainfall is the triggering factor which resulted in the reduction of strength on supersaturation and increase in pore water pressure.

On 15th of August 2018, debris slide occurred near Kadapanchal, Nellipoyal village. During heavy rainfall, due to increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material; the slope material at source region of the slide
Debris in the slide area should be cleared. Avoid slope modification and plantation near the stream bank. Construction of Gabion wall.
Removal of lateral support due to toe erosion by stream ,increase in pore water pressure due to heavy rainfall

On 15th of August 2018, Debris cum soil flow had occurred at Kadapanchal village.During heavy rainfall, due to increase in pore water pressure,super saturation and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material, the slope material of the slide got
Slided soil and debris are to be removed and retaining wall with weep holes should be constructed to avert the further slope failure and damage to house.
1 small house got partially damaged. Owner name: Gopinathan. S/O Sankaran Pillai
Removal of toe support due to slope cut for constructing home, increase in pore water pressure and super saturation due to heavy rainfall

Mundur slide
On 15th of August 2018, a Soil-cum debris slide has taken place at Mundur, Kozhikode district.During heavy rainfall, due to increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material, the slope got failed which initiated th
Moderate Vegetation (Coconut and coco plants)
Removal of the debris and soil materials from the slide area Construction of retaining wall with proper drainage outlet/weep holes.
1 house got partially damaged and remaining portion of the home has severe cracks marks on the walls. House ownwer Name: Samuel Johnson,House Name:Pookkottil
Unscientific hill slope modification resulted in the removal of toe support for constructing house. Excessive rainfall is the triggering factor which resulted in the reduction of strength on supersaturation and increase in pore water pressure.

Kooruttupara

Vendekkumpoyil2 Landslide
Another debris flow occurred on 13th June 2018 at Vendekumpoyil which resulted in the destruction of one house and blockage to ChempukadavuVendekumpoyil road. Crown cracks are present which increases the threat at this location. The lan
Crown cracks are present which increases the threat at this location.
Precarious boulders along the debris flow path have to be removed. The natural flow of water may not be blocked along the hill slopes. Retaining structure with proper drain holes has to be provided.
Landslide initiated as debris slide and then transformed in to debris flow. Excessive rainfall is the triggering factor which resulted in the reduction of strength on saturation and increase in pore water pressure.

Vendekkumpoyil1 Landslide
The debris material flows through the already existing nala path.
The natural flow may not be blocked along the nala.
Excessive rainfall is the triggering factor which resulted in the reduction of strength on saturation and increase in pore water pressure.

Vattachuvadu Landslide
At Vattachuvadu, one debris flow was occurred on 12th June 2018. Landslide initiated as debris slide at the contact between rock and overburden and then transformed in to debris flow. Excessive rainfall is the triggering factor which resulted in the red
At the crown area the debris slide fall upto about 50 to 60 m towards N 275┬║ and then converted to debris flow downstream towards N 285┬║ upto the tributary below.
About 1.5 acre Agricultural land damaged
Precarious boulders along the slide flow path have to be removed/treated. Avoid blockage of drainage system along the hill slope.
Three houses got damaged, two wells got buried
Landslide initiated as debris slide at the contact between rock and overburden and then transformed in to debris flow. Excessive rainfall is the triggering factor which resulted in the reduction of strength on saturation and increase in pore water pressu

Chempukadavu

Ambedkar Colony 1 Landslide
Foliation dipping 85 degree towards N 100 degree. Pegmatite veins of ~50cm are found parallel to foliation plane. Joint dipping 82 degree towards N 200 degree.
On 12th June 2018, a debris flow occurred at Ambedkar Colony. Excessive rainfall is the triggering factor which resulted in the reduction of strength on saturation and increase in pore water pressure. Immediate remedial measures include removal of precar
Chempukadavu ΓÇô Palakunnu ΓÇô Ambedkar Colony
Precarious boulders along the debris flow path have to be removed. The natural flow may not be blocked along the nala.
Excessive rainfall is the triggering factor which resulted in the reduction of strength on saturation and increase in pore water pressure.

Kozhikodanchal Landslide
On 12th June 2018, a debris flow was occurred at Kozhikodanchal near Ambedkar Colony. The landslide initiated as debris slide and then transformed in to debris flow. Excessive rainfall is the triggering factor which resulted in the red
Precarious boulders along the debris flow path have to be removed/treated. The natural flow should not be blocked along the hill slope.
Landslide initiated as debris slide and then transformed in to debris flow. Excessive rainfall is the triggering factor which resulted in the reduction of strength on saturation and increase in pore water pressure.

Nooranthodu LP School Landslide
A multiple type debris flow occurred on 12th June 2018 at 18:00 hrs and 19:00 hrs near Nooranthodu LP school. Panchayath road and the side wall of the nala got damaged. One house and one temple got damaged. The temple in the downslope area flooded with
The temple in the downslope area flooded with debris material. Initially the material flows from eastern side and then diverted to a northward slope. Material flows at two times 18:00 hrs and 19:00 hrs on 12th June 2018.
Mixed cultivation (Rubber, coconut, arecanut, coco, etc.)
Panchayath road and the side wall of the nala got damaged.
Precarious boulders along the debris flow path have to be removed. The natural flow may not be blocked along the nala.
Landslide initiated as debris slide and then transformed in to debris flow along the preexisting nala path. Excessive rainfall is the triggering factor which resulted in the reduction of strength on saturation and increase in pore water pressure.

Ambedkar colony2 Landslide
On 14thJune 2018, another debris flow occurred at Ambedkar Colony resulted in the damage to cut road. Transverse cracks were developed and retaining wall also damaged. The landslide initiated as debris slide and then transformed in to debris flow. Excess
The cut road got damaged, transverse cracks (4 m length) developed and retaining wall also damaged in the vicinity of this landslide. Such cracks are to be sealed and should not permit the water to percolate through it. Retaining wall has to be repaired
Chempukadavu ΓÇô Palakunnu ΓÇô Ambedkar Colony
About 30 cents of Agricultural land damaged
Precarious boulders along the debris flow path have to be removed. The natural flow should not be blocked along the hill slopes.
Landslide initiated as debris slide and then transformed in to debris flow. Excessive rainfall is the triggering factor which resulted in the reduction of strength on saturation and increase in pore water pressure.

Kodemcherry Village

Kodenchery Village

Kodencherry Village

Muttithodu

Chipplithodu (29th mile) Landslide
On 14th June 2018 a debris slide occurred at Chipplithodu (29th mile) in the AdivaramVythiri road. On the left side of the road (towards Wayanad) at this location the retaining wall has been breached away which damaged the road and formed a deep gully (
On the left side of the road (towards Wayanad) at this location the retaining wall has been breached away which damaged the road and formed a deep gully (~15m). Radial cracks seen on the tar road. The material on the upslope and downslope seems to be deb
Adivaram ΓÇô Vythiri (Thamarassery Churam) Road
Adivaram ΓÇô Vythiri (Thamarassery Churam) road damaged.
Proper retaining structure with drain holes has to be provided immediately.
Excessive rainfall is the triggering factor which resulted in the reduction of strength on saturation and increase in pore water pressure. The failure of the filled slope material for road construction resulted in this landslide.

Pudupadi Village

Mayilampara forest

Kanappankundu

Mayilampara rubber plantation

Mayilallumpara

Proper drainage conduits may be constructed.

Valliyad

Valliyad-Moopankuzhi

Moopankuzhi

Churam Landslide
On 14th June 2018, a debris slide occurred at churam road. The rock ΓÇô overburden contact is the movement plane. Unscientific slope modification and unprotected cut slope made for road construction. Incessant rainfall is the triggering factor which
Adivaram ΓÇô Vythiri (Thamarassery Churam) Road
Adivaram ΓÇô Vythiri (Thamarassery Churam) road blocked.
Retaining wall with proper drainage outlet has to be provided
Unscientific slope modification and unprotected cut slope made for road construction. Incessant rainfall is the triggering factor which resulted in the reduction of strength on saturation and increase in pore water pressure.

Precarious boulders, trees and debris materials have to be removed from the slide area and the drainage has to be channelized. Box culvert has to be provided at the road bench level.
reduction of strength on super-saturation, toe erosion by stream, gully erosion

Jawaharvidhya Nagar Landslide
On 14th June 2018, an earth slide occurred in the compound of Jawahar Vidhya Nagar school. The important causes include unscientific slope modification for building construction. Incessant rainfall resulted in the reduction of strength on saturation and
The landslide seems to be widening
The vertical cut may be protected with proper retaining wall with weep holes.
Unscientific slope modification and unprotected cut slope made for building construction. Incessant rainfall is the triggering factor which resulted in the reduction of strength on saturation and increase in pore water pressure.

Retaining wall /masonry wall to cover main scarp may provided as the existing stone wall washed away during this slide. Toe support should be provided at road bench level

Sugandhagiri 1
RR wall/gabion wall of suitable dimention should be provided at the back side of the house for safety.
pore waer pressure, reduction of srength on super-saturation

RR wall/gabion wall of suitable dimention with proper drainage arrangements should be provided at left bank of nala/stream. As overburden thickness is around 3m, slope may be modified.

A crack developed in front of a house above the left flank of the slide. Slide initiated on 2014, June-2018 and on 8th August 2018 due to heavy rainfall house completely washed out.
A house above the left flank of the slide having 7m transverse crack towards slope. House (Owner: Chinnan Sankaran, 2nd unit, Sugandhagiri) located above the left flank must be relocated to safer place. Stream has to be channelized.
Palaeoslide got reactivated 3rd time and washed out the house. Unscientific toe cutting for construction of house made along the nala without toe support. Due to heavy rainfall nala carried large amount of debris and soil. Overburden material got over s

50Acre 2
RR wall/gabion wall of suitable dimention with proper drainage arrangements should be provided.

The drainage should be channelized with proper gabions/RC wall and inside the nala. Uprooted trees have to be removed from the regular course. On the right bank RC/gabion wall to be given to protect the settlement. Damaged house should be relocated to sa
Heavy rainfall caused flood and increased erosion along the nala. Thus the strength of the overburden got reduced. eroded materials, which includes, huge boulders and trees fallen along the nala course and formed temporary lake. Due to this nala blocked

Mayilallumpara rubber plantation

Sankaran puzha

Kuttali rubber plantation

28th mile periyamala

27th mile periyamala

Periyamala

Periyamala land rupture
Archean crystallines comprising charnockite gneiss and asssociated granulites, biotite gneiss overlain by lateritic soil
Report on the recent Landslides in Koilandy and Kozhikode taluks, Kozhikode district, Kerela byC. Muraleedharan and M.Koshy John, Geologist Sr., Ops: TNPK, Thiruvananthapuram. Inventory- LHIM_KER_2007_005
Surface water flow to be diverted, catch water drain and road side drain may be constructed.

Kilikudikkimala rubber plantation

East of Kilikudikimala

Kilikudikkimala

Karinchola mala slide
Hornblende biotite gneiss and migmatite with pegmatite veins at places. Mylonite bands are also present.
Foliation dipping 80 degree towards N 100 degree. Joint planes : Dipping 56 degree towards N 100 degree, Dipping 30 degree towards N 155 degree (Valley dipping), Dipping 85 degree towards N 60 degree, Dipping 32 degree towards N 80 degree and Dipping 85
On 14th June 2018 a huge landslide occurred at Karinchola mala in Kattipara Panchayat resulted in the death of 14 people along with huge property loss. The landslide initiated as a planar failure and then transformed to debris flow along four runout chu
Vertical rock cut observed below the crown area may have disturbed the toe which is inferred as one of the causative factors. The depression made by this rock cut to hold huge amount of water at that level which may have breached due to the impact of hug
Road and transmission line damaged. Electric polls and two transformers washed out.
The precarious boulders of different dimensions (Details of prominent precarious boulders are given in the note) present along the slide plane are to be removed immediately. Debris material along the naturally occurring nala on the right flank of the lan
Five nos. of houses totally washed out and three houses partly damaged. One car damaged.
Landslide initiated as planar failure at the contact between rock and overburden in the form of debris slide and then transformed into debris flow along four runout chutes. Unscientific hill slope modification resulted in the removal of toe support. Exce

Oranjottukunnu rupture
Archean crystallines comprising charnockite gneiss and asssociated granulites, biotite gneiss overlain by lateritic soil
Report on the recent Landslides in Koilandy and Kozhikode taluks, Kozhikode district, Kerela byC. Muraleedharan and M.Koshy John, Geologist Sr., Ops: TNPK, Thiruvananthapuram. Inventory- LHIM_KER_2007_005
Construction of catch water drain, countour bunds and avoid blocking of surface run off

Vettiozhinja Thottam Landslide
Highly weathered and fractured hornblende biotite gneiss.
A debris flow has occurred on 14th June 2018 along the southern slope of the hill at Vettiozhinja thottam. Unscientific hill slope modification for construction of houses and plantation along with incessant rainfall resulted in the reduction of strength
Construction of retaining wall with proper drainage out let. Natural flow of water along the hill slope should not be blocked.
Two houses totally damaged. 10 cents of land affected.
Unscientific hill slope modification for construction of houses and plantation. Incessant rainfall resulted in reduction of strength on saturation and increase in pore water pressure.

Poovanmala Landslide
On 14th June 2018, a debris flow occurred at Poovanmala near Chamal. This landslide initiated as debris slide and then transformed to debris flow. Excessive rainfall is the triggering factor which resulted in the reduction of strength on saturation and
Kattipara ΓÇô Chamal road and one unmetalled road got damaged
The existing nala path has to be preserved and avoid its blockage
Landslide initiated as debris slide and then transformed to debris flow. Excessive rainfall is the triggering factor which resulted in the reduction of strength on saturation and increase in pore water pressure.

Kalvari Landslide
Foliation and foliation parallel joint dipping 70 degree towards N 165 degree
On 14th June 2018, a debris flow occurred on the northern flank of Karinchola mala. The landslide initiated as deep rotational failure at the contact between rock and overburden in the form of debris slide and then transformed in to debris flow along tw
The slope forming material present near the crown area is soil and debris with a thickness of 0 to 0.5m and towards the downslope area it changes to soil, lithomarge and weathered rock with the thickness of the column increases up to 6m. The distressed m
Mixed cultivation (Rubber and coconut at uphill side)
Precarious boulders present in the debris flown path may be safely removed. Natural drainage path has to be maintained for avoiding water logged situation.
Two houses totally and one house partially damaged. One pump house with tank damaged. About 4.5 acres agricultural land destroyed.
Landslide initiated as deep rotational failure at the contact between rock and overburden in the form of debris slide and then transformed in to debris flow along two runout chutes. Excessive rainfall is the triggering factor which resulted in the reduct

Kattipara slide-1
On 14-06-18 heavy rainfall, due to increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the thick overburden material, the slope got failed along unscientific slope modification and cutting of slope. Debris and boulders to be removed from t
Debris and boulders to be removed from the runout path, Ease the crown portion, No constructions may be allowed along the flow path and its near vicinity.
During heavy rainfall, due to increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the thick overburden material, the slope got failed along unscientific slope modification and cutting of slope.

Elinjikkal

Theyyapara Landslide
A debris slide was occurred on 14th June 2018 at Theyyapara. Unscientific slope modification and unprotected cut slope made for road construction. Incessant rainfall is the triggering factor which resulted in the reduction of strength on saturation and i
Seepage noticed at the toe (Road bench level). At lower slope three houses observed. Palaeoslide observed at left flank of the landslide.
Retaining wall with proper drainage outlet may be provided

Murambathi

Kanjirampara

Thottinkuzhi

Pullurampara

Nellipoil

Pottenkode

Kandapanchal

Anackampoil

Cherrusseri

Kodakattupara

Thampurankoli

Ottaplavu

On 15th August 2018, a debris flow occurred near Kunthanpara, Kottayam District. During heavy rainfall due to unscientific hill slope modification and plantation, increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material
Removal of boulders from the slide area and no further slope modification and plantation should be allowed. Natural flow of water along the hill slope should not be blocked.
Unscientific hill slope modification and plantation.Excessive rainfall is the triggering factor which resulted in the reduction of strength on supersaturation and increase in pore water pressure.

Kuliramutti

On 15th August 2018, a debris flow Panackachal,During heavy rainfall, Slide initiated as rotational failure at the contact between rock and overburden in the form of debris slide and then transformed in to debris flow along stream path. Excessive rainfal
Precarious boulders present in the debris flow path may be safely removed. Natural drainage path has to be maintained. No further slope modification and plantation should be permitted on the stream bank. Proper benching of slope for plantation shall be p
1 samll house is partially damaged.House Owner Name: Joy Ambatti.
Slide initiated as deep rotational failure at the contact between rock and overburden in the form of debris slide and then transformed in to debris flow along stream path. Excessive rainfall is the triggering factor which resulted in the reduction of str

J1: 265 degree/vertical, J2: 350 degree/vertical
On 15th August 2018, a debris flow occurred near Panackachal.Unscientific slope modification and unprotected cut slope made for house construction resulted in slope failure during heavy rain fall. As remedial measures, it is recommended Slided rock deb
Slided rock debris and overburden materials are to be removed from the site and retaining wall with weep holes should be constructed
Property- House is partially damaged.Owner name:Kalyani, W/O Thomas,House name: Kallolikkal
Unscientific slope modification and unprotected cut slope made for house construction. Excessive rainfall is the triggering factor which resulted in the reduction of strength on supersaturation and increase in pore water pressure.

Koodaranji village

Panakkachal 1st
Charnockite group of rocks consisting of hypersthene bearing gneisses and granulites.
Panakkachal 1st Landslide- occurred at Panakkachal 1st ( 11 20 58.3 : 76 03 44.2, TNo. 58A/3) of Kozhikode distt., Kerala. The slide triggered due to heavy rains resulted planar failure along the highly jointed rocks, causing toe erosion due to excess po
Natural hill slope, Unprotected critical slope cutting
Construction of retaining wall recommended and afforestation
Toe erosion due excess pore water pressure

Panakkachal 2nd
Charnockite group of rocks consisting of hypersthene bearing gneisses and granulites.
Panakkachal 2nd Landslide- debris avalanche occured about 7km east of Kudalanchi (11 20 45.1: 76 03 33.7, Tno. 58A/3) on the early morning of 17-07-2007. The avalanche was triggered due to heavy rainfall. Toe erosion took place due to excess pore water p

On 15th August 2018, a debris flow occurred near Chulliyam Tribal colony. During heavy rainfall, due to increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material, the slope got failed which initiated the debris flow alon
Road leads to Chulliyam tribal colony is highly damaged.
Removal of unstable boulder and debris materials from the source as well as flow path,. No further slope modification and plantation should be made blocking the natural stream course.
During heavy rainfall, due to increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material, the slope got failed which initiated the debris flow along the seasonal stream down slope.

Kadavu slide
On 15th of August 2018, a slide occurred near Manjakadavu village.During heavy rainfall, due to increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength and Unscientific hill slope modification for plantation the slope got failed Removal of debris
Removal of debris material, no further slope modification and plantation should be allowed
Unscientific hill slope modification for plantation. Excessive rainfall resulted in reduction of strength on supersaturation and increase in pore water pressure

Manjakadavu

Kooriyodu

Shrambi

Mavinchodu

On 15th August 2018, a debris flow occurred in medapara village, Thamarassery Taluk, Kozhikkode district. During heavy rainfall, due to increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the thick overburden material, the slope got failed
Debris along the flow path to be cleared and stream should be lined to regularize the water flow. Avoid modification and plantation along the flow path and its surroundings
1 house is partially damaged. Hous owner name: Agil. S/O Sivarajan(Late)
During heavy rainfall, due to increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the thick overburden material, the slope got failed.

Kandilapara
Relocate the house , since it is damaged and it is not safe to stay in that house.
The moderately to highly weathered materials with 2 to 2.5m thickness fails due to soil piping as well as toe cut erosion by the adjacent nala.

Kandilapara 2
Relocate the house, since it is damaged and it is not safe to stay in that house.
The moderately to highly weathered materials with 2 to 2.5m thickness fails due to soil piping as well as toe cut erosion by the adjacent nala.

Kandilapara 1
The dislodged boulder hanging on the slope has to be broken into pipes to avoid the destructions for the houses on downslope.
The soil material with a thickness of 3mts on a moderate slope fails by super saturation for the rainfall

Kandilapara
The dislodged boulder hanging on the slope has to be broken into pipes to avoid the destructions for the houses on downslope.
The soil materials with a thickness of 3mts on a moderate slope fails by supersaturation for the rainfall.

Valalmthode
One house-wall was collapsed due to slumping of the thick overvburden soil, which is 20mts away was affected from this slide.
Concerete Channelising of the nala water& easing of slopes by benching, frequent checking of culvert to stop chocking of the nala water.
Heavy rainfall causes reduction of strength on supersaturation over the thick overburden clayey soil & toe erosion by nala flowing on the left flank of the slide.

Palakkayam

Kallanpullu
On 15th of August 2018, a slide occurred at Kallanpullu, Poovaranthode village. During heavy rainfall, due to increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material and unscientific hill slope modification for plantati
Removal of the rock debris along the stream path and Construction of retaining wall with proper drainage outlet/weep holes
Unscientific hill slope modification for plantation. Incessant rainfall resulted in reduction of strength on supersaturation and increase in pore water pressure.

Muthappanpuzha Landslide
Charnockite gneiss. Gneissic bands at places.
On 13th June 2018 a debriscumrock flow occurred at Muthappanpuzha. This landslide initiated as debris slide and then transformed in to debris flow. Incessant rainfall is the triggering factor which resulted in the reduction of strength on satura
Arecanut plantation in 0.5 acre affected
Precarious boulders along the debris flow path have to be removed. Ensure free flow of water along the hill slopes.
Landslide initiated as debris slide and then transformed in to debris flow. Incessant rainfall is the triggering factor which resulted in the reduction of strength on saturation and increase in pore water pressure.

Karimbu Landslide
Movement plane dipping 34 degree towards N 350 degree
A debris flow occurred at Karimbu on 14th June 2018. Landslide initiated as planar failure at the contact between rock and overburden in the form of debris slide and then transformed in to debris flow. Excessive rainfall is the triggering facto
Three huge precarious boulders seem to occupy on the crown area and which is advised to be removed/treated. Proper retaining wall with drain holes at the cut slope may be provided.
Landslide initiated as planar failure at the contact between rock and overburden in the form of debris slide and then transformed in to debris flow. Excessive rainfall is the triggering factor which resulted in the reduction of strength on saturation and

Melemuthappanpuzha 2 Landslide
Retaining wall with proper drain holes. Easing of the slope.
made for house construction. Incessant rainfall is the triggering factor which resulted in the reduction of strength on saturation and increase in pore water pressure.
Unscientific slope modification and unprotected cut slope

Melemuthappanpuzha 1 Landslide
On 12th June 2018, a debris slide occurred at melemuthappanpuzha. Geoscientific causes include unscientific slope modification and unprotected cut slope made for road construction. Incessant rainfall is the triggering factor which resulted in the reducti
Another cut slope failure noticed behind the nearby house located above this landslide
Retaining wall with proper drainage outlets

Kakkattupara

Kandapanchal 1 Landslide
On 13th June 2018, a debris slide was occurred at Kandapanchal. The main causes include removal of toe support due to river bank erosion. Incessant rainfall is the triggering factor which resulted in the reduction of strength on satura
About 15 cents agricultural land damaged
Provide retaining structures/river bank protection structures with proper drainage holes.
Removal of toe support due to river bank erosion (Elavanchi puzha flows at the downstream eroded the bank). Incessant rainfall is the triggering factor which resulted in the reduction of strength on saturation and increase in pore water pressure.

Kandapanchal 2 Landslide
Parallel set of pegmatite veins with varying thickness trending N 50 degree ΓÇô N 230 degree present
A debris slide was occurred on 13th June 2018 at Kandapanchal. Geoscientific cause includes unscientific slope modification made for road construction and cultivation. Incessant rainfall is the triggering factor which resulted in the reduction of stren
A cut road is observed above the crown of the landslide.
Removal of precarious boulders along the slide plane. Natural drainage system has to be preserved.
Unscientific slope modification made for road construction and cultivation. Incessant rainfall is the triggering factor which resulted in the reduction of strength on saturation and increase in pore water pressure.

Maripuzha 1 Landslide
A debris slide occurred near maripuzha on 12th June 2018. The main causes include removal of toe due to the flow of water in the nala at the downslope. Incessant rainfall is the triggering factor which resulted in the reduction of strength on saturation
Retaining structure with proper weep holes has to be provided
Removal of toe due to the flow of water in the nala at the downslope. Incessant rainfall is the triggering factor which resulted in the reduction of strength on saturation and increase in pore water pressure.

Maripuzha 2 Landslide
On 12th June 2018 a debris slide occurred at Maripuzha. Important causes include removal of toe support due to river bank erosion. Incessant rainfall is the triggering factor which resulted in the reduction of strength on saturation and increase in pore
Provide retaining structures/river bank protection structures with proper drainage holes.
Removal of toe support due to river bank erosion. Incessant rainfall is the triggering factor which resulted in the reduction of strength on saturation and increase in pore water pressure.

Murippuzha

Tea Estate-Soochipara Rd

Kalladi

Kadoor-10 Number 1

Kadoor-10 Number

1st Mile

Thanjirodu

Nellimunda
Toe has to be protected with random rubble wall /gabion wall. Precarious boulders has to be removed from the slide area with easing of slope is recommended.

Arepetta-Anakkap

Anakkap - Near 1st Mile

Arepetta Tea Estate-2

Thazhe Arepetta

Arepetta-Anakkap (Cut Slope Failure)

Arepetta Tea Estate-1

Arepetta-Estate to 1mile road
Proper drainage outlet constrction with gabion wall

Kanthapara

Karimattam Estate

Attamala
The slided stretch of road has to be provided with retaining wall/masonry wall with weep holes. Slope easing/modification is needed by forming benches.
pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super-saturation, toe erosion by stream unplanned cutting of slope

Rattakolly
Existing masonry/RC wall provided without weep/drain holes to be modified with providing holes for draining. Support structure has to be extended for full stretch of affected road with easing of slopes.

Vallateri village road

Vallateri road

Tea cultivations

Nedumkarana
Toe has to be protected with random rubble wall /gabion wall. Further toe cutting is not recommended. Easing of slope.

Vallateri Pudukkod road

Rippon tea estate

Nellimala

Irulkadu

Vaalankolli

Kurumpalangad Village

Mooleppadam
No houses should be constructed along the nalas and its bank and maximum flood level conditions of the nalas should be considered before starting any constructional activities.
The moderartely weathered gneissic rock with 2 to 3 sets of joints fails for the turbulent water flow and thus the failure takes place along the weaker planes and the super saturation cum toe erosional soil failure happened. failure along also toe eros

Addyanpara
Removing the debris, whenever the slide occurs.
The road has been completely washed away for 7m .
The slope angle ( ╦£40 ╠è) degreees is the mainfactor for the flow to occur associated with thin overburden╦£2mts and heavy rainfall. The change in slope along the crown can be identified in Google Imagery.

Addyanpara
Proper benching for the upslope soil cover with geosynthetic netting & supporting concerete wall with proper angle has to be built at the foot, close to the tunnel.
Desilting & trash units of the tunnel phase-check dam has been completely collapsed.
The thick soil cover loses its interparticle cohension due to supersaturation and fails , as the heavy rainfall triggers the slide.

Addyanpara
Remove the debris and further remedial measure is not necessary.
The colluvial materials -thick clayey soil pack sits at an slope angle of (╦£ 38 ╠è) gets destabilised for the loss of its interparticle cohension, as heavy rainfall adds the more pushing force. The main root causes are transported colluvial mate

Remove the debris and further remedial measure is not necessary.
The sudden flow of flood water over this place erodes the soil and supersaturates the soil, makes the soil to loses its strength and fails.

Remove the debris and benching with jute netting and vetriver grass can be planted to hold the soil. Either a masonary wall or a concerete wall have to built over the fresh rock with good foundation basement is essential to maintain the stability of th
The colluvial materials -thick clayey soil pack sits at an slope angle of (╦£ 38 ╠è) gets destabilised for the loss of its interparticle cohension, as heavy rainfall adds the more pushing force. The main root causes are transported colluvial mate

Benching of slopes and geosynthetic netting to hold the boulders. Proper supporting wall has to be given to avoid the damage of the Penstock of the hydroelectric project.
Following the heavy rain, the thick soil topped by colluvium fails on supersaturation process.

The already builted supporting masonary wall (1mts) has partly damaged for this event.
Remove the debris, easing of the slopes by benching with geosynthetic netting may be helpful to makes slopes more stable and proper drainage facilities have to be maintained. Concerete supporting wall has to be built
Kerala state electricity- hydropower wall has been damaged.
The thick soil cover (╦£10-12mts) and the 1mts -colluvial material lying above the soil cover fails on more water flows from the upslope area, which percolates the soil and makes the slope unstable. The silty clay soil absorbs more water and thus ma

3 houses are situated along the downslopes of the landslide, where the runoff comes.
Proper Channnelising of the nala without chocking / blocking and benching. A supporting wall can be builted to avoid damages to the houses.
The thin soil associated with overburden lying on a moderate to steep slope fails on supersaturation as the heavy rainfall makes the water to flow and

Chettiyampara colony
Foliation and parallel joints N10 S10 degreeW/75 degree NNW, Joint N55 degreeW S55/72 degree NE
A debris flow occurred on 14th June, 2018 at Chettiyampara colony inKurumbilangod Village in Malappuram District. The slope has been modified for plantation purpose by blocking natural drainage. Heavy antecedent rainfall for 3 days preceding the event re
Chettiyampara colony Erumamunda, ,Kurumbilangod Village, ambur Taluk
The overburden material (12 m thick) has been stripped off exposing fresh bed rock along the runout path. Dislodged boulders along the runout path/nala should be removed. Natural drainage should be maintained.
Natural slope had been modified for planting crops by blocking natural gullies and streamlets. Heavy antecedent rainfall for 3 days preceding the event resulted in building up of excess pore water pressure and reduction of strength on saturation. Landsli

Chettiyampara
The name of the head of the families who lost their homes are Subramaniyan, Cherichandan, Valiyaperakan, Velayudham.
No houses should be build on the downslope of that slide & proper channelisng of the nala water.
4-houses has been damaged completely & one house partially damaged.
Heavy rainfall causes reduction of strength on supersaturation over the thin overburden clayey soil, lying on the moderate slope.

Vilakkennanpara
A debris flow occurred on 14th June, 2018 at Vilakkennanpara, Kurumbilangod Village, ambur Taluk, Malappuram district. The debris flow initiated as shallow planar failure along a weathered seam developed within a valley dipping plane and furthe
Precariously positioned boulders along the runout path should be removed.
Initiated as rock slide. Failure happened along weathered seam developed within a valley dipping plane. It further graded into a debris flow collecting more debris and soil, following a natural stream path.

Villakkinnnapara
Remove the debris and further remedial measure is not necessary.
The moderate to highy weathered rock has its foliation plane dipping towards the slope and the associated two sets of joints favours for the rocks to fail as a planar failure associated with thin overburden. Provided with the slope angle is moderate to

Ariyaad Estate

Bheemangal
The Odayikkal regulator cum bridge across Chaliyar River was constructed in 2015. The approach road to the bridge on the left bank was laid by filling earth over loose alluvium and terrace deposits. The distressed area forms part of the inner bank and si
A 100 m section of road caved into the river.
RCC flood protection walls to be constructed on both banks with foundation on bed rock which is available at the river bed.
Bank protection works along with road damaged

Edavanna slip
A debris slide occurred on the SW flank of Edavanna hillock and left side of the Edavanna-Tipu Sulthan road. The slide got triggered due to heavy rainfall (85mm) at an elevation of 60m and depleted to 40m above MSL causing the water percolation through t
Report on recent Landslide in Erandadu and Perinthal Manna taluks, Malappuram district, Kerala, by C. Muraleedharan & M. Koshy John, Senior Geologists, Thiruvananthapuram, 2007 (LHIM_KER_2007_003)
Construction of retaining wall with wee holes

Vettilapara Village

Kerala Estate Village

Alappara
The drainage should be maintained properly and avoid construction of settlement across and towards the flow direction. It is recommended that the construction of settlement should be 50-100m (buffer zone) from the stream
Steep slope 35-40 degree and associated heavy rainfall may cause for the slide. Interface between the overburden and rock is around 1m.

Alappara
Modification of the slope should be avoided around slide area. Right down 200m down the slope house located. One precariously hanging boulder found. That boulder should be removed prior to make any damage in future.
Steep slope 30-40 degree coupled with heavy rainfall. The heavy rainfall may increase the pore water pressure and losses its strength. Interface between the slope forming material and rock is very less.

Alappara
Modification of the slope should be avoided around slide area. Right down 200 to 300m down the slope small colony located. It is better to avoid construction of settlement around slide area and during heavy rainfall evacuate the people from the colony.
Steep slope 30-40 degree coupled with heavy rainfall. The heavy rainfall may increase the pore water pressure and losses its strength. Interface between the slope forming material and rock is very less.

Modification of the slope should be avoided around slide area. Right down approximately 500m down the slope small colony located. It is better to avoid construction of settlement around slide area and during heavy rainfall evacuate the people from the co
Steep slope 35-40 degree and associated heavy rainfall may cause for the slide. Interface between the overburden and rock is around 1m.

Vettilappara

Ethumpali Colony

Oorganthiri Village

Perakamanna
J1(Foliation & parallel Joint): N80┬░E S80┬░W / subvertical to vertical dip, J2:N30 degreeW S30┬░E/80 degree NE, J3:N15 S15 degreeW/65 degreeSE, J3:N20 ΓÇô S20 degreeW/60W
A debris flow occurred on 14th June, 2018 at 03:00 hrs at Perakamanna, West Chathaloor in Malappuram District. Natural slope at the area had been benched for rubber cultivation thereby blocking natural drainage. Heavy antecedent rainfall for
Flowing at toe area and damp at source area
Rubber plantation. Area upslope of the scar at the source area is forested
Residents of 3 houses on the runout path were evacuated just before the slide. Debris accumulated in the compounds of these houses.
The overburden material has been stripped off exposing bed rock along the runout path. Dislodged boulders along the runout path/nala may be removed. Natural drainage paths may not be encroached.
2 dug wells filled up by the debris. Electric pole and lines were damaged.
Natural slope had been benched for rubber cultivation thereby blocking natural drainage. Heavy antecedent rainfall for 3 days preceding the event resulted in building up of excess pore water pressure and reduction of strength on saturation. Landslide was

Near to the toe portion spring were developed before the landslide
Slope modification to be avoided. Newly formed nala to be lined and maintained properly. Just below the main scarp the overburden materials to be removed. Towards the flow direction construction and modification of the slope to be avoided.
Steep slope coupled with incessant rainfall and weak slope forming material. Interface between the overburden and rock is very less.

Slope angle to be reduced by benching and construction of retaining wall to protect the toe.
Steep slope coupled with heavy rainfall may leads to improvement of pore pressure. Weak slope forming material over the steep slope. Toe cut for construction of road

Further slope modification should be avoided and removal of the debris from the slide area. Construction of retaining wall to protect the slope. At the crown portion the slope angle to be reduced to avoid further slide over this area.
Slope modified for rubber plantation. Steep slope coupled with incessant rainfall may cause for the slide. Weak slope forming material which is laying over the slope, losses it strength due to heavy rainfall

Easing of the slope from the crown portion and lining of the stream to regularize the flow of water, avoid constructing infrastructure towards the flow path. Removal of the jointed blocks from the right flank of the slide.
Due to debris flow the mud ran in to the houses
The natural slope modified for rubber plantation, steep slope and heavy rainfall aggravated the slide, weak slope forming materials.

Kappakallu
J1(Foliation & parallel Joint): N80┬░E S80┬░W / subvertical to vertical dip, J2:N30 degreeW S30┬░E/80 degree NE
In September 2017, a debris flow occurred at Kappakallu in East Chathalloor, Ernad Taluk, Malappuram district. The slide was initiated as rock slide due to root wedging and built up of cleft water pressure. It transformed into debris flow resulting in ru
Shallow planar failure. (Initiated as rock slide)
The overburden material has been stripped off exposing bed rock along the run out path. Dislodged boulders along the runout path/nala may be removed.
Debris accumulated in the compound of one house.
Initiated as rock slide due to root wedging and built up of cleft water pressure. It transformed into debris flow resulting in runout of debris material up to a nala down slope.

Removal of the debris material from the slide area and avoid constructing infrastructure towards the slide area0
Steep slope coupled with heavy rainfall, poor slope forming materials

It is observed that in the down the slope, debris flowed between the 2 houses which were constructed 20m away from both flank of the debris flow.
It is recommended that avoid construction of houses near and across the stream. Debris materials are to be cleaned and lined to regularize the normal flow of stream. Deforestation to be avoided and over hanging rock boulders to be removed. The rocks are
In the slide area, land use pattern modified by local people by felling of the trees. Due to heavy rainfall the soil losses its strength and also steep slope and joint played important role. Around 2-3m soil resting over the rock slipped down due to incr

Debris material has to be cleaned, Nala to be regularized. Both the flanks and middle portion of the slide some Precarious hanging boulders to be removed. Around 30m away from the damaged house, one stream was flowing, that should be regularized by con
Steep slope, incessant rainfall, modification of the slope for rubber plantation, the interface between the rock and overburden is very low and weak slope forming material.

Both the flank and crown to be protected by benching from further sliding of the material and avoid constructing infrastructure towards the flow direction
Due to heavy rainfall the thick overburden >5m which is lying over the steep slope losses its strength and it slipped down. Natural slope modified for rubber plantation

Removal of the overburden material from the slide area and donΓÇÖt block the natural water flow
Incessant rainfall may cause to increase the pore pressure and the soil losses its strength; Weak slope forming material also reason for the slide.

Removal of the overburden material from the slide area and also removal of the precariously hanging boulder from the flanks of the slide. In the main scrap portion the slope angle to be reduced. Nala should be lined to regularize the natural flow of wate
Incessant rainfall may cause to increase the pore pressure and the soil losses its strength; Weak slope forming material (soil) which is sitting over the rock. The rain water percolated through the overburden and the over burden material slipped.

Construction of retaining wall with sufficient weep holes. Debris material to be removed. Construction of infrastructure to be avoided around the slide zone.
Incessant rainfall may increase the pore water pressure and thick overburden material coupled with the steep slope. Toe cut for constructing road without any remedial measures

Perakamana_Cholarmala Edavana pass
Construction of retaining wall with sufficient weep holes. Debris material to be removed. Construction of infrastructure to be avoided around the slide zone. Culvert to be constructed near to the road and side wall to be constructed to protect the toe er
Incessant rainfall may increase the pore water pressure and thick overburden material coupled with the steep slope. Toe cut for constructing road without any remedial measures

Cholara
A debris slide due to cut slope failure occurred on 14th June, 2018 at CholaraKarinchola road in Ernad taluk, Malappuram district. Toe was removed during widening of the unmetalled road about 5 years back leaving a vertical cut with no lateral support. H
Easing of the slope may be carried out and removal of precariously resting boulders upslope of the crown is recommended. Heavy rains will erode the base resulting in toppling of these boulders which will endanger houses located downslope of the road.
Toe was removed during widening of the road about 5 years back leaving a vertical cut with no lateral support. Heavy rainfall resulted in reduction of strength due to saturation and subsequent failure.

Vettikunnu
Encroachments along the nala and adjacent to it should be totallly avoided and that is the safest during flood times.
This occurs at the center of the hill, where the slope is very steep ( ╠┤40-45 ╠è ) and the thin soil lies over the overburden fails due to flood water erosion. It is a kind of debris flow; the flood water erodes its entire bank wall ΓÇôoverbu

Veettikunnu
Encroachments along the nala and adjacent to it should be totally avoided and that is the safest during flood times
This occurs at the center of the hill, where the slope is very steep (╠┤40-45 ╠è) and the thin soil lies over the overburden fails due to flood water erosion. It is a kind of debris flow; the flood water erodes its entire bank wall ΓÇôoverburde

Madam Colony 2
Lateritic soil and moderately weathered charnockite .
Foliation N60 ΓÇô S60 degreeW/85 degree NW; Joint N60 degreeW S60/60 degree NE (Plane of movement)
Residents from a house have been evacuated prior to the event.
Easing of the slope with installation of proper toe support.
Debris and water entered into compounds of about 15 houses.
Failure of overburden (lateritic soil) material along the joint N60┬║W S60/60┬║ NE. Daylighting of the joint plane in the near vertical cut causes the failure.

Madam Colony 1
Foliation N60 ΓÇô S60 degreeW/85 degree NW
The debris flow followed the natural streamlet up to the road level. The bigger boulders got stuck at the culvert and hampered the flow resulting in its bifurcation. The diverted debris laden stream scoured the road for a distance of about 450m before jo
Forest in the source area and the runout area is inhabited.
Residents of 3 houses in the immediate downstream below the road bench has been evacuated just before the slide. Debris accumulated in the compounds of 15 houses about 850m downstream causing partial damage of two houses.
Road (unmetalled) and culvert blocked. Road scoured for a distance of 450 m.
The overburden material has been stripped off exposing bed rock along the depleted zone. Large sized dislodged boulders hampering the smooth flow of water along the stream path may be removed. Larger culvert to be provided at road for smoother passage of
Debris accumulated in the compounds of three houses and partially damaged two houses.
Heavy antecedent rainfall for 3 days preceding the event resulted in raising of water levels in natural streamlets causing erosion of flanks. Landslide was initiated as planar failure along rock overburden contact due to toe erosion and then transformed

Madam Colony 3
Foliation N60 ΓÇô S60 degreeW/85 degree NW
Roadside drain should be lined throughout. RCC retaining wall with proper drainage arrangement should be constructed at the location.
Residents from a house upslope of the crown were evacuated prior to the event
cut in the loose overburden without any support intervention. To aggravate the situation, the toe has been eroded by heavily flowing water diverted from a stream due to blockade of a culvert. The lined road side drain arrangement channelized the water an
The toe has been removed for widening of the road leaving a vertical

Veettikunnu
Construction of houses on the nala and very nearby has to be avoided. The nala path should not be blocked for the cultivation purpose especially during the monsoon seasons
A combination of factors such as steep slope, toe cut erosion by the 1st order nala flow & flood water flow over the concaved site may cause this landslide

Construction of houses on the nala and very nearby has to be avoided
The nala from the left flank of this slide has promoted toe erosion and makes this slide to destabilize and thus fails

Construction of houses on the nala and very nearby has to be avoided.
The soil and the debris materials lying over the moderate to steep slope lost its inter-particle cohesion and flows for the incoming heavy rainfall and its subsequent turbulent water flow along the nala

Odakkayam

Odakkayam-Muppari mala
Charnockite gneiss with small bands of garnetiferous pyrozene granulite and magnetite quartzite
A landslide occurred at Odakkayam-Muppari mala on the NNW flank of the Ponpara Mala, Eranad taluk on 17th July 2007. The slide got triggered due to continuous heavy rainfall, the shear stress increases resulting in the landslide. It is translational slid
Report on recent Landslide in Erandadu and Perinthal Manna taluks, Malappuram district, Kerala, by C. Muraleedharan & M. Koshy John, Senior Geologists, Thiruvananthapuram, 2007 (LHIM_KER_2007_003)
Pore water pressure and unscientific landuse pattern

Odakkayam
Construction of houses on the nala and very nearby has to be avoided.
The soil and the debris overburden lost its strength after the heavy rainfall and its turbulent water flow along the nala forms toe erosion and its subsequent flows

Kodumpuzha

Vertical toe cut has to be avoided, easing of the slope by benching at crown portion, construction of retaining wall with sufficient weep holes
One hutment collapsed, name of the house owner Balakrishanan.
The soil material loses its cohesion while mingling with the incoming water from the rainfall along the steep slope ( ╠┤38╠è-40╠è).

Avoid construction of settlements below the landslide
The soil material loses its strength with the rainfall water and starts to move and thus fails along a moderate slope( ╠┤30╠è)

Remove the debris. Ease the slope at crown portion
The soil material loses its strength with the rainfall water and starts to move and thus fails along a moderate slope( ╠┤30╠è)

Remove the debris. Ease the slope at crown portion
The soil material gets supersaturated for the rainfall and thus fails

Vennekodu

S-valavu
Removal of debris, easing of slopes by suitable benching, installation of toe drain-weep holes as well as its proper maintainance.
Pore water pressure & reduction of strength on supersaturation for heavy downpour.

Edivanna

Pullipadam Village

Vendakkumpoyil
Debris material to be removed and easing of the slope by benching has to be carried out.
Due to heavy rainfall the supersaturated material fails along the road-cut slopes as slumps

Vendakkumpoyil
Removal of the debris and made a retaining wall.
The soil material gets supersaturated & fails for the heavy rainfall.

Vendakkumpoyil
Removal of soil from the slide area. Construction of retaining wall with sufficient weep holes.
The soil material gets supersaturated & fails for the heavy rainfall

The local road has been blocked for 1week.
Benching in a proper ratio and the upslope water should not be blocked for cultivation purpose and the nala water should be properly channelized. The rainwater harvesting pits should pits should be closed to avoid super saturation.
The soil materials losts its strength on super saturation for the rainfall and the rainwater harvesting pits, placed along the crown part of the affected zone further favours.

Benching in a proper ratio and the upslope water can be properly channelized
The debris material fails on super saturation on a moderate slope (╠┤25╠è to ╠┤30╠è).

Avoided any kind of infrastructures close to the streams/ nearby and itΓÇÖs very important to consider the maximum flood levels of that stream.
The turbulent water flow has erode its banks and slided.

Benching in a proper ratio and the upslope water should not be blocked for cultivation purpose and the nala water should be properly channelized.
The soil materials losts its strength on super saturation for the rainfall and thus fails.

The soil material gets supersaturated & fails for the heavy rainfall.

Vendakumpoil
Benching of the slopes & removing the soil cover on upslopes . Breast wall.
Heavy rainfall causes pore water pressure & reduction of strength on supersaturation of the thick silty clayey soil.

Vendakumpoil
Construction of retaining wall for 17mts & benching on upslopes.
Part of the road partially washed away by the slide , retaining wall collapsed,electric pole washed away.
Toe erosion by stream water & reduction of strength of supersaturation.

Vendakumpoil
The exposed right flank soil should be removed and benching on upslopes.
Cracks developed due to the thick pile slides over the back wall of the house.
Heavy rainfall causes pore water pressure & reduction of strength on supersaturation of the thick silty clayey soil.

On 16th August 2018, a debris slide occurred nearThalakkad, Kozhikode District. During heavy rainfall, due to increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material Due to removal of toe support during construction of r
Construction of retaining wall with weep holes, lined toe drainage and removal of unstable material.
Due to removal of toe support during construction of road.

On 17tth August 2018 debris flow occurred in Kakkad which is Shallow planar Landslide initiated as planar failure at the contact between rock and overburden in the form of debris slide and then transformed into debris flow along runout chutes. Unscient
Removal of the debris and precarious hanging boulders from the slide area. Construction of retaining wall anchored on rock with sufficient weep holes. Proper drainage arrangements shall be made to take care of surface run off.
Landslide initiated as planar failure at the contact between rock and overburden in the form of debris slide and then transformed into debris flow along runout chutes. Unscientific hill slope modification resulted in the removal of toe support. Excessive

Kakkad slide-1
On 17tth August 2018 debris flow occurred in Kakkad which is Shallow planar Landslide initiated as planar failure at the contact between rock and overburden in the form of debris slide and then transformed into debris flow along runout chutes. Unscient
Removal of the debris and precarious hanging boulders from the slide area. Construction of retaining wall anchored on rock with sufficient weep holes. Proper drainage arrangements shall be made to take care of surface run off.
Landslide initiated as planar failure at the contact between rock and overburden in the form of debris slide and then transformed into debris flow along runout chutes. Unscientific hill slope modification resulted in the removal of toe support. Excessiv

Kakkadampoyil Landslide
Slide plane dipping 45 degree towards N 220 degree.
A debris slide occurred on 14th June 2018 downhill side of the water theme park located at Kakkadampoyil. The landslide occurred as planar failure at the contact between rock and overburden in the form of debris slide. Unscientific hill slope modificati
On the right flank of the slide one tributary nala (natural) is present. At the toe portion, a pond and well with pump house is seen. At the crown area, the overburden thickness is 0 to 0.5 m and towards downslope it increases to 0.5 to 5 m. A water them
Proper retaining structures with drain holes have to be provided.
Landslide occurred as planar failure at the contact between rock and overburden in the form of debris slide. Unscientific hill slope modification resulted in the removal of toe support. Excessive rainfall is the triggering factor which resulted in the re

Kakkad slide-2
On 17tth August 2018 debris flow occurred in Kakkad which is Shallow planar Landslide initiated as planar failure at the contact between rock and overburden in the form of debris slide and then transformed into debris flow along runout chutes. Unscient
Removal of the debris and precarious hanging boulders from the slide area. Construction of retaining wall anchored on rock with sufficient weep holes. Proper drainage arrangements shall be made to take care of surface run off.
Landslide initiated as planar failure at the contact between rock and overburden in the form of debris slide and then transformed into debris flow along runout chutes. Unscientific hill slope modification resulted in the removal of toe support. Excessiv

Remove the debris. Ease the slope at crown portion.
The subsurface spring water supersaturates the soil material along the slope and fails

Koonorkandy
The flood water along the nala erodes its bank and causes slide.

Vertical toe cut to be avoided, construction of retaining wall with sufficient weep holes
The 2m thick soil gets supersaturated for the heavy rainfall along the cut slope and fails

Koodaranji Village

Kooderanji Landslide
A debris flow occurred on 14th June 2018 at Kooderanji. Landslide initiated as debris slide and then transformed in to debris flow along the preexisting nala path. Excessive rainfall is the triggering factor which resulted in the reduction of stre
Precarious boulders along the debris flow path have to be removed. The natural flow should not be blocked along the nala.
Landslide initiated as rotational failure at the contact between rock and overburden in the form of debris slide and then transformed in to debris flow along the preexisting nala path. Excessive rainfall is the triggering factor which resulted in the red

Khurusumala slide
On 15th August 2018,slide occurred in Khurusumala,Thamarassery of Kozhikode District. During heavy rainfall, due to increase in pore water, pressure, Supersaturation and decrease in shear strength of the material; the slope got failed along natural strea
It is suggested for removal of dislodged boulders and unstable materials in the stream path. No further plantation, settlement and slope modification must be allowed in the flow path and its surroundings.
House of Subetha Vilangipila is fully damaged and House of Suresh S/O Dhevasia is partially damaged.
During heavy rainfall, due to increase in pore water, pressure, Supersaturation and decrease in shear strength of the material; the slope got failed along natural stream.

Chekkattupara Village

Agampuzha slide
On 15th August 2018, Debris flow occurred in Sannipadi near Kumaranallur village of Kozhikode District. During heavy rainfall, due to increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the thick overburden material; the slope got failed al
Removal of debris and retaining wall with proper drainage outlet may be constructed. No further plantation and slope modification are to be allowed
During the heavy rainfall, reduction of strength on super-saturation, Adverse pattern of cultivation and unscientific modification of slope for cultivation caused slope failure.

Anaodu slide
On 15th August 2018, a debris flow occurred in Anaodu of Kozhikode District. During heavy rainfall, due to increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the thick overburden material; the slope got failed along natural stream. As re
Small road made across the stream path is damaged during the slide event
Debris and boulders along the stream path is to be removed to ensure the free flow of water .Avoid slope modification and plantation along the flow path and its surroundings.
During heavy rainfall, due to increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the thick overburden material along with rock boulders, the slope got failed along natural stream

Anayode
Charnockite group of rocks consisting of hypersthene bearing gneisses and granulites.
Anayode landslide- debris slide/slip occured about 8km east of Kudalanchi of Kozhikode distt., of Kerala on 17-07-2007. Triggering factor for the slides was heavy rainfall. The causative factor for the slide was toe erosion on a critically cut slope re
Afforestation and construction of a retaining wall

On 15th August 2018, Debris flow occurred in Sannipadi near Kumaranallur village of Kozhikode District. During heavy rainfall, due to increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the thick overburden material; the slope got failed al
Removal of dislodged boulders in the stream path. No further plantation and slope modification must be allowed in the flow path and its surroundings.
During heavy rainfall, due to increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the thick overburden material along with rock boulders, the slope got failed along natural stream

Kulakkadanmala Landslide
On 14th June 2018 a debris flow occurred at Kulakkadanmala. Landslide initiated at the contact between rock and overburden in the form of debris slide and then transformed in to debris flow. Excessive rainfall is the triggering factor which resulted in t
Precarious boulders along the slide path have to be removed. Avoid unscientific hill slope modifications.
Landslide initiated at the contact between rock and overburden in the form of debris slide and then transformed in to debris flow. Excessive rainfall is the triggering factor which resulted in the reduction of strength on saturation and increase in pore

Thottumukkam
Archean crystallines comprising charnockite gneiss and asssociated granulites, biotite gneiss overlain by lateritic soil
Thottumukkam debris avalanche occurred at Thottumukkam (11?18?41.1? : 76? 02?0.8?, TNo. 58A/3) in Koilandy and Kozhikode Taluks of Kozhikode distt., Kerala. The slide resulted due excess pore water pressure causing toe erosion. 7 cattle died, road was da
Afforestation. Removal of boulders by controlled blasting

Kumaranallur village

Kudiattur Village

Kodiyattur village

Mysoorpetta-Thottumukkam
Fol-N50°E-S50°W dip 85°SE to N85°E-S80°W dip 70°SE
Mysoorpetta-Thottumukkam slip occurred at 0200 hrs on 17-07-07 Kozhikode distt., Kerala. The landslip was triggered due to rainfall resulting in toe erosion on a critically cut slope. Many people were affected; loss of livestock, two person died, one h

During heavy rainfall, due to increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the thick overburden material, the slope got failed along unscientific slope modification. As remedial measures, it is suggested for the removal of unstable
Removal of unstable material from the source as well as flow path. Construction of concrete retaining wall with weep holes is recommended.
During heavy rainfall, due to increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the thick overburden material, the slope got failed along unscientific slope modification.

During heavy rainfall, due to increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the thick overburden material, the slope got failed along unscientific slope modification. As remedial measures, it is suggested for the removal of unstable
Removal of unstable material from the source as well as flow path. Construction of concrete retaining wall with weep holes is recommended.
During 16th August 2018 heavy rainfall, due to increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the thick overburden material, the slope got failed along unscientific slope modification.

Cheppili Kunnu
Charnockite gneiss, granulites & biotite gneiss, pyroxenites & amphibolites of older metamorphites
A small debris slide occurred at Chepili kunnu by the side of Kolattur-Chepili kunnu road on 3rd July 2007. The area is a part of the pediplaine of western ghats and has elevation ranging from 40m to 228m above MSL and its relative relief is 188m. Heavy
Report on recent Landslide in Erandadu and Perinthal Manna taluks, Malappuram district, Kerala, by C. Muraleedharan & M. Koshy John, Senior Geologists, Thiruvananthapuram, 2007 (LHIM_KER_2007_003)
Steep slope
Steep slope, Pore water pressure, toe erosion and unscientific slope cutting

Vennakkod
An overburden slide occurred at Vennakkod on TNo.58A/4 in Malappuram district, Kerala. The area experiences a heavy rainfall on the day of the incident. The slide got triggered due to heavy rainfall, spreading to a total length of 1500m and an average wi
Steep slope, Pore water pressure and unscientific landuse pattern

Charnockite gneiss with small bands of garnetiferous pyrozene granulite and magnetite quartzite
Three landslide/debris avalanches occurred at Alapara on the SE flank of the NE trending Kaidakkal-Konnurkandi Mala about 5km east of thottummukku, Eranadu taluk.on 17th July 2007. The three parallel debris flows located at a distance of 50 to 150m apa
Steep slope
Pore water pressure, contour bunding, and unscientific slope cutting

Kizhakke Chathallur
An overburden slide occurred at Kizhakke Chathallur on TNo.58A/4 in Malappuram district, Kerala. The area experiences a rainfall of 85mm on the day of the incident. The slide got triggered due to heavy rainfall, spreading to a total length of 1000m and a
Steep slope, Pore water pressure and natural flow interrupted

Kizhakkethala
An overburden slide occurred at Kizhakkehala on TNo.58A/5 in Malappuram district, Kerala. The area experiences a rainfall of 85mm on the day of the incident. The slide got triggered due to heavy rainfall, spreading to a total length of 700m and an averag
Steep slope, Pore water pressure, toe erosion and unscientific slope cutting

Modification of the slope should be avoided around slide area
Steep slope 30-40 degree coupled with heavy rainfall. The heavy rainfall may increase the pore water pressure and losses its strength. Interface between the slope forming material and rock is very less.

Kottamala
An overburden slide occurred at Kottamala on TNo.58A/1 in Malappuram district, Kerala. The area experiences a rainfall of 85mm on the day of the incident. The slide got triggered due to heavy rainfall, spreading to a total length of 150m and an average w
Steep slope, Pore water pressure and unscientific landuse pattern

Mannarmala
Fol-N55°W-S55°E:48°NE to N70°W-S70°E: 60°NE,N-S:70°W, N60°W-S60°E vertical, N15°W-S15°E vertical, strike joint
A debris avalanche occurred at Mannarmala on the NW flank of the Mananarmala, Perinthalmanna taluk. The slide got triggered due to rainfall of 205mm on the day of the incident.at the an elevation of 180m and depleted above the elevation 70m above MSL.Th

Uppukulam slide
The hill slope appears to be a high susceptible area for landslides. There are many precarious boulders on the hill slope. The 15 families are still at relief camps. Name of house owner whose house totally damaged is Kumaran.
Uppukulam, Allanallur III village, Mannarkad Taluk
1. Construction activities adjacent to the stream and along the run out path to be avoided. Houses near to the stream flow path and slide run out to be shifted to safer locations.
2. The stream channel is to be cleared of debris material to prevent furth
1 house totally damaged, three under construction houses damaged
The village is situated on a steep slope with a gradient of 40┬░. The landslides have been initiated due to excess water flow along the nalas along the village. The water flow has resulted in removal of debris material and huge boulders from the nala

Thodukad colony
Name of housw owner whose house situated below the slide 1. Anand
Retaining wall at the toe of the slide may be given to prevent further movement of material towards the houses situated down slope
Oversaturation of overlying debris material by incessant rain on 16/8/18

Kottoppadam Slide-1
Crown in Granite gneiss of PGC, Runout in Charnockite of SGC
1. Removal of debris material along the flow path of the stream.
2. Plantation of grass varieties to check the soil erosion at the slided area in consultation with botanists
3. Construction activities adjacent to the stream and along the run out path to
The slide was initiated in a 1st order stream due to toe erosion of the debris material along the stream due to heavy rainfall

Kottoppadam Slide-1I
The area appears to be prone to landslides especially along the stream flow paths. The area needs to be provisioned with adequate drainage measures to dispose the excess rain water. The non perennial stream channels in the area which has been covered by
1. Removal of debris material along the flow path of the stream.
2. Plantation of grass varieties to check the soil erosion at the slided area in consultation with botanists
3. Construction activities adjacent to the stream and along the run out path to
The slide was initiated in a 1st order stream due to toe erosion of the debris material along the stream due to heavy rainfall

Kottoppadam Slide-III
The landslide has developed significant cracks along the crown of the slide and can be reactivated during rainfall. The residents living downstream of the slide need to be cautious during heavy rains.
The practice of storing water in open pits along the
1. Plantation of grass varieties to check the soil erosion at the slided area in consultation with botanists
2. Construction activities adjacent to the stream and along the run out path to be avoided. Houses near to the stream flow path and slide run out
The slide was initiated in a 1st order stream due to water percolation into the rock-debris interface which resulted in a shallow planar failure.

Karadiyod landslide
Charnockite of SGC, Hornblende-Biotite gneiss of PGC
The hill slope seems to be a high susceptible area for landslides. Construction activities
2 poultry farms completely damaged including most of the livestock
1. The stream channel is to be cleared of debris material to prevent further debris flow towards downstream area during heavy rains.
2. No further construction activities are to be carried out in the debris flow path and adjacent areas.
3. Detailed asses
The landside has occurred due to the toe erosion of the soil layer by the stream. The nala course exposes thick debris cover lying over the bedrock. Heavy rainfall resulted in oversaturation of this debris material inducing the slide along the rock-debri

Karadiyod landslide II
Charnockite of SGC, Hornblende-Biotite gneiss of PGC
20 families reportedly staying on the left flank of the slide needs to be relocated as there is possibility for the slide to enlarge in the future.
Name of house owners to be relocated:
1. Baburaj, s/o Veluthakurumban
2. Shashi, s/o Chattan
3. Kurumban
4
1. Easing of slope in the crown portion of the landslide
2. Channeling the drainage from the upstream, away from the slide and providing lining for the same to prevent water percolation.
3. The residents of the hill slope adjacent to the slide may be shi
The landside has occurred due to heavy rainfall resulting in oversaturation of this debris material.

Puthuvapadam slide II
1. Provisions for adequate drainage of water from the hill slope near to the slide.
2. Providing a breast wall to prevent the debris from flowing into the houses down slope.
Heavy rainfall resulted in oversaturation of this debris material inducing the slide along the rock-debris interface.

Puthuvapadam slide
Crown area in Charnockite of SGC and toe in Hornblende Biotite Gneiss of PGC
1. The stream channel is to be cleared of debris material to prevent further debris flow towards downstream area during heavy rains.
2. Large precarious boulders along the stream course may be cleared by controlled blasting.
3. The nala course may be giv
The landside has occurred due to heavy rains which increased the flow of water in the stream which in turn washed away the debris cover over the bedrock. The run out material from the slide further eroded the material downstream and washed away almost 1.

Manjalanchola
Avoid water collection above the crown and channelise & maintain the natural flow of nala water along the movement area and fill the cracks with soil, water should not percolate into the cracks.
The thick soil loses its strength on supersaturation for the heavy rainfall as well as toecut erosion by the nala water induced small scale landslide on the right flank favors the subsidence cum cracks .

Kerala kundu
Nalla water should not get chocked and the concerete supporting structure can be built for the bridge support.
Masonary supporting wall for the bridge partly collapses.
Toe Erosion by the stream water due to heavy rain.

Kerala kundu
Stream water should be properly channelised and the buildings should not be constructed along the nala flow path.
Heavy rain was followed by more inflow of water in the stream and erodes away the toe favours for landslide. Thickness of the soil is more and the rainfall increases the pore pressure and favours for the failure.

Manaliyampadam
Concerete wall has to be built with good base basement , all the road bench.
Toe Erosion by the stream water due to heavy rain.

Cheriyil
Dumped materials should be removed from the nala course for the smooth flowing of the nala water. Building houses and cultivations on the nala path and its adjacent flood plain areas should be avoided.
The toe erosion by the 1st order nala along the hill destabilzes the weathered overburden lying over the moderate to steep hill slopes and heavy rain builds the pore pressure of the overburden also.

Manaliyampadam
No houses should be build on the nalas & if any houses are constructed on the stream bank, they should left the houses during heavy rainy seasons. Strong policy has to come to avoid the construction activities nearby & along nalas.
A house which is build upon the nala bank has been totally collapsed.
The toe erosion by the 1st order nala along the hill destabilzes the weathered overburden lying over the steep hill slopes and heavy rain builds the pore pressure of the overburden also.

Vedivechapara
Remove the debris along the failure plane and do proper benching. Install weep holes to remove the logged water outside along each benches. The upslopes rainfall water should be properly drained off. Plant the plantations to arrest the soil erosion and
Very thick soil cover(╦£ 10-12mts) fails on supersaturation as it is triggered by rainfall and moreover there is no plantations in this area.

Vedivechapara
Remove the debris and do proper benching and made weep holes to drain off the water.
Thick soil cover faills on supersaturation following the heavy rainfall.

Kadicheerimala
A supporting wall/ piling with good baserock foundation is essential, can be build at the foot slope of the landslide and remove the materials over the failure plane / ground improvement techniques can be tried and do proper benching with jute netting a
Very thick soil cover(╦£ 10-12mts) fails on gentle slope due to loss of its cohension on supersaturation & thus it is triggered by rainfall and moreover there is no plantations in this area.

Thalakandi
Toe support such as masonary structure is essential and ground improvement techniques can be adopted and jute netting , geotextiles can be installed over the soil for stabilization. Proper maintaining of the drainage by channelising the water and instal
The thick soil cover lying on the gentle to moderate slope close to the road, start to move for heavy rain due to loss of its internal cohension between the soil particles.

Thalakandi
Toe - support such as masonary structure can be builted across the subsided zone, is essential. Proper maintaining of the drainage by channelizing the upslope water and installing drain pipes at certain benches can be done.
The thick soil pack on super saturation bears weight for the precipitation and advances down slope.

Debris material to be removed from the slide area. Slope modification to be avoided. Natural drainage to be maintained properly
The slope modified for banana plantation, steep slope and poor slope forming material. The above mentioned factors combined with rainfall causes for this slide.

70 Acre
Benching in a proper ratio has to be done with horizontal drain pipes. Supporting wall has to built in a certain height with horizontal drain pipes.
The thick overburden soil materials(3-4mts thickness) gets oversaturated and slumped along the cut slope where the house has been builted.

Ravuthangadu
Houses should not be constructed on these kind of vulnerable slopes and the 1st order nalas should be identified and channelise them properly and pre-monsoon inspections as a monitor measure to avoid chocking of water is the prime importance to take ca
The thick overburden lying on the steep hill faces fails for the built up of pore water pressure and toe cut erosion by the 1st order nala, following the heavy rainfall.

Chembangadu
A crack has developed for a length of 30mts, width-0.5-1mts,depth-3mts, over the road, occurred on the same day when the upslope failure happens on Aug-18. The 1st order nala water which flows through these cracks.
Remove the debris lying on the road & reduce the crown overburden thickness by removing and adopting proper benching ratio 1:8m.
The soil material lying on the moderate to steep slope(╦£ 45)fails easily on saturation, for the intense rainfall.

Thazhe Tuddikki

Mele Tuddikki

Terracing of the slope, to increase stability
High discharge of water along the nala course & he

Edavani

Galassi

Aralikonam

Surnnagadha

Idinjamala
Pore water pressure/ reduction of strength on super saturation

Pore water pressure/ reduction of strength on super saturation

Idinjamala

Paravalavu

Odapatti

Odapatti
Pore water pressure/ reduction of strength on super saturation

Odapatti
Rock exposed at the toe . Heavy rainfall caused super saturation and the soil above slided exposing the rock free. Clay content less in the soil.

Kondanmalla subsidence
Crown area in Biotite gneiss of PGC and toe area in granite gneiss of PGC
Names of house owners with cracks developed in their houses:
1. Rajiv Kumaran
2. Laxmi Kutti
1. Easing of slope in the crown area of the slide
2. Unclogging and lining of natural drainages and proper maintenance of the same on a yearly basis.
3. Cultivation of water intensive crops may be avoided in the slided area.
4. Old drainages which have b
2 houses have developed cracks, 1borewell is bent disrupting drinking water supply
The slide was initiated in the monsoon of 2017 and has been reactivated in the overlying debris material due to oversaturation of the material caused by incessant rains on 16/08/18. The natural drainages in the area have been disturbed resulting in the m

Kondanmalla subsidence II
Names of house owners with cracks developed in their houses:
1. Sarah, Maruthinkal
2. Mariyakutty Jose, Pichapilliyil
3. Rajeev, Padinjarekkara
4. Murali, Pulimoottil
5. Jolly
6. Shameer, Tachirakammath
7. Baby, Mazhutu pettiyanikkal
8. Laila Jayan, Kuru
1. Slope modification in the crown area of the slide
2. Filling of ground cracks with impervious material to prevent further water saturation of debris
3. Unclogging and lining of natural drainages and proper maintenance of the same on a yearly basis.
4
The slide was initiated in the overlying debris material due to oversaturation of the material caused by incessant rains on 16/08/18. The natural drainages have been choked resulting in the movement of surface runoff water to the underlying debris materi

Kandiyur-Ommala
Talc tremolite actinolite schist, Moderately weathered

Ommala
Talc tremolite actinolite schist, Moderately weathered

Ommala
Drainage to be diverted to the right flank of the slide

Ostiyur

Anakkallu

Kollamkadavu
Slide progressed to Debris flow along nala. Runoff around 100m

Cholakkadu

Chinnaparambu
Rock fall due to root wedge in July 2016

Removal of debris material, proper toe support and easing of crown area
The slide has initiated due to reduction of strength on supersaturation of debris material.

Mele Abannur

Kurukkankundu

Mele Gottiyarkandi

Kadukkumanna

Kadukkumanna
Reports of rockfall/slides in hill tops around the area . Western side of Kadukkumanna is extremely prone to slide during rainfall

Kadukkumanna
Land slip prominent due to cut-slope/ bench for house construction for around 50 m width during rain.

Karappadam slide
Minor cracks have been developed in one house in the slide run out path downstream.
Forest damaged, rubber plantation above crown area affected by ground cracks
1. Easing of the slope near the slide.
2. Proper lining of the streams to allow the water to flow towards the main channel.
3. The debris material to be removed from the slide and the run out path.
4. A breast wall with weep holes may be provided at the
The slide has occurred due to oversaturation of the debris material. The slope has been modified by creating benches for rubber plantation and house construction downstream. This has obstructed the preexisting stream channel along which the slide has ini

Palavalavu colony flood
This is a flood prone area and the houses are situated at river channel.
Name of owners whose houses situated in the flood prone area:
1. Manikuttan
2. Manoj
3. Chandran
4. Kumaran
5. Neeli
6. Raju
7. Madhi
8. Kuliyan
9. Krishnenkutti
10. Chinnakundaram
Palavalavu colony, palakkayam village, Mannarkad Taluk
1. Thick gabion guide wall may be provided all along the colony boundary to prevent water gushing in during floods.
2. Precautions must be taken in this zone during heavy rains, since this area is situated in the river course and is prone to flood during
The flood zone is situated on the bank of Anamulli River. The flood has occurred during the incessant rains on 16/8/2018. The village, which is situated on the river channel, was flooded due to the excess water flowing through the channel.

Anamooli

Valiyad colony slide
Valiyad colony, Kottanmala village, Mannarkad Taluk
1. Provisions for adequate drainage of water from the hill slope near to the slide.
2. Providing a breast wall with weep holes to prevent the debris from flowing into the houses down slope.
Heavy rainfall resulted in oversaturation of this debris material inducing the debris slide. The surface runoff has moved inside the ground making the slope more vulnerable to slides.

Thirupapathi
Reports of minor rock fall. Small Debris flow reported around 5 years back on the hill south of this part

Achilati colony
One family at the toe end of the slide may be shifted to safer location
1. Santha Thambi of Achilatti mele colony
1. Provisions for adequate drainage of water from the hill slope near to the slide.
2. Providing adequate toe support to prevent advancing of the slide.
3. Removal of precarious boulders from the hill slope
Heavy rainfall resulted in oversaturation of this debris material inducing the deep circular failure. There are huge boulders present at the crown of the slide adding to the downward force.

Mannannakayam
J1(Foliation & parallel Joint): N40┬░W S40┬░E/15┬░NE
A debris flow occurred on 13th June, 2018, 0130 hrs atMannannakayam, Kizhekkencherry Village, Palakkad district. The debris flow initiated as rock slide and further graded into a debris flow along a natural stream path through a pla
The stream is debris flow prone as evidenced by the presence of old slide debris along the flanks.
Precariously positioned boulders in the flow path should be removed. Natural drainage should be left unaltered.
Incessant rainfall for 3 days resulted in built up of cleft water pressure initiating rock slide. It further graded into a debris flow collecting more debris and soil, following a natural stream path and joined a higher order stream.

KundampottiVattapara
A debris flow occurred on 12th June, 2018 at KundampottiVattapara, Palakayam Village, Palakkad district. The debris flow initiated as rock slide within forest area and further graded into a debris flow collecting more debris and soil, following a natural
Precariously positioned boulders in the flow path should be removed. Natural drainage should be left unaltered.
Initiated as rock slide dislodging huge boulders that size up to 3m X 3m X 2m. It further graded into a debris flow collecting more debris and soil, following a natural stream path.

Inchikuunu

Inchikunnu

Paypullu
On 12th June 2018, a debris flow occurred at Paypullu, Palakayam Village, Mannarkad Taluk in Palakkad district. One house was completely destroyed while another was partially damaged by the runout. The natural slope at the source area had been b
Residents of 2 houses could escape just before the event. One single storied house completely washed away. Another single storied house partially damaged
The overburden material (12 m thick) has been stripped off exposing fresh bed rock along the runout path. Dislodged boulders along the runout path/nala should be removed. Natural drainage should be maintained. A culvert of suitable dimensions to be const
Natural slope had been benched for cash crops thereby blocking natural drainage. Heavy antecedent rainfall for 3 days preceding the event resulted in building up of excess pore water pressure and reduction of strength on saturation. Landslide was initiat

Kanjiram

Pambunthodu slide
Name of house owner whose house totally damaged:
1. Krishnakutty, S/O-Nagan
1. Providing a concrete breast wall of 4-5 m height with weep holes which is anchored to the bedrock.
2. The slopes below the slide which is failing may also be given retaining walls to prevent retrogression.
3. Provisions for adequate drainage of water
The hill slope was cut steeply to construct the house which was the preparatory factor and the heavy rain which oversaturated the debris material was the triggering factor of the slide.

Punchola

Thumbapara

Thumbapara
Pore water pressure/ reduction of strength on super saturation, Gully erosion

Thumbapara
House constructed on the Debris of the slide
Pore water pressure/ reduction of strength on super saturation, Gully erosion

Debris flow during 1987
Pore water pressure/ reduction of strength on super saturation, Gully erosion

Muthikulam subsidence
1. Unclogging and lining of natural drainages and proper maintenance of the same on a yearly basis.
2. Unclogging of the culvert in the slide zone.
3. Filling of ground cracks with impervious material.
4. Cantilever wall may be provided instead of the e
The slide has occurred in the overlying debris material due to oversaturation of the material caused by incessant rains on 15/08/18. The given retaining wall is situated within the debris subsidence zone without any foundation to the bed rock and hence w

Ambala Mala

Dhoni

Melemadam

Kalladikkode Vadakke colony slide
As a preventive measure, the residents may be relocated safer locations during very heavy rains.
Two houses need to be relocated from the vicinity of the slide
1. Rajan
2. Vinod s/o Rajan
21 families of 18 houses relocated to a school at Maruthankad
Vegetation and plantation of the slide affected area are damaged.
1. Easing of slope in the crown area of the slide
3. Provision for the rainwater to run off to the river downstream.
4. Horizontal drainages to prevent ex
1 house damaged. 1 house in danger due to close vicinity to the scarp of the slide. 1 well displaced 10 m downstream due to subsidence
The slide has occurred in the overlying debris material due to oversaturation of the material caused by incessant rains on 16/08/18. There are two natural streams upstream of the slide which has been choked resulting in the movement of surface runoff wat

Kadambazhippuram
Garnet gneiss of Peninsular Gneissic Comples
1. Easing of slope in the crown area of the slide and at places with visible cracks.
2. Filling of ground cracks with impervious material to prevent further water saturation of debris.
3. Provisions for adequate drainage of water from the hill slope nea
The deep seated debris subsidence has occurred due to super saturation of the debris material due to excessive rainfall on 16/08/18. The slope also lacks proper drainage provisions to discharge the excess water due to the existing terrace cultivation.

Kadambazhippuram subsidence
Garnet gneiss of Peninsular Gneissic Comples
Names of house owners reported to be directly affected due to the slide
1. Manikanda Vijayan s/o Ayyavu, Aruvakkad Kizhakkekkara
1. Easing of slope in the crown area of the slide and at places with visible cracks.
2. Filling of ground cracks with impervious material to prevent further water saturation of debris.
3. Provisions for adequate drainage of water from the hill slope nea
The slide zone is situated over thick lithomarge of 10-15m thickness which abuts to a nearby paddy field. The deep seated slide has occurred due to supersaturation of the debris material due to excessive rainfall. The slope also lacks proper drainage pro

Breast wall may be given down stream as per the site conditions to prevent further debris flow towards settlements if any.
The slide was occurred due to the oversaturation of debris material lying on a steep rocky slope due to rainfall.

Jai Bharat estate slide
1. Loose debris present on the slide path may be removed to prevent further reactivation of the slide.
2. A breast wall may be provided at the toe of the slide to prevent further material from coming down towards the settlement down slope.
3. No construc
The landside has occurred due to oversaturation of the debris by incessant rains on 16/8/18. The debris was lying on a steep rocky slope where the debris rock interface was saturated with water resulting in the slide.

Breast wall may be given down stream as per the site conditions to prevent further movement of run out material towards settlements if any.
The slide has initiated due to reduction of strength on supersaturation of debris material.

Athanadkunnu slide
No further construction activities to be carried out in the debris flow path. The people living in the adjoining areas of the same hill slope may be alerted during heavy rains since similar situation may happen there.
10 people of 2 families lost their l
Athanadkunnu , Vallanki village, Nenmara Pnchayat, Alathur Taluk
1. Large precarious boulders at the crown of the slide may be removed
2. A thick breast wall may be provided at the toe of the slide to prevent further material from coming down the slope
3. No construction activities to be carried out in the debris flow
The landside has occurred due to oversaturation of the debris by incessant rains on 16/8/18. The debris rock interface was saturated with water along which the 2-3 m thick debris slided. The debris charged water carried more material from downstream area

Near Pothundi Reservoir area, Nelliyampathy road, Chitoor Taluk

Near Pothundi Reservoir area, Nelliyampathy road, Chitoor Taluk
1. Removal of precarious boulders.
2. Lining of nala to prevent further bank erosion.
3. Proper toe support.
4. Unclogging of nala culvert.
The slide has initiated due to reduction of strength on supersaturation of debris material and toe erosion by nala

Thekkekulambu
Precambrian shield -Charnockite group consisting of hypersthene bearing gneisses and granulites.
Fol-N85°W-S85°E dipping 30°NE, 5 sets of joints
A debris flow occurred at Thekkekulambu on the NW flank of Ayala Mudichi about 4km SE of Chembod slide Kairadi village. The general trend of foliation varies from to N85?E-S85?E dipping 30?NE. Five sets of joints are discernible. The average slope is mor
Report on the recent Landslides in Alathur and Chittur taluks, Palakkad district, Kerala, by C. Muraleedharan & M.N. Praveen,Senior Geologists Thiruvananthapuram. (LHIM_KER_2007_015)
Forest, agriculture land with sparse settlement

Kairadi-Kaithahira
A debris flow occurred at Kairadi-Kaithachira on the SW flank of Ayala Mudichi about 2km NW of Kairadi village. The general trend of foliation rvaries from E-W dipping 85?S to N85?E-S85?W dipping 80?SE. Five sets of joints are discernible in the area. T
Report on the recent Landslides in Alathur and Chittur taluks, Palakkad district, Kerala, by C. Muraleedharan & M.N. Praveen,Senior Geologists Thiruvananthapuram. (LHIM_KER_2007_015)
Forest and agriculture land with sparse settlements

Precambrian shield characterized by Charnockite group of rocks and granulites.
Fol-N-S dipping 85°W to N15°E-S15°W dipping 80°NW
A debris flow occurred at Kairadi-Naalam Kooppu on the SW flank of Ayala Mudichi about 1km NW of Kairadi-Kaithachira slide Kairadi village. The general trend of foliation rvaries from N-S dipping 85?W to N15?E-S15?W dipping 80?NW. Five sets of joints are
Report on the recent Landslides in Alathur and Chittur taluks, Palakkad district, Kerala, by C. Muraleedharan & M.N. Praveen,Senior Geologists Thiruvananthapuram. (LHIM_KER_2007_015)

Precambrian shield-Charnockite group of rocks-hypersthene bearing gneisses & granulites.
Fol-E-W dipping 35°S to N85°E-S85°W dipping 35°SE
A debris flow occurred at Kairadi-Naalamkooppu on the SW flank of Ayala Mudichi about 2.5 km NW of Kairadi village. The general trend of foliation varies from E-W dipping 35?S to N85?E-S85?W dipping 35?SE. Five sets of joints are discernible in the area

Ezhuthankad slide
1. Large precarious boulders and debris along the run out path may be cleared.
2. Breast wall with weep holes to be provided at the toe of the slide to prevent further debris flow
3. Provisions for surface water discharge from the hill slope to be made t
The landside has occurred due to oversaturation of the debris by incessant rains on 15/8/18.

Veezhumala quarry slide II
The slide is near aquarry site.
Breast wall may be given down stream as per the site conditions to prevent further debris flow towards settlements if any.
The slide was occurred due to the oversaturation of debris material lying on a steep rocky slope due to rainfall.

Veezhumala slide
1. Large precarious boulders along the slide to be removed
2. The stream channel to be lined to prevent further toe erosion of the material
3. A gabion breast wall to be provided at the toe of the slide to prevent further material from coming down the sl
Boundary wall of one house breached, one well totally filled up with debris
The landside has occurred due to the oversaturation of the debris material by incessant rains on 16/08/18. The nala flowing within the slided area was flooded due to rains and further enhanced the debris flow towards downstream area. The run out material

Veezhumala slide
1. Large precarious boulders at the crown of the slide may be removed by controlled blasting. Temporary steel wire mesh anchored to the bedrock may be erected around the boulders to prevent the blast fragments from falling down slope and causing further
The landside has occurred due to oversaturation of the debris by incessant rains on 16/8/18. The debris rock interface was saturated with water along which debris material slided.

Veezhumala quarry slide
1. The debris material along the slope may be removed to prevent further reactivation of the slide.
2. Construction activities adjacent to the hill may be avoided as the slope is highly susceptible for landslides.
The steep hill slope consists of many debris patches which were oversaturated due to heavy rains resulting in the debris slide along the rock-debris interface. The slope also reveals many day lighted joints along the slope which are also potential zones

Proper lined drainage may be given below the slide to prevent water percolation.
The slide was occurred due to the steep slope cut for construction of house and oversaturation of debris material due to rainfall.

Irattakullam, near Maruti showroom
Garnet gneiss of Peninsular Gneissic Comples
Proper toe support as per the site condition to prevent further movement of debris towards the Maruti showroom down slope.
Oversaturation of overlying debris material by incessant rain on 16/8/18

Kuthiran slide 2
On 15th August 2018, a cut slope failure occured near Kuthiran on NH 47. Due to infiltration of water during heavy rainfall, increased pore water pressure and decreased shear strength of the overburden material resulted in sliding of overburden materi
Temporary blockage of high way for 1 days.
Loose overburden and loose trees near crown need to be removed, Concrete retaining wall with weep holes and lined toe drain may be provided.
Due to infiltration of water during heavy rainfall, increased pore water pressure and decreased shear strength of the overburden material resulted in sliding of overburden material along the cut slope

Kuthiran tunnel slides
On 15th August 2018, during heavy rainfall, a debris slide and a cut slope failure happened at Kuthiran transportation tunnel. The debris slide happened above the portal of tunnel 1 and cut slope failure happened above right spring of tunnel 2. Heavy r
The loose material near crown and accumulated material near the tunnel portal needs to be removed, the overburden existing above the portal of the tunnel needs to be stabilised by proper benching, cable anchors anchored to the bed rock may be provided.
Heavy rainfall and infiltration of water into the overburden material above portal of the transportation tunnel increased the pore water pressure and decreased the shear strength of the overburden material resulted in sliding of overburden material along

Kuthiran slide
On 15th August 2018, a cut slope failure occured near Kuthiran on NH 47. Due to infiltration of water during heavy rainfall, increased pore water pressure and decreased shear strength of the overburden material resulted in sliding of overburden materi
Temporary blockage of high way for 1 days.
Loose overburden and loose trees near crown need to be removed, Concrete retaining wall with weep holes and lined toe drain may be provided.
Due to infiltration of water during heavy rainfall, increased pore water pressure and decreased shear strength of the overburden material resulted in sliding of overburden material along the cut slope

Kuthiranmala temple slide
290 degree/30 degree towards SSW, 25 degree/vertical.
On 15th August 2018, a debris slide occurred near Kuthiranmala temple on NH 47. Due to infiltration of water during heavy rainfall, increased pore water pressure and decreased shear strength of the overburden material resulted in sliding of overburden
One set of day-lighting joint present below the over burden mterial on the side of busy road (NH47).
Temporary blockage of high way for 2 days.
Loose overburden and trees along crown needs to be removed, concrete retaining wall with weep holes and lined toe drain needs to be constructed for proving support to the oberburden material, geo net may be provided over jointed rock mass.
Due to infiltration of water during heavy rainfall, increased pore water pressure and decreased shear strength of the overburden material resulted in sliding of overburden material above the jointed rock mass along the cut slope.

Vazhukkupara slide
As part of heavy rainfall during 15th August 2018, a mall soil slide occured on the upslope portion of NH 47 near Vazhukkupara. Due to infiltration of water during heavy rainfall, increased in the pore water pressure and decreased shear strength of the
A high tension electric tower is located at the crown portion of the slide. The slide is located on the upslope of NH 47, monitoring/inspection of high electric tower needs to be carried out by KSEB.
Removal of debris from the slide zone, easing of slope by benching, construction of concrete retaining wall with weep holes and lined toe drain for providing support to the slope as well as high tension electric tower.
Due to infiltration of water during heavy rainfall, increased pore water pressure and decreased shear strength of the overburden material resulted in sliding of overburden material.

Kuthiran slide 4
On 15th August 2018, a cut slope failure occured near Kuthiran on the side of NH 47 west of Kuthiran. Due to infiltration of water during heavy rainfall, increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material above cro
Slide happened on the side of NH 47
Loose material needs to be removed, geonet/catch net may be installed for controlling the fall of core stones and loose jointed rock blocks.
Due to infiltration of water during heavy rainfall, increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material above cross jointed rock mass resulted in sliding of overburden material along the cut slope.

Kuthiran slide 3
On 15th August 2018, a cut slope failure occured near Kuthiran on the new road under construction to the Kuthiran transportation tunnel. Due to infiltration of water during heavy rainfall, increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength
Loose core stones present on the top portion of the cut slope; cross cutting joints are present below the overburden on the side of the road.
Loose soil and loose trees near the crown may be removed, installation of geonet/catch net for arresting the fall of weathered core stones and cross jointed rock.
Due to infiltration of water during heavy rainfall, increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material above cross jointed rock mass resulted in sliding of overburden material along the cut slope.

Uravanpadam slide
On 15th August 2018, heavy rainfall resulted in increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material and sliding. Heavy amount of surface runoff water clubbed with debris material along the seasonal stream created deb
Natural flow path of nala should not be blocked by any kind of human activity. Unstable debris material on the upslope as well as along the slide course needs to be removed, no settlement should be allowed on the near vicinity and across the slide course
Heavy rainfall resulted in increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material and sliding. Heavy amount of surface runoff water clubbed with debris material along the seasonal stream created debris flow.

Peechi slide
A subsidence occurred near Peechi which was initiated on 16.08.19 and re activated on 19.08.2019 leading to complete destruction of one house belonging to Smt. Sarama Kuriakose, Ichikkal house. After the incidence, the residents vacated the house and shi
The subsidence started initially on 16.08.19, reactivated on 19.08.2019 leading to the complete destruction of the house.
Stabilization of the slope by benching, filling of the cracks with bentonite clay or similar materials, concrete lining of the nala. Detailed site specific study is required for the site.
01 house completely destroyed (owner: Smt. Sarama Kuriakose, Ichikkal house )
Slope instability and development of multiple cracks on the ground caused due to increase in pore water pressure and reduction in shear strength of the overburden material on account of heavy rainfall. Moreover, a nala/stream flowing at the base of the s

Poovanchira slide
On 15th August 2018, a cut slope failure happened behind a house owned by Thomas, Kanjirachalil, Poovanchira village. On upslope of the slide, rubber is planted along a moderately steep slope with thick overburden. A part of crown crack developed during
Part of crown crack is present on the right side of the crown of slide.
The house owner already constructed a short rubble retaining wall with weep holes, However, a concrete retaining wall of sufficient height with weep holes and toe drain is preferable along with easing of slope by benching. While benching, part of the cro
Increase in the pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material due to infiltration of water during heavy rainfall resulted in sliding of overburden material along the cut slope on the back side of the house.

Poovanchira slide 2
On 15th August 2018, a rock cum debris flow happened near Poovanchira. During heavy rainfall, increase in the pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material due to infiltration of water resulted in sliding of overburden ma
Removal of debris from the flow path, anthropogenic activities blocking the natural flow of water along the seasonal stream/flow path and activities causing accumulation of water in the upslope portion needs to be controlled. No construction should be ma
Increase in the pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material due to infiltration of water during heavy rainfall resulted in sliding of overburden material. The slided material and debris along with huge amount of surface

Pullankandu slide
Joints (J1= E-W/Vertical, J2= N-S/Vertical, J3= 140┬░/ vertical, J= Horizontal)
On 15th August 2018 a debris flow occurred along a first order stream near Madakkathara village. The geoscientific cause for the slide is increased pore water pressure and decreased shear strength of slope material, heavy surface run off and widening of
Unstable debris material present at source of the slide
Removal of unstable debris material from the stream channel and from slide source, provision of catch fences to arrest the rolled boulders
Increased pore water pressure and decreased shear strength of slope material, heavy surface run off and widening of stream channel weakening along joints.

Kallidukk slide
A debris slide occurred along the banks of a seasonal canal near Kallidukk, Thanipadam. During very heavy rainfall on 15th August 2018, the oversaturated slope with comparatively thick overburden material slided downslope due to strong undercutting of th
Easing of the slope by proper benching, concrete lining of banks of the canal.
Increase in the pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material due to heavy rainfall, removal of lateral support of the slope due to steep under cutting of water along the canal.

Aayod debris flows
On 15th August 2018, 2 debris flows happened near Aayodu, Poonchira along 2 nearby slopes covered by thick overburden material. Increase in the pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material due to heavy rainfall coupled w
2 debris flows occurred along adjacent slopes. 50 m towards down slope of the debris flows, 4 houses, 1 road (Thanipadam- ayodu road) and 1 canal are situated.
Removal of unstable material from the source area and flow path, Easing of the slope by proper benching, construction of deflection wall and diversion channels along the flow path.
1 house completely damaged (Eliyas, Ambattukudiyil)
Increase in the pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material due to heavy rainfall coupled with heavy surface runoff and gully erosion along moderately sleep slope resulted in the slope failures in nearby locations.

Aayod debris flows
On 15th August 2018, 2 debris flows happened near Aayodu, Poonchira along 2 nearby slopes covered by thick overburden material. Increase in the pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material due to heavy rainfall coupled w
2 debris flows occurred along adjacent slopes. 50 m towards down slope of the debris flows, 4 houses, 1 road (Thanipadam- ayodu road) and 1 canal are situated.
Removal of unstable material from the source area and flow path, Easing of the slope by proper benching, construction of deflection wall and diversion channels along the flow path.
1 house partially damaged and non occuppyable (Varghese, Koyapatta)
Increase in the pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material due to heavy rainfall coupled with heavy surface runoff and gully erosion along moderately sleep slope resulted in the slope failures in nearby locations.

Thaalikode slide
On 16th August 2018, a rock cum debris slide happened along a steep slope with 2 to 4 m thick overburden on the back side of a house owned by Valsala, Rairath, Thalikode. Heavy surface run off and infiltration of water during intense rainfall increased
Overburden material is still present at the crown portion of the slide.
Removal of rock and debris material from the slide zone, construction of concrete retaining wall with weep holes and lined toe drain.
Partial destruction of one house ( Valsala, Rairath, Thalikode)
Heavy surface run off and infiltration of water during intense rainfall increased pore water pressure and decreased shear strength of the 2 to 4 m thick overburden material along moderately sloping terrain, resulted in sliding.

Thaalikode slide 2
On 16th August 2018, a cut slope failure occurred near Mudikode-Thalikode road, near to TEAMS global village academy building. Intense rainfall, heavy surface runoff and infiltration of water increased pore water pressure and decreased shear strength
Near to TEAMS global village academy building.
Mudikode-Thalikode road, TEAMS global village academy
Removal of debris material from the slide zone, construction of concrete retaining wall with weep holes and lined toe drain.
Intense rainfall, heavy surface runoff and infiltration of water increased pore water pressure and decreased shear strength of the overburden material along the cut slope, resulted in sliding.

Anand Nagar slide
On 16th August 2018, a debris flow occurred near Anand Nagar, Madakkathara along a first order stream on a low dissected slope, resulting in damage to the land and destruction of a house owned by Prasanth, Vannery. Infiltration of water during heavy r
Down slope portion of the slide is habited.
Removal of debris material from the slide zone and flow path, no settlement should be allowed in the near vicinity of the flow path, anthropogenic activities blocking the flow path/natural channel should not be done.
Infiltration of water during heavy rain fall resulted in increased pore water pressure and decreased shear strength of the overburden material along the slope occupied by thick overburden and failure of slope. Intense surface run off carried the slided

Pazhayanoopadam slide
A cut slope failure has took place on 15.08.2018 behind two house located in Pazhayanoopadam, Manalithara village damaging one house completely (belonging to Shri John, Manayidayil house) and one house partially (belonging to Shri Babu Issac, Pullolic
Construction of retaining wall with weep holes and lined toe drainage, easing of the slope, provision of pilling
2 house (1 completely damaged & 1 partially)
Increase in the pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material due to heavy rainfall, removal of lateral support of the slope due to steep cutting for construction of houses

Kurumala debris flow
On 16th August 2018, a debris flow occurred near Kurumala along a low dissected moderately steep slope. Heavy rain fall resulted in increased pore water pressure and decreased shear strength of the clay rich overburden material due to infiltration of wa
Clay rich soil along the slide zone.
Removal of debris material from the slide zone and flow path, easing of slope by benching, no settlement should be allowed in the near vicinity of the flow path, anthropogenic activities blocking the flow path/natural channel should not be done.
Heavy rain fall resulted in increased pore water pressure and decreased shear strength of the clay rich overburden material due to infiltration of water along the slope. Intense surface run off carried the slided debris downslope, resulting in huge debri

Ananganadi slide
Ananganadi, near eco tourism spot, Ottapalam taluk
1. Lining of drainage where soil is exposed
2. Construction of a well founded concrete check dam in the downstream area to prevent further debris flow to the downstream areas.
3. No further construction activities to be carried out in the debris flow pat
The slide has occurred due to heavy water flow in the nala which resulted in deep erosion of the soil layer. The debris material from the slide was transported along the nala to the downstream areas.

Mattummal colony subsidence
Gabbro dyke and Charnockite of Southern Granulite belt
Names of house owners reported to be directly affected due to the slide
1.Ramani
2. Pariyani, Padinjekkara parambu
3. Ayyappan, Padinjekkara parambu
4. Chattan kutti
5. Ramankutti
6. Meenakshi
7. Gopalan
8. Radha
9. Balasubramaniam
10. Kali
11. Venugopal
1. Easing of slope in the crown area of the slide and at places with visible cracks.
2. Filling of ground cracks with bentonite clay or bitumen to prevent further water saturation of debris.
3. Provisions for adequate drainage of water from the hill slo
The slided area is occupied by thick debris derived from the weathering of the underlying Gabbro dyke. The area has been reportedly slided during 2007 and has been reactivated during the incessant rains on 16/08/18. The debris material got supersaturate

Karattukurissi subsidence
Gabbro dyke and Charnockite of Southern Granulite belt
64 people of 15 houses affected. Names of house owners reported to be directly affected due to the slide
1. Leela d/o Kotha
2. Kunjan s/o Kotha
3. Prangaran s/o Ayyappan
4. Gopalakrishnan s/o Chakki
5. Karthikeyan
6. Janaki d/o Shankaran
7. Kali d/o Ram
2. Filling of ground cracks with bentonite clay or bitumen to prevent further water saturation of debris.
3. The toe of the slide may be given thick concrete retaining
15 houses in near vicinity of the slide affected which includes 6 houses which are totally damaged.
The slide has occurred due to oversaturation of the debris material caused by incessant rains on 16/08/18. The slide zone is situated over a Gabbro dyke in the Charnockite terrain. Since Gabbro rock is highly prone to weathering, debris of 10-15 m thickn

Chengara-Kottavurmala
Charnockite gneiss with small bands of garnetiferous pyrozene granulite and magnetite quartzite
A landslip/slump occurred at Chengara-Kottavumala on the SE flank of the Chengara hillock, Eranadu taluk on 17th July 2007. The area is reported to have witnessed landslips in 1956 and 1994. The area is prone to landslips. The slide got triggered due to

Kallidimbu
An overburden slide occurred at Kallidimbu near Eranad on TNo.58B/5 in Malappuram district, Kerala. The area experiences a heavy rainfall on the day of the incident. The slide got triggered due to heavy rainfall, spreading to a total length of 200m and a
Pore water pressure, toe erosion and unscientific slope cutting

Pallam slide 2
On 15th August 2018, along the same failed slope of Pallam slide 1, another debris slide occurred. The slope is occupied by HHP (Rubber), moderate vegetation, and settlement. Heavy surface run off and infiltration of water during continued rainfall incr
Very near to Pallam slide 1.
Removal of debris material, easing of slope with proper benching.
Continued rainfall resulted in heavy surface run off and infiltration of water which increased pore water pressure and decreased shear strength of the thick overburden material along moderately sloping terrain with overburden thickness of 4 to 5 m result

Pallam slide 1
On 15th August 2018, a debris slide occurred at Pallam, on NW of Desamangalam, a debris slide occurred along a moderately sloping terrain with overburden thickness of 4 to 5 m occupied by HHP (Rubber), moderate vegetation, settlement. Heavy surface ru
2 deaths, complete destruction of one house. Presently, 7 houses in the near vicinity of the site are not occupied.
Removal of debris material, easing of slope with proper benching.
Heavy surface run off and infiltration of water during continued rainfall increased pore water pressure and decreased shear strength of the thick overburden material along moderately sloping terrain with overburden thickness of 4 to 5 m resulted in slidi

Kuranchery slide
Highly weathered clay rich material, laterite cover.
On 16th August morning, a devastating debris slide happened near Kuranchery-Nayarangadi road resulted in loss of life of 19 people, destruction to 5 houses and 2 commercial establishments. Infiltration of water during heavy rainfall increased pore water
19 death toll due to the debris slide. Laterite capping, lithomarge clay and saprolite are exposed in the failed slope. Since the area is habited, a site specific study is recommended.
Easing of slope with proper benching, concrete retaining wall with weep holes and lined toe drain, a diversion channel is preferred to avoid oversaturation of slope in future heavy rain spells.
Infiltration of water during heavy rainfall increased pore water pressure and decreased shear strength of the thick overburden material with lithomarge clay which resulted in sliding.

Chottupara slide
Joints, J1: 80 degree/vertical, J2: 360 degree/vertical
On 15th August 2018, a debris slide happened on the up slope of Konchery-Chottupara road where the slide is initiated near a canal, breaching part of the canal and destructing a house owned by Ajeesh, Moorkanadu. Continued rainfall resulted in heavy s
Part of the canal near the crown portion of the slide which was breached during the slide needs immediate attention.
Easing of slope with proper benching, concrete retaining wall with weep holes and lined toe drain need to be constructed, part of the canal near the crown portion of the slide which was breached during the slide needs immediate attention. The canal syste
Continued rainfall resulted in heavy surface run off and infiltration of water which increased pore water pressure and decreased shear strength of the 3 to 4 m thick overburden material along moderately sloping terrain. The slide is induced by toe erosi

Konnakuzhy Slide
J1: N-S/Vertical, J2: E-W/Vertical; Foliation: E-W/Vertical
Continuous and heavy rainfall on 16th August 2018 resulted in a debris flow along a steep slope near Konnakuzhy cattle breeding farm working under Kerala veterinary and animal science university. Heavy infiltration of water increased the pore water pres
Lateritization is observed along the flow path over the freshly exposed weathered rock. During the slide, due to heavy discharge of material along the 1st order stream, the stream channel widened. Deep gully erosion observed along the flow path.
Konnakuzhy cattle breeding farm (Kerala veterinary and animal science university).
Unstable debris material on the upslope as well as along the slide course needs to be removed; Future expansion of the cattle sheds and office rooms of the cattle breeding farm should not be along the course of the debris flow. Since the infrastructure o
1 cattle shed completely damaged, 1 office room partially damaged, 2 JCB damaged.
Torrential rainfall increased the pore water pressure and decreased the shear strength of the overburden material upslope of the slide resulting in heavy discharge of debris, rock material and uprooted trees along the first order seasonal stream. Cross

Konnakuzhy Slide 2
J1: N-S/Vertical, J2: E-W/Vertical; Foliation: E-W/Vertical
Due to heavy rainfall on 16th August 2018 a debris flow occurred along a steep slope near Konnakuzhy behind Kerala veterinary and animal science university, Konnakuzhy. Heavy infiltration of water increased the pore water pressure and decreased the shea
During the slide, due to heavy discharge of material along the 1st order stream, the stream channel widened. Due to thick vegetation on the back side of the college, the debris material arrested along 50 m back side of the college, reducing the severity
Kerala veterinary and animal science university, Konnakuzhy
Unstable debris material on the upslope as well as along the slide course needs to be removed; to avoid future accidents, rock fall barrier/catch fences may be installed behind the college.
Torrential rainfall increased the pore water pressure and decreased the shear strength of the overburden material upslope of the slide resulting in heavy discharge of debris, rock material and uprooted trees along the first order seasonal stream. Cross

Kainur Slide
On the night of 15th August 2018 a rotational debris slide occurred in Kainur village, completely destroying two house. According to the local residents, the houses were belonging to Mrs. Madathi, Paradil & Mrs. Parukutti. Apart from this, two other hous
Lithomarge clay is the predominant overburden material in the site, which is very prone to sliding.
Easing of slope, followed by benching of slope, construction of retaining wall with weep holes and toe drainage behind the houses.
02 Houses completely destroyed & 02 houses at risk
Steep cutting of slope behind the houses, Increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material due to heavy rainfall.

Puttankadu slide4
Due to the toe cutting activity by an unlined irrigation canal, a debris slide took place on the night of 15.08.2018 at Puttankadu village, after a spell of prolonged heavy rainfall. The main cause for the slide is increase in pore water pressure and dec
Proper concrete lining of the canal to avoid toe erosion activity

Puttankadu subsidence
On the night of 15th August 2018, after a spell of heavy rainfall, multiple cracks developed on the ground as well as on the floor and walls of a house located at Puttankadu village. The house was belonging to Shri Rajidas. An unlined canal is flowing at
Cracks developed on ground as well as walls of the house.
Stabilization of the slope by adopting benching, proper concrete lining of the canal to avoid toe erosion, sealing of the ground cracks by bentonite clay or any other suitable sealant material to avoid seepage of rainwater. Since, the slope is highly uns
Increase in pore water pressure and reduction in the shear strength of the overburden material due to heavy rainfall, toe cutting activity by a canal flowing downslope

Puttankadu slide3
A debris slide is located at Puttankadu, which has caused due to the toe cutting activity by canal situated at the base of the slide, causing removal of lateral support of the slope, which in turn failed. As remedial measure, it is suggested for prope
Proper concrete lining of the canal to avoid toe erosion activity
Toe erosion by canal flowing at the base of the slide

Puttankadu slide2
On 15th August 2018, a debris slide took place at Puttankadu, after a prolonged spell of heavy rainfall leading to partial damage of one houses situated downslope and temporarily blocking the road, hindering the traffic movement for about 10 days . A ca
To avoid the erosion activity by flowing water, Piped canal is provided near the slide portion, temporary measures for slope stabilization has been made by use of sand bags
Road temporarily blocked for 10 days by slide debris
Proper concrete lining of the canal to avoid any infiltration of water in future, stabilization of the slope by terracing/benching.

A debris slide which took place at Puttankadu on night of 15th August 2018, after a prolonged spell of heavy rainfall has lead to the destruction of two houses situated on the slope. The houses were belonging to Smt. Usha, Meypulli and Smt. Thangamma, Br
Temporary measures for slope stabilization has been made by use of sand bags.
Road temporarily blocked for 10 days by slide debris
Proper concrete lining of the canal to avoid any infiltration of water in future, stabilization of the slope by terracing/benching.
Increase in the pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material due to heavy rainfall. Infiltration and overflowing of water due to heavy rainfall from a canal situated near top portion of the slide.

Vattappara Slide1
A debris slide occurred in Vattappara village on the night of 15th August 2018 destroying one shop. The road below the damaged shop was blocked for 4-5 days. The geoscientific cause for the slide is increase in pore water pressure and decrease in the sh
Debris slide has been induced by steep cutting of slope
Temporary blockage of the road for 4-5 days
Easing of slope, followed by benching of slope, construction of retaining wall with weeps holes and toe drainage
Steep cutting of slope, Increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material due to heavy rainfall.

Vattappara Slide2
A rotational debris slide occurred in Vattappara village on the night of 15th August 2018 destroying one house. According to information from local residents the house was belonging to Shri Karthyayani. The road below the damaged shop was blocked for 4-
Debris slide has been induced by steep cutting of slope behind the house
Temporary blockage of the road for 4-5 days
Easing of slope, followed by benching of slope, construction of retaining wall with weep holes and toe drainage behind the house.
01 house completely destroyed (owner: Karthyayani)
Steep cutting of slope behind the house, increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material due to heavy rainfall.

Payyanam slide1
On 15th of August 2019 a debris flow took place in Payyanam, when due to heavy rainfall, water from septic tank of a house got breached away, damaging a house downslope. The slide path is vulnerable to create further slide during heavy rainfall since it
Deep gully erosion marked in the slide path
Reconstruction of damaged septic tank, Culvert of suitable dimension to be provided at road - nala junction, Removal of unstable debris material from the slide flow path
Heavy discharge of sewage mixed water from a septic tank located upslope of the slide, which got damaged during heavy rainfall

Payyanam slide2
A debris slide took place on 15th of August 2019 in Payyanam, during heavy rainfall, damaging a house completely and leading to the development of ground cracks in the premises of another house located nearby. The geo-scientific cause of the slide is i
Benching of the slope is being carried out by the owner of the damaged house
Easing of the slope followed by benching, concrete retaining wall with weep holes behind the houses to the left of the slide and provision of breast wall below the houses with proper lined drainage arrangements
1 house completly damaged (owner: Purushottaman A.K) and 1 house has cracks on wall and floor (Owner: Prakashan Arithumbungal)
Increase in the pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material due to heavy rainfall.

Payyanam slide3
A debris flow took place on 15th of August 2019 near Payyanam, during heavy rainfall. The geo-scientific cause of the slide can be attributed due to heavy discharge of water along a seasonal first order stream during heavy rainfall and widening of the n
Unstable debris material present at the slide course
Removal of unstable debris material along the slide course, Construction of culvert of suitable dimension at road-nala junction
Heavy discharge of water along a seasonal first order stream due to heavy rainfall and widening of the natural stream course

Urulankunnu slide
On 15th of August 2019 a debris flow took place in Urulankunnu along a seasonal 1st order stream. The geo-scientific cause of the slide/slump can be attributed due to heavy discharge of debris mixed water along a seasonal first order stream, due to widen
2 houses located at very close vicinity of the side flow path
Pipe culvert should be provided at road -nala junction, Deflection walls should be made behind the house to divert the slide debris in future
Heavy discharge of debris mixed water along a seasonal first order stream, due to widening of the stream channel during heavy rainfall

Kolankundu slide
A cut slope failure has took place on 16.08.2018 behind a house located in Kolankundu village, damaging one house. As per the information collected from local residents, the damaged house was belonging to Shri Biju, Nellikamalayil. The geo-scientific ca
Gully erosion present
Construction of retaining wall with weep holes and lined toe drainage, easing of the slope, pilling
Increase in the pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material due to heavy rainfall. Removal of lateral support of the slope due to steep cutting for construction of houses has reduced the stability of the slope, making it

Kolankundu debris slump
Joints (J1=40┬░/46┬░ towards North West, J2= 320┬░/ Vertical)
On 16th of August 2019 a deep rotational slump took place in Kolankundu village damaging a house belonging to Shri Joy (as per information from the local residents). Development of crown cracks were initiated at 08:00 hrs on the day of event and slump to
Transverse cracks and radial cracks were marked in the zone of accumulation
Easing of the slope followed by benching
Increase in the pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material due to heavy rainfall. Removal of lateral support of the slope due to steep cutting for construction of houses has reduced the stability of the slope, making it

Chittaakkunnu slide 2
On 16th August 2018, a debris flow occurred near Chittaakkunnu along a low dissected moderately steep slope. Heavy rain fall resulted in increased pore water pressure and decreased shear strength of the clay rich overburden material due to infiltration
Removal of debris material from the slide zone and flow path, no settlement should be allowed in the near vicinity of the flow path, anthropogenic activities blocking the flow path/natural channel should not be done.
During heavy rainfall, infiltration of water resulted in increased pore water pressure and decreased shear strength of the overburden material due to infiltration of water along the slope. Intense surface run off carried the slided debris downslope, resu

Chittaakkunnu
On 16th August 2018, a debris flow occurred near Chittaakkunnu along a low dissected moderately steep slope. Heavy rain fall resulted in increased pore water pressure and decreased shear strength of the clay rich overburden material due to infiltration
Removal of debris material from the slide zone and flow path, no settlement should be allowed in the near vicinity of the flow path, anthropogenic activities blocking the flow path/natural channel should not be done.
During heavy rainfall, infiltration of water resulted in increased pore water pressure and decreased shear strength of the overburden material due to infiltration of water along the slope. Intense surface run off carried the slided debris downslope, resu

Puttankadu debris flow1
Joints: J1=110╦Ü dipping 82╦Ü towards South, J2= 200╦Ü/ vertical.
On 15th August 2018 a debris flow occurred along a seasonal first order stream near Puttankadu village, uprooting trees and carrying enormous quantity of debris material. The geoscientific cause for the slide is reduction in shear strength due to increa
Uprooted of trees noticed along the stream channel
Removal of unstable debris material from along the stream channel and from slide source
Reduction in shear strength due to increased pore water pressure of slope material, heavy flow of water along a seasonal first order stream, widening of channel, cross cutting joints in bedrock

Puttankadu debris flow2
On 15th August 2018 a debris flow occurred along a modified first order stream near Puttankadu village. The geoscientific cause for the slide is reduction in shear strength due to increased pore water pressure of slope material, heavy flow of surface wa
Unstable debris material present at source of the slide
Removal of unstable debris material from the flow path as well as slide source, provision of cross drain/interceptor drain along the slope.
reduction in shear strength due to increased pore water pressure of slope material, heavy flow of surface water along a seasonal first order stream and widening of the channel

Pulikanni subsidence
On the night of 16th August 2018, after a spell of heavy rainfall, multiple cracks developed on floor and walls of 5 houses located at Pulikanni village. The houses are owned by Hamsa, Edakkadamban house, Abdul Rahman, Kannattil house, Sreedharan, Kam
Cracks developed on ground as well as walls of 5 houses,
Stabilization of the slope by benching, sealing of the ground cracks by a suitable sealing material to avoid seepage of rainwater. Since, the slope is highly unstable and 5 houses are located downslope of the displaced and widened ground crack, a detaile
5 houses with multiple cracks on the walls and floor are located on the downslope of moderate slope with displaced ground crack
Increase in pore water pressure and reduction in the shear strength of the overburden material due to heavy rainfall resulted in the development of ground crack with displacement. Later, due to the effect of ground subsidence, cracks developed on 5 house

Chimmini slide
On 15th August 2018, heavy rainfall resulted in increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material and sliding. Heavy amount of surface runoff water clubbed with debris material along the seasonal stream created deb
Natural flow path of nala should not be blocked by any kind of human activity. Unstable debris material on the upslope as well as along the slide course needs to be removed, no settlement should be allowed on the near vicinity and across the slide course
Heavy rainfall resulted in increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material and sliding. Heavy amount of surface runoff water clubbed with debris material along the seasonal stream created debris flow.

Mettipadam Slide
J1: N-S/Vertical, J2: E-W/Vertical; Foliation: E-W/Vertical
On 15th August 2018, 14 hrs noon, a rock cum debris flow occured at Mettipadam due to heavy rainfall for past 3 days, having 60 m length, 25 to 30 m width and 800 m run out distance. The geo-scientific cause of the slide was increase in pore water pres
1 water tank is damaged, 2 houses are located within 50 m limit of the right side of the flow path.
Unstable debris material on the upslope as well as along the slide course needs to be removed, A buffer zone should be made along the stream and settlement should be allowed on the near vicinity of the slide course.
Due to heavy rainfall for 3 days, there was increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the material upslope of the slide resulting in heavy discharge along the first seasonal streams/nalas.

Arichankuzhy Slide
A rock cum debris flow occured at Arichankuzhy due to heavy rainfall with run out distance of 130m. The geo-scientific cause of the slide was increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the material upslope of the slide resulting
Lateritization is observed along the flow path over the freshly exposed weathered rock, bank erosion widened the width of the original 1st order stream along the flow path.
Heavy downpour increased the pore water pressure and decreased the shear strength of the overburden material upslope of the slide resulting in heavy discharge of material along the first order seasonal streams/nalas. Highly jointed and fractures weathere

Kava debris slide
1. The stream channel is to be cleared of debris material to prevent further debris flow towards downstream area during heavy rains.
2. Large precarious boulders along the stream course may be cleared by controlled blasting.
3. The nala course may be giv
The landside has occurred due to heavy rains which increased the flow of water in the stream which in turn washed away the debris cover over the bedrock. The run out material from the slide further eroded the material downstream.

1. The stream channel is to be cleared of debris material.
The landside has occurred due to heavy rains which increased the flow of water in the stream which in turn washed away the debris cover over the bedrock. The run out material from the slide further eroded the material downstream.

Landslide lies in the forest area
The landside has occurred due to heavy rains which saturated the debris material lying on a steep slope.

1. The stream channel is to be cleared of debris material.
2. Grass varieties which prevents surface run off may be planted along the nala banks in consultation with botanist.
The landside has occurred due to heavy rains which increased the flow of water in the stream which in turn washed away the debris cover over the bedrock.

VRT Debris flow
2. The nala course may be given proper lining to prevent further bank erosion during floods.
3. Detailed study has to be
The landside has occurred due to heavy rains which increased the flow of water in the stream which in turn washed away the debris cover over the bedrock. The run out material from the slide further eroded the material downstream and washed away almost 65

Uppukulam subsidence
Name of house owner with damaged house:
1 Janu Velayudhem
Uppukulam, Kedkencherri II village of Alathur Taluk
1. Provisions for adequate drainage of water from the hill slope.
2. Providing proper toe support to prevent further movement of the slide towards the road and houses down slope.
3. Filling of cracks with impervious material.
4. No further construction a
The subsidence has occurred due to oversaturation of the debris material caused by incessant rains on 16/08/18. The slide zone is situated over the Charnockite terrain. The slope also lacks proper drainage provisions to discharge the excess water due to

Kizhakencheri debris slide
1.┬á┬á┬á The hill slope to be cleared of debris material to prevent further debris flow towards downstream area during heavy rains.
Oversaturation of overlying debris material by incessant rain on 16/8/18

Kizhakencheri debris slide
2. Large precarious boulders along the stream course may be cleared by controlled blasting.
3. The nala course may be giv
The landside has occurred due to heavy rains which increased the flow of water in the stream which in turn washed away the debris cover over the bedrock. The run out material from the slide further eroded the material downstream and washed away almost 1

Kizhakencheri debris slide
2. Large precarious boulders along the stream course may be cleared.
3. The nala course may be given proper lining to pre
The landside has occurred due to heavy rains which increased the flow of water in the stream which in turn washed away the debris cover over the bedrock.

Kavalupara 2nd
Precambrian shield-Charnockite gneiss and granulites. Overlain by laterite
Fol-N75°E dipping 50°NW to N80°E dipping 45°NW
A debris avalanche occurred at Kadavupara on the NE flank of Manal hillock about 500m SE of Kavalupara-ladak landslide, Kizhakkulamcherry-II village. The slide got initiated at an elevation of 240m and depleted up to 120m above MSL. The average slope of

Kaviluvara debris slide
A tribal colony is situated in the run out path downstream. Further heavy incessant rain and reactivation of the slide may result in movement of debris material towards the colony.
3. Detailed study has to be c
The landside has occurred due to heavy rains which increased the flow of water in the stream which in turn washed away the debris cover over the bedrock. The run out material from the slide further eroded the material downstream.

Kavalupara-Ladak
Charnockite gneiss and granulites. Overlain by laterite
Foliation N65°E dipping 35°NE to N75°E dipping 50°NW
A debris avalanche occurred at Kadavupara-Ladak on the NE flank of Manal hillockabout 7 Km SW of Mangalam reservoir, Kizhakkulamcherry-II village.The NE-SW trending Manal kunnu hillock is part of Southern Precambrian shield.Slide took place due to clima
Natural hill slope, lateritic soil with clay horizon above the weathered rock
Agricultured land and part of forest destroyed

Kadappara
Fol-N75°E dipping 50°NW to N80°E dipping 45°NW
A debris slide occurred at Kadapara on the western flank of Vellati mala hillock and right side of Tipplikayam Tode, Kizhakkulamcherry-II village.. A steep cutting more than 3m high with a slope of 80? is present adjacent to the ruined house. Geomorpholo
Construction of retaining wall at the cut slope
1 house completlydestroyed and 4 houses damaged

Kadappara village
The water from the nala flooded the bridge in the downstream area during the floods. Therefore care must be taken while constructing any civil structures in close proximity to nala.
3. Detailed study has to be c
The landside has occurred due to heavy rains which caused flooding in the stream resulting large scale erosion of the material in the stream channel causing the slide. The run out material from the slide further eroded the material downstream.

Kadappara
J1(Foliation & parallel Joint): N40┬░W S40┬░E/35┬░NE
A debris flow occurred on 13th June, 2018 at Kadapparam, Kizhekkencherry Village, Palakkad district. The debris flow initiated as shallow rotational failure due to super saturation of slope debris following incessant rain for 3 days. I
The streams in the area are debris flow prone as evidenced by the presence of old slide debris along the flanks.
Precariously positioned boulders in the flow path should be removed. Natural drainage should be left unaltered. One house located on the right flank of this stream and another located on the adjoining parallel stream should be relocated.
Initiated as shallow rotational failure due to super saturation of slope debris following incessant rain for 3 days. It further graded into a debris flow collecting more debris and soil, following a natural stream path and joined a higher order stream.

Kavalupara
Precambrian shield-Charnockite gneiss and granulites. Overlain by laterite
Fol-N75°E dipping 50°NW to N80°E dipping 45°NW
A debris avalanche occurred at Kadavupara on the NE flank of Manal hillock about 500m SE of Kavalupara-ladak landslide, Kizhakkulamcherry-II village. The slide got initiated at an elevation of 200m and depleted up to 60m above MSL. The failure pattern i

Poothamkuzhi
Fol-N85°E dipping 70°SE to N80°E dipping 45°NW
A debris avalanche occurred at Poothamkuzhi on the SW flank of Umi kunnuabout 1.5km SE of pondandam, Mangalam dam village. The general trend of foliation ranges from N85?E-S85?W dipping 70?SE to E-W dipping 70?SE. Four sets of joints are discernible in
Natural hill slope, thin layer humus. Weathered rock

Charpa slide
Due to heavy down pour for past few days, there was heavy discharge of water along the Chalakudy river; which in turn lead to bank erosion below the Chalakudy-Malakkapara road on 15.08.2018. Due to this event the road was partially damaged and there was
Road partially damaged
Road from Chalakudy to Malakkapara, near Charpa water fall
Dressing of the stream bank, construction of breast wall downslope of the road.
Due to heavy discharge of water along the stream downslope (chalakudy river) and increase in the velocity of the flowing water, there was bank erosion downslope of the road

Vadakkayam slide
Due to heavy down pour along a seasonal stream, a rock cum debris flow occurred in Athirapally Village on 15.08.2018. The geo-scientific cause of the slide may be defined as increase in the pore water pressure and decrease in the shear strength of the ov
Due to heavy discharge of material along the 1st order stream, the stream channel got widened.
Unstable debris material on the source as well as along the slide course needs to be removed.
Heavy down pour along a seasonal first order stream increased the pore water pressure and decreased the shear strength of the overburden material resulting in discharge of debris along the first order seasonal stream path.

Vettukuzhy Slide
Continuous and heavy rainfall on 15th August 2018 resulted in a debris flow along a steep slope near Vettukuzhy where the weathered granitic gneiss exhibits cross cutting joints and fractures. Heavy infiltration of water increased the pore water pressur
Lateritization is observed along the flow path over the freshly exposed weathered rock. During the slide, due to heavy discharge of material along the 1st order stream, the stream channel widened. Deep gully erosion observed along the flow path.
Unstable debris material on the upslope as well as along the slide course needs to be removed; the steep slope along the slide coarse need to be stabilised by benching; no settlement should be allowed on the near vicinity of the slide course. A culvert
Continuous and heavy rainfall increased the pore water pressure and decreased the shear strength of the overburden material upslope of the slide resulting in heavy discharge of debris, rock material and uprooted trees along the first order seasonal stre

Chattukayyintara Slide
Heavy down pour increased the pore water pressure and decreased the shear strength of the overburden material upslope of the slide resulting in discharge of debris and uprooted trees along the first order seasonal stream. Cross cutting joints in weather
Due to discharge of material along the 1st order stream, the stream channel widened.
Unstable debris material on the upslope as well as along the slide course needs to be removed; catch fence or deflection walls may be installed to protect the road and one house located along down-slope of flow path.

Chattukayyintara Slide 2
Due to heavy down pour along a seasonal stream, cross-cutting the Athirapally-Chalakudy road, a rock cum debris flow occurred on 16.08.2018. The geo-scientific cause of the slide is due to increase in the pore water pressure and decrease in the shear str
Due to heavy discharge of material along the 1st order stream, the stream channel got widened.
Temporary blockage of road for few hours
Unstable debris material on the upslope as well as along the slide course needs to be removed. Culvert of suitable dimension need to be constructed at the road- nala junction.
Heavy down pour along a seasonal first order stream increased the pore water pressure and decreased the shear strength of the overburden material resulting in discharge of debris along the first order seasonal stream path. Cross cutting joints in weather

Ayyampuzha slide 1
Joints (J1= N-S/vertical, J2= E-W/ vertical)
Two quarters belonging to Kerala Plantation Corporation are at very close vicinity of the slide flow path
Unstable boulders at source as well as along the slide course needs to be removed, benching of slope, catch fences or deflection wall may be installed at downslope to arrest the rolled boulders during such events in future and protect the settlements at
Increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material due to heavy rainfall for prolonged period

Ayyampuzha slide 2
Joints (J1= N-S/60┬░ towards west, J2= E-W/30┬░ towards north)
Unstable boulders at source as well as along the slide course needs to be removed, benching of slope, catch fences or deflection wall may be installed at downslope to arrest the rolled boulders during such events in future and protect the settlement at d
Debris material blocked backslide of a house at the time of incidence
Increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material due to heavy rainfall for prolonged period, development of fractures and joints within the rocks upslope

Seval kudi
Sudharmma, A., SG, A. and Retna Kumari, R. G., 2020. Macroscale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheet nos. 58B/08, 58B/12, 58B/16, 58F/04 and 58F/08 in Ernakulam and Idukki Districts, Kerala.
Cut slope failure
The debris material should be removed, easing of slope. Toe has to be supported with RC/gabion wall with proper drainage holes
Unscientific hill slope modification for road construction that left cut slope with no lateral support. Excess rain resulted in reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure.

Aaram mile
Sudharmma, A., SG, A. and Retna Kumari, R. G., 2020. Macroscale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheet nos. 58B/08, 58B/12, 58B/16, 58F/04 and 58F/08 in Ernakulam and Idukki Districts, Kerala.
Excess rain resulted in reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure.

Aanachal
Sudharmma, A., SG, A. and Retna Kumari, R. G., 2020. Macroscale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheet nos. 58B/08, 58B/12, 58B/16, 58F/04 and 58F/08 in Ernakulam and Idukki Districts, Kerala.
Excess rain resulted in reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure.

Charpa slide 2
Due to heavy down pour for past few days, there was increase in the pore water pressure and reduction in the shear strength of the overburden material, leading to the occurrence of a subsidence downslope of the Chalakudy-Malakkapara road on 15.08.2018.
Stabilization of the slope by benching, Construction of breast wall
Increase in the pore water pressure and reduction in the shear strength of the overburden material due to heavy rainfall.

Peringalkuthu dam slide
Due of heavy rainfall for past few days of the event, on 16th August 2018 (about 06:00Hrs) there was over flooding of water in the Peringalkuthu dam, which lead to heavy discharge of water downstream and eroding both the flanks, leading to a slide on th
Proper backfilling of the damaged portion of the slope, provision of concrete breast wall to avoid further erosion
Road towards the crest of the dam is partially damaged, one park totally damaged
Heavy discharge of water from the dam, leading to the bank erosion on the both flanks of the downstream side.

Tavalakuzhi para slide 1
A debris slide took place on 16th of August 2019 along the road from Chalakudy to Malakkapara. The geo-scientific cause of the slide can be attributed due to increase in the pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material du
Easing of the slope, removal of unstable debris material from slide zone
Increase in the pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material due to heavy rainfall.

Tavalakuzhi para slide 2
A debris slide took place on 16th of August 2019 along the road from Chalakudy to Malakkapara. The geo-scientific cause of the slide can be attributed due to increase in the pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material du
Easing of the slope, removal of unstable debris material from slide zone
Increase in the pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material due to heavy rainfall.

Anakkayam slide
Due to heavy down pour along a seasonal stream, a debris flow occurred in Anakkayam Village on 15.08.2018. The geo-scientific cause of the slide may be defined as increase in the pore water pressure and decrease in the shear strength of the overburden ma
Unstable debris material on the upslope as well as along the slide course needs to be removed. Culvert of suitable size should be made at road-nala junction.
Heavy down pour along a seasonal first order stream increased the pore water pressure and decreased the shear strength of the overburden material resulting in discharge of debris along the first order seasonal stream.

Anakkayam Cutslope failure
On 16th of August 2019 a cut slope failure took place along the road from Chalakudy to Malakkapara. The geo-scientific cause of the slide can be attributed due to steep cutting of slope along the road for road construction and increase in the pore water
One high tension electric post is at risk of failure just above the crown of the slide
Easing of the slope, construction of retaining wall with weep holes and lined toe drainage
Steep cutting of slope along the road, increase in the pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material due to heavy rainfall.

Anakkayam slide 3
J1: 50╦Ü dipping 45╦Ü towards East, J2: E-W/Vertical
On 15.08.2018 a debris slide occurred near Anakkayam, across the road connecting Chalakudy and Malakkapara. Due to this slide three levels of road got affected, blocking the traffic movement for hours and a portion of the road got damaged. The geo-scien
Three levels of the road were affected due to the slide.
Temporary blockage of the road for many hours.
Stabilization of slope by terracing, construction of retaining wall with weep holes and lined toe drainage to avoid cut slope failures and damage to road. Unstable debris material along the slide zone needs to be removed.
Increase in the pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material due to heavy rainfall. Removal of lateral support due to road construction has reduced the stability of the slope, making it more prone to sliding.

Ambalapara slide
On 15.08.2018 a debris flow occurred near Ambalapara , across the road connecting Chalakudy and Malakkapara. Heavy downpour, following the course of a seasonal 1st order stream has lead to increase in the pore water pressure and decrease in shear stren
Culvert of suitable size should be provided at road-nala junction. Unstable debris material along the slide zone to be removed for avoiding any mishap.
Heavy downpour, following the course of a seasonal 1st order stream has lead to increase in the pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material. Also due to the widening of stream, unstable overburden material got eroded and

Anakkayam slide 2
Due to heavy down pour along a seasonal stream, a debris flow occurred in Anakkayam Village on 15.08.2018. The geo-scientific cause of the slide may be defined as increase in the pore water pressure and decrease in the shear strength of the overburden ma
Unstable debris material on the upslope as well as along the slide course needs to be removed. Culvert of suitable size should be made at road-nala junction.
Torrential rainfall leading to heavy discharge of water along a seasonal first order stream, increased the pore water pressure and decreased the shear strength of the overburden material resulting in debris flow.

KSEB Dam slide
A debris flow took place on 16th of August 2019 behind KSEB office buiding at Lower Sholayar Dam. Due to the event debris mixed water flowing down a seasonal stream got accumulated behind the office building. Some rolled boulders were also marked along t
Unstable debris material present at the slide course
Removal of unstable debris material along the slide course, channelization of the stream and construction of deflection wall behind the office building to arrest the rolled boulders during such events.
Heavy discharge of water along a seasonal first order stream due to heavy rainfall and widening of the natural stream course

Ambalapara Debris flow
A debris flow took place on 15th of August 2019 across the road from Chalakudy to Malakkapara. The geo-scientific cause of the slide can be attributed due to heavy discharge of water along a seasonal first order stream during heavy rainfall and widening
Unstable debris material present at the slide course
Removal of unstable debris material along the slide course, Construction of culvert of suitable dimension at road-nala junction
Heavy discharge of water along a seasonal first order stream due to heavy rainfall and widening of the natural stream course

Chalakudy-Malakkapara road slide 4
On 16th of August 2019 a cut slope failure took place along the road from Chalakudy to Malakkapara. The geo-scientific cause of the slide can be attributed due to steep cutting of slope along the road for road construction and increase in the pore water
Temporary blockage of road for few hours
Easing of the slope, construction of retaining wall with weep holes and lined toe drainage
Steep cutting of slope along the road, increase in the pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material due to heavy rainfall.

Chalakudy-Malakkapara road slide 6
Joints (J1= 10┬░ dipping 55┬░ Easterly, J2= 95┬░/Vertical
On 16th of August 2019 a debris slide took place below the road from Chalakudy to Malakkapara, leading to the scooping out of material and leaving a portion of road hanging without any base support . The geo-scientific cause of the slide can be attribut
Slide took place below the road, leading to the scooping out of material and leaving a portion of road hanging without any base support
Backfilling of the slope below the damaged portion of the road, construction of breast wall below the road
Increase in the pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material due to heavy rainfall

Chalakudy-Malakkapara road slide 5
On 16th of August 2019 a debris slide took place along the road from Chalakudy to Malakkapara, leading to temporary blockage of road. The geo-scientific cause of the slide can be attributed due to increase in the pore water pressure and decrease in shear
Temporary blockage of road for few hours
Easing of the slope, construction of retaining wall with weep holes and lined toe drainage
Increase in the pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material due to heavy rainfall, steep cutting of slope along the road,.

A cut slope failure took place on 16th of August 2019, along the road from Chalakudy to Malakkapara. The geo-scientific cause of the slide can be attributed due to steep cutting of slope along the road for road construction and increase in the pore wate
Steep cutting of slope along the road, increase in the pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material due to heavy rainfall.

A debris slide took place on 16th of August 2019, below the road from Chalakudy to Malakkapara. The geo-scientific cause of the slide can be attributed due to increase in the pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material d
Slide took place below the road
Construction of breast wall with weep holes and backfilling of the slided portion

On 16th of August 2019, a cut slope failure took place along the road from Chalakudy to Malakkapara. The geo-scientific cause of the slide can be attributed due to increase in the pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden mater
Construction of retaining wall with weep holes and lined toe drainage upslope of road
Increase in the pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material due to heavy rainfall, steep cutting of slope for road construction.

Removal of the unstable materials, rock bolting
Development of 2 sets of joint sets, increase in head load during heavy rainfall

Pooyamkutty-Kuttampuzha road cut slope failure
Benching of slope following proper bench height, construction of concrete retaining wall with weep holes and lined toe drainage
Increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material due to heavy rainfall for prolonged period, steep cutting of slope for road construction

Thalumkandam
Cut slope failure
The debris material should be removed, easing of slope.
Unscientific hill slope modification for road construction that left cut slope with no lateral support. Excess rain resulted in reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure.

Aaram mile
Cut slope failure
The debris material should be removed, easing of slope.
Toe erosion by river Excess rain resulted in reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure.

Velliyamparakudi
NRSC Validation
The Flow occur within the agricultural land.
Pore water pressure and reduction of strength on super saturation.

Debris flow was reported 26 years back
Wedge failure and increased pore water pressure

Parakudi
The debris material should be removed, easing of slope. Toe has to be supported.
Unscientific hill slope modification for road construction that left cut slope with no lateral support. Toe erosion by river

Perimbamkattu
The area has old slides scars

Perunkuthu
Pore water pressure and reduction of strength on super saturation. Unplanned cutting of slope for construction of road.

Perumbamkoottu
The debris material should be removed, easing of slope. Toe has to be supported.
Unscientific hill slope modification for road construction that left cut slope with no lateral support. Excess rain resulted in reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure.

Chithirapuram
The debris material should be removed, easing of slope. Toe has to be supported.

Seval kudi

Near Pallivasal
The debris material should be removed, easing of slope.

Aanakkulam
Height and length of given RC wall has to be increased

Aanakkulam

Aaram mile
Toe erosion by the stream below the road.Excess rain resulted in reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure.

Perunkuthu
The area is not suitable for habitation.
Pore water pressure and reduction of strength on super saturation.

Mankulam

Nellippadi
The construction in the area should be avoided.
Pore water pressure and reduction of strength on super saturation.

Aanachal

Pallikkunnu
NRSC Validation , The flow occurs along the course of 1st order nala .
The nala path should be maintained as such by construction of culvert, The habitation in the vicinity of nala path has to be relocated.

Toe erosion by the stream below the road.Excess rain resulted in reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure.

Chikkanad kudi

Mankulam
stabilised by planting trees
Excess rain resulted in reduction of strength on super saturation of the loose material below the escarpment and excess pore water pressure.

Parakudi
Ephimeral stream got reactivated
Excess rain resulted in reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure.

Singukudi Tribal Settlement
NRSC Validation
The Flow occur within the agricultural land. The habitation in the vicinity of Flow path should be avoided.

Singukudi Tribal Settlement
The Slide occur within the agricultural land.

Increase in pore water pressre and shearing stress of the material during heavy rainfall

Check dam to be constructed to prevent soil erosion

Removal of toe support due to construction of the road, extensive cutting of slope

Construction of retaining wall with weep holes, lined toe drainage, removal of unstable materials
Due to removal of toe support during construction of road

Root wedging recorded
Construction of retaining wall with weep holes, lined toe drainage, removal of unstable materials
Due to removal of toe support during construction of road

Root wedging recorded
Road from Singona Tea Estate to Nirar Dam
Construction of retaining wall with weep holes, lined toe drainage, removal of unstable materials
Due to removal of toe support during construction of road

Road from Singona Tea Estate to Nirar Dam

Old slide, temporarily stabilized
Road from Singona Tea Estate to Nirar Dam

Construction of retaining wall/gabion wall, lined toe drainage
Due to removal of toe support during construction of road, extensive cutting of slope

Removal of overhanging materials, construction of gabion wall, lined toe drainage
Due to removal of toe support during construction of road, extensive cutting of slope

Lining of the nala, stabilization of the slope
Removal of lateral support due to toe erosion by nala

Development of large numbers of fracture/ weak planes in the rock mass

Concrete lining of the nala/stream, bally benching of the slope

Construction of retaining wall with weep holes, lined toe drainage, benching of the slope
Due to removal of toe support during construction of settlements

Benching of the slope, lined toe drainage
Due to increase in pore water pressure and shear stress of the material during heavy rainfall

Concrete lining of the nala/stream, bally benching of the slope
Removal of toe support due to toe erosion by nala

Road from Mudis to Mukkottumudi Tea Estate
Concrete lining of the nala/stream, bally benching of the slope
Removal of toe support due to toe erosion by nala

Road Korangamudi village to Monica Estate
Construction of retaining wall/gabion wall, lined toe drainage
Due to removal of toe support during construction of road, extensive cutting of slope

Old slide, temporarily stabilized
Road from Urulikal Village to Sholayar Dam

Road from Urulikal Village to Sholayar Dam

Removal of unstable materials, proper treatment/ dressing of the drainages,
Improper drainage arrangements, extensive cutting of the slope during construction of the house

Lining of the nala, construction of step type retaining wall
Removal of lateral support due to toe erosion by nala

Construction of retaining wall with weep holes/gabion wall, lined toe drainage

Old slide
Construction of retaining wall with weep holes/gabion wall, lined toe drainage

Chalakudy-Malakkapara road slide
A cut slope failure took place on 16th of August 2019 along the road from Chalakudy to Malakkapara, leading to temporary blockage of road for few hours. The geo-scientific cause of the slide can be attributed due to increase in the pore water pressure an
Construction of retaining wall with weep holes and lined toe drainage, easing of the slope, removal of unstable debris material from slide zone
Increase in the pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material due to heavy rainfall. Removal of lateral support of the slope due to steep cutting for construction of road has reduced the stability of the slope, making it m

A cut slope failure took place on 16th of August 2019 along the road from Chalakudy to Malakkapara, leading to temporary blockage of road for few hours. The geo-scientific cause of the slide can be attributed due to increase in the pore water pressure an
Construction of retaining wall with weep holes and lined toe drainage, easing of the slope, removal of unstable debris material from slide zone
Increase in the pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material due to heavy rainfall. Removal of lateral support of the slope due to steep cutting for construction of road has reduced the stability of the slope, making it m

A debris slide took place on 16th of August 2019 along the road from Chalakudy to Malakkapara, leading to temporary blockage of road for few hours. The geo-scientific cause of the slide can be attributed due to increase in the pore water pressure and dec
Construction of retaining wall with weep holes and lined toe drainage, easing of the slope, removal of unstable debris material from slide zone

On 16th of August 2019, a stream bank failure took place below the road from Chalakudy to Malakkapara, damaging a portion of road. The geo-scientific cause of the slide can be attributed due the toe cutting action by the stream flowing at the base of the
Toe erosion by nala flowing below the road
concrete lining of the nala, construction of breast wall and backfilling of the damaged portion below the road
Toe cutting action by the stream flowing at the base of the slide, which was accelerated due to increased water flow along the stream due to heavy rainfall.

Poopara colony slide
The hill slope having a tribal colony at the foot slope has a high gradient. The slope is a moderatly dissected hill with three prominent nalas and exposed bed rock. Prima facie the hill slope apperars to be stable but as a precautionery measure for rock

Poopara colony slide
1. Loose debris and trees present along the slide path may be removed.
2. The channel may be lined for the free flow of water.
3. The drinking water pipe running across the nala may be given proper protection or may be moved underground to prevent furthe
Pipeline supplying drinking water to the tribal colony down slope is ruptured.
The landside has occurred due to erosion of the debris material along the stream due to heavy water discharge.

Poopara colony slide
Retaining wall at the toe of the slide may be given to prevent further movement of material towards down slope.
The slide was occurred due to the oversaturation of debris material due to incessant rainfall.

Construction of retaining wall with weep holes/ gabion wall, lined toe drainage
Due to removal of toe support during construction of the road

Road from forest check post, Urulikkal to Manamboli Power house (TNEB)
Removal of toe support due to construction of the road, extensive cutting of slope

Road from Varatuparai village to Periyar Nagar

Temporary blockage of the road
Road from Varatuparai village to Periyar Nagar

Temporary blockage of the road

Rock reinforcement, removal of overhanging boulders
Due to development of large numbers of weak planes in the rock mass, extensive cutting of the slope during road construction

Benching of the slope, removal of unstable materials
Due to increase in pore water pressure and shearing stress of the material during heavy rainfall

Retaining wall with weep holes and Gabion wall already probided.

Road from Valparai to Karumala Tea Estate
Removal of toe support due to construction of the road, extensive cutting of slope

Benching of the slope, lined toe drainage
Due to increase in pore water pressure and shearing stress of the material during heavy rainfall

Old slide covered with bushes

Due to increase in pore water pressure and shearing stress of the material during heavy rainfall

Lining of the nala, terracing of the slope
Removal of lateral support due to toe erosion by nala

Stabilization of the slope by removal of the unstable overhanging material, terracing of the slope
Due to increase in pore water pressure and shear stress of the material during heavy rainfall

Construction of retaining wall with weep holes/gabion wall, lined toe drainage
Due to removal of toe support during construction of road, extensive cutting of slop

Old slide, hockey stick type bending of tree trunks observed
Removal of overhanging boulders, stabilization of the slope by terracing
Increase in pore water pressure and shearing stress of the material during heavy rainfall

Road from Thalanar Tea Estate to Shakthi Estate

The slide has initiated due to the reduction of strength of the soil layer due to oversaturation of the debris by rainfall and lack of toe support.

Loose rocks may be cleared from the slope
The slide has initiated due to the reduction of strength of the soil layer due to oversaturation of the debris

Removal of overhanging unstable boulders, stabilization of the slope
Development of weak planes/ joint sets, Extensive cutting of slope along the road

1. Removal of debris material.
2. Retaining wall to prevent further movement of the slide.
Reduction of strength of overlying debris material by over saturation due to incessant rainfall

Retaining wall may be given down slope as per the site conditions to prevent further debris flow towards settlements if any.
Reduction of strength of overlying debris material by over saturation due to incessant rainfall

Brookland estate slide
1. The exposed crown of the slide may be given adequate support to prevent the slide from enlarging.
2. The houses near the crown has to be relocated away from the slide
3. The formation of tension cracks on the ground adjacent to the slide is to be obse
7 staff quarters of Brookland estate damaged
The slide appears to be initiated during the year 2015 as a debris slide at almost 100 m down slope of the present crown of the slide. This debris failure is the reactivation of the already existing debris slide. The slide has been initiated due to the o

1. Proper toe support as per the site condition to prevent movement of material down stream.
2. Filling of cracks by impervious material.
Reduction of strength of overlying debris material by over saturation due to incessant rainfall and overflow of water in the nala course

1. Proper toe support as per the site condition to prevent movement of material down stream.
2. Filling of cracks by impervious material.
Reduction of strength of overlying debris material by over saturation due to incessant rainfall

1. Filling of cracks by impervious material.
2. Proper toe support to prevent further movement of the slide.
Water flow through cracks on the road has initiated the slide by reduction of strength on over saturation.

Cracks orienttaion 95┬░ and ground movement towards 310┬░
Filling of cracks by impervious material and proper toe support as per site condition.
The slide has initiated due to the reduction of strength of the soil layer due to oversaturation of the debris by rainfall and lack of toe support.

Slope modification and proper toe support as per site condition.
The slide has initiated due to the reduction of strength of the soil layer due to oversaturation of the debris by rainfall and lack of toe support.

Kailasam resort slide
1. The crown area of the slide may be excavated to create benches.
2. Adequate toe support with foundation in the bedrock to be given at the base of the crown to prevent further reactivation of the slide. The retaining wall must have provisions of weep h
A debris layer of 5-7 m thickness was exposed in the nala course, which upon oversaturation by the incessant rainfall became unstable and initiated the slide. The slided debris material further eroded the soil layer downstream and deposited the material

Cherunelli Estate-2
Fol- N15°E-S15°W dipping 75°SE, 3 sets of joints
A landslip occurred at Cherunelli Estate area on the northern flank of Pada Giri hillock about 8km southeast of Pothundi dam, between 15 and 16 km stone of Nemmara-Nelliyampathyi village,Palakkad district. The slip took place at an elevation of 580m and
Construction of a retaining wall with weep holes. Soil-binding afforestation with bamboo plantation
High pore water pressure resulting in toe erosion

Near Pothundi Reservoir area, Nelliyampathy road, Chitoor Taluk
1. Removal of loose debris material.
2. Unclogging of culvert.
3. RCC breast wall.
The slide has initiated due to reduction of strength on supersaturation of debris material and planar failure due to the valley dipping joint.

1. Removal of loose debris and boulders.
2. Unclogging of the damaged culvert.
3. Easing of slope in crown area to prevent retrogression of the slide.
The slide has initiated due to reduction of strength on supersaturation of debris material and toe erosion by the stream.

1. Proper toe support
2. Removal of trees and debris material from the crown area.

1. Removal of loose debris material and trees from the crown area.

1. Removal of overhanging trees in the crown of the slide

1. Road may be cleared of debris material

1. Road may be repaired by giving RCC wall with foundation in the bed rock.

There are chances of more debris flow along the nala course when there is heavy water flow in the nala.
1. Removal of loose debris and trees from the crown area of the slide.
2. Repair and unclogging of the damaged culvert.
3. Nala is choked down slope which to be unchoked.
The slide has initiated due to reduction of strength on supersaturation of debris material and toe erosion by the stream.

Cherunelli Estate
Fol- N15°E-S15°W dipping 75°SE, 3 sets of joints
A debris flow occurred at Cherunelli Estate area on the northern flank of Pada Giri hillock about 5km southeast of Pothundi dam, Nelliyampathyi village. The average slope of the area is more than 38? towards N and NW. The slip took place at an elevation
Construction of a retaining wall. Soil-binding afforestation with bamboo plantation

Fol- N15°E-S15°W dipping 75°SE, 3 sets of joints
A landslip occurred at Kundaramchola-Cherunelli 3rd area on the northern flank of Pada Giri hillock about 5km southeast of Pothundi dam, Nelliyampathyi village. The general trend of foliation varies from N15?E-S15?W dipping 75?SE to N45?E-S45?W dipping 4
Construction of a retaining wall with weep holes and reconstruction of culvert, afforestation

1.┬á┬á┬á┬á Removal of loose boulders and debris material.
The slide has initiated due to reduction of strength on supersaturation of debris material, toe erosion by the stream.

1.┬á┬á┬á┬á Removal of loose boulders and debris material.

1.┬á┬á┬á┬á Removal of loose debris material.

Precambrian shield -Charnockite group consisting of hypersthene bearing gneisses & granulites.
A landslip occurred at Kundaramchola cherunelli 2nd on the Northern flank of Pada Giri hillock about 5 km southeast of Pothundi dam, between the13 and 14 km stone on Nemmara-Nelliyampathy village. The general trend of foliation varies from N15?E-S15?W di
Reconstruction of the retaining wall with weep holes.
Excess pore water pressure, Breaching of retaining wall due to toe erosion

1. Removal of overhanging trees in the crown of the slide
The slide has initiated due to reduction of strength on supersaturation of debris material, toe erosion by the stream.

1.┬á┬á┬á┬á Removal of boulders and trees.
The slide has initiated due to reduction of strength on supersaturation of debris material, toe erosion by the stream.

Kundarachola-Cherunelli
Precambrian shield -Charnockite group consisting of hypersthene bearing gneisses and granulites.
A landslip occurred at Kundaramchola cherunelli on the Northern flank of PadaGiri hillock about 4km south of Pothundi dam, Nelliyampathyi village. The general trend of foliation varies from N15?E-S15?W dipping 75?SE to N45?E-S45?W dipping 45?SE. Three se
Forest, agriculture land with sparse settlement
Reconstruction of the retaining wall with weep holes.
Breaching of retaining wall due to toe erosion

1. Easing of slope in the crown area.
2. Breast wall with foundation on rock.
The slide has initiated due to reduction of strength on supersaturation of debris material and unplanned cutting of slope.

1. Removal of loose debris and boulders from the stream path.
2. Construction of a suitable bridge to allow excess water and debris flow below it.
3. Planting suitable grass varieties on the debris exposed in the stream boundaries to prevent surface eros

1. Removal of boulders.
2. RCC breast wall with weep holes for the slide.
3. Road may be repaired by giving RCC wall with foundation in the bed rock instead of masonry wall.
4. Unclogging of culvert.
5. Lining of nala to prevent further bank erosion.

1. Removal of boulders.
2. Proper toe support.
3. Lining of stream to prevent further bank erosion.

The slide has initiated due to planar failure and reduction of strength on supersaturation of debris material.

1.┬á┬á┬á┬á Road may be restored using cut and fill method with a proper RCC wall founded in the bed rock.

1. Road may be restored using cut and fill method with a proper RCC wall.
2. Removal of loose debris material

1. Cut and fill to be donewith RCC wall with weep holes with foundation in the bed rock.
The slide has initiated due to reduction of strength on supersaturation of debris material and toe erosion by stream.

1. Cut and fill to be donewith RCC wall with weep holes with foundation in the bed rock.

Removal of loose debris and boulders and unclogging of culvert

RCC retaining wall with weep holes with foundation in bed rock in place of the existing damaged masonry wall.

Cherunelli Estate-3
A landslip occurred at Cherunelli Estate area on the NE flank of Pada Giri hillock about 8km southeast of Pothundi dam, between 16and 17 km stone of Nemmara-Nelliyampathyi village,Palakkad district. The slip took place at an elevation of 600m and averag
Reconstruction of the retaining wall with weep holes, afforestation with bamboo plantation
Incessant rain caused build up of high pore water pressure resulting in the breaching of retaining wall and culvert.

Cherunelli Estate-4
A landslip occurred at Cherunelli Estate area on the northern flank of Pada Giri hillock about 10 km southeast of Pothundi dam, Nelliyampathyi village. The average slope of the area is more than 38? towards N and NW. The slip took place at an elevation o
Construction of retaining wall with weep holes and culvert
High pore water pressure resulting in the breaching of retaining wall and culvert.

Removal of trees from crown area and easing of slope near crown.

A landslip occurred at Cherunelli Estate area on the northern flank of Pada Giri hillock about 12.5 km southeast of Pothundi dam, Nelliyampathyi village. The average slope of the area is more than 38? towards N and NW. The slip took place at an elevation
Repair the retaining wall with weep holes
Incessant rain caused build up of high pore water pressure resulting in the breaching of retaining wall and culvert.

Stabilisation of crown areas to prevent retrogression

Removal of loose debris and rock from the slope and unchoking of the culvert.

A landslip occurred at Cherunelli Estate area on the northern flank of Pada Giri hillock about 5 km southeast of Pothundi dam, Nelliyampathyi village. The average slope of the area is more than 38? towards N and NW. The slip took place at an elevation of
Incessant rain caused build up of high pore water pressure resulting in the breaching of retaining wall .

Cracks observed on road
1. Removal of trees and debris material from the crown area.
2. Road may be repaired by giving RCC wall with foundation in the bed rock

1. Road may be repaired by giving RCC wall with weep holes with foundation in the bed rock instead of masonry wall.
The slide has initiated due to reduction of strength on supersaturation of debris material and toe erosion by stream. The given weak masonry wall is unable to support the pore water pressure.

Removal of loose debris and rock from the slope and unchoking of the culvert.
The slide has initiated due to reduction of strength on supersaturation of debris material and toe erosion by stream.

The slide has initiated due to reduction of strength on supersaturation of debris material and toe erosion by stream.

Filling of slope and Gabion wall as per site condition

The slide is a planar failure initiated due to reduction in strength of the material in the slope

Elival

Parachatti debris flow
The debris material may be removed at the earliest so as to prevent any further untoward incidence.
Moderate vegetation, settlements and plantations along the debris flow path
Road submerged during flood. Culvert filled with debris. Cracks on the road indicating minor subsidence along 100m stretch.
Vegetation and plantation of the debris flow path are damaged
1. The debris material has to be removed from the river channel up to the Malampuzha reservoir where it drains out to, restore the natural geometry of the river.
2. The culvert along the path of the stream should be unclogged.
3. No further construction
The debris flow has occurred due to toe erosion by stream which had been charged with debris material from upstream during heavy rainfall. The accumulated debris material having thickness of approx 5 feet has choked the stream reducing its water discharg

Kanjikode, Pudussery central village, Palakkad Taluk

Due care to be taken in the settlements downstream since further reactivation of the slide will result debris flow towards downstream.
Kanjikode, Pudussery central village, Palakkad Taluk
1. Removal of boulders and debris material from the flow path downstream.
2. Repair and unclogging of the damaged culvert.
3. Proper maintenance of the culvert to prevent further damage in the railway track.
4. No further construction activities to be ca
Culvert of the railway line clogged and damaged

Adap colony debris flow
The debris material may be removed at the earliest.
Thick vegetation, plantations along the debris flow path
Road culvert along the stream path is clogged allowing restricted flow of water.
Vegetation and plantation of the debris flow path are damaged.
1. The debris material has to be removed from the river channel.
2. The culvert along the path of the stream should be unclogged.
3. No further construction activities to be carried out in the debris flow path.
The debris flow has occurred due to heavy rains which had transported the loose sediments along the stream channel causing heavy deposition of materials in the downstream areas.

Removal of lose boulders. Construction of Gabion wall with line toe drainage
Removal of lateral support due to toe erosion

Planar Failure
Removal of lose boulders. Construction of Gabion wall with line toe dra
Increase in pore water pressure and removal of lateral support due to toe erosion

Removal of lose boulders. Construction of Gabion wall with line toe dra
Increase in pore water pressure and removal of lateral support due to toe erosion

Removal of lose boulders. Construction of Gabion wall with line toe drainage
Increase in pore water pressure and removal of lateral support due to toe erosion

Construction of Gabion wall with mesh support.
Extensive cut and removal of lateral support due to canal cutting

Construction of Gabion wall with line toe drainage
Increase in pore water pressure and removal of lateral support due to toe erosion.

Removal of lose boulders. Construction of Gabion wall with line toe drainage
Increase in pore water pressure and removal of lateral support due to toe erosion.

Old slide covered by bushes, temporarily stabilized

Construction of retaining wall with weep holes, lined toe drainage, removal l of unstable materials

Iyerpadi 1st Division Tea Estate (near JE binglow)

Iyerpadi 1st Division Tea Estate (near JE binglow)
Construction of retaining wall with weep holes, easing of the slope

Konalar banglow to Akkamalai forest road

Palaeo scar

Stabilizing the slope.Removal of loose boulders and Construction of Retaining wall with weep holes.
Dipping of joints away from slop and Increase in pore water pressure and removal of lateral support due to toe erosion.

Construction of retaining wall with weep holes.
Extensive cut and removal of lateral support due to road cutting.

Stabilizing slope and removal of lose boulders. Construction of Gabion wall with line toe drainage
Increase in pore water pressure and removal of lateral support due to toe erosion.

Construction of retaining wall with weep holes.

Removal of loose boulders and Construction of Gabion wall with mesh support and line toe drainage
Extensive cut due to road and removal of lateral support due to toe erosion

Cracks developed on the road
Removal of loose boulders and Construction of Gabion wall with mesh support and line toe drainage

Removal of loose boulders and Construction of Gabion wall with mesh support and line toe drainage

Stabilizing the slope.Removal of loose boulders and Construction of Retaining wall with weep holes.
Wedge failure due to three sets of joints and Increase in pore water pressure and removal of lateral support due to toe erosion.

Palaeo scar
Extensive cut and removal of lateral support due to road cut

Extensive cut and removal of lateral support due to road cut

Increase in pore water pressure and removal of lateral support due to road cut

Stabilizing slope and removal of lose boulders. Construction of retaining wall with weep holes.

Root wedging marked
Road from Singona Tea Estate to Chinna Kallar

The debris material should be removed, easing of slope. Toe has to be supported with RC/gabion wall with proper drainage holes

Mankulam
The debris material should be removed, easing of slope. Toe has to be supported with RC/gabion wall with proper drainage holes

Kadalar Cadamon Plantation
Easing of slope and construction of benches with suitable height. Provision of breast walls/gabion walls at the foot of benches. Lined roadside drains to be provided to avoid toe erosion due to the surface runoff.
Unscientific hill slope modification for road construction left cut slope with no lateral support. Reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure due to heavy rainfall.

Kadalar Cadamon Plantation
Debris slide occurred at Kadalar Cadamon Plantation. Estate factory road damaged and tea plantation washed out. Unscientific hill slope modification for road construction left cut slope with no lateral support. Reduction of strength on super saturation a
Easing of slope and construction of benches with suitable height. Provision of breast walls/gabion walls at the foot of benches. Lined roadside drains to be provided to avoid toe erosion due to the surface runoff.
Unscientific hill slope modification for road construction left cut slope with no lateral support. Reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure due to heavy rainfall.

Kadalar Cadamon Plantation
Easing of slope and construction of benches with suitable height. Provision of breast walls/gabion walls at the foot of benches. Lined roadside drains to be provided to avoid toe erosion due to the surface runoff
Unscientific hill slope modification for road construction left cut slope with no lateral support. Reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure due to heavy rainfall.

Due to unscientific hill slope modification for road construction left cut slope with no lateral support. Reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure due to heavy rainfall. Easing of slope and construction of benches with sui
Easing of slope and construction of benches with suitable height. Provision of breast walls/gabion walls at the foot of benches. Lined roadside drains to be provided to avoid toe erosion due to the surface runoff

Kadalar Estate west division
Retaining wall with weep holes and suitable filter medium founded on the hard rock should be provided below the road bench. Channelize the natural seepage and divert the surface run off from the road away from affected area.
Unscientific slope modification for road. Absence of roadside drains resulted in surface runoff eroding the filled slope and subsequent failure.

Kadalar Estate west division
Debris slide occurred at Kadalar Estate division on 15th August due to unscientific slope modification for road. Absence of roadside drains resulted in surface runoff eroding the filled slope and subsequent failure. Labour quater no.192 got fully damage
Retaining wall with weep holes and suitable filter medium founded on the hard rock should be provided below the road bench. Channelize the natural seepage and divert the surface run off from the road away from affected area.
Unscientific slope modification for road. Absence of roadside drains resulted in surface runoff eroding the filled slope and subsequent failure.

Rajammala- Edamalakudy second level road
Removal of accumulated material, natural flow should be maintained. No further encroachment should be allowed in the flow path. Box culvert of suitable dimensions to be deigned at the road bench.
Excessive and incessant rainfall resulted in the reduction in strength on super-saturation and increase in pore water pressure.

Rajammala- Edamalakudy second level road
Debris slide graded to flow intiated below the Rajammala- Edamalakudy road, which further flowed down to the second level of the same road causing blockage there. Surface runoff through the road, failure along rock over burden contact and also surface ru
Removal of accumulated material, natural flow should be maintained. No further encroachment should be allowed in the flow path. Box culvert of suitable dimensions to be deigned at the road bench.
Excessive and incessant rainfall resulted in the reduction in strength on super-saturation and increase in pore water pressure.

Rajammala- Edamalakudy road
Debris slide graded to flow intiated below the Rajammala- Edamalakudy road, which further flowed down to the second level of the same road causing blockage there. Excessive and incessant rainfall resulted in the reduction in strength on super-saturation
Removal of accumulated material, natural flow should be maintained. No further encroachment should be allowed in the flow path. Box culvert of suitable dimensions to be deigned at the road bench.
Excessive and incessant rainfall resulted in the reduction in strength on super-saturation and increase in pore water pressure.

Rajammala- Edamalakudy road

Palaeoslide

Parakudi

Chikkanad kudi
Cut slope failure,Road bend

provided gabion damaged
drainage has to be channelised. Culvet of proper dimension has to be provided.toe sopport for the road

Perumbamkoottu
Toe erosion by river Excess rain resulted in reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure.

Kannimala Junction
Debris slide occurred at Kadala Estate -Kannimala junction on 15th August. Road is constructed over the cut and filled material which got failed due to toe erosion by a natural nala flowing through the foot hill of the slope. Reduction of strength on sup
Retaining wall with weep holes and suitable filter medium founded on the hard rock should be constructed below the road bench. Nala banks to be trained.
Road is constructed over the cut and filled material which got failed due to toe erosion by a natural nala flowing through the foot hill of the slope. Reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure by rain is also a cause.

Kannimala Junction
Retaining wall with weep holes and suitable filter medium founded on the hard rock should be constructed below the road bench. Nala banks to be trained.
Road is constructed over the cut and filled material which got failed due to toe erosion by a natural nala flowing through the foot hill of the slope. Reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure by rain is also a cause.

Kannimala Junction
Near Kannimala Junction Debris slide occurred due to unscientific slope modification for road. Absence of roadside drains resulted in surface runoff eroding the filled slope and subsequent failure. Retaining wall with weep holes and suitable filter mediu
Retaining wall with weep holes and suitable filter medium founded on the hard rock should be constructed below the road bench.
Unscientific slope modification for road. Absence of roadside drains resulted in surface runoff eroding the filled slope and subsequent failure.

Retaining wall with weep holes and suitable filter medium founded on the hard rock should be constructed below the road bench.

Kadalar Vilak
Debris slide occurred at Kadalar Estate -Kannimala junction on 15th August. Mainly due to unscientific slope modification for road. Absence of roadside drains resulted in surface runoff eroding the filled slope and subsequent failure. Retaining wall with
Kannimala Estate UPSchool got washed out
Retaining wall with weep holes and suitable filter medium founded on the hard rock should be provided at and below the road bench. Peripheral drainage system has to be provided to divert surface run off away from the road.
Check post present here is damaged and washed out

Kadalar Vilakku
Easing of slope and construction of benches with suitable height. Provision of breast walls/gabion walls at the foot of benches. Lined roadside drains to be provided to avoid toe erosion due to the surface runoff

Kadalar Vilakku
Near Kadalar Vilakku (Kadalar,estate, Munnar village), at the left side of the Munnar- Coimbatore, a Debris slide occurred which caused the road blockage and Eucalyptus Plantation uprooted. Unscientific hill slope modification for road construction left

Kadalar Vilak
Kannimala Estate UPSchool got washed out
Retaining wall with weep holes and suitable filter medium founded on the hard rock should be provided at and below the road bench. Peripheral drainage system has to be provided to divert surface run off away from the road.
Check post present here is damaged and washed out

Unscientific hill slope modification that left cut slope with no lateral support. Excess rain resulted in reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure.

The debris material should be removed, easing of slope.Drainage has to be chanelised
Unscientific hill slope modification that left cut slope with no lateral support. Excess rain resulted in reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure.

Chithirapuram

Thalumkandam
Unscientific hill slope modification that left cut slope with no lateral support. Excess rain resulted in reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure.

Thalumkandam

Munnar- Udumpalpettu road
Debris slide occurred at the side of Munnar- Udumpalpettu Road. Surface runoff through the Munnar- Udumpalpettu road caused the failure. Retaining wall with weep holes and suitable filter medium founded on the hard rock should be constructed below the r
Retaining wall with weep holes and suitable filter medium founded on the hard rock should be constructed below the road bench.

Munnar- Udumpalpettu road

Munnar- Coimbatore road
At the left side of the Munnar- Coimbatore road occurred a Debris slide. The road blocked due to the unscientific hill slope modification for road construction that left cut slope with no lateral support. Reduction of strength on super saturation and exc
Retaining wall with weep holes and suitable filter medium founded on the hard rock should be provided at the road bench. Stabilise the accumulated material. Lined drains to be provided at the road side.

Munnar- Coimbatore road
Retaining wall with weep holes and suitable filter medium founded on the hard rock should be provided at the road bench. Stabilise the accumulated material. Lined drains to be provided at the road side.

Rajamala 5th mile
Easing of slope and construction of benches with suitable height. Provision of breast walls/gabion walls at the foot of benches. Lined roadside drains to be provided to avoid toe erosion due to the surface runoff.
10 small road side shops fully damaged located at the toe at the left side of the road.

Rajamala 5th mile
Debris slide occurred near Rajamala 5th mile in the left side of Munnar- Udumpalpettu road, in which the road got blocked, trees uprooted, 10 shops fully damaged located at the toe at the left side of the road. Unscientific hill slope modification for ro
10 small road side shops fully damaged located at the toe at the left side of the road.

Perumbamkoottu
Drainage has to be channelised. Reconstruction of hospital should be done only after detailed study
Excess rain resulted in reduction of strength on super saturation of the loose material below the escarpment and excess pore water pressure.

The debris material should be removed, easing of slope. Drainage has to be channelised

Neymakad Tea Estate
Debris slide occurred at Neymakad Tea Estate. Mainly by the unscientific hill slope modification for road construction that left cut slope with no lateral support. Reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure due to heavy rain

Neymakad Tea Estate

Easing of slope. Toe has to be supported with RC/gabion wall with proper drainage holes

Munnar-Udumal pett road 8th mile
Munnar- Udumpalpettu 8th road blocked due to Debris slide occurred there because of unscientific hill slope modification for road construction that left cut slope with no lateral support. Reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pr

Munnar-Udumal pett road 8th mile

Near Pallivasal

Drainage has to be channelised, easing of slope
Unscientific hill slope modification for the plantation that left cut slope with no lateral support. Excess rain resulted in reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure.

Gudumala Tea Estate
Munnar-Udulpet road got damaged and blocked
Unscientific slope modification for road construction which resulted in vertical cut with no lateral support. Excessive and incessant rainfall resulted in the reduction in strength on super-saturation and increase in pore water pressure.

Gudumala Tea Estate
Debris slide occurred near Gudumala Tea Estate , in which Tea plantation washed away and Munnar- Udampalpettu road damaged. Unscientific slope modification for road construction which resulted in vertical cut with no lateral support. Excessive and incess
Munnar-Udulpet road got damaged and blocked
Unscientific slope modification for road construction which resulted in vertical cut with no lateral support. Excessive and incessant rainfall resulted in the reduction in strength on super-saturation and increase in pore water pressure.

1 m deep cracks and minor scarps are found near by
Excess rain resulted in reduction of strength on super saturation of the loose material below the escarpment and excess pore water pressure.

Tata Eucalyptus Plantation
Munnar-Udulpet road got damaged and blocked
Unscientific slope modification for road construction which resulted in vertical cut with no lateral support. Excessive and incessant rainfall resulted in the reduction in strength on super-saturation and increase in pore water pressure.

Tata Eucalyptus Plantation
Near Tata Eucalyptus Plantation, Debris slide occurred mainly due to unscientific slope modification for road construction which resulted in vertical cut with no lateral support. Excessive and incessant rainfall resulted in the reduction in strength on s

Cracks in the grounds and walls
Unscientific hill slope modification for house construction that left cut slope with no lateral support. Excess rain resulted in reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure.

Near Pallivasal
Unscientific hill slope modification for house construction that left cut slope with no lateral support. Excess rain resulted in reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure.

Toe has to be supported with RC/gabion wall with proper drainage holes
Toe erosion by river Excess rain resulted in reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure.

Old subsidence, L-50 m, W-20 m
Unscientific hill slope modification for plantation that left cut slope with no lateral support. Excess rain resulted in reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure.

Deep crack of 1 m
Unscientific hill slope modification for plantation that left cut slope with no lateral support. Excess rain resulted in reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure.

Near Vagavurai estate, Lakkam division
Lined roadside drains to be provided to avoid toe erosion due to the surface runoff. Easing of slope and construction of benches with suitable height. Provision of breast walls/gabion walls at the foot of benches.

Near Vagavurai estate, Lakkam division
Debris slide occurred near Vagavurai estate, Lakkam division. Munnar- Udampalpettu road damaged and plantation washed out. Mainly dueto hill slope modification for Plantation and road construction. Heavy rainfall caused the excess pore water pressure.Sur
Lined roadside drains to be provided to avoid toe erosion due to the surface runoff. Easing of slope and construction of benches with suitable height. Provision of breast walls/gabion walls at the foot of benches.

Near Vagavurai estate, Lakkam division
Provision of breast walls/gabion walls at the foot of benches. Lined roadside drains to be provided to avoid toe erosion due to the surface runoff. Easing of slope at the scarp and construction of benches with suitable height.

Debris slide occurred near Vagavurai estate, Lakkam division. Munnar- Udampalpettu road blocked and plantation washed out. Mainly dueto hill slope modification for Plantation and road construction. Surface runoff through the road contributed toe erosion.
Provision of breast walls/gabion walls at the foot of benches. Lined roadside drains to be provided to avoid toe erosion due to the surface runoff. Easing of slope at the scarp and construction of benches with suitable height.

drainage has to be channelised. Toe has to be supported with RC/gabion wall with proper drainage holes

Kilparattu lower Division
Maintain the natural flow path with suitablly designed culverts at the each road bench. No encroachment to be allowed along the flow path.

Kilparattu lower Division
A huge debris flow occurred at Kilparattu lower Division due to excessive and incessant rainfall resulted in the reduction in strength on super-saturation and increase in pore water pressure. Maintain the natural flow path with suitablly designed culvert
Maintain the natural flow path with suitablly designed culverts at the each road bench. No encroachment to be allowed along the flow path.

crown cracks onserved

drainage has to be channelised. Culvet of proper dimension has to be provided.toe sopport for the road

haning blocks should be removed.easing of slope
highly weathered jointed rock. Unscientific slope cutting

multiple points. Extensive road cut

Kundala, Pudukkadi
Lined drainage to be provided on the road to divert the surface runoff away from the affected area. Easing of slope and construction of benches with suitable height. Provision of breast walls/gabion walls at the foot of benches.

Kundala, Pudukkadi
Debris slide occurred at Kundala, Pudukkadi. Munnar-Topstation road blocked and plantation uprooted. Mainly dueto hill slope modification for Plantation and road construction. Surface runoff through the road contributed toe erosion. Lined drainage to be
Lined drainage to be provided on the road to divert the surface runoff away from the affected area. Easing of slope and construction of benches with suitable height. Provision of breast walls/gabion walls at the foot of benches.

Vattavada

Vattavada
Debris slide occurred at Vattavada. Vattavada-Koviloor blocked. Mainly dueto hill slope modification for Plantation and road construction. Surface runoff through the road contributed toe erosion. Stabilise the accumulated material. Lined drainage to be p

Hanging blocks and trees should be removed. Toe has to be supported with RC/gabion wall with proper drainage holes

Highly weathered rock
Hanging blocks and trees should be removed. Toe has to be supported with RC/gabion wall with proper drainage holes

resort construction going on. Given gabion damaged

Increase in pore water pressure and removal of lateral support due to toe erosion and numerous joints

Escarpment
Increase in pore water pressure and removal of lateral support due to toe erosion and numerous joints

Root wedging and creeping of trees..
Removal of loose boulders and Construction of Retaining wall with weep holes. Soil creep

Along the road from Mannavanur to Kilanavayal
Increase in pore water pressure and shear stress of the material due to heavy rainfall

Lithomarge clay red soil

Spheroidal weathering

Along the road from Mannavanur to Kilanavayal
Steep cutting of the slope for road construction, removal of the lateral support

Along the road from Mannavanur to Poombarai
Steep/ Extensive cutting of the slope along the road, removal of lateral support

Increase in pore water pressure of the material due to heavy rainfall

Along the road from Kavunji to Mannavanur
Steep/ Extensive cutting of the slope along the road, removal of lateral support

Root wedging also contributed to occurrence of the slide
Along the road from Kavunji to Mannavanur
Steep/ Extensive cutting of the slope along the road, removal of lateral support

Concreting/ dressing of the nala, stabilization of the slope by terracing
Toe erosion by nala, removal of lateral support

Dressing of the nala, stabilization of the slope by terracing
Toe erosion by nala, removal of lateral support

Toe erosion by nala, removal of lateral support

Construction of Gabion wall, lined Toe drainage

Rock bolting ,Construction of Gabion walls and shortcreting
Development of Three sets of joints / Removal of lateral support.

Stabilizing of the slope by removal of hanging boulders and net support
Development of large no fracture planes cleft water pressure during the heavy rain fall.

Construction of retaining wall with weep holes and lined toe drainage

The debris material should be removed, easing of slope. Proper culvet should be given.

Shanthanpara
Construction of retaining
wall anchored on bed rock
and construction of culvert
and drainage ditches
Pore water pressure and reduction of strength on super saturation

Spring formation
The debris material should be removed, easing of slope. Toe has to be supported.Proper culvet should be given. House should be evacuated

spring formation
The debris material should be removed, easing of slope. Toe has to be supported.Proper culvet should be given. House should be evacuated

Kulapparachal
No encroachment should be allowed in the flow path
Pore water pressure,reduction of strength on super satuartion,

The debris material should be removed, easing of slope. Toe has to be supported.drainage has to be channelised.

easing of slope. Toe has to be supported.

cracks in the road
The debris material should be removed, easing of slope. Toe has to be supported.trees should be uprooted from the crown

Stabilizing of slop by terracing and construction of retaining wall with weep holes

The debris material should be removed, easing of slope. Toe has to be supported.drainage should be channelised

The debris material should be removed, easing of slope. Toe has to be supported above and below the road

Kannan Devan Hills plantation, Devikulam Taluk
Debris slide occurred at Public Health Centre road, Kannan Devan Hills plantation, Devikulam Taluk. Unscientific slope modification for building construction which resulted in vertical cut with no lateral support. Excessive and incessant rainfall resul
PHC road damaged, electric pole damaged. Debris material got accumulated at the backside of the house of Danas, Puthen veedu located 300m downstream. Deflection wall to be provided at the backside of the house to divert the debris material and drainage d
Easing of slope and construction of benches with suitable height. Provision of breast walls/gabion walls at the foot of benches. Surface water to be diverted from the distressed area. Retaining structure below the road bench to be founded on rock. Lined
Three houses fully damaged, 1) Ayappan, Ayappa Bhavan 2) Anbayya, Mulakkad, New Munnar 3)Balakrishnan, Sumangaly Bhavan, Umesh krishnan. One house located below road bench at the right flank of the flow (Kamalam, PHC road) is partially damaged. Ground cr
Unscientific slope modification for building construction which resulted in vertical cut with no lateral support. Excessive and incessant rainfall resulted in the reduction in strength on super-saturation and increase in pore water pressure.

Kannan Devan Hills plantation, Devikulam Taluk
PHC road damaged, electric pole damaged. Debris material got accumulated at the backside of the house of Danas, Puthen veedu located 300m downstream. Deflection wall to be provided at the backside of the house to divert the debris material and drainage d
Easing of slope and construction of benches with suitable height. Provision of breast walls/gabion walls at the foot of benches. Surface water to be diverted from the distressed area. Retaining structure below the road bench to be founded on rock. Lined
Three houses fully damaged, 1) Ayappan, Ayappa Bhavan 2) Anbayya, Mulakkad, New Munnar 3)Balakrishnan, Sumangaly Bhavan, Umesh krishnan. One house located below road bench at the right flank of the flow (Kamalam, PHC road) is partially damaged. Ground cr
Unscientific slope modification for building construction which resulted in vertical cut with no lateral support. Excessive and incessant rainfall resulted in the reduction in strength on super-saturation and increase in pore water pressure.

Near Ayappa temple
The drainage from the houses should be channelised and diverted away from the affected area. Lined drainages to be provided at the sides of the road situated at the crown portion. Cut slope failure happened at the front and behind the houses at the Colon
Four houses fully damaged, 1) House of Panchavarnam, House of Vasanthi, 3) house of Vasanthamani, 4) House of Rajamma. House of Amaravati partially damaged
Unscientific hill slope modification for house construction. Excessive and incessant rainfall resulted in the reduction in strength on super-saturation and increase in pore water pressure.

Near Ayappa temple
Near Ayappa temple, Munnar Debris slide occurred in which four houses fully damaged, 1) House of Panchavarnam, House of Vasanthi, 3) house of Vasanthamani, 4) House of Rajamma. House of Amaravati partially damaged. Unscientific hill slope modification
The drainage from the houses should be channelised and diverted away from the affected area. Lined drainages to be provided at the sides of the road situated at the crown portion. Cut slope failure happened at the front and behind the houses at the Colon
Four houses fully damaged, 1) House of Panchavarnam, House of Vasanthi, 3) house of Vasanthamani, 4) House of Rajamma. House of Amaravati partially damaged
Unscientific hill slope modification for house construction. Excessive and incessant rainfall resulted in the reduction in strength on super-saturation and increase in pore water pressure.

The given toe support has to be extended for whole stretch.

Retaining wall with weep holes founded on hard rock to be constructed at scarp face.
Unscientific slope modification for building construction which resulted in vertical cut with no lateral support. Excessive and incessant rainfall resulted in the reduction in strength on super-saturation and increase in pore water pressure.

The debris material should be removed, easing and benching of slope.

Retaining wall with weep holes founded on hard rock to be constructed at scarp face.

Drainage should be channelised.Culvets should be provided. Precarious boulders has to be removed.Proper toe support for road
Unscientific hill slope modification. Excess rain resulted in reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure.

Ave Maria Mission
Pavithram home stay, located at the right flank partially damaged, Kitchen and backside damaged.
Easing of slope and construction of benches with suitable height. Provision of breast walls/gabion walls at the foot of benches.

Ave Maria Mission
Debris slide occurred behind the Ave Maria Mission, which was fully damaged mainly due to unscientific slope modification for building construction which resulted in vertical cut with no lateral support. Excessive and incessant rainfall resulted in the
Pavithram home stay, located at the right flank partially damaged, Kitchen and backside damaged.
Easing of slope and construction of benches with suitable height. Provision of breast walls/gabion walls at the foot of benches.

Erachilpara
Debris slide occurred behind the house of Linson Antony partially damaged which was partially damaged mainly due to unscientific slope modification for building construction which resulted in vertical cut with no lateral support. Excessive and incessant
Easing of slope and construction of benches with suitable height. Provision of breast walls/gabion walls at the foot of benches.
House of Linson Antony partially damaged.

Erachilpara
House of Linson Antony partially damaged.

SBI bank Devikulam
Debris slide occurred behind the Staff quarters of SBI bank which was partially damaged mainly due to hill slope modification for building construction.Excessive and incessant rainfall resulted in the reduction in strength on super-saturation and increa
Staff quarters of SBI bank partially damaged
Slope modification for building construction which had left vertical cut with no lateral support. Excessive and incessant rainfall resulted in the reduction in strength on super-saturation and increase in pore water pressure.

SBI bank Devikulam
Staff quarters of SBI bank partially damaged
Slope modification for building construction which had left vertical cut with no lateral support. Excessive and incessant rainfall resulted in the reduction in strength on super-saturation and increase in pore water pressure.

Near SBI bank Devikulam
Debris slide occurred at the front of Janadasan house , the debris material fell on the house of Anila located at the down slope which got fully damaged. Retaining structure to be founded on hard rock with weep holes to be provided at the scarp face.
Retaining structure to be founded on hard rock with weep holes to be provided at the scarp face.

Near SBI bank Devikulam
Retaining structure to be founded on hard rock with weep holes to be provided at the scarp face.

Erachilpara
Debris slide occurred at the side of Devikulam Munnar State highway road. House of M. John, Muthu Cottage, fully damaged due unscientific slope modification for road. Absence of roadside drains resulted in surface runoff eroding the filled slope and sub
Devikulam Munnar State highway road damaged
Retaining structure to be founded on hard rock with weep holes to be provided at the scarp face. Natural seepage to be channalised and diverted away from the affected area. Line drains to be provided at the road side.
House of M. John, Muthu Cottage, fully damaged.

Devikulam Munnar State highway road damaged
Retaining structure to be founded on hard rock with weep holes to be provided at the scarp face. Natural seepage to be channalised and diverted away from the affected area. Line drains to be provided at the road side.
House of M. John, Muthu Cottage, fully damaged.

Devikulam
Due to unscientific slope modification for building construction which resulted in vertical cut with no lateral support and excessive and incessant rainfall resulted in the reduction in strength on super-saturation and increase in pore water pressure De
Accumulated material will stabilise over time provided the toe is not disturbed. Easing of slope at flanks and crown to prevent enlargement of the slide.

Devikulam
Accumulated material will stabilise over time provided the toe is not disturbed. Easing of slope at flanks and crown to prevent enlargement of the slide.

The debris material should be removed, easing of slope. Toe has to be supported

Grahamsland Estate, KDH Village,Devikulam
Retaining wall with weep holes and suitable filter medium founded on the hard rock should be provided along the cutslope. Surface runoff should be diverted away from the road by providing lined drains.
Unscientific hill slope modification for road construction that left cut slope with no lateral support. Absence of roadside drains resulted in surface runoff eroding the filled slope and subsequent failure. Excess rain resulted in reduction of strength o

Grahamsland Estate, KDH Village,Devikulam
Debris slide occurred at the side of Munnar- Silent valley Road. In which tea plantation of Grahamsland estate as well as the road washed out. Slope modification for plantation and road are main causes. Absence of roadside drains resulted in surface ru
Retaining wall with weep holes and suitable filter medium founded on the hard rock should be provided along the cutslope. Surface runoff should be diverted away from the road by providing lined drains.
Unscientific hill slope modification for road construction that left cut slope with no lateral support. Absence of roadside drains resulted in surface runoff eroding the filled slope and subsequent failure. Excess rain resulted in reduction of strength o

Devikulam
Retaining wall with weep holes founded on hard rock to be constructed at scarp face.

Subjail quarters, Devikulam partially damaged due to Debris slide. Unscientific slope modification for building construction had resulted in vertical cut with no lateral support. Excessive and incessant rainfall resulted in the reduction in strength on

Nettikudi Lower Division-Munnar
Nettikudi Lower Division-Munnar road blocked because of Debris slide occurred there. Unscientific hill slope modification for road construction that left cut slope with no lateral support. Absence of roadside drains resulted in surface runoff eroding the
Retaining wall with weep holes and suitable filter medium founded on the hard rock should be provided at the road bench. Lined drains along the road has to be provided to divert the surface runoff away from the road.
Unscientific hill slope modification for road construction that left cut slope with no lateral support. Absence of roadside drains resulted in surface runoff eroding the filled slope and subsequent failure. Excess rain resulted in reduction of strength o

Nettikudi Lower Division-Munnar
Retaining wall with weep holes and suitable filter medium founded on the hard rock should be provided at the road bench. Lined drains along the road has to be provided to divert the surface runoff away from the road.

Unscientific hill slope modification for building construction that left cut slope with no lateral support. Excess rain resulted in reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure.

Toe has to be supported with RC/gabion wall with proper drainage holes

near Grahamsland Estate, KDH Village,Devikulam
Debris slide occurred at the side of Munnar- Silent valley Road near Grahamsland Estate, KDH Village,Devikulam. The road and Eucalyptus Plantation washed out. Absence of roadside drains resulted in surface runoff eroding the filled slope and subsequent
Retaining structure below the road bench to be founded on rock. Lined drains to be provided at the road side.
Absence of roadside drains resulted in surface runoff eroding the filled slope and subsequent failure.

near Grahamsland Estate, KDH Village,Devikulam
Retaining structure below the road bench to be founded on rock. Lined drains to be provided at the road side.
Absence of roadside drains resulted in surface runoff eroding the filled slope and subsequent failure.

near Grahamsland Estate, KDH Village,Devikulam
Retaining structure to be provided at the scarp face. Lined drains to be provided at the road side.

At the side of Munnar- Silent valley Road Debris slide occurred on 16th August mainly to unscientific hill slope modification for road construction that left cut slope with no lateral support. Excess rain resulted in reduction of strength on super satura
Retaining structure to be provided at the scarp face. Lined drains to be provided at the road side.

cut slope failure, road widening going on

Retaining wall with weep holes and suitable filter medium founded on the hard rock should be provided along the cutslope. Surface runoff should be diverted away from the road by providing lined drains.

Munnar- Mattupatti road
Munnar- Mattupatti road damaged, Munnar- Silent valley road at the down slope blocked
Retaining structure below the road bench to be founded on rock. Lined drains to be provided at the road side.
Absence of roadside drains resulted in surface runoff eroding the filled slope and subsequent failure.

Munnar- Mattupatti road
Debris slide occurred at the right side of Munnar- Mattupatti Road. In which one workshop fully damaged. Slope modification for road is the main causes. Surface runoff have contributed further failure. Retaining structure below the road bench to be fou
Munnar- Mattupatti road damaged, Munnar- Silent valley road at the down slope blocked

PWD quarters near police station, Munnar
Debris slide occurred near the PWD quarters, Munnar. 4 PWD quarters fully damaged. Mainly due to hill slope modification for building construction. Natural seepage also contributed the failure, heavy rainfall caused the reduction in strength and excess

PWD quarters near police station, Munnar

Near Munnar Govt. college
Microstation road and Munnar-Madurai (NH-85) road damaged.

Near Munnar Govt. college
Near Munnar Govt. College a Debris slide occurred in which Microstation road in the crown and Munnar-Madurai (NH-85) road at the downslope damaged. Mainly due to Hill slope modification for road construction. Surface runoff also contributed the failure
Microstation road and Munnar-Madurai (NH-85) road damaged.

The debris material should be removed, easing of slope. Toe has to be supported
Unscientific hill slope modification left cut slope with no lateral support. Excess rain resulted in reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure.

Spring formation
Unscientific hill slope modification for house construction that left cut slope with no lateral support. Excess rain resulted in reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure.

culvet of proper dimension has to be given

Munnar-Murukan Temple
Behind Munnar-Murukan Temple Debris slide occurred. Unscientific hill slope modification for Temple auditorium construction left cut slope with no lateral support. Reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure due to heavy rai
Unscientific hill slope modification for Temple auditorium construction left cut slope with no lateral support. Reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure due to heavy rainfall.

Munnar-Murukan Temple
Unscientific hill slope modification for Temple auditorium construction left cut slope with no lateral support. Reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure due to heavy rainfall.

Munnar Juma Masjid
Muslimpally road damaged, Munnar- Udumpalpettu road blocked
Unscientific slope modification for road leaving vertical cut with no lateral support. Absence of roadside drains resulted in surface runoff eroding the filled slope and subsequent failure.

Munnar Juma Masjid
Debris slide occurred in the Muslimpally road constructed in front of the Munnar Juma Masjid. The Muslimpally road damaged and Munnar- Udumpalpettu road blocked. Unscientific slope modification for road leaving vertical cut with no lateral support. Abse
Muslimpally road damaged, Munnar- Udumpalpettu road blocked
Unscientific slope modification for road leaving vertical cut with no lateral support. Absence of roadside drains resulted in surface runoff eroding the filled slope and subsequent failure.

Near Munnar Betheren Church
Debris slide graded into flow occurred at the left side of the Munnar- Udumpalpettu road, near Munnar Betheren Church. Unscientific slope modification for road left vertical cut with no lateral support. Surface runoff through the Munnar- Udumpalpettu ro
Retaining wall with weep holes and suitable filter medium founded on the hard rock should be constructed at the cut slope. Retaining wall with weep holes and suitable filter medium founded on the hard rock should be constructed below the road bench.
Unscientific slope modification for road leaving vertical cut with no lateral support. Absence of roadside drains resulted in surface runoff eroding the filled slope and subsequent failure.

Near Munnar Betheren Church
Retaining wall with weep holes and suitable filter medium founded on the hard rock should be constructed at the cut slope. Retaining wall with weep holes and suitable filter medium founded on the hard rock should be constructed below the road bench.

Nallathanni Road
No construction to be allowed atleast 10m from both flanks of slide path.

Nallathanni Road
6 Tata quarters got fully damaged and 4 person died due to Debris slide. Excessive and incessant rainfall resulted in the reduction in strength on super-saturation and increase in pore water pressure is the cause. No construction to be allowed atleast 10
No construction to be allowed atleast 10m from both flanks of slide path.

Behind Sarvana Bhavan hotel, Munnar.
Retaining wall is being constructed behind the house. Behind the hotel retaining wall is already constructed. The slope above the retaining wall needs to be eased further.
1 house of Dr. Mohan Babu, Bamms, fully damaged. Sarvana hotel partially damaged
Unscientific slope modification for building construction which resulted in vertical cut with no lateral support. Surface water got channelised through boundary trenches of KDH estate which contibuted to the super saturation of the slope and subsequentl

Behind Sarvana Bhavan hotel, Munnar.
Debris slide occurred behind the Dr. Mohan Babus house,in which the house got fully damaged. Sarvana hotel situated at the right flank got partially damaged. Hill slope modification for building construction is the main cause. Surface water got channeli
Retaining wall is being constructed behind the house. Behind the hotel retaining wall is already constructed. The slope above the retaining wall needs to be eased further.
1 house of Dr. Mohan Babu, Bamms, fully damaged. Sarvana hotel partially damaged
Unscientific slope modification for building construction which resulted in vertical cut with no lateral support. Surface water got channelised through boundary trenches of KDH estate which contibuted to the super saturation of the slope and subsequentl

Near Police Quarters
Near the Police Quarters occurred a Debris slide . The Police workshop club road damaged. Toe erosion by Mattupatti river and unscientific slope modification for road are the main reasons. Surface runoff have contributed further failure. Toe wall to be c
Easing of slope and construction of benches with suitable height. Provision of breast walls/gabion walls at the foot of benches. Banks of the river to be trained to prevent bank erosion.
Unscientific hill slope modification for road construction that left cut slope with no lateral support along with toe erosion by Mattupatti river

Near Police Quarters
Easing of slope and construction of benches with suitable height. Provision of breast walls/gabion walls at the foot of benches. Banks of the river to be trained to prevent bank erosion.
Unscientific hill slope modification for road construction that left cut slope with no lateral support along with toe erosion by Mattupatti river

Drainage should be channelised.Culvets should be provided. Toe has to be supported

Drainage should be channelised.The debris material should be removed, easing of slope. Toe has to be supported.

Culvert of proper diamension should be provided.

Toe erosion by the stream .Excess rain resulted in reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure.

Drainage should be channelised.Culvets should be provided.

Drainage should be channelised.Culvets should be providedT. Toe has to be supported below the road
Toe erosion by the stream below the road.Unscientific hill slope modification for road construction that left cut slope with no lateral support. Excess rain resulted in reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure.

Girija, A. K. S. and Latha Kumari, S. N., 2020. Macroscale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheet nos. 58G/3, 58G/6, 58G/7, 58C/09 and 58C/13 in Pathanamthitta, Idukki, Kottayam and Ernakulam Districts, Kerala.

Nallathanni Estate-near Tea Museum
Easing of slope at the crown. Banks of the river to be trained to prevent bank erosion.
Excessive and incessant rainfall resulted in the reduction in strength on super-saturation and increase in pore water pressure. Bank erosion by the Nullatanni river contributed to the failure.

Nallathanni Estate-near Tea Museum
Near Nallathanni Estate-near Tea Museum occurred a Debris slide due to excessive and incessant rainfall resulted in the reduction in strength on super-saturation and increase in pore water pressure. Bank erosion by the Nullatanni river contributed to the
Easing of slope at the crown. Banks of the river to be trained to prevent bank erosion.
Excessive and incessant rainfall resulted in the reduction in strength on super-saturation and increase in pore water pressure. Bank erosion by the Nullatanni river contributed to the failure.

Near Ganesha temple
Debris slide occurred near Ganesha temple, in the left side of Munnar- Udumpalpettu road, in which the road got blocked, Eucalyptus Plantation uprooted. Unscientific hill slope modification for road construction left cut slope with no lateral support. Re

Near Ganesha temple

Road has to be supported with RC/gabion wall with proper drainage holes

Nullutanni Estate-Sholamala Division
Nullutanni Estate-Sholamala Division private road damaged due to Debris slide. Unscientific hill slope modification for road construction left cut slope with no lateral support. Toe erosion by the nala and surface run off along the road at the crown port
Tea plantation, private road got damaged
Unscientific hill slope modification for road construction left cut slope with no lateral support. Toe erosion by the nala and surface run off along the road at the crown portion contributed the failure.

Nullutanni Estate-Sholamala Division
Tea plantation, private road got damaged
Unscientific hill slope modification for road construction left cut slope with no lateral support. Toe erosion by the nala and surface run off along the road at the crown portion contributed the failure.

check dams given

Toe erosion by river. Excess rain resulted in reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure.

Nallathanni Estate-Kurumala Division
Retaining wall with weep holes and suitable filter medium founded on the hard rock should be provided at the road bench. Lined drains along the road has to be provide to divert the surface runoff away from the road.

Nallathanni Estate-Kurumala Division
Kurumala-Kallar road blocked because of Debris slide. Unscientific hill slope modification for road construction left cut slope with no lateral support. Reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure due to heavy rainfall contri
Retaining wall with weep holes and suitable filter medium founded on the hard rock should be provided at the road bench. Lined drains along the road has to be provide to divert the surface runoff away from the road.

Nallathanni Estate-Kurumala Division

Near Nallathanni Estate-Kurumala Division, Debris slide occurred in which 4 Tata quarters got partially damaged, around 230 numbers of tea plants washed away due to excessive and incessant rainfall resulted in the reduction in strength on super-saturatio

The debris material should be removed, easing of slope. Toe has to be supported above and below the road
Toe erosion by river.Excess rain resulted in reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure.

Drainage should be channelised.Culvets should be provided.Toe has to be supported below the road
Toe erosion by the stream.Unscientific hill slope modification for road construction that left cut slope with no lateral support. Excess rain resulted in reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure.

Drainage should be channelised.Culvets should be provided.
Unscientific hill slope modification. Excess rain resulted in reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure.

The debris material should be removed, easing of slope. Toe has to be supported above and below the road
Toe erosion by river. Excess rain resulted in reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure.

Lekshmi estate, Ottapara division
Munnar-Mulakkad to Mankulam road blocked, Kutcha road (Tata tea private road damaged)
Retaining wall with weep holes and suitable filter medium founded on the hard rock should be provided at the road bench. Lined drains along the road has to be provide to divert the surface runoff away from the road.

Lekshmi estate, Ottapara division
At the side of the Munnar-Mulakkad to Mankulam road a Debris slide occurred , the kutcha road at the crown damaged and the debris fell on the Munnar-Mulakkad to Mankulam road and caused blockage and also tea plantation got destroyed. Unscientific hill sl
Munnar-Mulakkad to Mankulam road blocked, Kutcha road (Tata tea private road damaged)

Pore water pressure and reduction of strength on super saturation. Unplanned cutting of slope for construction of road.

KallarVattiyar
A debris flow occurred in KallarVattiyar area, Pallivasal Village, Devikulam Taluk, Idukki district at about 1900hrs on 9th June, 2018. Two persons got injured; the material with huge boulders caused partial damage to one house and the National Highwa
If immediate remedial measures not taken, the chances are very high for reactivation.
NH ΓÇô 49 (Kochi ΓÇô Dhanushkodi Road) damaged and blocked for hours.
As an immediate measure the loose unsorted debris should be removed retaining the natural course of the nala and construction of a proper culvert for the free flowing of water across the road. The next step is the restriction of unscientific hill slope m
One house partially damaged, one culvert completely damaged.
Loosening the overburden for cardamom plantation, adverse cultivation pattern, defective maintenance of drainage systems along with reduction of strength on super saturation due to continuous shower. The natural course of the drainage was blocked for car

Vattayar
Maintain the natural flow path with suitablly designed culvert at the road bench. No encroachment to be allowed along the flow path.
Mr.Monachan Puthenpirayil house is partially damaged and Mr.Menon house fully damaged

Vattayar
At Vattayar, on 15th August 2018 debris flow occurred in which Mr.Monachan Puthenpirayil house is partially damaged and Mr.Menon house fully damaged. Maintain the natural flow path with suitablly designed culvert at the road bench. No encroachment to b
Maintain the natural flow path with suitablly designed culvert at the road bench. No encroachment to be allowed along the flow path.
Mr.Monachan Puthenpirayil house is partially damaged and Mr.Menon house fully damaged

Vattayar
Debris slide occurred at Vattayar on 15th August 2018 due to surface run off of debris materials from the reactivation of debris flow from the earlier location along the road cause failure initiated below the road bench. A natural pond present in the flo
Retaining wall with weep holes and suitable filler medium founded on the hard rock should be provided below the road bench. Lined drains has to be provide at the road bench to divert the surface run off away from the road.
Mrs.Sumathi house partially damaged and Prakash parakkallur cardamon plantation washed out.

Retaining wall with weep holes and suitable filler medium founded on the hard rock should be provided below the road bench. Lined drains has to be provide at the road bench to divert the surface run off away from the road.
Mrs.Sumathi house partially damaged and Prakash parakkallur cardamon plantation washed out.

60th Mile
Removal of loose debris from the Slided surface, reconstruction of culvert and construction of proper retaining wall with weep holes.
Pore water pressure and reduction of strength on super saturation. Unplanned cutting of slope for construction of road.

Anaviratty
Removing the failed material from the Slide path, easing and benching of slope.

Anaviratty
One house completely damaged and one house partly damaged

Anaviratty
Pore water pressure and reduction of strength on super saturation. Unplanned cutting of slope for construction of house.

60th Mile
Removing the failed material from the Slide path, easing and benching of slope and construction of proper retaining wall with weep holes.

Drainage should be channelised.Culvets should be provided. Precarious boulders has to be removed.

Ambazhachal
A cut slope failure occurred in Ambazhachal, Pallivasal Village, Devikulam Taluk, Idukki district on 9th June, 2018. As a result of the failure the ThottapuraSelliampara road was blocked for hours. The length, width and depth of the slide are about 3.5m,
Slope failures are common along the road corridors as the roads are constructed by vertically cutting thick column of old debris/soil mass and leaving the cut slope untreated making them highly susceptible to failure.
Moderate vegetation, Extensive slope cut for construction of road.
Thottapura ΓÇô Selliampara Road blocked for hours.
Unplanned cutting of Ambazhachal hill slope for the construction of Thottapura ΓÇô Selliampara road. Saturation of loose overburden due to incessant rainfall.

Ambazhachal-Kunjithanni
Debris flow occurred at Kunjithanni on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific hill slope modification for road construction left cut slope with no lateral support.Surface runoff along the road during heavy rainfall cause the toe erosion and which inturn ca
Ambazhachal-Manjapara road washed out and Ambazhachal-Punthurapadi road got blocked
Easing of slope and construction of benches with suitable height. Provision of breast walls/gabion walls at the foot of benches. Lined roadside drains to be provided to avoid toe erosion due to the surface runoff. Peripheral drainage system should be pro
Mrs.Sainaba Mayaparambil and Mr.C.K.Salil Cherumoottil house fully damaged.Mrs.Soni joseph Thengumthottil cattle shed fully damaged.Mr.Joshi house experienced tension cracks as wall cracks and ground cracks.
Unscientific hill slope modification for road construction left cut slope with no lateral support. Surface runoff along the road during heavy rainfall caused erosion and which in turn caused the reduction in strength by super saturation and excess pore w

Ambazhachal-Kunjithanni
Ambazhachal-Manjapara road washed out and Ambazhachal-Punthurapadi road got blocked
Easing of slope and construction of benches with suitable height. Provision of breast walls/gabion walls at the foot of benches. Lined roadside drains to be provided to avoid toe erosion due to the surface runoff. Peripheral drainage system should be pro
Mrs.Sainaba Mayaparambil and Mr.C.K.Salil Cherumoottil house fully damaged.Mrs.Soni joseph Thengumthottil cattle shed fully damaged.Mr.Joshi house experienced tension cracks as wall cracks and ground cracks.
Unscientific hill slope modification for road construction left cut slope with no lateral support. Surface runoff along the road during heavy rainfall caused erosion and which in turn caused the reduction in strength by super saturation and excess pore w

Thokkupara
Debris slide occurred at Thokkupara on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific slope modification for building construction which resulted in vertical cut with no lateral support. Excessive and incessant rainfall resulted in the reduction in strength on su
Easing of slope and construction of benches with suitable height. Provision of breast walls/gabion walls at the foot of benches. Peripheral drainage system should be provided to divert surface run off away from the crown.
Mrs. Victoria .M.J Araikkal parambil house fully damaged

Thokkupara
Easing of slope and construction of benches with suitable height. Provision of breast walls/gabion walls at the foot of benches. Peripheral drainage system should be provided to divert surface run off away from the crown.
Mrs. Victoria .M.J Araikkal parambil house fully damaged

Drainage should be channelised.Culvets should be provided. Precarious boulders has to be removed.
Unscientific hill slope modification. Excess rain resulted in reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure.

Drainage has to be channelised. Culvet of proper dimension has to be provided.toe sopport for the road
Reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure.

Anachal, Shankupadi
Natural flow paths to be maintained. No encroachment to be allowed along the flow path.
1 house of ( Ali, Chatheril) fully damaged, and another one near to this house also fully damaged
Unscientific slope modification for plantation by construction of benches thereby blocking natural drainage. Excessive and incessant rainfall resulted in the reduction in strength on super-saturation and increase in pore water pressure.

Anachal, Shankupadi
Debris flow occurred at Anachal, Shankupadi in which 2 houses fully damaged ( Ali, Chatheril). Slope modification for Plantation, flow along the natural nala path are the main reason. Failure along rock over burden contact. No encroachment in the debris
Natural flow paths to be maintained. No encroachment to be allowed along the flow path.
1 house of ( Ali, Chatheril) fully damaged, and another one near to this house also fully damaged
Unscientific slope modification for plantation by construction of benches thereby blocking natural drainage. Excessive and incessant rainfall resulted in the reduction in strength on super-saturation and increase in pore water pressure.

Anachal, Shankupadi
Debris slide occurred near Anganvady, Shankupadi, in which 1 house of Jamal,Cherapuli fully damaged. Unscientific slope modification for building construction which resulted in vertical cut with no lateral support. Excessive and incessant rainfall res
The cut fill material has been filled at the back side of the Anganvady, which got over saturated during the heavy rainfall and also the natural seepage contributed the failure. The filled material failed and fell on the house located at the next bench
Retaining wall with weep holes and suitable filler medium founded on the hard rock to be constructed behind the house for the entire width of the cut slope. Peripheral drainage system should be provided to divert surface run off away from the distressed
1 house of Jamal,Cherapuli fully damaged

The cut fill material has been filled at the back side of the Anganvady, which got over saturated during the heavy rainfall and also the natural seepage contributed the failure. The filled material failed and fell on the house located at the next bench
Retaining wall with weep holes and suitable filler medium founded on the hard rock to be constructed behind the house for the entire width of the cut slope. Peripheral drainage system should be provided to divert surface run off away from the distressed
1 house of Jamal,Cherapuli fully damaged

Maintain the natural flow path with suitablly designed culvert at the road bench. No encroachment to be allowed along the flow path.
3 houses fully damaged (1. Sudhakaran, Pazhayampattu, 2. Rema Raju, Echikottil, 3. Abfa Mohammed,Khadeeja Nivas)
Unscientific slope modification for plantation by construction of benches thereby blocking natural drainage. Excessive and incessant rainfall resulted in the reduction in strength on super-saturation and increase in pore water pressure.

Debris flow occurred at Anachal, Shankupadi in which 3 houses fully damaged (1. Sudhakaran, Pazhayampattu, 2. Rema Raju, Echikottil, 3. Abfa Mohammed,Khadeeja Nivas). Slope modification for Plantation, flow along the natural nala path are the main reason
3 houses fully damaged (1. Sudhakaran, Pazhayampattu, 2. Rema Raju, Echikottil, 3. Abfa Mohammed,Khadeeja Nivas)

Pore water pressure and reduction of strength on super saturation. Unplanned cutting of slope for construction of house.

Anachal
A debris slide occurred in Anachal, Pallivasal Village, Devikulam Taluk, Idukki district at about 1400hrs on 11th June, 2018. Newly constructed four storied building got completely devastated during the slide. The length, width and depth of the slide are
Another five storied building, situated adjacent to the collapsed building, is in the brim of danger.
2nd Mile Bus stop road (via Anachal), a bifurcation road in NH49.
As an immediate remedial measure remove the accumulated remains of collapsed building and the slided materials from the slope, open all the culverts and divert the water through culverts without allowing it to settle in the vulnerable slopes. In future,
Newly constructed four storied building completely collapsed.
Construction of building (four storied) in loose overburden material without proper strengthening of foundation which in turn resulted in loading at the head of the slope break. Improper maintenance of drainage system: As the culverts in the road were bl

Eetticity
A debris slide occurred in Eetticity, Vellathooval Panchayat, Idukki district on 9th June, 2018. The material below a newly constructed resort got slided due to the head loading of slope by the dumped excavated material during the construction of the res
Settlement, Moderate Vegetation, Slide direction is towards N20┬░E
As an immediate measure the district authority cover the slided area with polythene sheets which prevented further infiltration or exposure to rain water. Reducing the slope height, reducing the slope angle, removing unstable wash away loose unsorted mat
During the construction of a resort in Eetticity, the material removed where collected in more than 100 sacks and the sacks where then loaded in the head of the slope beneath the building. During heavy rain, water seepage through these sacks created incr

The natural Flow path of the stream should be maintained as such, construction activities in the vicinity of the steam path should be avoided. The slope is not good for habitation.

Hotel, Plumjudy, Pallivasal

Hotel, Plumjudy, Pallivasal
Debris slide occurred near Hotel, Plumjudy, Pallivasal, in which the road to Hotel Plum judy damaged. Unscientific slope modification for road leaving vertical cut with no lateral support. Absence of roadside drains resulted in surface runoff eroding the

Pallivasal Tea Estate
Debris slide occurred at Munnar -Eranakulam road Pallivasal tea estate on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific slope modification for road leaving vertical cut with no lateral support. Absence of roadside drains resulted in surface runoff eroding the f
Retaining wall with weep holes and suitable filler medium founded on the hard rock should be provided below the road bench. Lined drains has to be provide at the road bench to divert the surface run off away from the road.

Pallivasal Tea Estate

Munnar
Debris slide occurred at Munnar -Eranakulam road near Edward Dam on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific hill slope modification for road construction left cut slope with no lateral support. Surface run off along the road cause toe erosion which contri

Munnar

Muttanmudi
A report on recent landslides in Thodupuzha, Udumbanchola and Devikulam taluks, Idukki district, Kerala by C. Muraleedharan, Geologist (Sr) and M. P. Muraleedharan, Director, Opn TNPK, Unit Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram (2007)
This landslide took place due to incessant heavy rainfall and poor terrain response due to increase in pore pressure and therefore reduction in shear strength.
Failed area needs to be protected by afforestation. Local administration and revenue authorities may take precautionary measures by not granting building permit atleast in these highly vulnerable areas. Awareness programme may be arranged in the affected
Following incessant heavy rainfall, the water percolated through thin soil cover as well as through highly jointed bedrock, got channelized and seeped through the break in slope zone and later got dammed up. This caused reduction in the shear strength an

Muthanmudi
Precambrian shield - gneiss, granulites, biotite gneiss, pyroxenite and amphibolites
A debris avalanche occurred at Muttanmudi on the SW about 3 Km of Kunjitanni and 6 Km of Chittirapuram, Idukki district.. Number of big boulders were dislodged and brought down by the slide to the zone of accumulation. Incessant rains triggered excess p
Report on the recent Landslides in Thodupuzha, Udumbanchola and Devikulam Taluks, Idukki district, Kerala, by C. Muraleedharan, Senior Geologists & M.P. Muraleedharan, Director (SG) Thiruvananthapuram. (LHIM_KER_2007_006)
Poor terrain

The debris material should be removed, easing of slope. Toe has to be supported.Trees should be uprooted from the crown

Josegiri
Debris flow occurred at Josegiri. 1 house of Yesodharan, at the crown fully damaged. Plantation from the plots of Thomas Velamparabil, Pathrose, Marottickal, Varghese Nirappel and Jose Konoor (Plot located below the road bench fully washed out and flowed
Plantation from the plots of Thomas Velamparabil, Pathrose, Marottickal, Varghese Nirappel and Jose Konoor (Plot located below the road bench), around 3acres fully washed out and flowed down upto Mutharapuzhayaru river located about 400m from the locatio
No encroachment in the debris flow path upto 6m either side of the flow path. Culvert of suitable dimension should be constructed at the road bench. Maintain the natural flow path.
1 house of Yesodharan, at the crown fully damaged

Josegiri
Plantation from the plots of Thomas Velamparabil, Pathrose, Marottickal, Varghese Nirappel and Jose Konoor (Plot located below the road bench), around 3acres fully washed out and flowed down upto Mutharapuzhayaru river located about 400m from the locatio
No encroachment in the debris flow path upto 6m either side of the flow path. Culvert of suitable dimension should be constructed at the road bench. Maintain the natural flow path.
1 house of Yesodharan, at the crown fully damaged

Kunjithanni
Natural flow paths to be maintained. No encroachment to be allowed along the flow path.
V.K.Velappankumbalatt and Chandy Antony house got partially damaged with the presence of tension cracks.

Kunjithanni
At Kunjithanni on 15th August 2018 Debris slide occurred due to unscientific slope modification for plantation by construction of benches thereby blocking natural drainage. Excessive and incessant rainfall resulted in the reduction in strength on super-s
V.K.Velappankumbalatt and Chandy Antony house got partially damaged with the presence of tension cracks.

Uppar, Bison Valley
Plantation (Rubber, Cardomon, Tapiocca, Palm tree) of Chacko Thomas and Lishore Davis washed out
Maintain the natural flow path with suitablly designed culvert at the road bench. No encroachment to be allowed along the flow path. To protect the house from future flows deflection wall to be provided at the side of the house.
1 house of Chacko, Thomas located at the left flank, debris material entered into the house.

Uppar, Bison Valley
Debris slide occurred near Uppar. Plantation (Rubber, Cardomon, Tapiocca, Palm tree) of Chacko Thomas and Lishore Davis washed out. Unscientific slope modification for plantation by construction of benches thereby blocking natural drainage. Excessive an
Plantation (Rubber, Cardomon, Tapiocca, Palm tree) of Chacko Thomas and Lishore Davis washed out
Maintain the natural flow path with suitablly designed culvert at the road bench. No encroachment to be allowed along the flow path. To protect the house from future flows deflection wall to be provided at the side of the house.
1 house of Chacko, Thomas located at the left flank, debris material entered into the house.

Uppar, Bison Valley
Easing of slope and construction of benches with suitable height. Provision of breast walls/gabion walls at the foot of benches. Peripheral drainage system should be provided to divert surface run off away from the crown.
1 house of Tommy george, Chennumvayalil fully damaged
Unscientific slope modification for house construction which resulted in vertical cut with no lateral support. Excessive and incessant rainfall resulted in the reduction in strength on super-saturation and increase in pore water pressure.

Debris slide occurred behind the house of Tommy George, Chennumvayalil. The house fully damaged. Unscientific slope modification for house construction which resulted in vertical cut with no lateral support. Excessive and incessant rainfall resulted in
1 house of Tommy george, Chennumvayalil fully damaged
Unscientific slope modification for house construction which resulted in vertical cut with no lateral support. Excessive and incessant rainfall resulted in the reduction in strength on super-saturation and increase in pore water pressure.

Upparnirappu
Plantation ( Cardomon, Palm tree, Cocunut tree) of Sabu, Paravarakattu washed out.
Stabilise the accumulated material. Lined drainage to be provided on the road to divert the surface runoff away from the affected area.

Upparnirappu
Debris slide occurred near Upparnirappu, in that the Plantation ( Cardomon, Palm tree, Cocunut tree) of Sabu, Paravarakattu washed out. For the construction of Ellackkal- Tea company road situated at the crown, the material has been dumped at the right s
Plantation ( Cardomon, Palm tree, Cocunut tree) of Sabu, Paravarakattu washed out.
Stabilise the accumulated material. Lined drainage to be provided on the road to divert the surface runoff away from the affected area.

Kochupu
No encroachment in the debris flow path upto 6m either side of the flow path. Culvert of suitable dimension should be constructed at the road bench. Maintain the natural flow path.
1 house and 4 shopes in front of the house in the same building of Saul Mathew, fully damaged.

Kochupu
Debris flow occurred at Kochupu, in which 1 house and 4 shopes in front of the house in the same building of Saul Mathew, fully damaged, Kochupu- Josegiri road blocked. Hill slope modification for plantation is a causitive factor , heavy rainfall caused
1 house and 4 shopes in front of the house in the same building of Saul Mathew, fully damaged.

Ellackkal, Kunjithani
5 houses to be relocated. Banks of the river to be trained. The slope will stabiliise over time provided the toe is left undisturbed.
2 houses (Joseph Kunnemuriyil, Joby, Chennattu) fully damaged. 3 houses (Kuriyan Chennettu, John Mannarkandathil, M.N. Mathew, Mount Herman) partially damaged.
Toe erosion due to Mutharapuzhayar river flowing downslope. Heavy rianfall caused over saturation and excess pore water pressure.

Ellackkal, Kunjithani
Subsidence occurred near Ellackkal, Kunjithani, in which 2 houses (Joseph Kunnemuriyil, Joby, Chennattu) fully damaged. 3 houses (Kuriyan Chennettu, John Mannarkandathil, M.N. Mathew, Mount Herman) partially damaged. 5 houses to relocated. Banks of the r
5 houses to be relocated. Banks of the river to be trained. The slope will stabiliise over time provided the toe is left undisturbed.
2 houses (Joseph Kunnemuriyil, Joby, Chennattu) fully damaged. 3 houses (Kuriyan Chennettu, John Mannarkandathil, M.N. Mathew, Mount Herman) partially damaged.
Toe erosion due to Mutharapuzhayar river flowing downslope. Heavy rianfall caused over saturation and excess pore water pressure.

Kulatharakkuzhi
NRSC Validation
It is recommended to construction two more retaining walls at different bench levels.
Pore water pressure and reduction of strength on super saturation

Varayattumudy
The natural Flow path of the stream should be maintained as such, proper maintenance of culvert should be done, construction of drainage ditches

Varayattumudy
The Flow occurred in the natural course of first order stream,

Elkunnu
Construction of new retaining wall, drainage ditches beside the road and the proper maintainace of culvert.
Road damaged, one retaining wall damaged, one house completely damaged
Pore water pressure and reduction of strength on super saturation. Unplanned cutting of slope.

Muthuvankudi
Easing of slope, construction of drainage ditches, construction of proper retaining wall in the upslope and down slope direction.

Ellackkal

Ellackkal
Debris slide occurred at Ellackkal, Kunjithani village, in which the Ellackkal- Pothuppara road damaged and Plantation washed out upto upto Muthrapuzhayaru river. SUnscientific slope modification for road construction which resulted in vertical cut with

Ellackkal
Cut slope failure observed at the left side of the road naer the debris flow which blocked the road, retaining structure to be constructed at the road bench. Stabilise the accumulated material.
1 house of Sindhu, Rajan, Chavattukuzhyil, fully damaged in the flow path should be relocated.

Near Ellackal, one debris flow occurred in which house of Sindhu, Rajan, Chavattukuzhyil, fully damaged in the flow path. Unscientific slope modification for plantation by construction of benches thereby blocking natural drainage. Excessive and incessan
Cut slope failure observed at the left side of the road naer the debris flow which blocked the road, retaining structure to be constructed at the road bench. Stabilise the accumulated material.
1 house of Sindhu, Rajan, Chavattukuzhyil, fully damaged in the flow path should be relocated.

Ellackkal, Kunjithani
Debris flow occurred at Ellackkal, Kunjithani village, in which house of K.K. Kuttappan, ground cracks found. The house is situated between two debris flow and is in threat. Hill slope modification for plantation, heavy rainfall caused the reduction in s
House of N.K. Devsya, Nedukallil house courtyard partially damaged, situated at the right flank. Deflection wall constructed should be shifted to 4m away from the flow path.
1 house of K.K. Kuttappan, ground cracks found and back side of house partially damaged.

House of N.K. Devsya, Nedukallil house courtyard partially damaged, situated at the right flank. Deflection wall constructed should be shifted to 4m away from the flow path.
1 house of K.K. Kuttappan, ground cracks found and back side of house partially damaged.

Ellaickal
Ellaickal pallipadi-Muthuvankudi road got washed out
Mrs.Thresyama Adiyanayal and Kunjumol Thomas Puthenveettil house fully damaged

Ellaickal
Debris flow occurred at Ellaickal on 15th August 2018 due to excessive and incessant rainfall resulted in the reduction in strength on super-saturation and increase in pore water pressure.pressure.Mrs.Thresyama Adiyanayal and Kunjumol Thomas Puthenveett
Ellaickal pallipadi-Muthuvankudi road got washed out
Mrs.Thresyama Adiyanayal and Kunjumol Thomas Puthenveettil house fully damaged

Ellaickal
Near Ellaickal, one Debris slide occurred in which Mr.Joseph Elavynnal and Mr.Jose Sebastin house fully damaged. Easing of slope and construction of benches with suitable height. Provision of breast walls/gabion walls at the foot of benches. Peripheral
Mr.Joseph Elavynnal and Mr.Jose Sebastin house fully damaged

Mr.Joseph Elavynnal and Mr.Jose Sebastin house fully damaged

Pore water pressure and reduction of strength on super saturation. Unplanned cutting of slope for construction of road. Road bend

Kunjithanni
Debris slide occurred at Kunjithanni on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific hill slope modification for house construction left cut slope with no lateral support. Reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure. Mr.Soman Udayani
Mr.Soman Udayaniyil and Kunjumon Kudamalorsery house fully damaged

Mr.Soman Udayaniyil and Kunjumon Kudamalorsery house fully damaged

Kuthupara

Kuthupara
The natural Flow path of the stream should be maintained as such, construction activities in the vicinity of the steam path should be avoided.

Eenchathottipadi

Selliampara
Removal of loose debris from the Slided surface, large tree trunks present in the Slided surface should be removed, easing and benching of slope and construction of retaining wall with weep holes and drainage ditches to divert the water away from slope.

Selliampara
One house affected, one well fully destroyed.

Viyyat Power Ltd., Iruttukanam
Removal of unstable materials from the slope and construction of retaining wall at various bench levels.
Road partly damaged, the Viyyat Power house partly damaged

Viyyat Power Ltd., Iruttukanam
The Slide occur within the agricultural land.

One culvert completely blocked it should be properly maintained. Suitable retaining walls should be constructed behind the partly damaged houses.
Two houses partly damaged and one house completely damaged

Mandalamkunnu

Maankadavu
Easing and benching of slope, construction of retaining wall with weep holes at each bench.
Pore water pressure and reduction of strength on super saturation. Unplanned cutting of slope for construction of house.

Odakkacity
Removal of loose unstable Slided material from the surface.
Road damaged, two houses damaged, one cattle shed damaged

Maankadavu
Removal of unstable materials from the slope and construction of retaining wall.

Maankadavu
The Slide occur within the agricultural land.

Removal of loose debris from the Slided surface, large tree trunks present in the Slided surface should be removed and construction of retaining wall with weep holes and drainage ditches to divert the water away from slope.

Selliampara
The area is not good for habitation as cracks were developed around the Slide and the area is a disturbed one.
Two houses damaged, electric line damaged

Removal of loose debris from the Slided surface, easing and benching of slope and construction of retaining wall with weep holes and drainage ditches to divert the water away from slope.
Pore water pressure and reduction of strength on super saturation. Unplanned cutting of slope for construction of house

Thottapura
Removal of loose debris from the Slided surface, large tree trunks present in the Slided surface should be removed, easing and benching of slope and construction of retaining wall with weep holes, catch water drains to divert the water, removing the roc

Thottapura
Removal of loose debris from the Slided surface, large tree trunks present in the Slided surface should be removed, easing and benching of slope and construction of retaining wall with weep holes and maintenance of drainage ditches.

Naikkunnu
Kallarkutty - Naikunnu - Koompanapara road

Naikkunnu Kavala
Easing and benching of slope, construction of retaining wall with weep holes at each bench.

Kallarkutty
The natural course of the nala path should be maintained as such. Huge rock blocks in the stream path should be removed, the tree trunks present in the nala path should be removed.
One house partly damaged. One workshop damaged

Kallarkutty
The natural nala course should be maintained as such, the construction activities in the vicinity of Flow path should be avoided

Kallarkutty
Removal of loose debris from the Slided surface, large tree trunks present in the Slided surface should be removed and construction of retaining wall with weep holes and drainage ditches to divert the water away from slope. A large rock block present at

A huge rock block present in the Flow path should be removed. The course of the new stream path formed should be maintained as such. The houses located in the near vicinity of Flow path should be evacuated during rainy season.
One cattle shed completely damaged and one house partly damaged

Near SH Convent Kallarkutty
Any construction activities in the area should be restricted
Pore water pressure and reduction of strength on super saturation. Unplanned cutting of slope for construction activities

Ozhukkacity

Ozhukkacity
Removal of loose debris from the Slided surface, large trees present in the vicinity of Slided surface should be removed, easing and benching of slope and construction of retaining wall with weep holes and drainage ditches to divert the water away from

The debris slide occurred beside the Kallarkutty dam road has resulted in partial damage to one house and the road was blocked for hours. The length, width and depth of the slide are about 8m, 9m and 5m respectively. The direction of the slide is S58┬
Removal of slided material, smoothening the slope face and installation of proper drainage conduits/pipes to ooze out the free flowing water from the surface.
Pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super saturation, unplanned construction, loading at head region and excavation of the slope.

Kallarkutty II
The subsidence occurred beside the Kallarkutty approach road at 1400hrs on 09.07.2018. The subsidence occurred as a result of the toe erosion by one of the tributaries of Mutira Puzha along with the weight of the retaining wall constructed beneath the ap
Remove the collapsed retaining wall and loose overburden material. Construction of concrete reinforced gravity wall with proper drainage conduits. Proper maintenance of road drainage system through construction of impermeable side ditches and culverts.
As there was a column of soil between the road and the newly constructed retaining wall the water perched through the column resulted in soaking of the material mass & caused increase in weight along with the pore water pressure created an additional str

Kakka city landslide
A note on recent landslide occurrences (August 2011) in Kottayam, Idukki, and Malappuram Districts, Kerala by P. Sundar Rajan & Dr. Sajin Kumar K.S., Senior Geologists , GSI, State Unit Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, SR, 2011
This landslide took place due to incessant heavy rainfall and poor terrain response due to increase in pore pressure and therefore reduction in shear strength.
Failed area needs to be protected by afforestation. Local administration and revenue authorities may take precautionary measures by not granting building permit atleast in these highly vulnerable areas. Awareness programme may be arranged in the affected
Following incessant heavy rainfall, the water percolated through thin soil cover as well as through highly jointed bedrock, got channelized and seeped through the break in slope zone and later got dammed up. This caused reduction in the shear strength an

Vellathooval
The unstable loose overburden material should be removed, easing and benching of slope, the natural course of the stream path should be maintained as such, construction activities in the vicinity of Flow path should be avoided, construction and maintenan
Pore water pressure and reduction of strength on super saturation. Unplanned cutting of slope for construction of road

Poothalanirappu

Pipeline
Pore water pressure and reduction of strength on super saturation. Unplanned cutting of slope for construction of house and loading at the head region.

Sharonpuram
Removal of material from the Slided surface, easing and benching of slope, construction of drainage ditches and proper construction of toe support retaining wall.

Konnathadi
A report on recent landslides in Thodupuzha, Udumbanchola and Devikulam taluks, Idukki district, Kerala by C. Muraleedharan, Geologist (Sr) and M. P. Muraleedharan, Director, Opn TNPK, Unit Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram (2007)
This landslide took place due to incessant heavy rainfall and poor terrain response due to increase in pore pressure and therefore reduction in shear strength.
Failed area needs to be protected by afforestation. Local administration and revenue authorities may take precautionary measures by not granting building permit atleast in these highly vulnerable areas. Awareness programme may be arranged in the affected
The failure occurred in a slope comprising thin layer of humus underlain with lateritic soil and admixture of cobbles, boulders, rubbles and bushy vegetation. Rain water percolated through the thin soil cover as well as highly jointed bedrock, got channe

Senapathy
Pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super saturation and unplanned construction

Ponmudi
Pore water pressure , reduction of strength on super saturation,
unplanned cutting of slope for construction of road

Konnathadi
Precambrian shield characterized by gneiss, granulites, biotite gneiss, pyroxenite and amphibolites
A debris avalanche occurred at Konnathadi on the northern flank of the NW-SE trending linear ridge about 1Km SW of Konnathadi and 3 Km east of Mukkudam. Idukki district. The slide was initiated at the first break in slope of 800m towards NE and then has
Report on the recent Landslides in Thodupuzha, Udumbanchola and Devikulam Taluks, Idukki district, Kerala, by C. Muraleedharan, Senior Geologists & M.P. Muraleedharan, Director (SG) Thiruvananthapuram. (LHIM_KER_2007_006)
Poor terrain

Kulatharakkuzhi
Removal of loose slided material from the path, construction of dwarf retaining wall for toe support and construction of drainage ditches .
Pore water pressure , reduction of strength on super saturation,
unplanned cutting of slope for construction of road

Kulatharakkuzhi
Removal of loose slided material from the path, trees in the vicinity of the slided surface should remove and construction of drainage ditches .
Pore water pressure , reduction of strength on super saturation,
unplanned cutting of slope for construction of road

Kallimali View point
Kallimali View point - Panniyarkutty road
Planar failure, pore water pressure and reduction of strength on super saturation

Panniyarkutty
Removal of loose slided material from the path, trees in the vicinity of the slided surface should remove, construction of dwarf retaining wall for toe support and construction of drainage ditches .

Panniyarkutty
Removal of loose slided material from the path, trees in the vicinity of the slided surface should remove, insitu rocks are exposed in down slope direction so a benching should be provided .

Kallimali
The slide occured in the western slope of Ponmudi reservoir. The slope and the natural course of the river were modified for cultivation and for the construction of an unmetalled road. The excavated material after the formation of road was dumped in the
Unmetalled road to Ponmudi Reservoir connecting the AdimaliRajakad road.
Destroyed 1.5 acre agriculture land (Pepper)
As the area is devoid of any settlements and anthropogenic presence, removing the unsorted loose overburden and reducing the slope angle along with proper maintenance of drainage system will serve the purpose.
Pore water pressure, presence of unsorted overburden materials, unplanned cultivation obstructing the natural course of drainage, slope modification for the construction of road.

Mammattikkanam
Pore water pressure and reduction of strength on super saturation

Mammattikkanam

Panniyarkuthu

Vattakannippara -II
Kalthungal - Thinkalkad Road blocked with debri material. Along the same road side within 50m towards south discontinous small slides also noticed. Weathered and spheroidily wethered rock also exposed in the along the road cutting
Remove the accumulated debrisn material from Kalthungal - Thinkalkad Road, Construction of suitable culverts besides road bench and maintaining the natural nala.
Pore water pressure,reduction of strength on super satuartion, anthropogenic activities

Vattakannippara -I
Remove the accumulated material from the house. Constuction of retaining walls with benches of two meter width has to be provided behind the house. Surface peripheral drainage arrangements has to be done for diverting the water away from the affected
One house and one cattle shed completely damaged
Pore water pressure,reduction of strength on super satuartion, unplanned cutting of slope for cultivtion

Mavara City - III
Flow occur along the natural course of 1st order nala.Accumulated material should be removed from the nala path for proper flow of water during rainy season.
Pore water pressure,reduction of strength on super satuartion, anthropogenic activities

Mavara City - II
Pore water pressure,reduction of strength on super satuartion

Mavara City -I
Removal of loose debris from the slided surface, construction of retaining wall and drainage ditches should be maintained properly.
Pore water pressure,reduction of strength on super satuartion, anthropogenic activities

Arattupara
Removal of loose debris from the slided surface, construction of retaining wall and drainage ditches should be maintained properly.
One house partially and one poultary farm completely damaged

St. Sebastian Sleeba Church
Tension cracks developed at the courtyard as wll as the wall of the St.Sebastian Sleeba Church's Prispithery.
In order to protect the Church reconstruct the damaged retaining wall with 16m width further towards the left flank of the slide with proper weep holes and filters.Peripheral drainage system has to be provide to divert the surface run off away from t
Retaining wall (2-3m) of the Church is partially damaged.

Kanakappuzha
Divert the water away from the newly formed stream
unplanned cutting of slope

Kanakappuzha
Construction of dwarf wall with drainage pipes and drainage ditches to divert the water away from the slope.
unplanned cutting of slope for construction of house

Kanakappuzha

unplanned cutting of slope for construction of house

Kanakapuzha
Construction of retaining wall with proper drainage outlets to divert the water.
One house completely damaged, one house partly damaged and one cattle shed completely destroyed.
unplanned cutting of slope for construction of house.

Kanakapuzha
Removal of loose slided material from the path, trees in the vicinity of the slided surface should remove and construction of retaining wall.
One house partly damaged and one cattle shed completely destroyed

Kurangupara
Slump occurred at Kurangupara in which Mr.Chacko Thayyil house fully damaged. Mr.Chacko Thayyil house experienced tension cracks in the ground as well as in the walls of the house and land.The crack is extending about 40m towards N 330 from the house. R
Mr.Jobi Chellamuttil land experienced subsidence. Kurangupara Josegiri road blocked. Plantation damaged.
Reataining wall to be provided at the road bench. Surface runoff to be channalised and Lined drains to be provided at the road sides. Mr.Chacko Thayyil house to be relocated.
1 house (Mr.Chacko Thayyil )fully damaged
Hill slope modification for road construction left cut slope with no lateral support. Excessive and incessant rainfall resulted in the reduction in strength on super-saturation and increase in pore water pressure.

Kurangupara
Mr.Jobi Chellamuttil land experienced subsidence. Kurangupara Josegiri road blocked. Plantation damaged.
Reataining wall to be provided at the road bench. Surface runoff to be channalised and Lined drains to be provided at the road sides. Mr.Chacko Thayyil house to be relocated.
1 house (Mr.Chacko Thayyil )fully damaged
Hill slope modification for road construction left cut slope with no lateral support. Excessive and incessant rainfall resulted in the reduction in strength on super-saturation and increase in pore water pressure.

Josegiri
Plantation of Michael, Vadakkeparambu washed out

Debris flow occurred at Josegiri, Plantation of Michael, Vadakkeparambu washed out. Mainly due to hill slope modification for Plantation. Unscientific slope modification for plantation by construction of benches thereby blocking natural drainage. Excessi
Plantation of Michael, Vadakkeparambu washed out

Debris flow occurred at Josegiri. Plantation of Jose Orapullickal and George Enthottathil washed out. No encroachment in the debris flow path upto 6m either side of the flow path. Culvert of suitable dimension should be constructed at the road bench. Mai
Plantation of Jose Orapullickal and George Enthottathil washed out

Plantation of Jose Orapullickal and George Enthottathil washed out

BisonValley
No encroachment in the debris flow path upto 6m either side of the flow path. Maintain the natural flow path.
Sowriyar Vilakunnel ,Suma Su Kadavil and Vinod Kunna cardamon and pepper plantation washed out.

BisonValley
Debris flow occurred at Bison valley on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific slope modification for plantation by construction of benches thereby blocking natural drainage. Excessive and incessant rainfall resulted in the reduction in strength on super-s
No encroachment in the debris flow path upto 6m either side of the flow path. Maintain the natural flow path.
Sowriyar Vilakunnel ,Suma Su Kadavil and Vinod Kunna cardamon and pepper plantation washed out.

40 acre, Bison Valley
Debris flow intiated from the plot of Karunakaran, Koonayil which further flowed down through the plots of Biju Vazhayil, Sasi Vazhayil, Ravindran Vazhayil, Bhaskaran Veluthedathil, in which the plantation of theses people washed out. The debris flow fol
Plantation of Karunakaran Koonayil, Biju Vazhayil, Sasi Vazhayil, Ravindran Vazhayil, Bhaskaran Veluthedathil washed out.
No encroachment in the debris flow path. Culvert at the road bench blocked to be cleared. To protect the road Retaining structure to be constructed at the both sides of road bench.
One well of newly constructed resort, located opposite to the road filled by the debris material
Hill slope modification for Plantation. Failure in weatherd seam and rock overburden, flow along natural nala path, heavy rainfall caused the reduction in strength and excess pore water pressure.

40 acre, Bison Valley
Plantation of Karunakaran Koonayil, Biju Vazhayil, Sasi Vazhayil, Ravindran Vazhayil, Bhaskaran Veluthedathil washed out.
No encroachment in the debris flow path. Culvert at the road bench blocked to be cleared. To protect the road Retaining structure to be constructed at the both sides of road bench.
One well of newly constructed resort, located opposite to the road filled by the debris material
Hill slope modification for Plantation. Failure in weatherd seam and rock overburden, flow along natural nala path, heavy rainfall caused the reduction in strength and excess pore water pressure.

40 acre, Bison Valley
Debris flow occurred at 40 acre in which 1 house of Mariyamma Chellapan, Karthika Bhavan fully damaged. Plantation of Sisily, Vazhakattu washed out. No encroachment in the debris flow path. Culvert of suitable dimension should be constructed at the road
Plantation of Sisily, Vazhakattu washed out
No encroachment in the debris flow path upto 6m either side of the flow path. Maintain the natural flow path.
1 house of Mariyamma Chellapan, Karthika Bhavan fully damaged

Plantation of Sisily, Vazhakattu washed out
1 house of Mariyamma Chellapan, Karthika Bhavan fully damaged

Kumbhappara -II
Remove the debris mterial along the flow path. Retaining structure has to be provided behind the house. Natural seepage should be channelized.

Kumbhappara -III
Clear the flow path and maintain the natural nala.No encroachment should be allowed.

Kumbhappara -I
Retaining wall with 50m width and 7m hight has to be provided.Line drains should be provided along the road to divert the surface run off away from the affected area.

Muduvakkudi-II
Debri materail settled houses in the bank of Manjakkuzhi Todu. Tension cracks developed in the floor of the house.
The flow occurs along the natural course of 2nd order nala - the nala course should be properly maintain, the habitation near the nala sholud be avoided. Accumulated debris material should be removed from the house.

Vathukappu - V

Vathukappu - IV

Muduvakkudi-I
Clear the debris flow path, mainintaining natural nala
Pore water pressure,reduction of strength on super satuartion,

Vathukappu-II
Clear the debris flow path, maintaining natural nala
Pore water pressure,reduction of strength on super satuartion,

Vathukappu - III
Clear the debris flow path, mainintaining natural nala

Mullamthandu
Removal of loose Slided material from the path, trees in the vicinity of the Slided surface should be removed and construction of drainage ditches .

Vathukappu-I
Flow comes through earlier nala path so the flow path should be maintain, deflection wall construct right side of the house. Cattle shed is relocated. No encroachment allowed at the flow path.
One electric pole, water tube completely and front portion of the house partially damaged

Mullamthandu
The Flow occurs along the course of 1st order nala.

Manjakkuzhi
debris material settled back side of the house and not affected the house. (Joseph Paily, Kuriyeppuram (H), Manjakkuzhi, Rajkumari.P.O, Rjakumari)
Clear the flow path, channelise the natural seepage and divert away from the house. and toe support has to be provided behind the house.
Pore water pressure,reduction of strength on super satuartion, unplanned cutting of slope for cultivtion

Pallipadi
During flow debri material settled in the tube well, and it is completely damaged and not for use.
Retaining wall is constructed side of the road. Proper drainage path for seepage during rainy season.
Pore water pressure,reduction of strength on super satuartion, unplanned cutting of slope for cultivtion

Rajakumari
Earth slide happened and flowed towards the paddy field.
Stabilize the accumulated debris material, Easing of slope, construction of proper drainage

Ambalappadi
The subsidence occurred in agricultural land

Rajakumari bridge
Removal of loose Slided material from the path, trees in the vicinity of the Slided surface should remove, huge rock blocks are present in the crown part that should be removed ,easing of slope, construction of dwarf retaining wall for toe support and

Kanthipara

Mangathotti
Removal of loose Slided material from the path, trees in the vicinity of the Slided surface should remove, weathered rock blocks are present in the crown part that should be removed ,easing of slope, construction of dwarf retaining wall for toe support

Chemmannar

Pallikunnu
Easing of the slope, construction of proper drainage ditches, construction of retaining wall properly
Side of the road dmaged and cracks developed

Chemmannar -III
Slope is not suitable for habitation. Remove the accumulated debris material from the flow path and natural seepage to be channalised and diverted away from the house.

Chemmannar -II
Along the flow path two persons cultivated land completely washed out.
Removal of debris material from flow path and natural seepage to be channalised and diverted away from the house. No Encrochment should be allowed
One house is completely and nother one is partially damaged. Concrete road also damaged

Karakunnu
Back side of house

Chemmnnar- I
Remove debris material,retaining wall with proper drainage outlet is recommended.

Chappath
Hard rock exposed in the crown part. Adjacent to this location minor cut slope failure is also noticed at the road bench.
Stabilize the accumulated material and maintain the natural flow.

Kilavikulam - II
Nedumkandam -Munnar highway blocked.
Debris material stabilize along the flow path and maintain the drainage outlets.
Road partially and mile stones completely damaged
Pore water pressure,reduction of strength on super satuartion

Kilavikulam - I
Cracks observed at the wall of the house in the side of the left side (10 m) of the road. Nedumkandm -Munnar highway blocked, side of the road partially damaged.
Construction of new retaining wall, drainage ditches beside the road and the proper maintainace of culvert.
Road partially and Sign boards completely damaged

Parathodu- 40th Acre I
Small pocket road towards Parathodu- 40th Acre is blocked.
Remove accumulated debris material and construction of sutibale retaining wall founded on the hard rock with proper weepholes and filters should be done.
Pore water pressure,reduction of strength on super satuartion

Parathodu
Nedumkandm- Munnar high way side is damaged. Earlier one retaining wall is there, after the slide it is completely damaged. Natural drainage should be maintained and culvert of suitable dimension has to be constructed on the road.
Road blocked and one electric post damaged
construction of sutibale retaining wall with drainage outlets should be done.
Pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super satuartion, anthropogenic activities

Parivathanamedu IV
House situated on the right flank of the debris flown path.
Inorder to protect the house situated at the right flank of the debri flow path, construction of reinforced concrete retaining wall with proper drainage outlet is recommended. The structure shall be properly anchored on bedrock.
Pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super satuartion

Parivathanamedu I
Slide occurred in cultivated land.
Clear the flow path, encrochment avoided, mainintaining natural course of the nala.
Pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super satuartion

Parivathanamedu I II
Nedumkandam -Parivarthanamedu Road closed
Easing of slope, construction of drainage ditches.
Road blocked and 2 nos of electric posts damaged.
Pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super satuartion

Parivathanamedu I I
Construction of a reinforced concrete wall anchored at bed rock.
Back side of house cut slope failure happeded.
Pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super satuartion, anthropogenic activities

5 Acre Kanam
House situated on the right flank of the debris flown path.
Construction of retaining wall with proper drainage outlet and easing of the back slope area.
Pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super satuartion, anthropogenic ctivities

Kunnukuzhi
Thannimood- Kunnukuzhi road blocked.
Retaining wall is being constructed right side the house. Proper path for seepage during rainy season.

Kallar
Removal of loose Slided material from the path, trees in the vicinity of the Slided surface should be removed, huge rock boulders present in the Slide path should remove and construction of drainage ditches .

Mathaikada II
A total number of 5 families cultivated land fully damaged along the debris flow path.
Proper lined drains should be maintained to divert the surface runoff.
Pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super satuartion, anthropogenic ctivities

Chemblam

Chemblam
The slope is not suitable for habitation

Chemblam
The slope is not suitable for habitation
Three houses partially damaged and
one Jalanidhi pond completely damaged

The Flow occurs along the course of 1st order nala.

Manjapetti
Pore water pressure and reduction of strength on super saturation. Unplanned cutting of slope and construction of house in the stream path.

Ottakada
Removing the loose slide material, easing and benching of slope
Pore water pressure , reduction of strength on super saturation and

Ottakada
Dumping of waste material in the down slope to act as toe support or construction of gabion wall.

Kailasapuri

Manjapetty
Removing the loose slide material and any further failure will accumulate in the slope bottom that naturally stabilise the slope.
Pore water pressure , reduction of strength on super saturation and

Manjapetty
The trees in the vicinity of the slide path has to be removed.

Kattakkala
One house partly damaged and one
tube well completely filled with material.

Kattakkala
The loose material along with any unstable material remained in the slope should be removed.
Pore water pressure , reduction of strength on super saturation and

Kattakkala
unplanned cutting of slope for construction of house

Chinnapachadi

Pathuvalavu

Charalmedu
One house completely destroyed and one house partly damaged. Electric post (3 nos) damaged

Kawanthy
Removal of loose Slided material from the path, trees in the vicinity of the Slided surface should be removed and construction of drainage ditches.

Kawanthy
Removal of loose Slided material from the path, left flank of the Slide should be eased and construction of drainage ditches.

Kawanthy
Removal of loose Slided material from the path, trees in the vicinity of the Slided surface should be removed, huge rock boulders present in the Slide path should remove and construction of drainage ditches .

Eettithoppu
Benching of slope and construction of gabion dwarf wall. Planting of deep rooted trees to increase the stability of slope.

Pathuvalavu
The failed mass present in the slided surface should be removed, the huge rocks mass should be scaled and removed, the trees present in the vicinity of slided surface in danger should be removed and proper maintenance of drainage ditches.

Manjapara
Construction of retaining wall with drainage provisions

Manjapara
Huge tree trunks present in the slide should remove and the trees in the vicinity of slide path should remove.

Eettithoppu
The failed mass present in the slided surface should be removed, the trees present in the vicinity of slided surface in danger should be removed and construction of a dwarf retaining wall to support the toe.

Bethel

Ponnamala
Removal of tree trunks from the slide surface and removal of trees in the vicinity of slided surface.

Manjapara
Removing the loose debris from the slide path, huge rock blocks present beside the road should be removed, construction of proper drainage ditches and construction of dwarf wall for toe support.

Mavadi
Pore water pressure and reduction of strength on super saturation. The house is built by cut and fill method

Kamakshivilasom
Retaining wall should be constructed with drainage conduits and drainage ditches near the road should e constructed
One house partly damaged, road damaged
and one well filled.

Megha estate, Kalakkad

Puthukkal I
Kailasapara - Mavadi road blocked.
Remove or stabilize the accumulated debris material from the flow path and maintain the natural flow.

Mavadi
Kailasapara - Mavadi road blocked.
Remove or stabilize the accumulated debris material from the flow path and maintain the natural flow.

Asokavanam
Mavadi- Adimali road. Four houses completely damaged, rehabilitation is necessary
Construction of suitable culvert at the road bench and maintaining the natural nala path.

Amblakkavala
Tension cracks observed at the courtyard of the house as well as at the Cardamam plantation which is 20m north of the house. A Perennial well at the right side of the house got slightly subsided.

Puthukkal II
Kailasapara - Mavadi road blocked.
Remove the accumulated debris material from the flow path and maintain the natural flow path.
Pore water pressure,reduction of strength on super satuartion, anthropogenic ctivities

Kailalasam
construction of sutibale retaining wall with drianage outlets should be done.

Thinkalkadu I
Slide occurred in Cardamam cultivated land (Selvan Pachakkili Farms,Thingalkadu)
Remove the accumulated debris material and maintain the natural flow path. Slope maintenance has to be provided to protect the cardamam cultivation

Thinkalkadu II
Slide occurred in Cardamam cultivated land (Selvan Pachakkili Farms,Thingalkadu)
Remove the accumulated debris material and maintain the natural flow path. Slope maintenance has to be provided to protect the cardamam cultivation

Vattakannippara -III
During the slide the debri material accumulted in the rod and settled down near the drinking well side.
Remove the accumulated material from Kalthungal - Thinkalkad Road, Construction of culvert besides road and maintaining the nala properly.
Pore water pressure,reduction of strength on super satuartion.

Thinkalkadu VIII
Easing of the slope, Toe wall with lined drains has to be provide along the road bench.

Thinkalkadu IV
300 nos. of cardamam plants damaged (Anil.N.K, Navallil (H), Thinkalkad, Muniyara.P.O)
Slide occurred in Cardamam cultivated land. Slope stability measures at the agriculture land

Thinkalkadu V
Slide occurred in Cardamam cultivated land of Anil.N.K, Navallil (H), Thinkalkad, Muniyara.P.O. 75 nos of Cardamam , 25 nos pepper damaged
Slide occurred in Cardamam cultivated land. Slope stability measures at the agriculture land

Thinkalkadu VII
Slide happened in cardamam plantation. Slope modification is necessary, proper drainage design is necessary.

Thinkalkadu IX
Easing of the slope, Toe wall with lined drains has to be provide along the road bench.

Thinkalkadu III
Remove the accumulated debris material and maintain the natural flow path. Slope maintenance has to be provided to protect the cardamam cultivation
Back side of house partially and one cattle shed is completely damaged.

Mangamudi
The failed mass present in the slided surface should be removed, the huge rocks mass should be scaled and removed, the trees present in the vicinity of slided surface in danger should be removed and proper maintenance of drainage ditches.

Mangamudi
The failed mass present in the slided surface should be removed, the huge rocks mass should be scaled and removed, the trees present in the vicinity of slided surface in danger should be removed and construction of a dwarf retaining wall to support the t

Mangamudi
The failed mass present in the slided surface should be removed, the dwarf retaining wall damaged should be reconstructed.

Bethel
Pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super saturation and adverse cultivation pattern

Bethel II
Pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super saturation and adverse cultivation pattern

Bethel III

Naaluthoonu

Naaluthoonu III
An approach road to Melechinnar - Thopramkudy road
Pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super saturation and adverse cultivation pattern

Naaluthoonu II

Bethel IV

Thopramkudy II
Pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super saturation and unplanned cutting of slope for construction of road.

Thopramkudy

Chempakapara III
Removal of material form the slided surface and construction of retaining wall anchored on the rock with drainage outlets.

Chempakapara IV
Removal of material form the slided surface, easing and benching of slope.
Pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super saturation and unplanned construction

Chempakapara II
Removal of material form the slided surface, easing and benching of slope.
Pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super saturation ,unplanned cutting of slope for construction of house and adverse cultivation pattern

Chempakapara
Removal of material form the slided surface, easing and benching of slope and the nala path should be cleared and properly maintained.
One house fully damaged and one house partially damaged. One temporary shed fully damaged, one autoriksha, one commander jeep and one bullet completely destroyed.
Pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super saturation and unplanned cutting of slope for construction of road.

Maalikkuthu
Easing of slope and construction of retaining wall with sub horizontal drainage to divert the water.
Pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super saturation and unplanned construction

Maalikkuthu II

Shanthigram

Naalumukku III

Naalumukku II
Kattapana - Naalumukku - Thangamani road
The failed material remained there should be removed, the trees in the vicinity of Flow path should be removed.
Pore water pressure and reduction of strength on super saturation and unplanned cutting of slope for construction of road.

Naalumukku IV
Pore water pressure and reduction of strength on super saturation and unplanned cutting of slope for construction of house.

Naalumukku
Kattapana - Naalumukku - Thangamani road
The failed material remained there should be removed, the unstable rock blocks present in the surface should be removed.
Pore water pressure and reduction of strength on super saturation and unplanned cutting of slope for construction of road.

Naalumukku
The house has to be relocated during heavy rains

Nellippara

Nellippara II

Vaazhavara ST colony

Vazhavara
Pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super saturation

Vazhavara
Nirmala city - Vazhavara municipality road
Benching of slope and construction of retaining wall with weep holes at each benches and divert the water.
Pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super saturation and unplanned cutting of slope for construction of road.

Vakappadi
Pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super saturation

Vazhavara
Pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super saturation and unplanned cutting of slope for construction of building.

Vaazhavara
Loose debris material present in the failed slope should be removed and construction of culvert.

Naanguthotti
Rock blocks present should be scaled and removed if needed.
Pore water pressure and reduction of strength on super saturation. Adverse cultivation pattern.

Krishnamkudi
Pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super saturation and unplanned cutting of slope for construction of house.

Mulakarameedu
Pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super saturation and unplanned cutting of slope for construction of building.

Kalyanathandu
One house partly damaged and one cattle shed completely destroyed
Pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super saturation

Nellippara III
As chances of retrogression is there, it is recommended to relocate the house in the vicinity of Flow path.

Nellippara IV
Pore water pressure and reduction of strength on super saturation and unplanned cutting of slope for construction of road.

Kalthotti
Benching of slope and construction of retaining wall with weep holes.
Pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super saturation and unplanned cutting of slope for construction of house.

Kalthotti II
Removing the left away material and unstable rock from the slope and construction of retaining wall.

Parakkadavu II
Pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super saturation and unplanned cutting of slope for construction of house.

Kattappana

Kallukunnu II
The slope is not good for habitation. One small slope failure occur in the front of the house destroying the retaining wall. Cracks were developed all around the house, emergence of spring at various location were observed.

Kallukunnu
Construction of retaining wall with weep holes and diverting the water away from the slope

Kanakalippadi
The loose debris in the Slide surface should be removed, easing and benching of slope, construction of retaining wall anchored in the bedrock.
Pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super saturation and unplanned cutting of slope for construction of building.

KSRTC Kattappana Sub Depo
Remove the debris from the Slide path, easing and benching of slope, construction activities should be restricted around 100m from the slope.
Pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super saturation and unplanned cutting of slope for construction activities.

Konginippadavu

Kurishumala
Loose debris material should be removed, easing and benching of slope and construction of retaining wall.

Nathukallu
Vellayamkudi - Nanguthotti - Kattappana road
Loose debris material should be removed and construction of masonry retaining wall.
Pore water pressure and reduction of strength on super saturation. Adverse cultivation pattern.

Irattayar North III

Irattayar North IV
Easing of the slope along with the removal of loose Slided material remained in the surface.

Mangattupadi II
The loose Slided material along with rock blocks should be removed to prevent further sliding.
Pore water pressure and reduction of strength on super saturation and unplanned cutting of slope for construction of house.

Mangattupadi
The loose Slided material left should be removed.

Irattayar North VI
Pore water pressure and reduction of strength on super saturation and unplanned cutting of slope for construction of house.

Irattayar North V
Cracks developed in one house and their cattle shed completely damaged.

Irattayar North VII

Irattayar North
The failed material remained there should be removed and easing of slope should be done.

Irattayar North II
The failed material remained there should be removed and easing of slope should be done.

Irattayar
Pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super saturation and unplanned cutting of slope for construction of factory.

Mevarayattu

Ezhukumel
Remove the loose debris material from the surface, easing and benching of slope, construction of retaining wall with weep holes, construction of drainage ditches beside the road, remove the rock block present in the slope by scaling.

Ezhukumel II
The debris material present along the failed slope has to be removed, as the slope cut is too vertical it has to be eased and benching has to be done and diverting the water using catch water drains.

Thovalameedu II
Loose debris material should be removed, large rock blocks should be scaled and a 3m retaining wall should be constructed in to prevent further failure.

Thovalameedu
As the retaining wall was damaged, it is suggested to reconstruct the retaining wall. Unstable rock blocks present in the Slide surface should be removed.

Anjumukku
Easing of slope and construction of retaining wall with sub horizontal drainage to divert the water.

The material in the
left flank of the Slide should be removed

Mothirapalliyil

Kattappana
The slope is not good for any construction
One newly built commercial three storied building fully destroyed
Pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super saturation and unplanned cutting of slope for construction activities.

Kochuthovala
Remove the loose debris material from the Slide path, unstable rock blocks should be scaled and removed

Kochuthovala
Easing of slope and construction of retaining wall with sub horizontal drainage to divert the water.

Valiyathovala - Mannamkudi
and toe erosion by nala.

Thovala
Removal of loose Slided material from the path, construction of concrete retaining wall and construction of drainage ditches .

Valiyathovala

Valiyathovala
The slope is not suitable for habitation

Vattapara
Removal of loose Slided material from the path, trees in the vicinity of the Slided surface should be removed, huge rock boulders present in the Slide path should remove and construction of drainage ditches .

Parakkadavu
Pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super saturation and adverse cultivation pattern.

Nalumukku

Third Camp
Construction of proper retaining wall , construction of drainage ditches and benching of slope.

Mathaikada I
Construction of a reinforced concrete wall anchored at bed rock. Proper lined drains should be maintained to divert the surface runoff.
Pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super satuartion, anthropogenic ctivities

Mathaikkada III
Kombayar - Udumbanchola road closed.
Lined drains along the road has to be provide to divert the surface runoff.

Palar
Kombayar - Udumbanchola road blocked.
Lined drains along the road has to be provide to divert the surface runoff away from the road.

Pallipadi
Removal of loose material from the slide surface.

Rajappara

Rajappara
Removal of loose Slided material from the path, trees in the vicinity of the Slided surface should, huge rock boulders are present in the Slide path that should be removed ,easing of slope and construction of drainage ditches .

Aravind K et al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 58G/5, 6, Theni district, Tamil Nadu. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2015-2016
Increase in pore water pressure due to heavy discharge of water

Aravind K et al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 58G/5, 6, Theni district, Tamil Nadu. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2015-2016
Hearvy discharge of water due to heavy downpour

Aravind K et al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 58G/5, 6, Theni district, Tamil Nadu. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2015-2016
Removal of lateral support and toe cutting by surface runoff

Removal of lateral support and toe cutting by small nala

Heavy rainfall, Presence of small Nala in the middle of slide

Increase in pore water pressure and removal of lateral support by Toe cutting

Gavi
Girija, A. K. S. and Latha Kumari, S. N., 2020. Macroscale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheet nos. 58G/3, 58G/6, 58G/7, 58C/09 and 58C/13 in Pathanamthitta, Idukki, Kottayam and Ernakulam Districts, Kerala.
Extensive slope cut for construction of road along with rainfall.

22nd Block slide
A debris flow occurred along a seasonal stream at 22nd block, Seethathodu village having a length of 16 m, width of 9 m and run out distance of 180 m on 15th August 2018 due to prolonged rainfall for past 3 days. The geo-scientific cause of the slide wa
For agricultural activity, the natural flow path was partially blocked by constructing random rubble walls, which further added material to the debris flow. Houses were constructed along the flow path of the seasonal stream, by blocking the water flow. A
Unstable debris material on the upslope as well as along the slide course needs to be removed. No settlement should be allowed along and near vicinity of the slide course. Slab culvert across the road needs to be constructed for the free flow of water a
1 RCC house completely destroyed, 1 RCC house partially damaged.
The geo-scientific cause of the slide was increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material resulting in failure of slope along with heavy discharge of debris and water.

4th block slides
On August 15th, 2018, a debris slide occurred behind a house at 4th block, Seethathodu village, which was induced by a cut slope failure. The slide with a length of 32 m, width of 5 to 8 m and depth of about 2 m partially damaged the house belonging to B
In the slide zone, loose debris material is still present, which may lead to recurrence of the slide in the event of future heavy rain fall.
Unstable debris material along the slide area needs to be removed. Unscientific cutting of slope close to the settlement should be avoided. Benching of slope is recommended to make the slope more stable. Construction of concrete retaining wall with weep
The geo-scientific cause of the slide was increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material resulting in failure of slope and sliding. Un scientific cutting of slope also enhanced cut slope failure.

Kochukoikkal slide
Joints: 225 degree/60 degree towards 135 degree; 200 degree/46 degree towards 290 degree; Horizontal
On 15th August 2018, due to heavy rainfall, a rock-cum-debris flow happened at Kochukoikkal, Seethathodu village, Konni Taluk with 15m length, 8 m width and 130 m run out distance. The rock-cum-debris material of the flow partially damaged one house. The
Rubble walls constructed across the nala path for rubber plantation added material to the debris flow which should not be practiced.
Road was temporarily blocked for 4 days and partly damaged.
Unstable debris material on the upslope as well as along the slide course needs to be removed. No settlement should be allowed along and near vicinity of the slide course. Slab culvert across the road needs to be constructed for the free flow of water a
The geo-scientific cause of the slide was increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material resulting in failure of slope along with heavy discharge of debris and water. Development of three sets of joints made the

Plakathadam
Removal of trees in the vicinity of the slide and construction of drainage ditches .
unplanned cutting of slope for construction of road.

Ambalamkunnu
Four houses partially damaged, one jeep and three electric post damaged.
unplanned cutting of slope for construction of road.

Keerikara
They have planned to relocate the church
ST. Antonys Church Keerikara completely destroyed
unplanned cutting of slope for construction of Church.

66th Mile-II
Kottayam-Kumily road blocked
Clear the accumulated debris material, maintain the natural flow path, no encroachment should be allowed in the flow path. Easing of the slope with pitching and turfing at the scar face.
Pore water pressure,reduction of strength on super satuartion, unplanned cutting of slope for road construction

66th Mile-III
Kottayam-Kumily road blocked
Clear the accumulated material, maintain the flow path. No encroachment should be allowed in the flow path. Esing of the slope
Pore water pressure,reduction of strength on super satuartion, unplanned cutting of slope for road construction

65th Mile-I
Kottayam-Kumily road blocked
Accumulated debris material should be removed. Retaining wall founded on the hard rock has to be provided with proper filters and weep holes to protect the toe. ,Channelize the natural seepage during rainy season.
Pore water pressure,reduction of strength on super satuartion, unplanned cutting of slope for road construction

65th Mile-II
Accumulated debris material should be removed. Retaining wall founded on the hard rock has to be provided with proper filters and weep holes to protect the toe. ,Channelize the natural seepage during rainy season.

65th Mile, Bridge
Four electric poles got damaged and Kottayam-Kumily road got blocked
Retaining wall with proper weep holes and suitable filter medium founded on the hard rock should be provided at the road bench. Lined drains along the road has to be provided to divert the surface runoff away from the road.

Chottupara
Kottayam-Kumily road blocked, electric poles damaged
Retaining wall with proper weep holes and suitable filter medium founded on the hard rock should be provided at the road bench. Lined drains along the road has to be provided to divert the surface runoff away from the road.

Vandiperiyar Landslide
A note on recent landslide occurrences (August 2011) in Kottayam, Idukki, and Malappuram Districts, Kerala by P. Sundar Rajan & Dr. Sajin Kumar K.S., Senior Geologists , GSI, State Unit Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, SR, 2011
Part of Vendiperiyar - Karippupalam road breached
Construction activities should be prohibited in the area
Saturation of soil with rainwater and water from a burst pipe caused reduction in shear strength.

Kallumedu
Construction of retaining wall anchored in bed rock and construction of drainage ditches and culvert to divert the water

Murukkady
Part of the waste plant disposal area washed out during the rainy season. One well also filled with debris material.
Remove the debris material, construction of retaining wall with weep holes founded on the hard rock.
Pore water pressure,reduction of strength on super satuartion, unplanned cutting of slope for construction

Attapllom-III
Stabilize the accumulated debris material, Easing of slope, construction of proper drainage

Pathumuri

Attapallom -I
Tension cracks developed in the floor of the house.
Remove accumulated debris material and construction of sutibale retaining wall founded on the hard rock with proper weepholes and filters should be done.Natural seepage should be channelized.
One house and one goat shed completely damaged.

Ottakathalamedu-IV
Tension cracks developed in the wall and floor of the house.

Mother Theresa Nagar
debris material settled in agricultural field

Ottakathalamedu-V

66th Mile-I
Kumily- Kottayam road blocked
Retaining structure has to be provided. Accumulated debris material should be removed, channelize proper path for seepage during rainy season.

Amravathy, 1st Mile
Back side of house partially got damged
Cattle shed completely damaged and one cow dead
Retaining wall with two level benches has to be provided. Peripheral drainage outlet has to be constructed at the crown portion.

AKG Padi
Retaining wall is necessary for the protection of toe and lined drains for proper peripheral flow of water

Amravathy, 2nd Mile
Retaining wall with two level benches of 1.5m width has to be provided and lined drains along the road for proper peripheral water flow

Attapallom -II
Remove accumulated debris material and construction of sutibale retaining wall founded on the hard rock with proper weepholes and filters should be done.Natural seepage should be channelized.

Ottakathalamedu-I
Lined drains should be provided for proper peripheral water flow

Ottakathalamedu-II
Adjacent to the slide a house got partially damged with tension cracks.

Ottakathalamedu-III
Lined drains should be provided for proper peripheral water flow

5th Mile -I
Line drains along the road to divert the surface run off. Retaining wall founded on hard rock with proper filters and weep holes has to be provided at the road bench.

AKG Padi, 3rd Mile
Line drains along the road to divert the surface run off. Retaining wall founded on hard rock with proper filters and weep holes has to be provided at the road bench.

3rd Mile, Amarvathy
Along the Kumily- Munnar NH side house is completely damaged.
Line drains along the road to divert the surface run off. Retaining wall founded on hard rock with proper filters and weep holes has to be provided at the road bench.

5th Mile-II
Along the road tension cracks developed
Line drains along the road to divert the surface run off. At the road bench gabion wall is necessary

Anappara
Accumulated debris material should be removed from the house.Retaining wall founded on the hard rock with proper filters and weepholes has to be provided behind the house.

Kannimala

East Mattukada
A note on the Landslide occurrences of October 2010 in different parts of Idukki and Kottayam district, Kerela, by C. Muraleedharan & Dr. Sajin Kimar.K.S., Senior Geologists, Thiruvananthapuram. (LHIM_KER_2010_012)
Reduction of shearing strength due to saturation

Pottakalli
A note on the Landslide occurrences of October 2010 in different parts of Idukki and Kottayam district, Kerela, by C. Muraleedharan & Dr. Sajin Kimar.K.S., Senior Geologists, Thiruvananthapuram. (LHIM_KER_2010_012)
slide occurred at natural hill slope
Afforestation. Blockage of 1st order stream should be avoided
Obstruction of 1st order stream resulted pore water pressure due to increase in infiltration

Ambalameedu
The Flow occurred within agricultural land.

Edappokkulam

Pullumeedu II
The debris material should be removed, easing and benching of slope, construction of retaining wall with weep holes.
Pore water pressure and reduction of strength on super saturation. Unplanned cutting of slope for construction.

Pullumeedu
The debris material should be removed, construction of retaining wall with weep holes.
Pore water pressure and reduction of strength on super saturation. Unplanned construction of house.

Chengara
The upslope has to be trimmed and a slanting retaining wall from the house has to be constructed, horizontal drainage pipes and catch water drains to be installed to divert the water away from the slope.
unplanned cutting of slope for construction of house.

Vembala
The flow occurred along the course of 1st order nala.

Vallyantha slide
Benching by random rubble constructed across flow path in the rubber plantation as part of restoration work.
Removal of unstable material from the source as well as flow path,. No construction should be made blocking the natural stream coarse.
During heavy rainfall, due to increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material, the slope got failed which initiated the debris flow along the seasonal stream down slope.

Mlakkara slide
Foliation: 280 degree/10 degree towards N
Random rubble wall constructed by blocking the flow path after the event.
Removal of unstable material from the source as well as flow path,. No construction should be made blocking the natural stream coarse.
During heavy rainfall, due to increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material, the slope got failed which initiated the debris flow along the seasonal stream down slope.

Melethadam slide 1
During heavy rainfall, due to high discharge of water along the stream, toe erosion occurred and the over burden material along the sloping bank of the stream slided.

Melethadam slide 2
J1: 310 degree/sub-horizontal, J2: 210 degree/Vertical
Deep gully erosion along road at places.
Part of the road is heavily damaged, culverts are also damaged
Removal of unstable material from the source as well as flow path, culverts of bigger dimension to accommodate heavy outflow of water during torrential rainfall may be constructed at stream-road junctions. Catch fences may be installed upslope of the ro
During heavy rainfall, due to increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material, the slope got failed which initiated the debris flow along the seasonal stream down slope. Cleft water pressure within highly fractur

Melethadam slide 3
Removal of unstable material from the source as well as flow path,. No construction should be made blocking the natural stream coarse.

Removal of unstable material from the source as well as flow path. Construction of concrete retaining wall with weep holes is recommended.
During heavy rainfall, due to increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the thick overburden material, the slope got failed.

Rock mass is exposed in the lower part (foot) of the slide
Increase in pore water pressure and decrease in the shear strength of the overburden material due to heavy rainfall

Attikalam debris flow
Slide took place along a seasonal 1st order stream
Construction of culvert of suitable dimension at road level, proper channelization of the stream
Heavy outflow of water along a seasonal 1st order stream, during heavy rainfall, leading to widening of the original stream path and removal of overburden material on the rock mass

Attikalam stream bank failure
Road at risk
Filling of materials below the road, construction of breast wall below the road, proper concrete lining of the stream banks
Bank erosion caused by heavy outflow of water along a seasonal streamlet/nala, during heavy rainfall

Vellikulam

Vellikulam slide
One water tank (plastic) was located upslope of the house, which got damaged during the event of the slide and contributed huge amount of water to carry the slide debris, damaging the house
Road below the house was blocked for nearly 4-5 hours after the slide
Stabilization of the slope by easing followed by benching of the slope
Increase in pore water pressure and decrease in the shear strength of the overburden material due to heavy rainfall, unscientific cutting of slope behind the house

Inchappara debris flow
Slide took place along a seasonal 1st order stream
Temporary blockage of the road for about 2 days
Construction of culvert of suitable dimension at road level, proper channelization of the stream
Heavy outflow of water along a seasonal 1st order stream, during heavy rainfall, leading to widening of the original stream path and removal of overburden material on the rock mass

Mangalagiri Rock-cum-debris Flow
Slide took place along a seasonal 1st order stream
Removal of unstable material from source and along the slide flow path, proper channelization of the stream
Heavy outflow of water along a seasonal 1st order stream, during heavy rainfall, leading to widening of the original stream path and removal of overburden material on the rock mass , presence of highly fractured and jointed rock mass at source of the

Chathanplappally slide
J1: 265 degree/vertical, J2: 350 degree/vertical

Kunthanpara slide 2
On upslope of the slide, plantation by benching of slope is practiced.

Kunthanpara slide 2
J1: 265 degree/vertical, J2: 350 degree/vertical

Kunthanpara slide

Njerkkadu slide
J1: 145 degree/35 degree towards west, J2: 60 degree/vertical, J3: 320 degree/30 degree towards NE
One settlement (Ulahannan, Parakkattu, Njerkkadu ) located very near to the flow path.

Kodunga slide 1
One settlement and one Anganvady are located around 200 m downslope of the slide.
Removal of boulders and debris material from the flow path, the debris flow path (seasonal nala) should not be blocked for any kind of anthropogenic activity.

Vazhathara Granite Quarry Slide 2
Joints: J1: 165 degree/10 degree towards 220 degree ; J2: 150 degree/vertical; J3: 60 degree/Vertical
Slided material flowed down slope along a seasonal stream, which has widened the stream channel. The crusher unit of the quarry got slightly damaged during the event.
Removal of boulders and debris material from the flow path, the debris flow path (seasonal nala) should not be blocked for any kind of anthropogenic activity.
A portion of crusher unit of quarry got partially damaged

Vazhathara Granite Quarry Slide
Joints: J1: N-S/38 degree towards East ; J2: 140 degree/vertical
Heavy rainfall, blasting for excavation in quarry
Slide has taken place along a seasonal stream, which has widened after the incidence. Nala flow path runs through the working area of the quarry, which may be hazardous. Rubble was present on the nala flow path
Benching of the slope, removal of overhanging boulders and debris material from the slide zone
Anthropogenic activity( blasting for excavation from quarry), steep cutting of quarry face, heavy rainfall

A cut slope failure (12 m length, 8 m width) and minor subsidence is also observed on the upslope of the slide. Development of displaced multiple crown cracks with 90 to 100 m length and 6 to 10 cm wide were observed with displacement of 50 cm. Since
1 house (owned by Gangadharan) completely damaged
During heavy rainfall, due to increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the thick overburden material, the slope got failed.

During heavy rainfall, due to increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the thick overburden material, the slope got failed along unscientific steep cutting of road.

Vallyantha slide
J1: 160 degree/45 degree towards east, J2: 120 degree/34 degree towards west
One settlement (K.S Karthikeyan, Kollappally, Vallyentha) located very near to the flow path.

Kodunga slide 2
J1: 130 degree/78 degree towards N, J2: 220 degree/Vertical.
3 houses are located very near to the flow path.
removal of boulders and debris material from the flow path, the debris flow path (seasonal nala) should not be blocked for any kind of anthropogenic activity.

Njarukkadu
Erosion of road bench and retaining wall due to spilling of water flow resulted blockage of road drainage by debris from a small landslide

Meloram

Azhanganad

Meloram
The flow occurred along the course of 1st order nala.

Cheruvallikulam
The flow occurred along the course of 1st order nala.

Murinjapuzha
Removal of rock boulders from the path, trees in the vicinity of the slided surface should remove and construction of drainage ditches .
unplanned cutting of slope for construction of road .

Murinjapuzha
unplanned cutting of slope for construction of road and house.

Thekkemala
unplanned cutting of slope for construction of house .

Thekkemala

Cheruvallikulam
The slide occurred in agricultural land.

Kanayankavayal
unplanned cutting of slope for construction of road .

Vellani

Vellani
One house partially damaged and one electric post destroyed
unplanned cutting of slope for construction of road .

Kollamula slide 3
Joint: 65 degree/30 degree towards south
On August 15, 2018, one cut slope failure happened behind a house near Kollamula, with a length of 15 m, width of 22 m and height of 13 m. During the event, One house belonging to Aby Philipose, Thadathil, Thulappally got partially damaged. The causat
the trees on the near vicinity of the crown portion on loose overburden is at high risk, the cut slope is situated very close to the settlement.
Unstable debris material on the slide area needs to be removed; a concrete retaining wall with weep holes and lined toe drainage need to be constructed, trees near the crown portion of the slide needs to be removed, which are at high risk.
Unscientific cutting of slope behind the house, increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material rsulted in failure of slope.

Kollamula slide 2
On August 15, 2018, one cut slope failure happened behind a house near Kollamula, with a length of 9 m, width of 21 m and height of 8 m. During the event, One house belonging to Rajan, Karakkattu, Thulappally got damaged. The causative factors of t
the trees on the near vicinity of the crown portion on loose overburden is at risk.
Unstable debris material on the slide area needs to be removed; a concrete retaining wall with weep holes and lined toe drainage need to be constructed, benching of slope is suggested, trees near the crown portion of the slide needs to be removed.
Unscientific cutting of slope behind the house, increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material rsulted in failure of slope.

Seethathodu East slide
A cut slope failure was reported on 15th August 2018 east of Seethathodu, behind a settlement, after a heavy downpour lasted for three days. Continuous heavy rainfall for past 3 days resulted in the failure of cut slope; induced by steep/unplanned cu
Heavy rainfall, anthropogenic activities (steep cutting of slope).
1 abandoned house exists in the crown portion of the slide.
Removal of debris material from the slide area, construction of retaining wall with weep holes and lined toe drainage.
Continuous heavy rainfall for past 3 days resulted in the failure of cut slope; induced by steep/unplanned cutting of slope behind the house.

Anachanda slide 2
On 15th August, 2018, due to continued rainfall for past 3 days, a complex landslide including one debris flow and a cut-slope failure occurred along Anachanta-22nd block road. The slide happened due to increase in pore water pressure and decrease in sh
Heavy rainfall, anthropogenic activity (road cutting)
Unstable debris material on the upslope as well as along the slide course needs to be removed. Slab culvert across the road needs to be constructed for the free flow of water along the flow path. For cut slope failure, a retaining wall needs to be constr
Increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material resulting in failure of slope along with heavy discharge of debris and water. Cut slope failure was caused due to un planned cutting of slope along road.

Mundanpara slide 6
On 15th August 2018, due to continuous rainfall for 3 days, a debris flow occurred near Mundanpara, Pathanamthitta District, having 14 m length, 10m width and 140 m run out distance. Heavy discharge along the seasonal stream due to heavy rainfall incre
As per the information by the local people, similar event happened along the same flow path, around 20 years ago.
Unstable debris material on the upslope as well as along the slide course needs to be removed, No settlement should be allowed on the near vicinity and across the slide course/Nala. The debris material over the culvert needs to be cleared.
Heavy discharge along the seasonal stream due to heavy rainfall increased pore water pressure and decreased shear strength of the overburden material resulting in slope failure and discharge of water and debris along the seasonal stream.

Anachantha slide
Foliation: 40 degree/5 degree towards SE.
A debris flow occurred in Anachantha, Seethathodu on 15th August 2018 due to continued heavy rainfall in the area. At source region, increased pore water pressure and decreased shear strength of the overburden material resulted in slope failure which
Chances of retrogression of slide towards down-slope portion of the road. Agricultural activity (LHP, banana) along the source region of the debris flow may result in recurrence of similar event during heavy downpour in future.
Unstable debris material on the upslope as well as along the slide course needs to be removed. Concrete breast wall may be constructed down-slope of the road. Along the cut slope portion near the road, construction of gabion wall is suggested.
Continuous heavy rainfall for past 3 days increased pore water pressure and decreased shear strength of the overburden material resulting in slope failure, heavy discharge of run-off water along with debris material down slope. For the widening of road

Mundanpara slide 7
On 15th August 2018, due to continuous rainfall for 3 days, a debris flow occurred near Mundanpara, Pathanamthitta District, having 10 m length, 8 m width and 110 m run out distance. Due to heavy rainfall, the pore water pressure of the slope forming m
Unstable debris material on the upslope as well as along the slide course needs to be removed, No settlement should be allowed on the near vicinity and across the slide course/Nala. A slab culvert need to be constructed along the flow path for un disturb
Due to heavy rainfall, the pore water pressure of the slope forming material got increases which in turn decreased shear strength of the material resulting in slope failure and forceful discharge of water and debris along the seasonal stream.

Thekkummood slide
Joints: J1: 260 degree/vertical; J2: 358 degree/vertical, J3: 26 degree/15 towards S.
Due to continuous rainfall for 3 days, a debris flow occurred in Thekkummood, Pathanamthitta District,on 15th August 2018 having 40 m length, 25 m width and 240 m run out distance. The flow was followed through the seasonal stream which widened the str
Debris material still present at the source and along the nala course, which may create recurrence of debris flow during prolonged rainfall.
Road was temporarily blocked for 3 days and partially damaged.
Unstable debris material on the upslope as well as along the slide course needs to be removed, no settlement should be allowed on the near vicinity and across the slide course/Nala, construction of slab culvert across the road where nala/slide course cro
3 houses (Pakka) completely damaged, 1 house at risk on the flank of flow path.
The over burden material got super saturated due to continuous rainfall for 3 days, due to which there was a reduction in the shear strength and increase in pore water pressure. Steep gradient and slide debris material mixed with heavy outflow from the

Valiyakulangara valley slide 4
On August 15, 2018, due to continuous heavy rainfall for past 3 days, the water discharge through the stream flowing parallel to the road enormously increased, resulting in toe erosion and sliding of overburden material above charnockite. The event happ
Lining of stream bank; back filling of material in the damaged portion of the road and construction of breast wall.
Continuous heavy rainfall for past 3 days, the water discharge through the stream enormously increased, resulting in toe erosion and sliding of overburden material above charnockite.

Transformer Padi slide
On 15th August 2018, due to heavy rainfall, a debris flow occured in Transformer Padi, Chittar village with 18 m length, 4 to 5 m width and 90 m run out distance. The geo-scientific cause of the slide was heavy rainfall within short spell, increase in
Settlement near the slide vicinity on the right flank of the flow path, random rubble walls were made across the seasonal stream course/debris flow path, One transformer is located very near to the left flank of the debris flow path.
Unstable debris material on the upslope as well as along the slide course needs to be removed, No settlement should be allowed on the near vicinity of the slide course, the transformer situated on the left side of the slide course needs to be re located
Due to heavy rainfall within short spell, there was increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the material upslope of the slide resulting in heavy discharge along the seasonal stream. Random rubble walls made across the nala at di

Meenkuzhi slide
On 15th August 2018, 12:30 noon, due to heavy rainfall a cut slope failure occured along the village road to Meenkuzhi, Chittar village with 5 m length, 3 m width and 1 m depth. The slide occurred due to increase in pore water pressure and decrease in s
Heavy rainfall, anthropogenic activity (steep cutting of slope)
If retrogression of the slide occurs, the settlement situated up slope of the slide may get damaged.
Shallow planar failure (Cut slope failure)
Settlement (at top ) and sparse vegetation.
Unstable debris material on the slide zone needs to be cleared; construction of concrete retaining wall with weep holes sloping towards the road with provision of lined toe drainage.
Due to heavy rainfall, there was increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the material; steep cutting of slope for road construction resulted in slope failure.

Meenkuzhi slide
On 15th August 2018, 12:30 noon, due to heavy rainfall for past 3 days, a debris flow of multiple style occured in Meenkuzhi, Chittar village with 20 m length, 12 to 15 m width and 190 m run out distance. The geo-scientific cause of the slide was incre
All the slab culverts and one open dug well near left flank are chocked with debris material, the damaged houses were built between 2 seasonal stream courses un-scientifically. Unstable debris material is present along the slide course and source which m
Unstable debris material on the upslope as well as along the slide course needs to be removed, No settlement should be allowed on the near vicinity of the slide course, Construction of slab culvert across the road where nala/slide course cross cuts road
1 house (RCC house with tile roofing) completely damaged, 1 house partially damaged.
Due to heavy rainfall for 3 days, there was increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the material upslope of the slide resulting in heavy discharge along the seasonal streams/nalas.

Moonnukallu slide
On 15th August 2018, due to heavy rainfall for past 3 days, a debris flow occured in Moonnukal, Seethathodu village with 40 m length, 20 to 25 m width and 160 m run out distance. The geo-scientific cause of the slide was increase in pore water pressure a
Road was temporarily blocked for 2 days and partially damaged.
Unstable debris material on the upslope as well as along the slide course needs to be removed, no settlement should be allowed on the near vicinity and across the slide course/Nala. Natural flow path of nala should not be blocked by any kind of human act
The over burden material got super saturated due to continuous rainfall for 3 days, due to which there was a reduction in the shear strength and increase in pore water pressure. Steep gradient and slide debris material mixed with heavy outflow through t

86 block slide
A debris flow occured in 86 block, Seethathodu village having a length of 35m, width of 10 to 18 m and run out distance of 110 m on 15th August 2018 due to prolonged rainfall for 3 days. The geo-scientific cause of the slide was increase in pore water p
Road was temporarily blocked for 4 days and partially damaged.
Unstable debris material on the upslope as well as along the slide course needs to be removed, no settlement should be allowed on the near vicinity and across the slide course/Nala. One box culvert needs to be constructed for the un interrupted flow of
Continuous heavy rainfall for past 3 days increased pore water pressure and decreased shear strength of the overburden material resulting in slope failure, heavy discharge of water and debris along the seasonal nala.

Bimmaram colony slide 1
Joints: 10 degree/80 degree towards west; 105 degree/64 degree towards north; Horizontal.
One rock-cum-debris flow happened at N09┬║20ΓÇÖ37.14, E 76┬║56ΓÇÖ25.46ΓÇ¥ at Bimmaram colony on 15th August 2018. During the event, two houses belonging to Bindu, Baruvelil and Somanathan, Baruvelil got partially destroyed. Increase in
Unstable debris material on the upslope as well as along the slide course needs to be removed. One box culvert needs to be constructed on the road.
Increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material resulting in failure of slope along with heavy discharge of debris and water along the seasonal stream. Development of joints and foliation in the country rock alon

Bimmaram colony slide 3
Joints: 100 degree/75 degree towards south; 10 degree/vertical; Horizontal.
On August 15, 2018, one debris flow happened in Bimmaram colony due to continued heavy rainfall for 3 days. Increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material resulted in failure of slope along with heavy discharge
Natural stream course is widened after the event.
Unstable debris material on the upslope as well as along the slide course needs to be removed. No settlements to be constructed along the flow path and near vicinity of the flow path. One slab culvert needs to be constructed on the road.
1 house completely damaged, 3 houses partially damaged, Road partially damaged.
Increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material resulting in failure of slope along with heavy discharge of debris and water along the seasonal stream. Development of joints and foliation in the country rock alon

Bimmaram colony slide 2
Joints: 100 degree/74 degree towards south; 10 degree/vertical; Horizontal.
One debris flow event happened at Bimmaram colony (N09┬║20ΓÇÖ36.94, E 76┬║56ΓÇÖ7.60ΓÇ¥) which originated from the area dominated by forest and rubber plantation. The material was advanced through the small seasonal stream and the stream
5 settlements on the near vicinity of the debris flow path are at risk, if similar event occur in future.
Unstable debris material on the upslope as well as along the slide course needs to be removed. No settlements to be constructed along the flow path and near viscinity of the flow path. One slab culvert needs to be constructed on the road.
1 Anganvadi completely destroyed, 1 RCC house partially damaged, 1 water tank provided by Forest department completely damaged.
Increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material resulting in failure of slope along with heavy discharge of debris and water along the seasonal stream. Development of joints and foliation in the country rock alon

Koothattukulam slide 1
A debris slide was reported on the upslope of Pathanamthitta-Vadasherrikkara road near Koothattukulam village on 15th August 2018 with 25m length and 33 m width. Continuous heavy rainfall for past 3 days increased pore water pressure and decreased she
Ground cracks existing in the loose material over the crown portion of the slide needs sto be sealed/grouted.
Unstable material along the slide area and overhanging trees on the crown portion needs to be removed. Easing of the slope by construction of benches, and construction of retaining wall with weep holes and lined toe drainage is recommended.
Continuous heavy rainfall for past 3 days increased pore water pressure and decreased shear strength of the overburden material, resulted in slope failure and slide. The slide may be induced by steep cutting of slope for road construction/widening.

Koothattukulam slide 2
On 15th August 2018, a cut slope failure having 11 m length, 32 m width and 1-1.5 m depth occured at Koothattukulam village, due heavy rainfall since past 3 days of sliding, which in turn had lead to decrease in shear strength of the material. Apart
Heavy rainfall, Anthropogenic activity (unplanned steep cutting of slope)
Due to this slide, 1 person was died and 3 persons had a miserable escape.
Shallow planar failure (Cut slope failure)
Complete removal of unstable debris material from the slide zone, easing of the slope, construction of retaining/ gabion wall with lined toe drain.
Due to heavy rainfall since past 3 days of sliding, the overburden material over the fresh rock surface got supersaturated, which in turn lead to decrease in shear strength of the material. Apart from this, unplanned steep cutting of the slope for road w

Harrisons plantation slide
Joints: 210 degree/vertical; 110 degree/vertical; Horizontal.
In a rubber plantation owned by Harrison Ltd. at Kappakkadu, Perunadu village (N09┬║20ΓÇÖ50.91, E 76┬║55ΓÇÖ6.63ΓÇ¥), a debris flow originated with length 32m, width 8 to 12 m and height 25m. The run out distance is 190 m. The land use pa
Loose soil exists in the source as well as flow path.
Unstable debris material on the upslope as well as along the slide course needs to be removed. Benching of slope is also suggested for stabilising the slope.
Increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material resulting in failure of slope along with heavy discharge of debris and water downslope, creating a new channel. Development of joints in the country rock along the

Maniyar slide 2
A cut slope failure happened along the upslope of Pathanamthitta-Vadasherrikkara road due to steep cutting of the slope for road construction, triggered by heavy rainfall for past three days. The event happened on 15th August 2018. As remedial measure, i
Construction of retaining wall with weep holes and lined toe drain is recommended .
Cut slope failure on the upslope of the road due to steep cutting of the slope for road construction, triggered by heavy rainfall for past three days.

Maniyar slide 1
A cut slope failure on the upslope of the road happened along Pathanamthitta-Vadasherrikkara road due to steep cutting of the slope for road construction, triggered by heavy rainfall for past three days. The event happened on 16th August 2018. As remedia
Construction of retaining wall with weep holes and lined toe drain is recommended .
Cut slope failure on the upslope of the road due to steep cutting of the slope for road construction, triggered by heavy rainfall for past three days.

Pezhumpara slide
A cut slope failure on the upslope of the road happened along Pathanamthitta-Vadasherrikkara road due to steep cutting of the slope for road construction, triggered by heavy rainfall for past three days. The event happened on 15th August 2018. As remedia
Construction of retaining wall with weep holes and lined toe drain is recommended .
Cut slope failure on the upslope of the road due to steep cutting of the slope for road construction, triggered by heavy rainfall for past three days.

Kollamula slide 1
Joints: 200 degree/6 degree towards west
On August 15, 2018, one cut slope failure happened behind a house near Kollamula, with a length of 21m, width of 18 m and height of 15 m with 1 m depth. During the event, One house belonging to Beena George, Ilampurayidathil, Kollamula got damaged.
Rubble benches were made across the steep cut slope which added material to the debris.
Unstable debris material on the slide area needs to be removed; a concrete retaining wall with weep holes and lined toe drainage need to be constructed, benching of slope is suggested, trees near the crown portion of the slide needs to be removed.
Unscientific cutting of slope behind the house, increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material rsulted in failure of slope.

Punnassery colony rock fall
Joints: 0 degree/85 degree towards E, 20 degree/vertical, 160 degree/12 degree towards E.
A rock fall was reported from Punnasseri colony, Naranganam village, Pathanamthitta district. On the upslope portion of the colony, a long N-S trending ridge exists, which is of jointed granite gneiss. Three prominent joint sets were present in the ridge
Heavy rainfall, development of cross cutting joints.
On the near viscinity of downslope portion of the rock fall, about 7 houses are present, belonging to Punnasseri colony. On the ridge top, root wedging is observed along vertical joints where the joints are detached and are at dangerous condition. One s
Use of geo-grid along the highly jointed slope, removal of unstable/overhanging boulders.
Due to torrential rainfall and development of closely spaced cross cutting joints along a north-south trending ridge with vertical slope, a block of rock measuring 10m length and 3 m width fell down and rolled down-slope t to a distance of 60m.

Kollamkunnu
The slope is not meant for habitation. At both flanks of the slide 1st order nala is flowing.
Electric post damaged, two houses completely damaged

Valakam

Muttam Rock-cum-debris Flow
One house is located at very close vicinity of the slide flow path and needs to be relocated
Removal of unstable material from source and along the slide flow path, proper channelization of the stream
Heavy outflow of water along a seasonal 1st order stream, during torrential rainfall, leading to widening of the original stream path and removal of overburden material on the rock mass , presence of highly fractured and jointed rock mass at source of

Chonamala - Mel Adukkam cut slope failure 1
Temporary blockage of the road for 2 days
Increase in pore water pressure and decrease in the shear strength of the material on account of heavy rainfall, steep cutting of the slope for road construction

Chonamala debris flow
Temporary blockage of the road for 1 days
Removal of unstable materials present at stream course, construction of culvert of suitable dimension at road level
Heavy outflow of water along a seasonal 1st order stream, widening of stream course and erosion of material

Chonamala - Mel Adukkam cut slope failure 2
Easing of the slope, construction of concrete retaining wall with weep holes is recommended.
Increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the thick overburden material, unscientifically steep cutting of slope along the road.

Vellani rock cum debris flow
Joints (J1=190┬░/vertical, J2= 270┬░/vertical, J3= Horizontal)
Temporary blockage of the road for 2 days
Removal of unstable materials from flow path, construction of culvert of suitable dimension at road level
Heavy outflow of water along a seasonal 1st order stream, widening of stream course and erosion of material, presence of highly fractured and jointed rock mass at the source

Periyamala debris flow
ground cracks (about 5-6 cm wide) observed near the left flank of the slide
Removal of unstable materials present at stream course, construction of culvert of suitable dimension at road level
Heavy outflow of water along a 1st order stream, widening of stream course and erosion of material

Chonamala debris slide
source/ crown portion of the slide has been totally covered with creepers and hence it is very difficult to appreciate the slide
Temporary blockage of the road located at down slope
Slope should be stabilized by terracing/ benching. Unstable material if any shall be removed to avoid any chances of further sliding
Increase in pore water pressure and decrease in the shear strength of the material on account of heavy rainfall

Chonamala slide 2
Crown cracks were noticed, hawing an E-W trend
Increase in pore water pressure and decrease in the shear strength of the material on account of heavy rainfall, steep cutting of the slope for road construction

Kannikkal
Road cutting in critical slope

Pottamgathode, Kudayathoor
Road cutting and heavy rainfall
Road cutting and increase pore water pressure

Kanjar View Point
Construction of RC wall anchored at bed rock

Moolamattom
Natural drainage blocked due to agricultural activities

Karippilangadi
A note on the Landslide occurrences of October 2010 in different parts of Idukki and Kottayam district, Kerela, by C. Muraleedharan & Dr. Sajin Kimar.K.S., Senior Geologists, Thiruvananthapuram. (LHIM_KER_2010_012)
Area should be backfilled with impervious soil

Naadukaani
The boulder present in the crown part should be scaled or removed.

Naadukaani

Kanjar
Remove the loose overburden remained in the failed surface and construction of drainage ditches beside the road .

Kumbakanam
Construction and proper maintenance of drainage ditches, scaling and removing the rock blocks in the crown part.

Chelickal Kavala
Removing the loose Slide debris from the Slided surface, easing and benching of slope, construction of drainage ditches and construction of toe support retaining wall.

Chelickal Kavala
Elappally - Chelickkal - Nallathanni road

Valiyakandam II
3 sets of Joint N 281┬░, N 168┬░and N 292┬░

Valiyakandam
Removal of loose Slided material from the path
Pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super saturation, unplanned cutting of slope for construction of road and adverse cultivation pattern.

Kozhipally II
Removal of loose Slided material from the path

Kozhipally
Removal of loose Slided material from the path

Kulamavu
Girija, A. K. S. and Latha Kumari, S. N., 2020. Macroscale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheet nos. 58G/3, 58G/6, 58G/7, 58C/09 and 58C/13 in Pathanamthitta, Idukki, Kottayam and Ernakulam Districts, Kerala.
Easing and dressing of slope and construction of gabion wall
Extensive slope cut for construction of road along with rainfall.

Asramam IV

Asramam
Removal of debris and weathered rock from the path
Pore water pressure and reduction of strength on super saturation, gully erosion and adverse cultivation pattern.

Pathipally
Easing of slope to prevent further failure and removal of loose Slided material from the path

Meemuttom
Easing of slope to prevent further failure, removal of loose Slided material from the path and cultivation should done according to the slope.

Asramam III
Drainage ditches should be properly maintained and a retaining wall with proper drainage conduits should be constructed

Asramam II
Removal of loose Slided material from the path and maintaning the old culvert properly
Pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super saturation and toe erosion by stream

Idadu
Easing of slope, removing the trees in the vicinity of Slide path, construction of toe supporting dwarf wall and drainage ditches.

Idadu
Trimming the slope, removing the trees in the vicinity of Slide path, remove the unstable rock blocks and maintenance of drainage ditches.

Edadu

Idadu
A natural bench was formed after the event, it should be maintained as such so that any further failure in will rest on that bench, the construction activities in the vicinity of stream path should be avoided.

Construction of culvert and proper drainage ditches

Southern Precambrian shield- biotite gneiss, charnockite gneiss, pyrozenite and amphibolites. Lateritic soil
A Landslip occurred at Edadumuttan on NE flank of the Muttam mudi hillock , Elappally village on 22.6.2007 between 15:00 to 20:00 hours. Heavy rainfall for a continuous period triggered the slide, resulting increase in shear stress which initiated of a
Report on the recent Landslides in Thodupuzha, Udumbanchola and Devikulam Taluks, Idukki district, Kerala, by C. Muraleedharan, Senior Geologists & M.P. Muraleedharan, Director (SG) Thiruvananthapuram. (LHIM_KER_2007_006)
Unprotected slope cutting for road construction has breached
Retaining wall and proper surface water drainage system
Excess pore water pressure, toe erosion on critically cut slope

Edadumuttam 1st Landslide
This landslide took place due to climatological factors. Rainwater seeped through the joints and pores which got dammed up later on causing this landslide.
A report on recent landslides in Thodupuzha, Udumbanchola and Devikulam taluks, Idukki district, Kerala by C. Muraleedharan, Geologist (Sr) and M. P. Muraleedharan, Director, Opn TNPK, Unit Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram (2007)
Retaining wall with weep holes, surface drainage, redesigning of culverts along the road. Awareness campaign among the communities.
This landslide occurred on a slope comprising thin layer of humus underalain by lateritic soil and admixture of cobbles, pebbles etc. As a result of incessant rainfall water percolated through the thin soil cover as well as through highly jointed bedrock

Idadu Muttam
Remove the loose debris, easing and benching of slope should be done, the trees in the near vicinity of Slide path should be removed, huge unstable rock blocks should be scaled and removed and construction of drainage ditches to divert the water.

Idadu Muttam
The Flow occurred along the natural course of first order stream. The natural course of the stream path should be maintained as such, the damaged culvert should be construct to accommodate the quantity of water during rain, construction of drainage ditch

Idadu Muttam
Construction of retaining wall in the upslope portion

Edadumuttam 2
Biotite gneiss with garnet, charnockite gneiss, amphibolites overlain by laterite soil
A landslide occurred at Edadumuttam on the NE flank of the Muttam mudi hillock(0.959m ) close to Idukki district. The landslip located at the intersection of latitude 9?19'19.2 and longitude 76?52'31.7. The landslide extended to a distance of 10m with th

Edadumuttam 2nd Landslide
This landslide took place due to climatological factors. Rainwater seeped through the joints and pores which got dammed up later on causing this landslide.
Afforestation, awareness campaign, less settlements on high slopes. Precaution may be taken during rainy season.
This landslide occurred on a slope comprising thin layer of humus underalain by lateritic soil and admixture of cobbles, pebbles etc. As a result of incessant rainfall water percolated through thin soil cover as well as through highly jointed bedrock and

Meenmutty
Road has to be reconstructed with proper filler materials. Retaining wall with proper filters and weepholes has to be provided both above and below the road bench.Lined drains has to be provided along the road to divert the surface run off.
Unscientific hill slope modification for road construction left cutslope with no lateral support. Toe erosion by the surface run off along the road contribute the failure.During heavy rain season build up the excess pore water pressure by over saturation

Meenmutty
Debris slide occurred at Meenmutty on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific hill slope modification for road construction left cutslope with no lateral support. Toe erosion by the surface run off along the road contribute the failure. During heavy rain
Road has to be reconstructed with proper filler materials. Retaining wall with proper filters and weepholes has to be provided both above and below the road bench.Lined drains has to be provided along the road to divert the surface run off.
Unscientific hill slope modification for road construction left cutslope with no lateral support. Toe erosion by the surface run off along the road contribute the failure.During heavy rain season build up the excess pore water pressure by over saturation

Meenmutty
Stablise the material. Retaining wall with suitable filter material has to be provided which founded on the hard rock to the entire cut slope at the road bench . Lined drains has to be provided in the road side for diverting the surface runoff.
Unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation and road. Surface runoff through the Painavu- Thodupuzha road in the downslope contributed toe erosion which resulted in slide along weathered seam

Debris slide occurred at the side of Painavu- Thodupuzha road. Trees uprooted and road blocked. Unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation and road and surface runoff through the Painavu- Thodupuzha road in the downslope contributed toe erosi
Stablise the material. Retaining wall with suitable filter material has to be provided which founded on the hard rock to the entire cut slope at the road bench . Lined drains has to be provided in the road side for diverting the surface runoff.
Unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation and road. Surface runoff through the Painavu- Thodupuzha road in the downslope contributed toe erosion which resulted in slide along weathered seam

Kuyilimala
Lined drainages to be provided at the side of the Painavu- Thodupuzha road to channelise the surface runoff through the road. Stabilise the disturbed and accumulated material. To protect the road from further toe erosion retaining structure to be founde
Unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation and road. Surface runoff through the Painavu- Thodupuzha road in the downslope contributed toe erosion which resulted in slide along weathered seam

Kuyilimala
Debris slide occurred near Kuyilimala at the side of Painavu- Thodupuzha road. Mainly due to the toe cut for the road construction. Surface runoff through the road also contributed further toe erosion. Hence failure occurred along weathered seam when hea
Lined drainages to be provided at the side of the Painavu- Thodupuzha road to channelise the surface runoff through the road. Stabilise the disturbed and accumulated material. To protect the road from further toe erosion retaining structure to be founde

Kuyilimala
Debris slide occurred near Kuyilimala at the side of Painavu- Thodupuzha road. Hill slope modification for road construction is the main cause. Natural seepage also contributed the failure, heavy rainfall caused the reduction in strength and excess pore
The accumulated material to be stabilised by wood piling. Lined drains has to be provided in the road side for diverting the surface runoff. To protect the road from further toe erosion retaining structure to be founded on hard rock with weep holes and
Hill slope modification for road construction. Natural seepage also contributed the failure, heavy rainfall caused the reduction in strength and excess pore water pressure. Surface runoff through the Painavu- Thodupuzha road in the downslope contribute

The accumulated material to be stabilised by wood piling. Lined drains has to be provided in the road side for diverting the surface runoff. To protect the road from further toe erosion retaining structure to be founded on hard rock with weep holes and
Hill slope modification for road construction. Natural seepage also contributed the failure, heavy rainfall caused the reduction in strength and excess pore water pressure. Surface runoff through the Painavu- Thodupuzha road in the downslope contribute

Painavu- Thodupuzha road
Debris slide occurred at Painavu on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific hill slope modification for road construction left cutslope with no lateral support.Toe erosion by the surface run off along the road contribute the failure. Reduction of strength
Easing of slope at the scarp face. Retaining wall of 3m hight should be provided which founded on the hard rock. Lined drains has to be provided to divert the surface run off away from the affected area.
Unscientific hill slope modification for road construction left cut slope with no lateral support. Toe erosion by the surface run off along the road contribute the failure. Reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure.

Painavu- Thodupuzha road
Easing of slope at the scarp face. Retaining wall of 3m hight should be provided which founded on the hard rock. Lined drains has to be provided to divert the surface run off away from the affected area.
Unscientific hill slope modification for road construction left cut slope with no lateral support. Toe erosion by the surface run off along the road contribute the failure. Reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure.

Painavu- Thodupuzha road
Debris slide occurred at Painavu on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific hill slope modification for road construction left cutslope with no lateral support. Toe erosion by the surface run off along the road contribute the failure.During heavy rain sea
Stabilize the accumulated and disturbed materials at the scarp face. Retaining wall should be provided which founded on the hard rock. Lined drains has to be provide along the road bench.
Unscientific hill slope modification for road construction left cut slope with no lateral support.Toe erosion by the surface run off along the road contribute the failure. During heavy rain season build up the excess pore water pressure by over saturatio

Stabilize the accumulated and disturbed materials at the scarp face. Retaining wall should be provided which founded on the hard rock. Lined drains has to be provide along the road bench.
Unscientific hill slope modification for road construction left cut slope with no lateral support.Toe erosion by the surface run off along the road contribute the failure. During heavy rain season build up the excess pore water pressure by over saturatio

Debris slide occurred at Painavu on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific hill slope modification for road construction left cutslope with no lateral support.Toe erosion by the surface run off along the road contribute the failure. During heavy rain sea
Stabilize the accumulated materials. Retaining wall of 5m hight and extending both sides of the width should be provided. Lined drains has to be provide along the road bench.
Unscientific hill slope modification for road construction left cut slope with no lateral support. Toe erosion by the surface run off along the road contribute the failure. During heavy rain season build up the excess pore water pressure by over saturati

Stabilize the accumulated materials. Retaining wall of 5m hight and extending both sides of the width should be provided. Lined drains has to be provide along the road bench.
Unscientific hill slope modification for road construction left cut slope with no lateral support. Toe erosion by the surface run off along the road contribute the failure. During heavy rain season build up the excess pore water pressure by over saturati

Debris slide occurred at Painavu on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific hill slope modification for road construction left cutslope with no lateral support. Natural seepage present in the area enhance failure. Toe erosion by the surface run off along
Easing of Slope. Toe drainge has to be provided along the road bench to prevent from the toe erosion. Retaining wall of 3m should be provided with fillers and weepholes founded on the hard rock at the road bench. Culvert present should be maintain with
Unscientific hill slope modification for road construction left cutslope with no lateral support. Natural seepage present in the area enhance failure.Toe erosion by the surface run off along the road contribute the failure. During heavy rain season build

Easing of Slope. Toe drainge has to be provided along the road bench to prevent from the toe erosion. Retaining wall of 3m should be provided with fillers and weepholes founded on the hard rock at the road bench. Culvert present should be maintain with
Unscientific hill slope modification for road construction left cutslope with no lateral support. Natural seepage present in the area enhance failure.Toe erosion by the surface run off along the road contribute the failure. During heavy rain season build

Govt. Engineering College, Idukki
For protecting the newely constructed staff quarters, RR walls has to provided with anchores in the hard rock at the Scarp face to avoid retrogression which further may cause the failure. Toe should be supported to avoid further toe erosion, toe wall to
Toe erosion by natural nala flowing downslope, unscientific slope modification for building are the main causes for the failure. The buliding is constructed by cut and fill method hence during the heavy rainfall it got supersaturated and hence failed an

Govt. Engineering College, Idukki
There happened a Debris slide in front of the newly constructed staff quarters of Govt. Engineering College, Idukki. Toe erosion by natural nala flowing downslope, unscientific slope modification for building are the main causes for the failure. The bul
For protecting the newely constructed staff quarters, RR walls has to provided with anchores in the hard rock at the Scarp face to avoid retrogression which further may cause the failure. Toe should be supported to avoid further toe erosion, toe wall to
Toe erosion by natural nala flowing downslope, unscientific slope modification for building are the main causes for the failure. The buliding is constructed by cut and fill method hence during the heavy rainfall it got supersaturated and hence failed an

Stablise the material. Retaining wall with suitable filter material has to be provided which founded on the hard rock to the entire cut slope at the road bench. Lined drains has to be provided in the road side for diverting the surface runoff.
Slope modification for road construction caused the toe support failure, road was widened about 3 years back leaving a vertical cut without any lateral support. Surface runoff through the Painavu- Thodupuzha road in the downslope contributed toe ero

Debris slide occurred near Kuyilimala at the side of Painavu- Thodupuzha road. Mainly due to the toe cut for the road construction. Surface runoff through the road also contributed further toe erosion. Hence failure occurred along weathered seam when hea
Stablise the material. Retaining wall with suitable filter material has to be provided which founded on the hard rock to the entire cut slope at the road bench. Lined drains has to be provided in the road side for diverting the surface runoff.
Slope modification for road construction caused the toe support failure, road was widened about 3 years back leaving a vertical cut without any lateral support. Surface runoff through the Painavu- Thodupuzha road in the downslope contributed toe ero

Excessive pore water pressure,reduction of strength on super saturation due to heavy rainfall,and slope modification for road construction caused failure which resulted in the flow which was intially a Debris slide graded into flow. Painavu- Thodupuzh
Painavu- Thodupuzha road blocked, electric pole damaged.
Removal of accumulated debris over the natural bench. Natural drainage should be maintained and lined road side drains has to be provided to divert surface runoff. Easing of slope at scarp face. Retaining structure to be founded on hard rock with weep h
Excessive pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super saturation due to heavy rainfall, slope modification for road construction caused the toe support failure , road was widened about 3 years back leaving a vertical cut without any lateral su

Painavu- Thodupuzha road blocked, electric pole damaged.
Removal of accumulated debris over the natural bench. Natural drainage should be maintained and lined road side drains has to be provided to divert surface runoff. Easing of slope at scarp face. Retaining structure to be founded on hard rock with weep h
Excessive pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super saturation due to heavy rainfall, slope modification for road construction caused the toe support failure , road was widened about 3 years back leaving a vertical cut without any lateral su

Kuyilimala behind the excise office
There is a thick overburden resting over the natural bench, part of which is failed and the rest of the material is there which may fail during the next rainfall hence the material should be stabilised. Natural seepage and the surface runoff should be ch
Main cause is slope modification for road construction, natural seepage also contributed the failure causing excess pore water pressure and reduction in strength. Over burden thickness is about 2-3m.

Kuyilimala behind the excise office
Main causes for the Debris slide are slope modification for road construction, natural seepage also contributed the failure causing excess pore water pressure and reduction in strength. Over burden thickness is about 2-3m. There is a thick overburden re
There is a thick overburden resting over the natural bench, part of which is failed and the rest of the material is there which may fail during the next rainfall hence the material should be stabilised. Natural seepage and the surface runoff should be ch
Main cause is slope modification for road construction, natural seepage also contributed the failure causing excess pore water pressure and reduction in strength. Over burden thickness is about 2-3m.

Gandhinagar
Construct retaining structure with horizontal weep holes and filters at both front and back side of the house. Surface run off and natural see page should be managed and divert away from the affected area with proper peripheral drainage system.
Mrs.Ambikavathi suresh,Panamthanath fullydamaged and Mr.Kuttappan Vippanayil partailly damaged.
Unscientific hill slope modification for house construction left cutslope with no lateral support and surface run off contributed the failure along the weathered seam. Super saturation build up by the heavy rainfall which inturn cause the reduction of

Gandhinagar
Debris slide occurred at Gandhinagar on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific hill slope modification for house construction left cutslope with no lateral support and surface run off contributed the failure along the weathered seam. Super saturation
Construct retaining structure with horizontal weep holes and filters at both front and back side of the house. Surface run off and natural see page should be managed and divert away from the affected area with proper peripheral drainage system.
Mrs.Ambikavathi suresh,Panamthanath fullydamaged and Mr.Kuttappan Vippanayil partailly damaged.
Unscientific hill slope modification for house construction left cutslope with no lateral support and surface run off contributed the failure along the weathered seam. Super saturation build up by the heavy rainfall which inturn cause the reduction of

Vellakayam
Debris slide occurred at Vellakayam on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific hill slope modification for house construction and cultivation. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Remove the accumulated material a
No construction to be allowed atleast 10m from both flanks of runout path.
Mr Shibu Tangappan house completely damaged, which is present at the flow path.
Unscientific slope modification for house construction. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Failure in benches and retaining wall.

Vellakayam
No construction to be allowed atleast 10m from both flanks of runout path.
Mr Shibu Tangappan house completely damaged, which is present at the flow path.
Unscientific slope modification for house construction. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Failure in benches and retaining wall.

Vellakayam
At present retaining structure is constructed with benches, accumulated material to be stabilised, natural seepage to be channalised.
1 house fully damaged (Thomas Kuthanavally, fully damaged), 3 houses partially damaged(Joy Joseph, Padinjara Matheckal, Zakheer K.P, Kothayil, Safeer, Kothayil.
Unscientific slope modification for house. Surface runoff on the crown portion contributed the slide which resulted in reduction in strength and slided along weathered seam.

Huge Debris slide occurred at Vellakayam in which 1 house fully damaged (Thomas Kuthanavally, fully damaged), 3 houses partially damaged(Joy Joseph, Padinjara Matheckal, Zakheer K.P, Kothayil, Safeer, Kothayil. Unscientific slope modification for house.
At present retaining structure is constructed with benches, accumulated material to be stabilised, natural seepage to be channalised.
1 house fully damaged (Thomas Kuthanavally, fully damaged), 3 houses partially damaged(Joy Joseph, Padinjara Matheckal, Zakheer K.P, Kothayil, Safeer, Kothayil.
Unscientific slope modification for house. Surface runoff on the crown portion contributed the slide which resulted in reduction in strength and slided along weathered seam.

Debris slide occurred at Vellakayam on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific slope modification for house construction. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Removal of accumulated material from slide path and ma
At right flank of this slide Mr Vishwambara house completely damaged, relocate this house. Construction of deflection wall along the nala to divert the water. Slide present below the road, might be due to toe erosion and debris flow from the slide prese
Remove accumulated material at the flow path. Maintain natural flow and provide a deflection wall at the left side of Mr. Johnson's house to divert the natural flow. A box culvert of suitable dimension has to be provided at the road bench.
Unscientific slope modification for house construction. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure.

At right flank of this slide Mr Vishwambara house completely damaged, relocate this house. Construction of deflection wall along the nala to divert the water. Slide present below the road, might be due to toe erosion and debris flow from the slide prese
Remove accumulated material at the flow path. Maintain natural flow and provide a deflection wall at the left side of Mr. Johnson's house to divert the natural flow. A box culvert of suitable dimension has to be provided at the road bench.
Unscientific slope modification for house construction. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure.

Debris flow occurred at Vellakayam in which road was blocked and 1 house car porch damaged. The main causes are unscientific slope modification for cultivation.Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Failure along wea
Natural nala path should not be blocked. No further encroachment in the flow path. Deflection wall to be constructed at the side of the house to divert the flow away from the house.
1 house car porch damaged of Mr. A.P. Kuriakose, Asarikudiyil
Unscientific slope modification for cultivation.Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Failure along weathered seam. Debris flow through natural nala path, which is a earlier debris flow path.

Natural nala path should not be blocked. No further encroachment in the flow path. Deflection wall to be constructed at the side of the house to divert the flow away from the house.
1 house car porch damaged of Mr. A.P. Kuriakose, Asarikudiyil
Unscientific slope modification for cultivation.Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Failure along weathered seam. Debris flow through natural nala path, which is a earlier debris flow path.

Vanchikavala
Debris slide occurred at Vanchikavala, in which Mr. Ravindranath house front compound wall and courtyard partially damaged. Unscientific slope modification and excess pore water pressure which resulted in reduction in strength and slided along weathere
Concrete wall with weep holes being constructed, surface runoff through the road at the downslope of the house should be channalised with line drainage at the road side.
House of Mr. Ravindranath, Jawahar Medicals, compound wall and courtyard partially damaged
Unscientific slope modification and excess pore water pressure which resulted in reduction in strength and slided along weathered seam.

Vanchikavala
Concrete wall with weep holes being constructed, surface runoff through the road at the downslope of the house should be channalised with line drainage at the road side.
House of Mr. Ravindranath, Jawahar Medicals, compound wall and courtyard partially damaged
Unscientific slope modification and excess pore water pressure which resulted in reduction in strength and slided along weathered seam.

Cheruthon-Vanjikavala road
Easing of slope with pitching and turffing at the scarp face. Retaining structure with proper filters and weep holes should be provided at the road bench. Lined drains has to be provide at the road bench to divert the surface run off away from the road.
Unscientific hill slope modification for the construction of road left cutslope with no lateral support. Reduction of strength on super saturation by excess pore water pressure. The surface run off the crown as well as along the road contributed shallow

Cheruthon-Vanjikavala road
Debris slide occurred at Gandhinagar on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific hill slope modification for the construction of road left cutslope with no lateral support.Reduction of strength on super saturation by excess pore water pressure. The surface
Easing of slope with pitching and turffing at the scarp face. Retaining structure with proper filters and weep holes should be provided at the road bench. Lined drains has to be provide at the road bench to divert the surface run off away from the road.
Unscientific hill slope modification for the construction of road left cutslope with no lateral support. Reduction of strength on super saturation by excess pore water pressure. The surface run off the crown as well as along the road contributed shallow

Sasathatemple Cheruthoni-Vanjikavala
10 years before this place was experienced a slide which cause more damage.Retaining wall present at the front side of the temple is constructed after that to Debris Slide.
Tension cracks present in the crown has to be sealed with locally available impermeable materials. Retaining structure has to be constructed up to the hight of the slide with 2 to 3 level benches with 2 m width. Peripheral drainage should be channelised
Sastha Temple partially got damaged.Tension cracks are found at the ground as well as at the Thidapalli building.
Unscientific hill slope modification for the construction of road left cutslope with no lateral support and construction of Sastha Temple. The surface run off and the temple drainage water at the crown portion contributed supersaturation and excess pore

Sasathatemple Cheruthoni-Vanjikavala
Debris slide occurred at Sastha Temple, Cheruthoni-Vanjikavala road on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific hill slope modification for the construction of road left cutslope with no lateral support and construction of Sastha Temple. Reduction of streng
10 years before this place was experienced a slide which cause more damage.Retaining wall present at the front side of the temple is constructed after that to Debris Slide.
Tension cracks present in the crown has to be sealed with locally available impermeable materials. Retaining structure has to be constructed up to the hight of the slide with 2 to 3 level benches with 2 m width. Peripheral drainage should be channelised
Sastha Temple partially got damaged.Tension cracks are found at the ground as well as at the Thidapalli building.
Unscientific hill slope modification for the construction of road left cutslope with no lateral support and construction of Sastha Temple. The surface run off and the temple drainage water at the crown portion contributed supersaturation and excess pore

Gandhinagar
Wet at source region and Flowing at the toe area
Retainig structure is being constructed founded on hard rock with weep holes and filter media, the height of the wall should be raised. Lined drainage to be provided on the road to divert the surface runoff away from the affected area.
Mrs. Jamela Ashraf house, partially damaged
Debris slide graded into debris flow. Flow happened mainly due to the dumped material on the road, which slided and flowed due to heavy rainfall and surface runoff on the road. House is constructed over cut and fill material and hence got partially damg

Debris slide graded into debris flow occurred at Gandhinagar on 15th August heavy rainfall. Flow happened mainly due to the dumped material on the road, which slided and flowed due to heavy rainfall and surface runoff on the road. Mrs. Jamela Ashraf hou
Wet at source region and Flowing at the toe area
Retainig structure is being constructed founded on hard rock with weep holes and filter media, the height of the wall should be raised. Lined drainage to be provided on the road to divert the surface runoff away from the affected area.
Mrs. Jamela Ashraf house, partially damaged
Debris slide graded into debris flow. Flow happened mainly due to the dumped material on the road, which slided and flowed due to heavy rainfall and surface runoff on the road. House is constructed over cut and fill material and hence got partially damg

Left flank of this location Ouseppu,s abandoned house loc 715439/1090409 tension cracks observed. Cut slope failure noticed behind the house, cracks were found at wall and basement of the house. Cracks should be filled retaining structure to be founded o
Retainig structure is being constructed founded on hard rock with weep holes and filter media. Lined drainage to be provided on the road situated above the house to divert the surface runoff away from the affected area.
Mr. Yesudas Mankoottil house fully damaged
Unscientific slope modification for house construction. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure during heavy rainfall. Surface runoff along the road flowing through the side is also a contributing factor. Cheruthoni ri

Debris slide occurred at Gandhinagar on 15th August due to unscientific slope modification for house construction, reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure during heavy rainfall. Surface runoff along the road flowing t
Left flank of this location Ouseppu,s abandoned house loc 715439/1090409 tension cracks observed. Cut slope failure noticed behind the house, cracks were found at wall and basement of the house. Cracks should be filled retaining structure to be founded o
Retainig structure is being constructed founded on hard rock with weep holes and filter media. Lined drainage to be provided on the road situated above the house to divert the surface runoff away from the affected area.
Mr. Yesudas Mankoottil house fully damaged
Unscientific slope modification for house construction. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure during heavy rainfall. Surface runoff along the road flowing through the side is also a contributing factor. Cheruthoni ri

Due to bank erosion of cheruthoni river, 2 houses (Aneesh Thankappan, Puthenvilayil, Santhosh, Anchuvittavilayil) was damaged when Idukki dam was opened. These two houses were located at the left bank of the river, house of Aneesh was fully damaged and h
Two houses (Aneesh Thankappan, Puthenvilayil, Santhosh, Anchuvittavilayil) to be relocated. No encroachment allowed upto 10 m on either side of the river bed.
2 houses (Aneesh Thankappan, Puthenvilayil, Santhosh, Anchuvittavilayil)
Bank erosion by Cheruthoni river when the dam was opened. Thes two houses were located at the left bank of the river, house of Aneesh was fully damaged and house of Santhosh partially damaged. The two houses to be relocated.

Two houses (Aneesh Thankappan, Puthenvilayil, Santhosh, Anchuvittavilayil) to be relocated. No encroachment allowed upto 10 m on either side of the river bed.
2 houses (Aneesh Thankappan, Puthenvilayil, Santhosh, Anchuvittavilayil)
Bank erosion by Cheruthoni river when the dam was opened. Thes two houses were located at the left bank of the river, house of Aneesh was fully damaged and house of Santhosh partially damaged. The two houses to be relocated.

Cheruthoni CSI Church
There happened a slide in the same location about 10 years back and at that time reataining wall was constructed which was not founded on hard rock and without weep holes. The church has to be relocated. To avoid further retrogression retaining wall has
Unscientific slope modification, surface runoff through the road above the church, toe erosion at the downslope of the church happened during the opening of dam are the main causes of this flow.

Cheruthoni CSI Church
Debris slide graded into debris flow occured at Cheruthoni on 15th August heavy rainfall. Cheruthoni CSI Church partially damaged. The front portion of the church was failed and flowed upto the Cheruthoni river during the heavy rainfall. Unscientific slo
There happened a slide in the same location about 10 years back and at that time reataining wall was constructed which was not founded on hard rock and without weep holes. The church has to be relocated. To avoid further retrogression retaining wall has
Unscientific slope modification, surface runoff through the road above the church, toe erosion at the downslope of the church happened during the opening of dam are the main causes of this flow.

Cheruthoni
Retaining structure with two level with benches, 2-3m benches width with weep holes.
Slope modification for shop and cultivation.

Cheruthoni
Debris slide occurred behind the two shops of Mr. Sivan, Mr. Manikandan located at Cheruthoni Junction. Slide caused due to unscientific slope modification and excess pore water pressure which resulted in reduction in strength and slided along weathered
Retaining structure with two level with benches, 2-3m benches width with weep holes.
Slope modification for shop and cultivation.

Cheruthoni Junction
Debris slide occurred behined the auto stand located at Cheruthoni Junction. Slide caused due to unscientific slope modification, surface runoff on the crown portion contributed the slide. Easing of slope at crown, clear the disturbed material at accumul
Easing of slope at crown, clear the disturbed material at accumulated zone.
Unscientific slope modification. Surface runoff on the crown portion contributed the slide.

Cheruthoni Junction
Easing of slope at crown, clear the disturbed material at accumulated zone.
Unscientific slope modification. Surface runoff on the crown portion contributed the slide.

Buildings in the both side of the river are partially damaged
Wet at source region and Flowing at the toe area
Houses in the stream bed should be relocated. No encroachment allowed in the stream bed.
Mr Sa Kumaran, partially damaged, Mr.Somarajan's two houses and one shop damaged, 3 houses of Muhammed Pallithazath fully damaged, all houses should be relocated as it is in the river bed.

Debris slide occurred at Gandhinagar on 15th August due to toe erosion by the river Cheruthoni, when the dam was opened and the river was over flowed causing many damages. Mr Sanil Kumaran, partially damaged, Mr.Somarajan's two houses and one shop damag
Buildings in the both side of the river are partially damaged
Houses in the stream bed should be relocated. No encroachment allowed in the stream bed.
Mr Sa Kumaran, partially damaged, Mr.Somarajan's two houses and one shop damaged, 3 houses of Muhammed Pallithazath fully damaged, all houses should be relocated as it is in the river bed.

6th cent colony
Easing of slope and benches has to be provided at the scarp face.Lined drains has to be provided to divert the surface run off away from the affected area.
Unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation. Reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure.Surface run off from the road bench contribute the failure

6th cent colony
Debris slide occurred at 6th cent colony on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation. Reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure. Surface run off from the road bench contribute the failur
Easing of slope and benches has to be provided at the scarp face.Lined drains has to be provided to divert the surface run off away from the affected area.
Unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation. Reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure.Surface run off from the road bench contribute the failure

Cheruthoni
Debris Flow occurred at Cheruthonion 15th August 2018 due to unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation. Reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure. Stabilize the accumulated material and maintain the flow path. R
Stabilize the accumulated material and maintain the flow path. Relocate the house of Mr.Binu Prabhakaran Kollamparakuppathil
Mr.Binu Prabhakaran Kollamparakuppathil house fully damaged
Unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation. Reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure. Huge amount of natural seepage experienced during the heavy rain season contribute the flow.

Stabilize the accumulated material and maintain the flow path. Relocate the house of Mr.Binu Prabhakaran Kollamparakuppathil
Mr.Binu Prabhakaran Kollamparakuppathil house fully damaged
Unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation. Reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure. Huge amount of natural seepage experienced during the heavy rain season contribute the flow.

Debris slide occurred at Cheruthoni, Millumpadi- Kochupainavu road on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation and house construction left cut slope with no lateral support. Reduction of strength on super saturation
Mr.Sasi house is located at the crown
Retaining wall of 4m with proper filters and weep holes has to be provide at the scarp face found on the hard rock. Peripheral drainage system should be provide to divert the surface run off away from the crown.
Rajeswari satheesan Palayikkal house fully damaged
Unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation and house construction left cut slope with no lateral support. Reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure. Failure is along the rock overburden contact.The trend of the fa

Mr.Sasi house is located at the crown
Retaining wall of 4m with proper filters and weep holes has to be provide at the scarp face found on the hard rock. Peripheral drainage system should be provide to divert the surface run off away from the crown.
Rajeswari satheesan Palayikkal house fully damaged
Unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation and house construction left cut slope with no lateral support. Reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure. Failure is along the rock overburden contact.The trend of the fa

Behind Vazhathope grama panchayat market
Clear the accumulated material. Easing of slope at the scarp face. Retaining structure/ Gabbion wall to be founded on hard rock behind the market upto a height of 3m.
Unscientific slope modification for construction of market. Surface runoff at the crown face contributed the failure.

Behind Vazhathope grama panchayat market
Debris slide occurred behind the Vazhathope grama panchayat market due to unscientific slope modification for construction of market. Surface runoff at the crown face contributed the failure. Clear the accumulated material. Easing of slope at the scarp f
Clear the accumulated material. Easing of slope at the scarp face. Retaining structure/ Gabbion wall to be founded on hard rock behind the market upto a height of 3m.
Unscientific slope modification for construction of market. Surface runoff at the crown face contributed the failure.

Cheruthoni Petrol pumb
Debris slide occurred behined the petrol pumb located at Cheruthoni Junction. Slide caused due to unscientific slope modification and excess pore water pressure which resulted in reduction in strength and slided along weathered seam. Existing wall on the
Retaining wall with weep holes and suitable filter media upto 8m and the rest of the area should be filled and the road at the crown should be protected.
Cheruthoni Petrol Pumb shed partially damaged
Unscientific slope modification and excess pore water pressure which resulted in reduction in strength and slided along weathered seam. Existing wall on the crown failed which was constructed on the road side. One huge flex board situated at the crown po

Cheruthoni Petrol pumb
Retaining wall with weep holes and suitable filter media upto 8m and the rest of the area should be filled and the road at the crown should be protected.
Cheruthoni Petrol Pumb shed partially damaged
Unscientific slope modification and excess pore water pressure which resulted in reduction in strength and slided along weathered seam. Existing wall on the crown failed which was constructed on the road side. One huge flex board situated at the crown po

Three cut slope failure noticed.The road was modified for about 200m,before the failure this road was S curve and after straight.50m this road washed out and connectivity got lost.
Construct concrete wall with weep holes at two bank of the cheruthoni river. Retaining structure has to be provided at the road bench inorder to prevent retrogression.
Mr. Aji C.M Thekkilekattil, Mrs. Rajakimani Charelvilayil and Mrs. Padmini Sunivilasam houses fully damaged and one shed fully damaged. Nearly 15 electric pole damaged and one transformer washed out.
Rock slide from the Kuravan mala caused the blockage in the cheruthoni stream bed which in turn diverted the flow direction from NW to NE towards the road. Cheruthoni river flooded the Cheruthoni-Alumchuvadu road, which caused the toe erosion of the c

Debris slide occurred at Gandhinagar in which Mr. Aji C.M Thekkilekattil, Mrs. Rajakimani Charelvilayil and Mrs. Padmini Sunivilasam houses fully damaged and one shed fully damaged. Nearly 15 electric pole damaged and one transformer washed out. Rock sli
Three cut slope failure noticed.The road was modified for about 200m,before the failure this road was S curve and after straight.50m this road washed out and connectivity got lost.
Construct concrete wall with weep holes at two bank of the cheruthoni river. Retaining structure has to be provided at the road bench inorder to prevent retrogression.
Mr. Aji C.M Thekkilekattil, Mrs. Rajakimani Charelvilayil and Mrs. Padmini Sunivilasam houses fully damaged and one shed fully damaged. Nearly 15 electric pole damaged and one transformer washed out.
Rock slide from the Kuravan mala caused the blockage in the cheruthoni stream bed which in turn diverted the flow direction from NW to NE towards the road. Cheruthoni river flooded the Cheruthoni-Alumchuvadu road, which caused the toe erosion of the c

Debris flow occurred at Gandhinagar on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific hill slope modification for house construction and highly available natural see page contributed the toe erosion and super saturation which inturn cause the reduction of str
Huge boulders in the flow path has to be crushed and stabilize. Retaining structure with weep holes should bepovided at the road bench with lined drains to divert the surface flow away from the road. Relocate the house of Mr.Abdul Kareem kandathin Karay
Mr.Abdul Kareem kandathin Karayil,Usha Kuttayil, M. Vasu.T.K. Kadaplayil and JosephAlakkayil house fully damaged.
Unscientific hill slope modification for house construction and natural seepage contributed the toe erosion and super saturation which inturn cause the reduction of strength.

Huge boulders in the flow path has to be crushed and stabilize. Retaining structure with weep holes should bepovided at the road bench with lined drains to divert the surface flow away from the road. Relocate the house of Mr.Abdul Kareem kandathin Karay
Mr.Abdul Kareem kandathin Karayil,Usha Kuttayil, M. Vasu.T.K. Kadaplayil and JosephAlakkayil house fully damaged.
Unscientific hill slope modification for house construction and natural seepage contributed the toe erosion and super saturation which inturn cause the reduction of strength.

Debris slide occurred at Gandhinagar on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific hill slope modification for house construction left cutslope with no lateral support and surface run off contributed the failure along the weathered seam. Super saturation b
Remove the accumulated material and construct retaining structure with horizontal weep holes and filters at both front and back side of the house. Surface run off should be managed and divert away from the affected area with proper peripheral drainage sy
Unscientific hill slope modification for house construction left cutslope with no lateral support and surface run off contributed the failure along the weathered seam.Super saturation build up by the heavy rainfall which inturn caused the reduction of

Remove the accumulated material and construct retaining structure with horizontal weep holes and filters at both front and back side of the house. Surface run off should be managed and divert away from the affected area with proper peripheral drainage sy
Unscientific hill slope modification for house construction left cutslope with no lateral support and surface run off contributed the failure along the weathered seam.Super saturation build up by the heavy rainfall which inturn caused the reduction of

Retaining structure with proper filter and horizontal weep holes has to be given at the road bench. Relocate the house of Mr.Surendran Konnapalliyil house partially damaged
Mr.Surendran Konnapalliyil house partially damaged and tension crack noticed at the porch of Mr.Soman Puthenvilaveedu.
Unscientific slope modification for the construction of road and house. Reduction of strength on super saturation by excess pore water pressure. The surface run off the crown as well as along the road contributed shallow transitional failure along the we

Debris slide occurred at Gandhinagar on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific hill slope modification for the construction of road and house. Reduction of strength on super saturation by excess pore water pressure.The surface run off the crown as well as
Retaining structure with proper filter and horizontal weep holes has to be given at the road bench. Relocate the house of Mr.Surendran Konnapalliyil house partially damaged
Mr.Surendran Konnapalliyil house partially damaged and tension crack noticed at the porch of Mr.Soman Puthenvilaveedu.
Unscientific slope modification for the construction of road and house. Reduction of strength on super saturation by excess pore water pressure. The surface run off the crown as well as along the road contributed shallow transitional failure along the we

Tension cracks noticed in the house of Pareed Pullampadam house at the crown.
Remove the accumulated material and disturbed material at the crown. Constuction of retaining walls with benches of two meter width has to be provided behind the house. Surface peripheral drainage arrangements has to be done for diverting the water aw
Unscientific hill slope modification for house construction left cut slope with no lateral support. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure.

Debris slide occurred at Gandhinagar on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific hill slope modification for house construction left cut slope with no lateral support.Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Remove the
Tension cracks noticed in the house of Pareed Pullampadam house at the crown.
Remove the accumulated material and disturbed material at the crown. Constuction of retaining walls with benches of two meter width has to be provided behind the house. Surface peripheral drainage arrangements has to be done for diverting the water aw
Unscientific hill slope modification for house construction left cut slope with no lateral support. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure.

Clear the flow path and relocate the house of Mr.Mani Vanarajan, Mr.Prasad Kuzhikatuchalil and Mr.Devangeneshan Valiyavila and Mini Suresh
Mr.Mani Vanarajan,Mr.Prasad Kuzhikatuchalil,Mr.Devangeneshan Valiyavila house completely damaged and Mrs.Mini Suresh Kannekatt house partially damaged.3Auto, 1 Jeep,1 Challenger,3 Bike fully destroyed.Electric line damaged
Unscientific slope modification and benching for agriculture which has blocked the natural course of nala. The soil in this area was the dumbed material from the water tank construction. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water

Debris flow occurred at Gandhinagar on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific slope modification and benching for agriculture which has blocked the natural course of nala. The soil in this area was the dumbed material from the water tank construction. R
Clear the flow path and relocate the house of Mr.Mani Vanarajan, Mr.Prasad Kuzhikatuchalil and Mr.Devangeneshan Valiyavila and Mini Suresh
Mr.Mani Vanarajan,Mr.Prasad Kuzhikatuchalil,Mr.Devangeneshan Valiyavila house completely damaged and Mrs.Mini Suresh Kannekatt house partially damaged.3Auto, 1 Jeep,1 Challenger,3 Bike fully destroyed.Electric line damaged
Unscientific slope modification and benching for agriculture which has blocked the natural course of nala. The soil in this area was the dumbed material from the water tank construction. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water

Constuction of retaining walls with benches of two to three meter width has to be provided behind the house. Surface peripheral drainage arrangements has to be done for diverting the water away from the affected area.
Mr.Sivakumar Chellamperu veedu house fully damaged
Unscientific hill slope modification for house construction left cut slope with no lateral support. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure.

Debris slide occurred at Gandhinagar on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific hill slope modification for house construction left cut slope with no lateral support. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Constuctio
Constuction of retaining walls with benches of two to three meter width has to be provided behind the house. Surface peripheral drainage arrangements has to be done for diverting the water away from the affected area.
Mr.Sivakumar Chellamperu veedu house fully damaged

20 years before earlier debris flow was experienced along the natural flow path.
Easing of slope and stabilize the accumulated matrial with wood pilling. Lined drainshas to be provided along the road to divert the surface runoff. Natural seepage should be maintained and a suitable culvert has to be provided. A deflection wall should
Unscientific hill slope modification for road construction left cut slope with no lateral support. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Surface runoff along the road as well as natural see page contributetoe erosio

Debris slide occurred at Gandhinagar on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific hill slope modification for road construction left cut slope with no lateral support.Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure.Surface runof
20 years before earlier debris flow was experienced along the natural flow path.
Easing of slope and stabilize the accumulated matrial with wood pilling. Lined drainshas to be provided along the road to divert the surface runoff. Natural seepage should be maintained and a suitable culvert has to be provided. A deflection wall should
Unscientific hill slope modification for road construction left cut slope with no lateral support. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Surface runoff along the road as well as natural see page contributetoe erosio

As water is still dripping out of the failed surface, the chance of recurrence is there.
Removal of trees from the edge of the cut slope, removing material from the area driving the landslide and reducing general slope angle.
The slope was modified for the construction of one house and left behind the cut slope without construction of any retaining wall. The weight of the trees at the edge of the excavated slope along with the infiltration of rain water initiated the movement

Idukki-Medical college road
Easing of slope at the scarp face. Retaining wall of 4m hight from the road bench founded on the hard rock should be provided.
Unscientific hill slope modification for road construction. Surface run off from the crown portion contribute super saturation and excess pore water pressure which inturn cause the reduction of strength.

Idukki-Medical college road
Debris slide occurred at Cheruthoni dam on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific hill slope modification for road construction. Surface run off from the crown portion contribute super saturation and excess pore water pressure which inturn cause the re
Easing of slope at the scarp face. Retaining wall of 4m hight from the road bench founded on the hard rock should be provided.
Unscientific hill slope modification for road construction. Surface run off from the crown portion contribute super saturation and excess pore water pressure which inturn cause the reduction of strength.

Opposite to the Idukki Medical College
Cheruthoni- Painavu- Thodupuzha road blocked, electric pole damaged.
Easing of slope at the scarp face, stabilise the weathered overburden resting at the middle portion of the slide. Retaining structure to be founded on hard rock with weep holes and fliters upto a height of 5m to the entire width of failure at the road be
Hill slope modification for road construction. Natural seepage also contributed the failure, heavy rainfall caused the reduction in strength and excess pore water pressure. Hard rock exposed at the downslope of the slide above the road.

Opposite to the Idukki Medical College
Debris slide occurred opposite to the Opposite to the Idukki Medical College, at the side of Cheruthoni- Painavu- Thodupuzha road. Hill slope modification for road construction. Natural seepage also contributed the failure, heavy rainfall caused the red
Cheruthoni- Painavu- Thodupuzha road blocked, electric pole damaged.
Easing of slope at the scarp face, stabilise the weathered overburden resting at the middle portion of the slide. Retaining structure to be founded on hard rock with weep holes and fliters upto a height of 5m to the entire width of failure at the road be
Hill slope modification for road construction. Natural seepage also contributed the failure, heavy rainfall caused the reduction in strength and excess pore water pressure. Hard rock exposed at the downslope of the slide above the road.

Opposite to the Idukki Medical College
Debris slide occurred opposite to the Idukki Medical College, at the side of Cheruthoni- Painavu- Thodupuzha road. Slope modification for plantation, surface runoff have contributed the toe erosion, natural seepage caused further failure. Hard rock exp
Cheruthoni- Painavu- Thodupuzha road blocked, electric pole damaged.
Line drains to be provided at the side of the road. Channalise the flow path. Retaining structure to be founded on rock with weep holes and filters at the downslope of the flow above road were cut slope observed at a height of 3m to the entire width of t
Slope modification for plantation, surface runoff have contributed the toe erosion, natural seepage caused further failure. Hard rock exposed at the left flank of the slide. Cut slope failure observed at the down slope because of toe erosion by surface r

Line drains to be provided at the side of the road. Channalise the flow path. Retaining structure to be founded on rock with weep holes and filters at the downslope of the flow above road were cut slope observed at a height of 3m to the entire width of t
Slope modification for plantation, surface runoff have contributed the toe erosion, natural seepage caused further failure. Hard rock exposed at the left flank of the slide. Cut slope failure observed at the down slope because of toe erosion by surface r

Idukki-Medical college road
Maintain the natural flow path. Lined drains has to be provide to divert the surface runoff away from the road.
During heavy rain fall huge amount of surface run off and natural seepage experienced in this place contribute the failure.

Debris Flow occurred at Cheruthoni Medical college on 15th August 2018 due to heavy rain fall huge amount of surface run off and natural seepage experienced in this place contribute the failure below the road bench. Lined drains has to be provided alon
Maintain the natural flow path. Lined drains has to be provide to divert the surface runoff away from the road.
During heavy rain fall huge amount of surface run off and natural seepage experienced in this place contribute the failure.

Mr Girija Sajhi Malayil house completely damaged.Left flank of this slide another house of Mr Sanish and Mrs Janaki house partially damaged. Mr Sumadhikutti house is at the path of runout thus, suggested to relocate.
Removal of accumulated material, Further use it for cultivation.
Unscientific slope modificationfor cultivation. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure.

Debris slide occurred at Cherutoni on 15th August 2018 due to unplanned cutting of slope,Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Removal of accumulated material, further use it for cultivation.
Mr Girija Sajhi Malayil house completely damaged.Left flank of this slide another house of Mr Sanish and Mrs Janaki house partially damaged. Mr Sumadhikutti house is at the path of runout thus, suggested to relocate.
Removal of accumulated material, Further use it for cultivation.
Unscientific slope modificationfor cultivation. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure.

PAINAVU
3sets of Joints(J1-170/73S;J2-5;J3-70/35S) J3 is the plain of failure)
Initiated as a plannar failure debris slide graded as debris flow.
Removal of accumulated debris over the natural bench. Natural drainage should be maintained and lined road side drains has to be provided to divert seepage of nala. Damage retaining wall has to be recounstructed .
No construction has to be allowed in the nala path. Natural drainage should be maintained and culvert at suitable dimension has to be constructed on the road.
Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure and cutting of toe for road construction and failure caused along weathered rock overburden contact.

PAINAVU
3sets of Joints(J1-170/73S;J2-5;J3-70/35S) J3 is the plain of failure)
Debris Flow occurred at Painavu, Thodupuzha- Puliyamala NH road side on 15th August 2018 where vegetation washed out which caused road blockage. The runout material had gone upto the reservoir level. Mainly due to reduction of strength on super saturat
Initiated as a plannar failure debris slide graded as debris flow.
Removal of accumulated debris over the natural bench. Natural drainage should be maintained and lined road side drains has to be provided to divert seepage of nala. Damage retaining wall has to be recounstructed .
No construction has to be allowed in the nala path. Natural drainage should be maintained and culvert at suitable dimension has to be constructed on the road.
Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure and cutting of toe for road construction and failure caused along weathered rock overburden contact.

PAINAVU
The existing retaining wall with weep holes should be strengthened and this should be constructed proportionate to the slide below the road. Lined road side drains has to be provided to divert the surface run off.
Road damged due to uncontrolled surface runoff and also there by causing reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure.

Debris Flow occurred at painavu, along the Thodupuzha-Puliyamala NH road side on 15th August 2018 where vegetation washed and road was blocked. It is a shallow transitional failure .Excess pore water pressure resulted in reduction of strength on supe
The existing retaining wall with weep holes should be strengthened and this should be constructed proportionate to the slide below the road. Lined road side drains has to be provided to divert the surface run off.
Road damged due to uncontrolled surface runoff and also there by causing reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure.

Mr Mohan Ashan house at the right flank of slide should be relocated.
Easing of slope above crown,pitching and turfing has to be done in the slope above the scarp, accumulated debris over the natural bench should be removed, natural drainage should be maintained, seepage water should be channelized along the road, damaged
tea shop washed away,house got damaged partially
excessive pore water pressure,reduction of strength on super saturation

On 15th august 2018 debris flow which was initiated as a Debris slide had occurred at Thodapuzha-Pulliamala road. Due to excessive pore water pressure,reduction of strength n super saturation flow had taken place which has effected the infrastucture such
Mr Mohan Ashan house at the right flank of slide should be relocated.
Easing of slope above crown,pitching and turfing has to be done in the slope above the scarp, accumulated debris over the natural bench should be removed, natural drainage should be maintained, seepage water should be channelized along the road, damaged
tea shop washed away,house got damaged partially
excessive pore water pressure,reduction of strength on super saturation

Debris slide occurred at Cherthoni, due to unscientific slope modification for house, cultivation and road. Surface runoff through the Cheruthoni- Theatrepadi- Girijyoti road in the downslope of the house contributed toe erosion which resulted in slide
Lined drainages to be provided at the side of the Cheruthoni- Theatrepadi- Girijyoti road to channelise the surface runoff through the road. For the house of Bharathiyamma tension cracks has to be concealed with locally available impermeable materials. S
House of Bharathiyamma, Ambattomoolayil situated at the crownportion of the flow, tension cracks noticed at the courtyard of the house. Sasi, Padenjarasseriyil house (Ln: 714828, 1089931), situated below the road bench, cut slope failure happened behind
Unscientific slope modification for house, cultivation and road. Surface runoff through the Cheruthoni- Theatrepadi- Girijyoti road in the downslope of the house contributed toe erosion which resulted in slide along weathered seam

Lined drainages to be provided at the side of the Cheruthoni- Theatrepadi- Girijyoti road to channelise the surface runoff through the road. For the house of Bharathiyamma tension cracks has to be concealed with locally available impermeable materials. S
House of Bharathiyamma, Ambattomoolayil situated at the crownportion of the flow, tension cracks noticed at the courtyard of the house. Sasi, Padenjarasseriyil house (Ln: 714828, 1089931), situated below the road bench, cut slope failure happened behind
Unscientific slope modification for house, cultivation and road. Surface runoff through the Cheruthoni- Theatrepadi- Girijyoti road in the downslope of the house contributed toe erosion which resulted in slide along weathered seam

Cheruthoni 17th Colony
Ayappan Chettiyar, Ambiayil house,(Ln: 714781,1089883) and Sasi, Kudukkaparayil,( Ln: 714782,1089820) houses cracks seen in ground as well as wall of the houses.
The drainage from the houses should be channelised and diverted away from the affected area. Line drainages to be provided at the sides of the both Cheruthoni- Theatrepadi- Girijyoti road and Paremavu road. Cut slope failure happened at the front and b
Unscientific slope modification for house, cultivation and road. Houses constructed by cut and fill method. Surface runoff through the Cheruthoni- Theatrepadi- Girijyoti road in the downslope of the house contributed toe erosion which resulted in slide

Cheruthoni 17th Colony
Houses in the 17th Colony, Cheruthoni cut slope failures noticed in the front as well as the back side due to unscientific slope modification for house, cultivation and road. Houses constructed by cut and fill method. Surface runoff through the Cherut
Ayappan Chettiyar, Ambiayil house,(Ln: 714781,1089883) and Sasi, Kudukkaparayil,( Ln: 714782,1089820) houses cracks seen in ground as well as wall of the houses.
The drainage from the houses should be channelised and diverted away from the affected area. Line drainages to be provided at the sides of the both Cheruthoni- Theatrepadi- Girijyoti road and Paremavu road. Cut slope failure happened at the front and b
Unscientific slope modification for house, cultivation and road. Houses constructed by cut and fill method. Surface runoff through the Cheruthoni- Theatrepadi- Girijyoti road in the downslope of the house contributed toe erosion which resulted in slide

Easing of slope, lined drains has to be provided at the road side to divert the surface runoff away from the affected area .
Unscientific slope modification for cultivation and road. Surface runoff through the road contributed toe erosion which resulted in slide along weathered seam

Debris slide occurred at Cheruthoni- Theatrepadi- Girijyoti road side. Unscientific slope modification for ,cultivation and road as well as surface runoff through the road contributed toe erosion which resulted in slide along weathered seam. Lined dr
Easing of slope, lined drains has to be provided at the road side to divert the surface runoff away from the affected area .
Unscientific slope modification for cultivation and road. Surface runoff through the road contributed toe erosion which resulted in slide along weathered seam

Debris slide occurred at Cheruthoni below Mellumpadi Kochu Painavu road. Toe erosion by Cheruthoni- Kochu Painavu thodu, unscientific slope modification for cultivation are the main causes for the failure. The house at the left flank should be protected
The house at the left flank should be protected by constructing retaining structure which should be founded on hard rock with weep holes and filter material at the side and front of the house. Tension cracks has to be concealed with locally available i
House of Mohanan, Thekkuvatayil situated at the left flank of the house, tension cracks found at the courtyard of the house, crack extending to 5m, direction N 320.
Toe erosion by Cheruthoni- Kochu Painavu thodu, unscientific slope modification for cultivation are the main causes for the failure.

The house at the left flank should be protected by constructing retaining structure which should be founded on hard rock with weep holes and filter material at the side and front of the house. Tension cracks has to be concealed with locally available i
House of Mohanan, Thekkuvatayil situated at the left flank of the house, tension cracks found at the courtyard of the house, crack extending to 5m, direction N 320.
Toe erosion by Cheruthoni- Kochu Painavu thodu, unscientific slope modification for cultivation are the main causes for the failure.

Thanikandam
Stabilize the accumulated materials by wood and pilling. Lined drains has to be provided at the road bench to divert the surface run off from the affected area.
Unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation and road construction. Reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure. Surface run off along the road bench contribute the toe erosion.

Thanikandam
Debris slide graded into Debris Flow occurred atThanikandam on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation and road construction. Reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure. Surface run off
Stabilize the accumulated materials by wood and pilling. Lined drains has to be provided at the road bench to divert the surface run off from the affected area.
Unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation and road construction. Reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure. Surface run off along the road bench contribute the toe erosion.

Thanikandam
Debris flow occurred at Thanikandam due to slope modification for plantation. Debris flow along the natural flow path. Hard rock exposed at the runout path. Clear the accumulated material, maintain the flow path, no encroachment allowed in the flow pat
Clear the accumulated material, maintain the flow path, no encroachment allowed in the flow path.
Slope modification for plantation, followed the natural flow path. Hard rock exposed at the runout path.

Clear the accumulated material, maintain the flow path, no encroachment allowed in the flow path.
Slope modification for plantation, followed the natural flow path. Hard rock exposed at the runout path.

2years back slide was experienced in this place.
Stabilize the material in the flow path and channelise the natural seepge. No encroachment should be allowed the flow path. Retaining structure should be provided at he road bench. Lined drains has to be given along the road to divert the surface runoff.
Unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation blocked the natural drainage. Reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure. The natural see page during the heavy rain season contribute the toe erosion

Debris slide graded into debris flow occurred at Thanikandam on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific hill slope modification for the construction of road and house. Reduction of strength on super saturation by excess pore water pressure. The natural see
2years back slide was experienced in this place.
Stabilize the material in the flow path and channelise the natural seepge. No encroachment should be allowed the flow path. Retaining structure should be provided at he road bench. Lined drains has to be given along the road to divert the surface runoff.
Unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation blocked the natural drainage. Reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure. The natural see page during the heavy rain season contribute the toe erosion

Kochupainavu
Stabilize the accumulated material with wood pilling. Lined drains along the road bench has to be provided to divert the surface run off away from the affected area.
Unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation. Reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure.Toe erosion by the surface runoff along the road contribute the failure.

Kochupainavu
Debris slide occurred at Kochupainavu on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation. Reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure.Toe erosion by the surface runoff along the road contribute
Stabilize the accumulated material with wood pilling. Lined drains along the road bench has to be provided to divert the surface run off away from the affected area.
Unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation. Reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure.Toe erosion by the surface runoff along the road contribute the failure.

Kochupainavu
Debris slide occurred at Kochupainavu on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation. Reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure. Toe erosion by the surface runoff along the road contribute
Easing of slope with pitching and turffing. Retaining wall with proper filters and weep holes has to be provided at the road bench. Lined drains has to be provide along the road to divert the surface run off away from the affected area.
Unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation. Reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure. Toe erosion by the surface runoff along the road contribute the failure.

Easing of slope with pitching and turffing. Retaining wall with proper filters and weep holes has to be provided at the road bench. Lined drains has to be provide along the road to divert the surface run off away from the affected area.
Unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation. Reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure. Toe erosion by the surface runoff along the road contribute the failure.

Debris Flow occurred at Kochupainavu on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific hill slope modification for cultivationand house construction left cut slope with no lateral support. Reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure.
Stabilize the accumulated material. Natural seepage and surface run off should be channelized. Lined drains has to be provided along the road bench.
Unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation and house construction left cut slope with no lateral support. Reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure. During heavy rainfall natural seepage is experienced contribute

Stabilize the accumulated material. Natural seepage and surface run off should be channelized. Lined drains has to be provided along the road bench.
Unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation and house construction left cut slope with no lateral support. Reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure. During heavy rainfall natural seepage is experienced contribute

4 years back slide was experienced in this place.
Clear the flow path and maintain the natural flow. No encroachment allowed in the flow path. Deflection wall should be provide at the back side of the house of Thomas Mathew. Relocate the house of Mr.Aneesh Antony Kunnemakkal
Mr.Aneesh Antony Kunnemakkal house fully damaged
Unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation blocked the natural drainage. Reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure. The debris flow is along the natural nala.

Debris flow occurred at Thanikandam on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific hill slope modification for the construction of road and house.Reduction of strength on super saturation by excess pore water pressure. The debris flow is along the natural nala
4 years back slide was experienced in this place.
Clear the flow path and maintain the natural flow. No encroachment allowed in the flow path. Deflection wall should be provide at the back side of the house of Thomas Mathew. Relocate the house of Mr.Aneesh Antony Kunnemakkal
Mr.Aneesh Antony Kunnemakkal house fully damaged
Unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation blocked the natural drainage. Reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure. The debris flow is along the natural nala.

Thanikandam-Mukalbhagam
Gabion wall to be founded over the hard rock, runout water to be diverted away from the road.
Vegetations washed out and electric pole damaged.
road constructed over the filled material and hence slided out.

Thanikandam-Mukalbhagam
Debris Flow occurred in Thanikandam Mukalbhagam on 15th August 2018 due to heavy rainfall and the geoscientific cause being the construction of road over the filled material, the remedial measures suggested are gabion wall to be founded over the har
Gabion wall to be founded over the hard rock, runout water to be diverted away from the road.
Vegetations washed out and electric pole damaged.
road constructed over the filled material and hence slided out.

Debris Flow occurred in Thanikandam on 15th August 2018 where vegetation washed out. The runout material had gone upto the nala level. Mainly due to reduction of strength on super saturation by excess pore water pressure. Natural drainage has to be ch
Road and culvert was blocked at road bench above the location. Loose debris along the runout as well as in culvert should be cleared. Natural drainage to be maintained. The culvert has to be reconstructed with suitable dimensions.
Natural drainage has to be channelised. Suitably designed deflection wall to be constructed to protect the house from future flows.
1 house partially damaged (Mrs. Hakkekath Beevi)
Unscientific slope modification for cultivation. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure

Road and culvert was blocked at road bench above the location. Loose debris along the runout as well as in culvert should be cleared. Natural drainage to be maintained. The culvert has to be reconstructed with suitable dimensions.
Natural drainage has to be channelised. Suitably designed deflection wall to be constructed to protect the house from future flows.
1 house partially damaged (Mrs. Hakkekath Beevi)
Unscientific slope modification for cultivation. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure

Retaining structure to be founded on hard rock with weep holes and fliters upto a height of 4m at the bottom then bench and Retaining structure at the scarp face. Natural seepage to be channelised and diverted away from the house.
House of Toji Jose, Mundanparambil partially damaged, shed and bathroom behind the house destroyed.
Unscientific slope modification for house, cultivation. Natural seepage contributed the failure.

Debris slide occurred at Thanikandam in which the house of Toji Jose, Mundanparambil partially damaged, shed and bathroom behind the house destroyed mainly due to Unscientific slope modification for house, cultivation. Natural seepage contributed the fai
Retaining structure to be founded on hard rock with weep holes and fliters upto a height of 4m at the bottom then bench and Retaining structure at the scarp face. Natural seepage to be channelised and diverted away from the house.
House of Toji Jose, Mundanparambil partially damaged, shed and bathroom behind the house destroyed.
Unscientific slope modification for house, cultivation. Natural seepage contributed the failure.

Debris flow occurred at Thanikandam, the main geoscientific causes are hill slope modification, reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Clear the accumulated material, maintain the flow path, no encroachment allowed i
Clear the accumulated material, maintain the flow path, no encroachment allowed in the flow path. Deflection wall to be constructed at the side of th house situated at the left flank of the flow to protect the house from future flows.
House of Subash, Kallanthra cattle shed and well at the runout path destroyed
Unscientific slope modification for cultivation. Natural seepage contributed the failure.

Clear the accumulated material, maintain the flow path, no encroachment allowed in the flow path. Deflection wall to be constructed at the side of th house situated at the left flank of the flow to protect the house from future flows.
House of Subash, Kallanthra cattle shed and well at the runout path destroyed
Unscientific slope modification for cultivation. Natural seepage contributed the failure.

House of Jose varkhy, Vezhampassery, (Ln: 713946, 1091112) situated about 100m at the right side of the flow. Cracks developed at the courtyard, gabion wall failed at the front portion, ground and wall cracks noticed inside the house. Craks in the courty
Clear the accumulated material ,maintain the flow path, no encroachment allowed in the flow path. Culvert at the toe portion blocked should be repaired and dimension should be increased.

Debris flow occurred at Thanikandam, the main geoscientific causes are hill slope modification, reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Plantation of Madom, washed out. The debris material to be stabilised, no encroa
House of Jose varkhy, Vezhampassery, (Ln: 713946, 1091112) situated about 100m at the right side of the flow. Cracks developed at the courtyard, gabion wall failed at the front portion, ground and wall cracks noticed inside the house. Craks in the courty
Clear the accumulated material ,maintain the flow path, no encroachment allowed in the flow path. Culvert at the toe portion blocked should be repaired and dimension should be increased.

Rubber plantation of Roy Joseph, Kochuparambil washed out.
Easing of slope at the scarp face, pitching and turffing, natural seepage to be channelised.
Hill slope modification for road construction. Natural seepage also contributed the failure, heavy rainfall caused the reduction in strength and excess pore water pressure.

Debris slide occurred at the right side of Thanikandam- Theatrepadi road near Madom thodu, in which Rubber plantation of Roy Joseph, Kochuparambil washed out. Hill slope modification for road construction, natural seepage are the contributing factors fo
Rubber plantation of Roy Joseph, Kochuparambil washed out.
Easing of slope at the scarp face, pitching and turffing, natural seepage to be channelised.
Hill slope modification for road construction. Natural seepage also contributed the failure, heavy rainfall caused the reduction in strength and excess pore water pressure.

Plantation of Thomas Joseph, Kochuparambil washed out.
Easing of slope at the scarp face, line drains to be provided at the side of road bench. The debris material flowed down the road bench upto Madom thodu. Toe wall should be provided at the side of the nala to avoid toe erosion during heavy rainfall. Reta
Slope modification for plantation, surface runoff have contributed the toe erosion.

Debris slide occurred at the right side of Thanikandam- Theatrepadi road near Madom thodu, in which plantation of Thomas Joseph, Kochuparambil washed out. Easing of slope at the scarp face, line drains to be provided at the side of road bench. The debri
Plantation of Thomas Joseph, Kochuparambil washed out.
Easing of slope at the scarp face, line drains to be provided at the side of road bench. The debris material flowed down the road bench upto Madom thodu. Toe wall should be provided at the side of the nala to avoid toe erosion during heavy rainfall. Reta
Slope modification for plantation, surface runoff have contributed the toe erosion.

Peppera
Easing of slope and pitching and turfing of slope.
Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure

Peppera
Debris slide occurred in Peppera on 15th August 2018 due to heavy rainfall and the geoscientific cause being the reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure, thus the remedial measures suggested are easing of slope an
Easing of slope and pitching and turfing of slope.
Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure

Peppera
30 years back slide occurred.
1 house completely damaged ( (Mr Jaison Joseph)
Construction of retaining structure at scarp face to avoid retrogression, runout area to be trained so that failed material can be diverted.
Unscientific slope modification for cultivation. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Failure in rock overburden contact and weathered seam.

Debris Flow occurred in Peppera on 15th August 2018 where one houses of Mr Jaison Joseph got completely damaged. Residents of this houses could escape just before the event but 2 cows and 4 hen died. Vegetation washed out. Unscientific slope modific
30 years back slide occurred.
1 house completely damaged ( (Mr Jaison Joseph)
Construction of retaining structure at scarp face to avoid retrogression, runout area to be trained so that failed material can be diverted.
Unscientific slope modification for cultivation. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Failure in rock overburden contact and weathered seam.

Debris Flow occurred in Peppera on 15th August 2018 due to heavy rainfall. It is a old debris flow location, failed material has followed the existing nala path. The remedial measures suggested are lined drainage should be maintained, culvert of suit
Old debris flow path and the failed material has followed the existing nala path.
Lined drainage should be maintained, culvert of suitable dimension should be constructed at the road.
Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure

Old debris flow path and the failed material has followed the existing nala path.
Lined drainage should be maintained, culvert of suitable dimension should be constructed at the road.

Debris Flow occurred in Peppera on 15th August 2018 where two houses of Mr. Ratheesh R, Puthenvilayil and Mr Saji John partially damaged. Remedial measures suggested are construction of retaining wall at two levels behind the house. Deflection wall sh
Mr Saji John compound wall completely damaged, remedial measures suggested are construction of retaining wall at two levels behind the house. Lined drainage to be provided at toe of the wall.
Accumulated material to be stabilized and retaining wall to be constructed till rock is exposed, path of nala to be cleared and no encrochment at 10m on both side flanks to be monitored and deflection wall should be constructed.
Mr. Ratheesh R, Puthenvilayil house partially damaged and Mr Saji John compound wall completely damaged.
Unscientific slope modification for house construction. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure.

Mr Saji John compound wall completely damaged, remedial measures suggested are construction of retaining wall at two levels behind the house. Lined drainage to be provided at toe of the wall.
Accumulated material to be stabilized and retaining wall to be constructed till rock is exposed, path of nala to be cleared and no encrochment at 10m on both side flanks to be monitored and deflection wall should be constructed.
Mr. Ratheesh R, Puthenvilayil house partially damaged and Mr Saji John compound wall completely damaged.

Debris Flow occurred in Peppera on 15th August 2018 where one houses of Mr Bhaskaran at the left flank got partially damaged mainly due to unscientific slope modification for construction of house, reduction of strength on super saturation due to ex
Box culvert with suitable dimension to be reconstructed, the natural flow path of nala should be channalised and no encrouchment at 10m on both side flanks to be allowed. House on left flank of stream partially damaged (Mr. Bhaskaran, Puvathingal), so
It is a old debris flow path. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure is also a cause.

Tension cracks observed at the crown of the slide, parralel to crown, tensional cracks are observed at courtyard of house of Jose Neerapel.
Culvert blocked, Road blocked and electric pole damaged.
construction of retaining structure till the entire height of slope and subhorizontal drainage using perforated pipes.
Unscientific slope modification for cultivation. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure, bank erosion by stream. Retaining walls not constructed properly with no weepholes and seepage water contributed to the satura

In Peppera on 15th August 2018 Debris slide occurred mainly due to unscientific slope modification for cultivation, reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure, bank erosion by stream. Retaining walls constructed with
Tension cracks observed at the crown of the slide, parralel to crown, tensional cracks are observed at courtyard of house of Jose Neerapel.
Culvert blocked, Road blocked and electric pole damaged.
construction of retaining structure till the entire height of slope and subhorizontal drainage using perforated pipes.
Unscientific slope modification for cultivation. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure, bank erosion by stream. Retaining walls not constructed properly with no weepholes and seepage water contributed to the satura

Box culvert with suitable dimension to be reconstructed, the natural flow path of nala should be channalised and no encrouchment at 10m on both side flanks to be allowed. House on left flank of stream partially damaged (Mr. Bhaskaran, Puvathingal), so
It is a old debris flow path. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure is also a cause.

Construction of retaining structure till the entire height of slope and subhorizontal drainage using perforated pipes or proper weepholes to be provided.
Unscientific slope modification for house construction, reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure between the wall and slope resulting in the collapse of the retaining wall.

Debris Flow occurred in Peppera on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific slope modification for house construction. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. The retaining wall of Mr Shajis house which is constructed
Construction of retaining structure till the entire height of slope and subhorizontal drainage using perforated pipes or proper weepholes to be provided.
Unscientific slope modification for house construction, reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure between the wall and slope resulting in the collapse of the retaining wall.

Easing of slope and pitching and turfing of slope.
Unscientific slope modification for road construction. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure and failure in the weathered seam.

Debris slide occurred in Peppera on 15th August 2018 due to heavy rainfall and the geoscientific cause being unscientific slope modification for road construction. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure and failure
Unscientific slope modification for road construction. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure and failure in the weathered seam.

Debris slide occurred in Peppara on 15th August 2018 due to heavy rainfall and the geoscientific cause being reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure and Failure in the weathered seam. The remedial measures suggest
Easing of slope to be done. Suitable box culvert to be constructed at the road.
Failure in weathered seam and rock over burden contact. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure also contributed the flow.

Easing of slope to be done. Suitable box culvert to be constructed at the road.
Failure in weathered seam and rock over burden contact. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure also contributed the flow.

Asbestos sheet damaged behind the house of Mr. Vijayakumar, Kovilvilakam. Road blocked.
Hard rock exposed. Easing of slope,accumulated material to be removed and proper lined drain should be maintained.

Debris slide occurred in Peppera on 15th August 2018 due to heavy rainfall and the geoscientific cause being the slope cut for house construction and reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Hard rock has exposed.
Asbestos sheet damaged behind the house of Mr. Vijayakumar, Kovilvilakam. Road blocked.
Hard rock exposed. Easing of slope,accumulated material to be removed and proper lined drain should be maintained.

Bank erosion by stream occurred in Peppera on 15th August 2018. Construction of retaining structure founded at the hard rock at the scarp face to be done to avoid retrogression.
Debris material from the L-38 & L-39 destroyed the House of Mr. Joly John Thekkedath at the downslope of the road.
Construction of retaining structure founded at the hard rock at the scarp face to avoid retrogression.
Unscientific slope modification for cultivation. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure, bank erosion by stream.

Debris material from the L-38 & L-39 destroyed the House of Mr. Joly John Thekkedath at the downslope of the road.
Construction of retaining structure founded at the hard rock at the scarp face to avoid retrogression.
Unscientific slope modification for cultivation. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure, bank erosion by stream.

Boulders to be removed, suitable box culvert to be constructed at the road.
Unscientific slope modification for cultivation. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure.

Debris Flow occurred in Pepperaon 15th August 2018 due to unscientific slope modification for cultivation and reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Road blocked and electric pole damaged. Boulders to be removed,
Boulders to be removed, suitable box culvert to be constructed at the road.
Unscientific slope modification for cultivation. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure.

Debris slide occurred in Peppera on 15th August 2018 due to heavy rainfall and the geoscientific cause being the toe cut for the road widening, reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. The remedial measures suggest
Toe erosion by nala
Retaining stucture to be constructed to protect the road, proper Lined drain should be maintained.
Unscientific slope modification for road construction. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Seepage from the drainage.

Toe erosion by nala
Retaining stucture to be constructed to protect the road, proper Lined drain should be maintained.
Unscientific slope modification for road construction. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Seepage from the drainage.

Gabion wall to constructed for the entire height of cut slope, lined road side drains has to be provided to divert the surface run off.
Debris material is highly weathered almost like soil. Failure along weathered seam, also have done slope modification for road construction.

Debris slide occurred in Peppera on 15th August 2018 due to heavy rainfall and the geoscientific cause being failure along weathered seam. Also have done slope modification for road construction.The remedial measures suggested are gabion wall to con
Gabion wall to constructed for the entire height of cut slope, lined road side drains has to be provided to divert the surface run off.
Debris material is highly weathered almost like soil. Failure along weathered seam, also have done slope modification for road construction.

J1 N160/85 towards SW, J2 N65/85 towards SW, J3 N160/85 towards SW and foliation N120/70 towards SW
Easing of slope, accumulated material to be removed and proper lined drain should be maintained. At scarp face gabion wall to be founded on fresh rock.
Failure in weathered rock overburden contact, reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure.

J1 N160/85 towards SW, J2 N65/85 towards SW, J3 N160/85 towards SW and foliation N120/70 towards SW
Debris slide occurred in Peppera on 15th August 2018 due to heavy rainfall and the geoscientific cause being the failure in weathered rock overburden contact and reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure, the remedi
Easing of slope, accumulated material to be removed and proper lined drain should be maintained. At scarp face gabion wall to be founded on fresh rock.
Failure in weathered rock overburden contact, reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure.

Northern wall adjacent to the stream in runout path is damaged.
House of Mercy James, Chennakalathil partially damaged. Road blocked and electric pole damaged.
Removal of accumulated material,natural flow should be maintained. No further encrochment should be allowed. Construction of culvert at road side.

Highly weathered seam is observed.
Accumulated material to be cleaned and reconstruction of retaining wall should be done along with the lined drainage which got blocked.
Unscientific slope modification for road construction.Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Lined drainage along road got blocked.

Debris slide occurred in Peppera on 15th August 2018 due to heavy rainfall and the geoscientific cause being the Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure and slope modification for road. Here the remedial measures
Highly weathered seam is observed.
Accumulated material to be cleaned and reconstruction of retaining wall should be done along with the lined drainage which got blocked.
Unscientific slope modification for road construction.Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Lined drainage along road got blocked.

Debris Flow occurred in Peppera on 15th August 2018 due to heavy rainfall and the geoscientific cause being the Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. House of Mercy James, Chennakalathil partially damaged. Road
Northern wall adjacent to the stream in runout path is damaged.
House of Mercy James, Chennakalathil partially damaged. Road blocked and electric pole damaged.
Removal of accumulated material,natural flow should be maintained. No further encrochment should be allowed. Construction of culvert at road side.

Nellipuzhakavala
Hornblende biotite gneiss , highly weathered
Debris slide graded into debris flow occurred at Nellipuzhakavala due to unscientific slope modification for cultivation and kachha road. Heavy rainfall caused reduction in strenth and failure occurred along the weathered over burden contact. Clear the
Clear the accumulated material , no further enchrachment in the flow path. Culvert at suitable dimension should be provided at the road
One well situated in the flow path down the road filled by the debris material, plantation washed out.
Unscientific slope modification for cultivation and kachha road. Heavy rainfall caused reduction in strenth and failure occurred along the weathered over burden contact.

Nellipuzhakavala
Clear the accumulated material , no further enchrachment in the flow path. Culvert at suitable dimension should be provided at the road
One well situated in the flow path down the road filled by the debris material, plantation washed out.
Unscientific slope modification for cultivation and kachha road. Heavy rainfall caused reduction in strenth and failure occurred along the weathered over burden contact.

Nellipuzhakavala
Debris slide occurred at Pakittan on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific slope modification for house construction and cultivation, house built on cut and fill material. Natural seepage also a contributing factor. Heavy rainfall caused the reduction i
Easing of slope at the scarp face, then retaining structure to be founded on hard rock, which is exposed there with weep holes and suitable filter material.
House of Alice Thekkumparayil partially damaged
Slope modification for house and cultivation, house built on cut and fill material. Natural seepage also a contributing factor. Heavy rainfall caused the reduction in strength and also excess pour water pressure.

Easing of slope at the scarp face, then retaining structure to be founded on hard rock, which is exposed there with weep holes and suitable filter material.
House of Alice Thekkumparayil partially damaged
Slope modification for house and cultivation, house built on cut and fill material. Natural seepage also a contributing factor. Heavy rainfall caused the reduction in strength and also excess pour water pressure.

Bhoomiyamkulam
Debris slide occurred in Bhoomiyankulam on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific hill slope modification for road construction left cut slope with no lateral support. Surface runoff along the road contribute toe erosion. Reduction of strength on super sa
Construction of retaining wall with proper weep holes founded on the hard rock at the road bench. Lined drains along the road should be provided to divert the surface runoff .
Unscientific hill slope modification for road construction left cut slope with no lateral support. Surface runoff along the road contribute toe erosion. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure hence failure along the r

Bhoomiyamkulam
Construction of retaining wall with proper weep holes founded on the hard rock at the road bench. Lined drains along the road should be provided to divert the surface runoff .
Unscientific hill slope modification for road construction left cut slope with no lateral support. Surface runoff along the road contribute toe erosion. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure hence failure along the r

Lekshamkavala
Removal of accumulated material from the slide face and natural flow should be maintained. No further encroachment should be allowed. Relocate the house of Mr Santakumari SN Kurangattu.
Mr Santakumari SN Kurangattu house got damaged.
Unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure cause transitional failure along the weathered seam.

Lekshamkavala
Debris slide occurred in Lekshamkavala on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure cause transitional failure along the weathered seam. Rel
Removal of accumulated material from the slide face and natural flow should be maintained. No further encroachment should be allowed. Relocate the house of Mr Santakumari SN Kurangattu.
Mr Santakumari SN Kurangattu house got damaged.
Unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure cause transitional failure along the weathered seam.

Lekshamkavala
Debris Flow occurred at Lekshamkavala on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation, reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Easing of slope at the scarp face with Pitching and tar
Easing of slope at the scarp face with Pitching and tariffing
Unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation and reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure.

Easing of slope at the scarp face with Pitching and tariffing
Unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation and reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure.

Hornblende biotite gneiss , highly weathered
Debris slide occurred at Lakshamkavala on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific slope modification for house construction and cultivation .Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. House of Mr. Bibin Ettichuvattil
The house can be protected by constructing retaining wall at the backside as well as at the front portion, with weep holes and filter media.
Stabilise the material by wood piling, retaining structure to founded on hard rock with weep holes and filter media. Line drainage to be provided at the side of the road to divert the surface runoff.
At the left flank of the slide situated the house of Bipin, Ettichuvattil (Ln: 714041, 1093241) partiatly damaged, by the cut slope failure on the backsid. Cracks seen on the walls of the house. Front portion of the house slided.
Slope modification for house and road. Toe erosion caused by surface runoff through the road flowing down slope of the road.

The house can be protected by constructing retaining wall at the backside as well as at the front portion, with weep holes and filter media.
Stabilise the material by wood piling, retaining structure to founded on hard rock with weep holes and filter media. Line drainage to be provided at the side of the road to divert the surface runoff.
At the left flank of the slide situated the house of Bipin, Ettichuvattil (Ln: 714041, 1093241) partiatly damaged, by the cut slope failure on the backsid. Cracks seen on the walls of the house. Front portion of the house slided.
Slope modification for house and road. Toe erosion caused by surface runoff through the road flowing down slope of the road.

Debris Flow occurred at Lekshamkavala on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation. Natural seepage present in the crown portion contribute the failure due to reduction of strength on super saturation by excess pore
Clear the flow path and maintain the natural flow. A Deflection wall should be provided for divert the sub surface runoff from the house. House of Baiju at left flank has to be relocate 10m away from the flow path. A culvert with suitable dimension has
Unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation. Natural seepage present in the crown portion contribute the failure due to reduction of strength on super saturation by excess pore water pressure.

Clear the flow path and maintain the natural flow. A Deflection wall should be provided for divert the sub surface runoff from the house. House of Baiju at left flank has to be relocate 10m away from the flow path. A culvert with suitable dimension has
Unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation. Natural seepage present in the crown portion contribute the failure due to reduction of strength on super saturation by excess pore water pressure.

Manjappara
20 year back one Debris flow was experienced in this place. Road damaged. A culvert with suitable dimension has to be provide at the road bench.
Clear the accumulated material in the flow path. No construction to be allowed atleast 10m from both flanks of runout path. Relocate the house of Mr.Manuvel Akathottiyil, Mr.Varghees Akathottiyil and Mr.Varkiavira Parakkel which is in the flow path.
Mr. Manuvel Akathottiyil, Mr.Varghees Akathottiyil and Mr.Varkiavira Parakkel house fully damaged.
Unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation. Natural seepage contribute reduction of strength on super saturation by excess pore water pressure cause the shallow transitional failure along a weathered seam.

Manjappara
Debris Flow occurred at Manjappara on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation. Natural seepage contribute reduction of strength on super saturation by excess pore water pressure cause the shallow transitional fail
20 year back one Debris flow was experienced in this place. Road damaged. A culvert with suitable dimension has to be provide at the road bench.
Clear the accumulated material in the flow path. No construction to be allowed atleast 10m from both flanks of runout path. Relocate the house of Mr.Manuvel Akathottiyil, Mr.Varghees Akathottiyil and Mr.Varkiavira Parakkel which is in the flow path.
Mr. Manuvel Akathottiyil, Mr.Varghees Akathottiyil and Mr.Varkiavira Parakkel house fully damaged.
Unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation. Natural seepage contribute reduction of strength on super saturation by excess pore water pressure cause the shallow transitional failure along a weathered seam.

Manjappara
20 year back one Debris flow was experienced in this place
Clear the flow path and maintain the natural flow. A culvert with suitable dimension has to be provided at the road bench. No construction to be allowed atleast 10m from both flanks of runout path.
Unscientific slope modification for cultivation. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure

Debris Flow occurred at Manjappara on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific slope modificationfor cultivation. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Clear the flow path and maintain the natural flow. A culvert with
20 year back one Debris flow was experienced in this place
Clear the flow path and maintain the natural flow. A culvert with suitable dimension has to be provided at the road bench. No construction to be allowed atleast 10m from both flanks of runout path.

Arrested crown noticed at Manjappara on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation and house construction. Reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure.High amount of natural seepage noticed b
Tension cracks found at the land of Mr.Raince.M.James,Manjananiyil to Mr.Joshi.M.A Madaikkal land with a length of 75m and N140 direction.
Tension cracks found at the land of Joshi Madaikkal has to be sealed with localy available impermeable material. Retaining structure with proper filters and weep holes has to be provided behind the house to prevent from further retrogression.
Unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation and house construction. Reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure. High amount of surface run off along the road contribute the failure.

Tension cracks found at the land of Mr.Raince.M.James,Manjananiyil to Mr.Joshi.M.A Madaikkal land with a length of 75m and N140 direction.
Tension cracks found at the land of Joshi Madaikkal has to be sealed with localy available impermeable material. Retaining structure with proper filters and weep holes has to be provided behind the house to prevent from further retrogression.
Unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation and house construction. Reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure. High amount of surface run off along the road contribute the failure.

Ashokakavala
There were three Gabion wall leveled above the nala, all failed after the toe erosion. Due to the retaining wall of the bridge,at right side of nala.The nala is taking a turn leading to extensive toe erosion. About 100m away from this location one huge
Removal of accumulated material. Reconstruction of retaining wall founded on hard rock at the both sides of stream. The house and shop should be relocated as it is on stream bed.
Mr Sukumaran Panavelis house and shop completely damaged.

Ashokakavala
Debris slide occurred at Ashoka kavala near Idukki- Neriyamangalam on 15th August 2018 due to toe erosion by stream. One house and one shop completly damaged. There were three Gabion wall leveled above the nala, all failed after the toe erosion. Due to
There were three Gabion wall leveled above the nala, all failed after the toe erosion. Due to the retaining wall of the bridge,at right side of nala.The nala is taking a turn leading to extensive toe erosion. About 100m away from this location one huge
Removal of accumulated material. Reconstruction of retaining wall founded on hard rock at the both sides of stream. The house and shop should be relocated as it is on stream bed.
Mr Sukumaran Panavelis house and shop completely damaged.

Ashokakavala
Easing of slope at the crown, construction of retaining wall at two levels, one behind the house, bench to be maintained on the retaining wall over it and next retaining wall at the scarp face of the slide with suitable weep holes at suitable intervel
Mr Siju Varghese , Nedumpuruth house partially damaged.
Unplanned cutting of slope for house construction, reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Failure in weathered seam.

Debris slide occurred at Kokurakulam on 15th August 2018 due to unplanned cutting of slope for house construction, reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Failure in weathered seam. Backside of Mr Siju Varghese, Ned
Easing of slope at the crown, construction of retaining wall at two levels, one behind the house, bench to be maintained on the retaining wall over it and next retaining wall at the scarp face of the slide with suitable weep holes at suitable intervel
Mr Siju Varghese , Nedumpuruth house partially damaged.
Unplanned cutting of slope for house construction, reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Failure in weathered seam.

Easing of slope, construction of retaining wall founded on hard rock at two levels, one behind the house, bench to be maintained on the retaining wall over it and next retaining wall at the scarp face of the slide with weep holes.
Backside of Mrs Ellizabet Muttakezhiyil house damaged.
Unplanned cutting of slope for house construction, reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Failure in weathered seam.

Debris slide occurred at Kokurakulam on 15th August 2018 due to unplanned cutting of slope for house construction of Mrs. Elizabet Muttakezhiyil. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Failure in weathered seam. Ea
Easing of slope, construction of retaining wall founded on hard rock at two levels, one behind the house, bench to be maintained on the retaining wall over it and next retaining wall at the scarp face of the slide with weep holes.
Backside of Mrs Ellizabet Muttakezhiyil house damaged.

Thadiyambad
Extensive cutslope failure extending upto 50m seen at both sides of debris slide.
Removal of accumulated material. Reconstruction of retaining wall with suitable fiter medium founded on hard rock or construction of Gabion wall at two levels with lined drainage at the road side.
Unplanned cutting of slope for cultivation, reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Failure in weathered seam.

Thadiyambad
Debris slide occurred at Thadiyambad on 15th August 2018 due to unplanned cutting of slope forcultivation, reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Failure in weathered seam. Road blocked and electricpole damaged. R
Extensive cutslope failure extending upto 50m seen at both sides of debris slide.
Removal of accumulated material. Reconstruction of retaining wall with suitable fiter medium founded on hard rock or construction of Gabion wall at two levels with lined drainage at the road side.
Unplanned cutting of slope for cultivation, reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Failure in weathered seam.

Thadiyambad
In the downslope of the Philominas house flows the periyar river.
2 Houses of Philomina are in the nala path, hence the houses should be relocated. The house of Rajappan at the left flank can be protected by providing deflection wall at the side of house to divert the flow away from the house as well as the at the cut
One house of Philomina below the road fully damaged, another house of philomina situated near to the fully damaged house partially damaged, house of Rajappan above the road situated down the debris flow crown partially damaged.
Unscientific slope modification for cultivation.Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Failure along weathered seam. Natural seepage flowing to side of the house is also a contributing factor.

Debris slide graded into flow occurred at Thadiyampadu in which road was blocked and 1 house fully damaged, 2 houses partially damaged. The main causes are unscientific slope modification for cultivation.Reduction of strength on super saturation due to
In the downslope of the Philominas house flows the periyar river.
2 Houses of Philomina are in the nala path, hence the houses should be relocated. The house of Rajappan at the left flank can be protected by providing deflection wall at the side of house to divert the flow away from the house as well as the at the cut
One house of Philomina below the road fully damaged, another house of philomina situated near to the fully damaged house partially damaged, house of Rajappan above the road situated down the debris flow crown partially damaged.
Unscientific slope modification for cultivation.Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Failure along weathered seam. Natural seepage flowing to side of the house is also a contributing factor.

Debris slide occurred at Madathinkadavu, Manikanteswaram,temple, in which the front courtyard slided Retaining wall with suitable filter material has to be provided which founded on the hard rock to the entire cut slope in the front portion at three iev
Retaining wall with suitable filter material has to be provided which founded on the hard rock to the entire cut slope in the front portion at three ievels with benches in between. Lined drains has to be provided in the road side for diverting the surfa
Unscientific slope modification for temple and road. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure due to heavy rainfall.Failure along weathered seam. Natural seepage flowing through side of the temple is also a contributing

Retaining wall with suitable filter material has to be provided which founded on the hard rock to the entire cut slope in the front portion at three ievels with benches in between. Lined drains has to be provided in the road side for diverting the surfa
Unscientific slope modification for temple and road. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure due to heavy rainfall.Failure along weathered seam. Natural seepage flowing through side of the temple is also a contributing

Debris slide occurred at Thadiyambadu in which one house of Kochuthresya Chacko, Manyathumariyal front courtyard slided. RR wall constructed failed. etaining wall with suitable filter material has to be provided which founded on the hard rock to the e
Retaining wall with suitable filter material has to be provided which founded on the hard rock to the entire cut slope at the front portion. Lined drains has to be provided in the road side for diverting the surface runoff. Natural seepage to be channal
One house of Kochuthresya Chacko, Manyathumariyal front courtyard slided. RR wall constructed failed.
Unscientific slope modification for house and road. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Failure along weathered seam. Natural seepage flowing to side of the house is also a contributing factor.

Retaining wall with suitable filter material has to be provided which founded on the hard rock to the entire cut slope at the front portion. Lined drains has to be provided in the road side for diverting the surface runoff. Natural seepage to be channal
One house of Kochuthresya Chacko, Manyathumariyal front courtyard slided. RR wall constructed failed.
Unscientific slope modification for house and road. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Failure along weathered seam. Natural seepage flowing to side of the house is also a contributing factor.

Ground cracks to be filled. Retainig structure to be founded on hard rock with weep holes and filter media at the front portion. Lined drainage to be provided on the road to divert the surface runoff away from the affected area.
One house of Jayaraj, Sasthamangalam cracks found in the wall, front portion of this house slided, tension cracks extending further in the courtyard of the house.
Surface runoff through road caused toe erosion which resulted in the reduction in strength and also oversaturation by the heavy rainfall. Natural seepage near the house is also is a contributing factor.

Debris slide occurred at Thadiyambadu, in which Mr. Jayaraj Sasthamangalam house front courtyard partially damaged, cracks found in the wall. Unscientific slope modification and excess pore water pressure which resulted in reduction in strength and slid
Ground cracks to be filled. Retainig structure to be founded on hard rock with weep holes and filter media at the front portion. Lined drainage to be provided on the road to divert the surface runoff away from the affected area.
One house of Jayaraj, Sasthamangalam cracks found in the wall, front portion of this house slided, tension cracks extending further in the courtyard of the house.
Surface runoff through road caused toe erosion which resulted in the reduction in strength and also oversaturation by the heavy rainfall. Natural seepage near the house is also is a contributing factor.

Debris Flow occurred at Thadiyambad on 15th August 2018 due to unplanned cutting of slope, reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Failure in weathered seam. Mr Nobel Nedupuruthu house located at flow path fully dam
Left flank of this location Prabhakaran house damaged. Opposite to the road a shop of Mr Jaji Ellur damaged.
Removal of accumulated material. The house of Nobel Nedumpurathu should be relocated. No further encroachment allowed in the nala path.
Mr Nobel Nedupuruthu house located at flow path fully damaged.
Unplanned cutting of slope, reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure.failure in weathered seam. Seepage of surface runoff also a contributary factor.

Left flank of this location Prabhakaran house damaged. Opposite to the road a shop of Mr Jaji Ellur damaged.
Removal of accumulated material. The house of Nobel Nedumpurathu should be relocated. No further encroachment allowed in the nala path.
Mr Nobel Nedupuruthu house located at flow path fully damaged.
Unplanned cutting of slope, reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure.failure in weathered seam. Seepage of surface runoff also a contributary factor.

Crown cracks developed over the area.
Unplanned cutting of slope, reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure.Failure in weathered seam.

Huge Debris slide occurred at Thadiyambad on 15th August 2018 due to unplanned cutting of slope, reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure.failure in weathered seam. Easing of slope is done.
Crown cracks developed over the area.
Unplanned cutting of slope, reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure.Failure in weathered seam.

Pallikavala
Nala flowing at toe of slide at N310,flow direction.
Stabilise the accumulated material in the slide path. Retaining wall with suitable filler material has to be provided which founded on the hard rock.
Unscientific slope modification. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure,surface runoff contributed the failure.

Pallikavala
Debris slide occurred at Pallikavala on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific slope modification. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure,surface runoff contributed the failure. Stabilise the accumulated material in
Nala flowing at toe of slide at N310,flow direction.
Stabilise the accumulated material in the slide path. Retaining wall with suitable filler material has to be provided which founded on the hard rock.
Unscientific slope modification. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure,surface runoff contributed the failure.

Karimpan
Debris slide occurred at Karimpan on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific slope modification. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure.its a cutslope failure later on graded to Debris slide. Easing of slope,with const
at left flank nala is flowing.
Easing of slope, with construction of retaining wall with lined drainage.
Unscientific slope modification. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure.its a cutslope failure later on graded to debris slide.

Karimpan
at left flank nala is flowing.
Easing of slope, with construction of retaining wall with lined drainage.
Unscientific slope modification. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure.its a cutslope failure later on graded to debris slide.

Pallikavala
Clear the disturbed material at the scarp and easing of slope at the crown. Retaining wall with weep holes at low angle has to be provided behind the house. Channelise and divert the seepage from affected area and house premises.
Mr Ranjith MD, Mankulatil Vadathopa house partially damaged.
Benches were constructed at two levels, which were not supported. Unscientific slope modification for cultivation, reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure,surface runoff contributed the failure.

Debris slide occurred at Pallikavala on 15th August 2018 due to Benches which were constructed at two levels, and were not supported. Unscientific slope modification for cultivation, reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water p
Clear the disturbed material at the scarp and easing of slope at the crown. Retaining wall with weep holes at low angle has to be provided behind the house. Channelise and divert the seepage from affected area and house premises.
Mr Ranjith MD, Mankulatil Vadathopa house partially damaged.
Benches were constructed at two levels, which were not supported. Unscientific slope modification for cultivation, reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure,surface runoff contributed the failure.

Vazhathope
Debris slide occurred at Vazhathope on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific slope modification for house construction. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Removal of accumulated material.Easing of slope and c
Easing of the slope at the crown retaining structure. Retaining wall with suitable filter material has to be provided which founded on the hard rock to the entire cut slope. Natural seepage to be channalised and diverted away from the house.
Debris material fell down the back side of the house of Mr.Joseph, Puthuseriyil.
Unscientific slope modification for house. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Failure along weathered seam. Natural seepage flowing to side of the house is also a contributing factor.

Vazhathope
Easing of the slope at the crown retaining structure. Retaining wall with suitable filter material has to be provided which founded on the hard rock to the entire cut slope. Natural seepage to be channalised and diverted away from the house.
Debris material fell down the back side of the house of Mr.Joseph, Puthuseriyil.
Unscientific slope modification for house. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Failure along weathered seam. Natural seepage flowing to side of the house is also a contributing factor.

Vazhathope
Debris slide occurred at Vazhathope on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific slope modification for house construction. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. House of Mr. Roy, Puthusseriyil fully damaged. Remova
Easing of the slope at the crown retaining structure. Accumulated material to be stabilised. Retaining wall at two level with suitable filter material has to be provided which founded on the hard rock to the entire cut slope behind the house. Natural s
House of Mr. Roy, Puthusseriyil fully damaged.
Unscientific slope modification for house. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Failure along weathered seam. Natural seepage flowing to side of the house is also a contributing factor.

Easing of the slope at the crown retaining structure. Accumulated material to be stabilised. Retaining wall at two level with suitable filter material has to be provided which founded on the hard rock to the entire cut slope behind the house. Natural s
House of Mr. Roy, Puthusseriyil fully damaged.

Easing of the slope at the crown then retaining structure at the back side. Retaining wall at two level with suitable filter material has to be provided which founded on the hard rock to the entire cut slope. Natural seepage to be channalised and divert

Debris slide occurred at Vazhathope on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific slope modification for house construction. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. One church partially damaged. Church is now abandoned
Easing of the slope at the crown then retaining structure at the back side. Retaining wall at two level with suitable filter material has to be provided which founded on the hard rock to the entire cut slope. Natural seepage to be channalised and divert

Parallel crown cracks extending towards left flank noticed.
No construction to be allowed atleast 10m from both flanks of runout path.
Mr Roy Mundavanikkal house partially damaged. Well at the flow path got subsided.

Earth flow occurred at Peppara Cherutoni-Adimali road on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific slope modification for house construction. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Removal of accumulated material. No co
Parallel crown cracks extending towards left flank noticed.
Mr Roy Mundavanikkal house partially damaged. Well at the flow path got subsided.

Periyar Valley II
The natural nala path should be maintained properly, cultivation and habitation in the near vicinity of nala path should be avoided.

Karimpan
Debris slide occurred at Karimpan on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific slope modification for construction of building. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure.
Unscientific slope modification for construction of building. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure.

Unscientific slope modification for construction of building. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure.

Debris slide occurred at Karimpan on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific slope modification for construction of building. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Failure in vertical slope. Spheroidal weathering-e
Failure in vertical slope. Spheroidal weathering-exfoliation noticed.
Unscientific slope modification for construction of building. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure.

Failure in vertical slope. Spheroidal weathering-exfoliation noticed.

Plantation like Cashew, Coco, Pepper washed out
Tension cracks has to be concealed with locally available impermeable materials. To protect the house from further retrogression retaining structure to be founded on hard rock with weep holes and filter material on the front portion. To avoid further to
At the house of Joice, Kannarathil, courtyard crown cracks seen.
Toe erosion by Periyar river, unscientific slope modification for cultivation are the main causes for the failure.

Hornblende biotite gneiss , highly weathered
Debris slide occured at Karimpan due to toe erosion by Periyar river, unscientific slope modification for cultivation are the main causes for the failure. Tension cracks has to be concealed with locally available impermeable materials. To protect the ho
Plantation like Cashew, Coco, Pepper washed out
Tension cracks has to be concealed with locally available impermeable materials. To protect the house from further retrogression retaining structure to be founded on hard rock with weep holes and filter material on the front portion. To avoid further to
At the house of Joice, Kannarathil, courtyard crown cracks seen.
Toe erosion by Periyar river, unscientific slope modification for cultivation are the main causes for the failure.

Debris slide graded into flow occured at Karimpan due to unscientific slope modification for house and cultivation.Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Failure along weathered seam. Surface runoff through the Karim
Plantation like Cashew, Coco, Pepper washed out
Stabilise the material , no encroachment allowed in the flow path. To protect the house from further retrogression retaining structure to be founded on hard rock with weep holes and filter material. Retaining wall to be constructed over hard rock , at th
House of Vasudev,Manthadykunnel situated at the right side of crown of the flow, crown cracks seen.
Unscientific slope modification for house and cultivation. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Failure along weathered seam. Surface runoff through the Karimpan- Murikkasery road which is situated about 5m away fr

Stabilise the material , no encroachment allowed in the flow path. To protect the house from further retrogression retaining structure to be founded on hard rock with weep holes and filter material. Retaining wall to be constructed over hard rock , at th
House of Vasudev,Manthadykunnel situated at the right side of crown of the flow, crown cracks seen.
Unscientific slope modification for house and cultivation. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Failure along weathered seam. Surface runoff through the Karimpan- Murikkasery road which is situated about 5m away fr

Debris flow occurred at Karimpan on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific unplanned construction of slope, surface ruoff from the cutslope enhanced the supersaturation therefore the reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pres
2 workshop , 1 service centre of Mr Kanti Joel and 2 houses, along with one workshop of Mr Saji Ollikal completely damaged.
Unplanned construction of slope, surface ruoff from the cutslope enhanced the supersaturation therefore the reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Toe erosion also contributed to trigger the slide.

2 workshop , 1 service centre of Mr Kanti Joel and 2 houses, along with one workshop of Mr Saji Ollikal completely damaged.
Unplanned construction of slope, surface ruoff from the cutslope enhanced the supersaturation therefore the reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Toe erosion also contributed to trigger the slide.

No construction allowed, stabilise the accumulated material.
Unplanned construction, failure in weathered seam.

Karimpan bus stand
Away from this slide about 50m a huge cutslope at right flank of this slide is observed. Here debris got accumulated over building.
Slope modification for construction of bus stand and blasting might have enhanced the formation of weaker plane, which might later failed after heavy rainfall due to reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure.

Debris slide occurred at Karimpan on 15th August 2018 due to Unplanned construction, failure in weathered seam. No construction allowed,stabilise the accumulated material.
No construction allowed, stabilise the accumulated material.
Unplanned construction, failure in weathered seam.

Karimpan bus stand
Debris slide occurred at Karimpan on 15th August 2018 due to slope modification for construction of bus stand and blasting might have enhanced the formation of weaker plane, which might later failed after heavy rainfall due to reduction of strength o
Away from this slide about 50m a huge cutslope at right flank of this slide is observed. Here debris got accumulated over building.
Slope modification for construction of bus stand and blasting might have enhanced the formation of weaker plane, which might later failed after heavy rainfall due to reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure.

Easing of slope, removal of accumulated material. No construction should be allowed and if they want to plan a house then construct a retaining wall or RR wall.
Unscientific slope modification for construction of house. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure.

Debris slide occurred at Karimpan on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific slope modification for construction of house and reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Easing of slope,removal of accumulated material.
Easing of slope, removal of accumulated material. No construction should be allowed and if they want to plan a house then construct a retaining wall or RR wall.
Unscientific slope modification for construction of house. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure.

Karimpan- Manipara
Debris slide occurred at Karimpan in which P.K. Raman, Pulprakudys staircase and windows in the back side partially damaged. Rataining wall being constructed at the entire cut slope failure.
Retaining wall being constructed at the entire cut slope failure.
P.K. Raman, Pulprakudys staircase and windows in the back side partially damaged
Unscientific slope modification for house and cultivation. Surface runoff on the crown portion contributed the slide which resulted in reduction in strength and slided along weathered seam.

Karimpan- Manipara
Retaining wall being constructed at the entire cut slope failure.
P.K. Raman, Pulprakudys staircase and windows in the back side partially damaged
Unscientific slope modification for house and cultivation. Surface runoff on the crown portion contributed the slide which resulted in reduction in strength and slided along weathered seam.

Karimpan- Manipara
Retaining wall at three level with benches in between and also with suitable filter material has to be provided which should be founded on the hard rock to the entire cut slope behind the house. Natural seepage to be channalised and diverted away from
Alexander Mathew, Kideganthazhu backside of the house partially damaged
Unscientific slope modification for house and cultivation. Surface runoff on the crown portion contributed the slide which resulted in reduction in strength and slided along weathered seam.

Debris slide occurred at Karimpan in which Alexander Mathew, Kideganthazhu backside of the house partially damaged. Unscientific slope modification for house and cultivation. Surface runoff on the crown portion contributed the slide which resulted in re
Retaining wall at three level with benches in between and also with suitable filter material has to be provided which should be founded on the hard rock to the entire cut slope behind the house. Natural seepage to be channalised and diverted away from
Alexander Mathew, Kideganthazhu backside of the house partially damaged

Antopuram

Antopuram II
FoliationN133┬░2 sets of Joint N 10┬░and N 56┬░
Thodupuzha - Murickasseri - Chelachuvad road
The old culvert should properly maintained.

Periyar Valley XI
Removal of loose Slided material from the path, trees in the vicinity of the Slided surface should be removed and construction of drainage ditches.

Periyar Valley X
Removal of loose Slided material from the path, trees in the vicinity of the Slided surface should be removed and construction of drainage ditches.

Periyar Valley Bridge II

Periyar Valley Bridge III
Easing of slope, Removal of loose Slided material.

Chelachuvadu IV

Chelachuvadu V
Easing of slope, Removal of loose Slided material and construction of drainage ditches.

Chelachuvadu III

Chelachuvadu
Easing of slope, Removal of loose Slided material and construction of drainage ditches.

Chelachuvadu II

Churuli II
Adimali ΓÇô Kumily National Highway (NH 185)
Crown portion has to be eased, the trees in the vicinity of scar should be removed. Construction of retaining wall in the down slope.

Karimban Kaanam III
Adimali ΓÇô Kumily National Highway (NH 185)
The drainage ditches has to be constructed. The slope is not suitable for habitation
One house and one shop completely destroyed.

Churuli
Adimali ΓÇô Kumily National Highway (NH 185)
Easing of slope, removing the tress in the vicinity of Slide. Road should be reconstruction with construction of steel bars besides to protect the vehicles.

Attikkalam
Removing the loose material from the failed slope to prevent further sliding. Easing of slope should be done. In the down slope phase of the slope retaining wall should be constructed for support.

Karimban Kaanam
Proper drainage ditches should be made beside the road.

Karimban Kaanam II
The Slided material should be removed from the Slided surface, construction of steel bars besides the road to protect the vehicle.

Karimpan -Attikalam
Easing of slope,with construction of retaining wall with suitable filters and weepholes.
Mr Jose Chertanical house having cracks.
Unplanned construction of slope, surface ruoff from the cutslope enhanced the supersaturation thereby the reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Road was widened for accesibility to the house .

Karimpan -Attikalam
Debris slide occurred at Karimpan Attikalam on 15th August 2018 due to unplanned construction of slope, surface ruoff from the cutslope enhanced the supersaturation therefore the reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pres
Easing of slope,with construction of retaining wall with suitable filters and weepholes.
Mr Jose Chertanical house having cracks.
Unplanned construction of slope, surface ruoff from the cutslope enhanced the supersaturation thereby the reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Road was widened for accesibility to the house .

Karimpan-Manipara
Mr Rajipannur house completely damaged,Mr Sabu George house present at the left flank of slide partially damaged. Thus suggested to relocate.
Unscientific slope modification for cultivation and construction of house. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Mr Rajis house washed and setteled in Georges house.

Karimpan-Manipara
Debris slide graded into flow occurred at Manipara on 15th August 2018 due to unplanned cutting of slope, reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. No construction to be allowed atleast 10m from both flanks of runout
Mr Rajipannur house completely damaged,Mr Sabu George house present at the left flank of slide partially damaged. Thus suggested to relocate.
Unscientific slope modification for cultivation and construction of house. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Mr Rajis house washed and setteled in Georges house.

Karimban
Tension cracks found at the porch of the house with a direction of N345
Remove the accumulated and disturbed material from the scarp face. Retaining structure with proper filters and weep holes has to be provide at the front and back side of the house which founded on the hard rock. Tension cracks found at the ground should
Unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation and house construction left cut slope with no lateral support. Reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure by the influence of huge amount of natural seepage.

Karimban
Debris slide occurred at Karimban on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation and house construction left cut slope with no lateral support. Reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure by
Tension cracks found at the porch of the house with a direction of N345
Remove the accumulated and disturbed material from the scarp face. Retaining structure with proper filters and weep holes has to be provide at the front and back side of the house which founded on the hard rock. Tension cracks found at the ground should
Unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation and house construction left cut slope with no lateral support. Reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure by the influence of huge amount of natural seepage.

Karimban
Debris slide occurred at Karimban on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation and house construction left cut slope with no lateral support. Reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure. D
Retaining wall with three level of benches should be provided at the back side of the house with proper filters and weep holes. Peripheral drainage system should be provided to divert the surface run off away from the crown portion.
Unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation and house construction left cut slope with no lateral support. Reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure. During heavy rain season huge amount of natural seepage develope

Retaining wall with three level of benches should be provided at the back side of the house with proper filters and weep holes. Peripheral drainage system should be provided to divert the surface run off away from the crown portion.
Unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation and house construction left cut slope with no lateral support. Reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure. During heavy rain season huge amount of natural seepage develope

Mini, Nellikunnel, Sojan K,S, Kalapuriackal houses situated in the stream bed which is in the right side of the location, flows only only during rainy season. During the heavy rainfall on the 15th August the stream flooded and the water entered these hou
Clear the accumulated the material, at the back side of the house retaining structure to be founded on hard rock with weep holes and fiter material at the back side of the house were cut slope failure was noticed
House of Kuttayi, Vellaplackkal partially damaged due to cut slope failure at the back side of the house.
Mainly due to slope modification for house, natural seepage also contributed the failure, heavy rainfall caused the reduction in strength and excess pore water pressure.

Debris slide occurred at Manjapara, the main geoscientific causes are hill slope modification, reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. House of kuttayi, Vellaplackkal partially damaged clear the accumulated the mater
Mini, Nellikunnel, Sojan K,S, Kalapuriackal houses situated in the stream bed which is in the right side of the location, flows only only during rainy season. During the heavy rainfall on the 15th August the stream flooded and the water entered these hou
Clear the accumulated the material, at the back side of the house retaining structure to be founded on hard rock with weep holes and fiter material at the back side of the house were cut slope failure was noticed
House of Kuttayi, Vellaplackkal partially damaged due to cut slope failure at the back side of the house.
Mainly due to slope modification for house, natural seepage also contributed the failure, heavy rainfall caused the reduction in strength and excess pore water pressure.

Manipara
Tensional and crown cracks noticed at the crown.
Stabilize the accumulated material, further use it for cultivation. No construction to be allowed atleast 10m from both flanks of runout path.
Toe erosion due to stream, Maniparathoda.

Manipara
On 15th August 2018 Debris flow occurred due to toe erosion of stream in the downslope.
Tensional and crown cracks noticed at the crown.
Stabilize the accumulated material, further use it for cultivation. No construction to be allowed atleast 10m from both flanks of runout path.
Toe erosion due to stream, Maniparathoda.

Manipara
Debris slide occurred at Manipara on 15th August 2018 due to Failure in weatherd seam and rock overburden, surface runoff along the road enhanced the slide. No construction to be allowed atleast 10m from both flanks of runout path. No construction to
Crown cracks observed in the house extending upto 50m, due to slope modification for road construction by cut and fill method.
Mr Jose Kalapuriyal house partially damaged. Mr Thomas Tayyer house partially damaged, crown cracks observed at 715418/1094458.
Failure in weatherd seam and rock overburden, surface runoff along the road enhanced the slide, right flank debris flow is observed

Crown cracks observed in the house extending upto 50m, due to slope modification for road construction by cut and fill method.
Mr Jose Kalapuriyal house partially damaged. Mr Thomas Tayyer house partially damaged, crown cracks observed at 715418/1094458.
Failure in weatherd seam and rock overburden, surface runoff along the road enhanced the slide, right flank debris flow is observed

Mr Joyl Valliyampoyegayel cattle shed completely damaged.
No enchroachment allowed and maintain the natural flow. No construction to be allowed atleast 10m from both flanks of runout path.
Unscientific slope modification for cultivation, failure along a seepage available during rainy season.

On 15th August 2018 Debris flow occurred due to unscientific slope modification for cultivation, failure along a seepage available during rainy season. No enchroachment allowed and maintain the natural flow. No construction to be allowed atleast 10m fro
Mr Joyl Valliyampoyegayel cattle shed completely damaged.
No enchroachment allowed and maintain the natural flow. No construction to be allowed atleast 10m from both flanks of runout path.
Unscientific slope modification for cultivation, failure along a seepage available during rainy season.

An abandoned house is located at the right side of crown.
Unscientific hill slope modification for house construction and reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure

Debris Flow occurred at Manjappara on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific hill slope modification for house construction and reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Stabilize the accumulated material and easing of
An abandoned house is located at the right side of crown.
Unscientific hill slope modification for house construction and reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure

Manjappara-Bhoomiyamkulam road got damaged and a retainning wall already existing below the road bench damaged.
Manjappara-Bhoomiyamkulam road got damaged for about half km due to the surface runoff debris material
Natural nala path has to be cleared and maintain the flow. Manjappara-Bhoomiyamkulam road has to be repaire and reconstruct with a box culvert of suitable dimension at the road bench.Retaining wall has to be provided with suitable filler medium and wee
Unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation. Natural nala contribute toe erosion and reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure which inturn cause a debris Slide along a weathered seam graded into debris flow.

Debris Flow occurred at Manjappara on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation. Natural nala contribute toe erosion and reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure which inturn cause
Manjappara-Bhoomiyamkulam road got damaged and a retainning wall already existing below the road bench damaged.
Manjappara-Bhoomiyamkulam road got damaged for about half km due to the surface runoff debris material
Natural nala path has to be cleared and maintain the flow. Manjappara-Bhoomiyamkulam road has to be repaire and reconstruct with a box culvert of suitable dimension at the road bench.Retaining wall has to be provided with suitable filler medium and wee
Unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation. Natural nala contribute toe erosion and reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure which inturn cause a debris Slide along a weathered seam graded into debris flow.

At the left side of the house retaining wall founded on the hard rock should be provided and tension cracks has to be concealed with locally available impermeable materials. No construction to be allowed atleast 10m from both flanks of runout path.
Mr.Kuriyan Thandel puthenpurayil house development of tension crack noticed.
Unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure cause transitional failure along the weathered seam.

Debris Flow occurred at Manjappara on 15th August 2018 due to reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure cause transitional failure along the weathered seam. At the left side of the house retaining wall founded on the
At the left side of the house retaining wall founded on the hard rock should be provided and tension cracks has to be concealed with locally available impermeable materials. No construction to be allowed atleast 10m from both flanks of runout path.
Mr.Kuriyan Thandel puthenpurayil house development of tension crack noticed.

Bhoomiyamkulam
Debris Flow occurred at Bhoomiyankulam on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific slope modification for cultivation. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Removal of accumulated material and maintain the natural fl
Lakshamkavala- Bhoomiyankulam road blocked.
Removal of accumulated material and maintain the natural flow path
Unscientific slope modification for cultivation. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure .

Lakshamkavala- Bhoomiyankulam road blocked.
Removal of accumulated material and maintain the natural flow path
Unscientific slope modification for cultivation. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure .

direction of tension crack at the porch is N130
Bhoomiyamkulam-Chennappara road got damagedand connectivity lost.
Tension cracks found at the porch has to be sealed with localy available impermeable material. Retaining structure with proper filters and weep holes has to be provided at the road bench to protect the house from further retrogression. Box culvert is un
Mr.Gopalan Chothy Kallekandathil house at the crown tension cracks noticedat the porch of the house.
Unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation and house construction.Reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure

Debris slide graded into debris flow occurred at Bhoomiyamkulam on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation. Reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure. Mr.Gopalan Chothy Kallekandathil h
direction of tension crack at the porch is N130
Bhoomiyamkulam-Chennappara road got damagedand connectivity lost.
Tension cracks found at the porch has to be sealed with localy available impermeable material. Retaining structure with proper filters and weep holes has to be provided at the road bench to protect the house from further retrogression. Box culvert is un
Mr.Gopalan Chothy Kallekandathil house at the crown tension cracks noticedat the porch of the house.
Unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation and house construction.Reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure

Mulakuvalli
The hill experienced 5 debris flow
For the house retaining structure to be founded on hard rock with weep holes and fiter material at the back side of the house were cut slope failure was noticed
House of Thomas V.P, Vallikavingal partially damaged due to cut slope failure at theback side of the house.
Slope modification for cultivation, heavy rainfall contributed reduction in strength, natural seepage during rainfall is also a cause.

Mulakuvalli
Debris flow occurred at Mulakuvalli, the main geoscientific causes are hill slope modification, reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. House of Thomas V.P, Vallikavingal partially damaged due to cut slope failure at
The hill experienced 5 debris flow
For the house retaining structure to be founded on hard rock with weep holes and fiter material at the back side of the house were cut slope failure was noticed
House of Thomas V.P, Vallikavingal partially damaged due to cut slope failure at theback side of the house.
Slope modification for cultivation, heavy rainfall contributed reduction in strength, natural seepage during rainfall is also a cause.

Mulakuvalli
Mr Jibu Vattapalliyil house fully damaged
Unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation, construction of road left cutslope with no lateral support and toe erosion by surface runoff enhance the failure along the weathered seam. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore

Debris Flow occurred at Mulakuvalli on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation, construction of road left cutslope with no lateral support and toe erosion by surface runoff enhance the failure along the weathered s
Mr Jibu Vattapalliyil house fully damaged
Unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation, construction of road left cutslope with no lateral support and toe erosion by surface runoff enhance the failure along the weathered seam. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore

Debris slide occurred at Mulakuvalli on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific hill slope modification for construction of road left cutslope with no lateral support and toe erosion by surface runoff enhance the failure along the weathered seam. Reducti
Retaining structure of suitable dimension along with lined drains has to be provided at the road bench.
Unscientific hill slope modification for construction of road left cutslope with no lateral support and toe erosion by surface runoff enhance the failure along the weathered seam. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressur

Retaining structure of suitable dimension along with lined drains has to be provided at the road bench.
Unscientific hill slope modification for construction of road left cutslope with no lateral support and toe erosion by surface runoff enhance the failure along the weathered seam. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressur

Debris Flow occurred at Mulakuvalli on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific slope modification for cultivation, construction of road left cutslope with no lateral support and the surface runoff also contribute to the failure. Reduction of strength on s
Natural seepage is from an older debris flow path present at the left side of the house.
Retaining structure has to be provided at the backside of the house and at the crown, below and above the road bench. Surface runoff should to be channelized and diverted away from the house.
Mr George Kuriyan Kallatt back side of house and shed damaged
Unscientific slope modification for cultivation, construction of road left cutslope with no lateral support and the surface runoff also contribute to the failure.Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure

Natural seepage is from an older debris flow path present at the left side of the house.
Retaining structure has to be provided at the backside of the house and at the crown, below and above the road bench. Surface runoff should to be channelized and diverted away from the house.
Mr George Kuriyan Kallatt back side of house and shed damaged
Unscientific slope modification for cultivation, construction of road left cutslope with no lateral support and the surface runoff also contribute to the failure.Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure

Debris Flow occurred at Mulakuvalli on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific slope modification for cultivation, construction of road left cutslope with no lateral support and the surface runoff also contribute the failure. Reduction of strength on sup
Right flank of this crown a crack is extend towards SW direction where arrested material noticed.This crack has to be filled and provide retaining structure, hence cracks are suggested to be filled with bitumin and bentonite clay.Mr Joy Joseph ,Karakun
The flow path should be cleared and boulders has to be removed. Deflection wall to be constructed to divert the flow away from these houses. Mr Joy Joseph, Karakunnel house is situated at right flank of this slide a cutslope failure is noticed and a re
Mr. Joseph Varkey,Pichapally partially damaged which is at the flow path.
Unscientific slope modification for cultivation, construction of road left cutslope with no lateral support and the surface runoff also contribute to the failure. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure

Right flank of this crown a crack is extend towards SW direction where arrested material noticed.This crack has to be filled and provide retaining structure, hence cracks are suggested to be filled with bitumin and bentonite clay.Mr Joy Joseph ,Karakun
The flow path should be cleared and boulders has to be removed. Deflection wall to be constructed to divert the flow away from these houses. Mr Joy Joseph, Karakunnel house is situated at right flank of this slide a cutslope failure is noticed and a re
Mr. Joseph Varkey,Pichapally partially damaged which is at the flow path.
Unscientific slope modification for cultivation, construction of road left cutslope with no lateral support and the surface runoff also contribute to the failure. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure

A Debris flow happened on 15th August 2018 at Mulakuvalli Unscientific slope modification for road construction left the cutslope with no lateral support and toe erosion by surface run off . Reduction in strength on super saturation due to excess por
Unscientific slope modification for road construction left the cutslope with no lateral support and toe erosion by surface run off . Reduction in strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure contribute failure.

Unscientific slope modification for road construction left the cutslope with no lateral support and toe erosion by surface run off . Reduction in strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure contribute failure.

A Debris flow happened on 15th August 2018 at Mulakuvalli due to unscientific slope modification for road construction which left cut slope with no lateral support below the road bench and surface run off along the road contributed the reduction in st
Maintain the natural flow path with a suitable culvert at the road bench
Unscientific slope modification for road. Construction of road left cut slope with no lateral support below the road bench and surface run off along the road contributed the reduction in strength on super saturation by excess pore water pressure.

Maintain the natural flow path with a suitable culvert at the road bench
Unscientific slope modification for road. Construction of road left cut slope with no lateral support below the road bench and surface run off along the road contributed the reduction in strength on super saturation by excess pore water pressure.

Stabilising the accumulated material. Maintain the natural flow path with a suitable culvert at the road bench

Debris Flow occurred at Mulakuvalli on 15th August 2018 due to reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Stabilize the accumulated material and maintain the natural flow. A culvert of suitable dimension has to be p
Stabilising the accumulated material. Maintain the natural flow path with a suitable culvert at the road bench

Churuli Landslide
Due to incessant rainfall, water percolated through thin soil cover and kutcha road directing the surface water towards the highly jointed bedrock which got channelized and seeped through the subhorizontal joints. In due course of time this channel may h
Afforestation, awareness campaign in the affected area. Precaution may be taken during rainy season.
As a result of incessant rainfall , the water percolated through the thin soil cover and undrained kutcha road directing the surface water towards the highly jointed bedrock which got channelized and seeped through the subhorizontal exfoliated joints. In

Churuli
Precambrian shield-gneiss, granulites, biotite gneiss, pyroxenite and amphibolites.
Fol-N60°W-S60°E:75°SE to N25°E-S25°W:78°SE, four sets of joints
A debris avalanche occurred at Churuli on the NE flank of the Palkulam Medu hillock. The landslide extended to the distance of 375m with a width of 25m.50m below the crown a kutchcha road is present across the slope. Huge rolled boulders of 2cm size are
Huge rolled boulder 2 cum size in the zone of accumulation.

Churuli III
Drainage ditches should be maintained properly and construction of culvert to divert the water to the down slope.

Churuli IV

Churuli
Alappuzha ΓÇô Madurai State Highway (SH 40)
Removing the loose material from the failed slope to prevent further sliding. Easing of slope should be done.
Cracks were developed in the houses nearby.

Debris slide occurred at Mulakuvalli on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation and house construction left cut slope with no lateral support.Toe erosion by the surface run off along the foot track present above the
Retaining wall of 2m hight and 10m width with proper filters and weep holes has to be provided at the foot track road bench. Channelize the natural see page and surface run off divert away from the affected area.Remove the accumulated materials from
Mrs.Rejina Tomy Kochuparambil house fully damaged
Unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation and house construction left cut slope with no lateral support. Toe erosion by the surface run off along the foot track present above the next level bench behind the house from where slide initiated con

Retaining wall of 2m hight and 10m width with proper filters and weep holes has to be provided at the foot track road bench. Channelize the natural see page and surface run off divert away from the affected area.Remove the accumulated materials from
Mrs.Rejina Tomy Kochuparambil house fully damaged
Unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation and house construction left cut slope with no lateral support. Toe erosion by the surface run off along the foot track present above the next level bench behind the house from where slide initiated con

Alpara V

Retaining wall with three level of benches should be provided at the back side of the house with proper filters and weep holes. Channelize the natural see page to divert the surface run off away from the affected area
Mr.George Varkki Valladiyil house and cattle shed partially damaged
Unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation and house construction left cut slope with no lateral support. Reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure. During heavy rain season huge amount of natural seepage develope

Debris slide occurred at Mulakuvalli on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation and house construction left cut slope with no lateral support. Reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure
Retaining wall with three level of benches should be provided at the back side of the house with proper filters and weep holes. Channelize the natural see page to divert the surface run off away from the affected area
Mr.George Varkki Valladiyil house and cattle shed partially damaged

Kokurakulam
One more slide 50m away from this location, house of Mullapallickal Joseph, partially damaged.
Removal of accumulated material, construction of gabion wall at two levels at the front as well as behind the houses. Lined drainage to be provided at the side of road to divert the surface runoff.
Mr Biju Kallamickal house completely damaged and House of Mr. Joseph Mullapallickal situated at the left flank partially damaged.
Unplanned cutting for house ,Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Failure in the weathered seam.

Kokurakulam
Debris slide occurred at Kokurakulam on 15th August 2018 due to unplanned cutting of slope, reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure and filure occurred in weathered seam. Mr Biju Kallamickal house completely damaged
One more slide 50m away from this location, house of Mullapallickal Joseph, partially damaged.
Removal of accumulated material, construction of gabion wall at two levels at the front as well as behind the houses. Lined drainage to be provided at the side of road to divert the surface runoff.
Mr Biju Kallamickal house completely damaged and House of Mr. Joseph Mullapallickal situated at the left flank partially damaged.
Unplanned cutting for house ,Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Failure in the weathered seam.

On the right side of the debris flow situated the house of Pennama Sarojini, Thazhuvenchirayil, cut slope failure noticed behind the house. The debris material fell down on the kitchen side and damaged partially. So retaining structure should be founded
Natural nala path should not be blocked. No further encroachment in the flow path.
Sebastian kezhekathu house fully damaged, should be relocated.
Unscientific slope modification for cultivation.Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Failure along weathered seam. Debris flow through natural nala path, which is a earlier debris flow path. Rock is exposed.

Debris flow occurred at Mulakuvalli, due to unscientific slope modification for cultivation.Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Failure along weathered seam. Debris flow through natural nala path, which is a earli
On the right side of the debris flow situated the house of Pennama Sarojini, Thazhuvenchirayil, cut slope failure noticed behind the house. The debris material fell down on the kitchen side and damaged partially. So retaining structure should be founded
Natural nala path should not be blocked. No further encroachment in the flow path.
Sebastian kezhekathu house fully damaged, should be relocated.
Unscientific slope modification for cultivation.Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Failure along weathered seam. Debris flow through natural nala path, which is a earlier debris flow path. Rock is exposed.

Sinil Kolliyil plot experienced 8 landSlides within 4 acre.
Unscientific slope modification for Cultivation. Reduction in strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure cause the failure along the weathered seam.

A Debris flow happened on 15th August 2018 at Bhoomiyamkulam due to unscientific slope modification for cultivation. Reduction in strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure caused transitional failure. No construction to be allowed a
Sinil Kolliyil plot experienced 8 landSlides within 4 acre.
Unscientific slope modification for Cultivation. Reduction in strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure cause the failure along the weathered seam.

House of Benny Njavarakkattu at the crown has to be relocated. No construction to be allowed atleast 10m from both flanks of runout path.
Unscientific slope modification for cultivation and house construction. Reduction in strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure cause the transitional failure along the weathered seam.

A Debris flow happened on 15th August 2018 at Bhoomiyamkulam due to unscientific slope modification for cultivation and house construction. Reduction in strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure cause the transitional failure along t
House of Benny Njavarakkattu at the crown has to be relocated. No construction to be allowed atleast 10m from both flanks of runout path.
Unscientific slope modification for cultivation and house construction. Reduction in strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure cause the transitional failure along the weathered seam.

Kokurakulam
One more slide 250m away from this location.
Removal of accumulated material. Natural drainage should not be blocked, channelise the flow path.
Mr Biju Joseph madavanayil house completely damaged.
Unplanned cutting of slope, reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure.

Debris Flow occurred at Kokurakulam on 15th August 2018 due to unplanned cutting of slope,Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. House of Mr. Biju Joseph madavanayil completly destroyed. House should be relocated a
One more slide 250m away from this location.
Removal of accumulated material. Natural drainage should not be blocked, channelise the flow path.
Mr Biju Joseph madavanayil house completely damaged.
Unplanned cutting of slope, reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure.

One old debris slide reactivated 100ms above this debris flow. House of Mr.Joseph Turtipullil house partially damaged. Along the benches cracks are developed. House is located at the nala path.
Relocate the house of Mr saji kandathil.
Mr saji kandathil house completely damaged.
Unscientific slope modificationfor cultivation.Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure.

Debris Flow occurred at Kokurakulam on 15th August 2018 due to Unscientific slope modificationfor cultivation.Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. One old debris slide reactivated 100ms above this Debris slide. H
One old debris slide reactivated 100ms above this debris flow. House of Mr.Joseph Turtipullil house partially damaged. Along the benches cracks are developed. House is located at the nala path.
Relocate the house of Mr saji kandathil.
Mr saji kandathil house completely damaged.
Unscientific slope modificationfor cultivation.Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure.

Cutslope is observed about 200m downslope, with 50m,length 6m
Construction of gabion wall with lined drains along the road to divert the surface runoff.
Unscientific hill slope modification for construction of road left cut slope with no lateral support. Surface runoff along the road contributed toe erosion. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure cause shallow transi

Debris slide occurred at Kokurakulam on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific slope modification for construction of road left cut slope with no lateral support. Surface runoff along the road contributed toe erosion. Reduction of strength on super satur
Cutslope is observed about 200m downslope, with 50m,length 6m
Construction of gabion wall with lined drains along the road to divert the surface runoff.
Unscientific hill slope modification for construction of road left cut slope with no lateral support. Surface runoff along the road contributed toe erosion. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure cause shallow transi

Cutslope is observed just below the hair pin.
Accumalated material should be removed and retaining structure at two levels has to be provided.
Unscientific slope modificationfor cultivation.Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure.

Debris slide occurred at Kokurakulam on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific slope modificationfor cultivation. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Cutslope failure is observed just below the hair pin. Removal of
Cutslope is observed just below the hair pin.
Accumalated material should be removed and retaining structure at two levels has to be provided.

Due to this flow one house has partially damaged at the downslope.
crown cracks observed in Mr Thankappan Marathikuns's courtyard.

Debris Flow occurred at Kokurakulam on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific slope modificationfor cultivation. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. No construction to be allowed atleast 10m from both flanks of ru
Due to this flow one house has partially damaged at the downslope.
crown cracks observed in Mr Thankappan Marathikuns's courtyard.

Maniyarankudi
Debris slide occurred in Maniyarkudi on 15th August 2018 due to heavy rainfall and the geoscientific cause being the unscientific slope modification for house construction. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. T
Accumulated material should be removed. Gabion wall has to constructed founded on the hard rock upto the slope height. Easing of slope at the scarp face.

Maniyarankudi
Accumulated material should be removed. Gabion wall has to constructed founded on the hard rock upto the slope height. Easing of slope at the scarp face.

Maniyarankudi-Anakumbam
Debris slide occurred at Maniyarkudi-Anakomban road on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific slope modification for road construction and heavy rainfall contributed reduction of strength on super saturation by excess pore water pressure. Remedial measur
Retaining structure has to be constructed over hard rock by cut and fill material according to the present road width. Lined drains to be provided d to divert the surface runoff along the road.
Unscientific hill slope modification for house construction. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure.

Maniyarankudi-Anakumbam
Retaining structure has to be constructed over hard rock by cut and fill material according to the present road width. Lined drains to be provided d to divert the surface runoff along the road.
Unscientific hill slope modification for house construction. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure.

A Debris flow happened on 15th August 2018 at Bhoomiyamkulam due to unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation cause Debris slide which graded into Debris flow along a natural nala path. Reduction in strength on super saturation by excess pore
Maintain the natural flow path. No construction to be allowed atleast 10m from both flanks of runout path. A culvert of suitable dimension has to be provided at the two road bench along the runout path.
Unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation caused debris slide which graded into debris flow along a natural nala path. Reduction in strength on super saturation by excess pore water pressure contribute failure.

Maintain the natural flow path. No construction to be allowed atleast 10m from both flanks of runout path. A culvert of suitable dimension has to be provided at the two road bench along the runout path.
Unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation caused debris slide which graded into debris flow along a natural nala path. Reduction in strength on super saturation by excess pore water pressure contribute failure.

Maniyarankudi
Retrogressive cracks observed at the crown. At the left flank of the slide a huge outcrop noticed which was blasted 30 years ago for construction of house.
Removal of accumulated material from the slide face and no further encroachment should be allowed. Relocate the house of Mr Sainudheen Panachickal
Mr Sainudheen Panachickal house partially damaged
Unscientific hill slope modification for house construction and cultivation along with natural seepage contributed oversaturation and reduction of strength which caused failure along a weathered seam.

Debris Flow occurred in Maniyarkudi on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific hill slope modification for house construction and cultivation along with natural seepage contributed oversaturation and reduction of strength which cause failure along a weat
Retrogressive cracks observed at the crown. At the left flank of the slide a huge outcrop noticed which was blasted 30 years ago for construction of house.
Removal of accumulated material from the slide face and no further encroachment should be allowed. Relocate the house of Mr Sainudheen Panachickal
Mr Sainudheen Panachickal house partially damaged
Unscientific hill slope modification for house construction and cultivation along with natural seepage contributed oversaturation and reduction of strength which caused failure along a weathered seam.

Debris slide occurred in Bhoomiyankulam on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific hill slope modification for house and road construction. Heavy rainfall cause reduction of strength on super saturation by excess pore water pressure and seepage along the
Removal of debris and construction of suitable retaining structure at the back side of the house with weep holes. At the front side of this house gabion wall founded on hard rock should be provided . Lined drains has to be provided along the road to
Mrs.Sheela Madhu Mushiyarath house got fully damaged
Unscientific slope modification for house and road construction left cutslope with no lateral support. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure.

Removal of debris and construction of suitable retaining structure at the back side of the house with weep holes. At the front side of this house gabion wall founded on hard rock should be provided . Lined drains has to be provided along the road to
Mrs.Sheela Madhu Mushiyarath house got fully damaged
Unscientific slope modification for house and road construction left cutslope with no lateral support. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure.

At Maniyarenkudi on 15th August 2018 Debris slide graded into Debris Flow occurred due to unscientific hill slope modification for construction of road which left no lateral support. Reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressur
Retrogressive cracks observed at the crown and presence of seepage noticed in and around the house and its basement.
Removal of accumulated material from the slide face and no further encroachment should be allowed. Relocate the house of Mr.Mohammad Panachickal in the runout path
Mr Mohammad Panachickal house partially got damaged
Unscientific hill slope modification for construction of road left cut slope with no lateral support. The run out of debris material from the adjacent flow contributed toe erosion.

Retrogressive cracks observed at the crown and presence of seepage noticed in and around the house and its basement.
Removal of accumulated material from the slide face and no further encroachment should be allowed. Relocate the house of Mr.Mohammad Panachickal in the runout path
Mr Mohammad Panachickal house partially got damaged
Unscientific hill slope modification for construction of road left cut slope with no lateral support. The run out of debris material from the adjacent flow contributed toe erosion.

Debris flow occurred in Maniyarankudi on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Tension cracks observed at the crown of the slide which ex
Tension cracks observed at the crown of the slide which extending towards the inner side of the Scarp. Chances of retrogression and widening is there which inturn giving an imprint of a huge slide in future.
Removal of accumulated material from the slide face and no further encroachment should be allowed. Relocate the house of Mr.George vadakkal in the runout path
Mr.George vadakkal house got partially damaged.
Unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure.

Tension cracks observed at the crown of the slide which extending towards the inner side of the Scarp. Chances of retrogression and widening is there which inturn giving an imprint of a huge slide in future.
Removal of accumulated material from the slide face and no further encroachment should be allowed. Relocate the house of Mr.George vadakkal in the runout path
Mr.George vadakkal house got partially damaged.
Unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure.

Due to unscientific hill slope modification for construction of house and cultivation cause arrested crown at Sindhu Sunil's house. House is constructed over the cut and fill material in which super saturation and pore water pressure build up by the hea
Retaining wall with suitable fillers and weep holes has to be constructed at the road bench. Lined drains should be provided along the road to divert the surface runoff. Relocate the house of Sindhu Sunil which is in the left flank of runout path.
Mrs.Sindhu Su house got partially damaged
Unscientific hill slope modification for construction of road and toe erosion by the surface runoff along with reduction of strength due to super saturation and excess pore water pressure cause the failure.

Debris Flow occurred in Maniyarkudi on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific hill slope modification for construction of road and toe erosion by the surface runoff along with reduction of strength due to super saturation and excess pore water pressure c
Due to unscientific hill slope modification for construction of house and cultivation cause arrested crown at Sindhu Sunil's house. House is constructed over the cut and fill material in which super saturation and pore water pressure build up by the hea
Retaining wall with suitable fillers and weep holes has to be constructed at the road bench. Lined drains should be provided along the road to divert the surface runoff. Relocate the house of Sindhu Sunil which is in the left flank of runout path.
Mrs.Sindhu Su house got partially damaged
Unscientific hill slope modification for construction of road and toe erosion by the surface runoff along with reduction of strength due to super saturation and excess pore water pressure cause the failure.

Debris flow occurred in on 15th August 2018 due to heavy rainfall and unscientific slope modification for cultivation and toe erosion by natural nala enhanced the transitional failure along the weathered seam. Reduction of strength on super saturation b
Removal of accumulated material from the slide face and natural flow should be maintained. No further encroachment should be allowed. Relocate the house of Mr Ali Talakahat from the nala runout path.
Unscientific slope modification for cultivation and toe erosion by natural nala enhanced the transitional failure along the weathered seam. Reduction of strength on super saturation by excess pore water pressure.

Removal of accumulated material from the slide face and natural flow should be maintained. No further encroachment should be allowed. Relocate the house of Mr Ali Talakahat from the nala runout path.
Unscientific slope modification for cultivation and toe erosion by natural nala enhanced the transitional failure along the weathered seam. Reduction of strength on super saturation by excess pore water pressure.

Debris slide occurred in Bhoomiyankulamon 15th August 2018 due to heavy rainfall and the unscientific slope modification for house construction blocked the natural drainage path. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressur
Crown cracks observed in the house extending upto 20m.
Easing of slope at the scarp face and construction of retaining structure at two levels with benches which founded on hard rock. Front of the house subsidence noticed due to toe erosion by surface runoff and it should be supported by Gabion wall founded
Mr Tankachan Thottiyil house got partially damaged.
Unscientific slope modification for house construction blocked the natural drainage path. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure hence failure along the rock overburden contact. Front of the house subsidence noticed d

Crown cracks observed in the house extending upto 20m.
Easing of slope at the scarp face and construction of retaining structure at two levels with benches which founded on hard rock. Front of the house subsidence noticed due to toe erosion by surface runoff and it should be supported by Gabion wall founded
Mr Tankachan Thottiyil house got partially damaged.
Unscientific slope modification for house construction blocked the natural drainage path. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure hence failure along the rock overburden contact. Front of the house subsidence noticed d

crown cracks observed at the courtyard.
Removal of debris and construction of suitable retaining structure at the back sideof the house with weepholes. At the front side of this house gabion wall founded on hard rock should be provided. Lined drains has to be provided along the road to div
Mr Ullaskumar Ullopalli house partially damaged.
Unscientific slope modification for house and road construction left cutslope with no lateral support. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure and seepage along the side of house contributed to the failure along the we

Debris slide occurred in Bhoomiyankulam on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific hill slope modification for house and road construction. Heavy rainfall cause reduction of strength on super saturation by excess pore water pressure and seepage along the
crown cracks observed at the courtyard.
Removal of debris and construction of suitable retaining structure at the back sideof the house with weepholes. At the front side of this house gabion wall founded on hard rock should be provided. Lined drains has to be provided along the road to div
Mr Ullaskumar Ullopalli house partially damaged.
Unscientific slope modification for house and road construction left cutslope with no lateral support. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure and seepage along the side of house contributed to the failure along the we

Debris Flow occurred at Maniyarkudi on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific hill slope modification for house construction and cultivation .Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure cause failure in rock overburden co
Tension cracks observed in the ground as well as in the walls of Mr.Saji Kumar Kundukattil's house which is at the crown.
Tension cracks observed in the ground as well as in the walls of Mr.Saji Kumar Kundukattil's house which is at the crown inorder to protect this house. Reinforced wall has to provide which anchored into the hard rock at the Scarp face to avoid retrogre
House of Mr Mohanan Thundathil at the left flank and Baskaran Churathottyil at the right flank partially damaged.
Unscientific hill slope modification for house construction and cultivation. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure cause failure in rock overburden contact.

Tension cracks observed in the ground as well as in the walls of Mr.Saji Kumar Kundukattil's house which is at the crown.
Tension cracks observed in the ground as well as in the walls of Mr.Saji Kumar Kundukattil's house which is at the crown inorder to protect this house. Reinforced wall has to provide which anchored into the hard rock at the Scarp face to avoid retrogre
House of Mr Mohanan Thundathil at the left flank and Baskaran Churathottyil at the right flank partially damaged.
Unscientific hill slope modification for house construction and cultivation. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure cause failure in rock overburden contact.

Pakittan
Debris slide occurred at Pakittan on 15th August 2018 due to toe erosion by Pakikttan river flowing at the downslope at about 40m and also natural seepage caused the failure. Bathroom of Chellamma, Pallattu Puthenveedu situated in the flow path full
Cracks were seen on the walls of the house of Chellamma at the right side of the slide. Cut slope observed at the back side of house of Alex Kalapuraickal, situated at the right flank of the stream.
Small bridge damaged constructed across the Pakittan river.
RR wall constructed at the two sides of the river destroyed during the flood, hence strong retaining wall to founded at hard rock on both sides of the river with weep holes and filter media.
Bathroom of Chellamma, Pallattu Puthenveedu situated in the flow path fully damaged.
Slope modification for cultivation, toe erosion by Pakikttan river flowing at the downslope at about 40m and also natural seepage caused the failure.

Pakittan
Cracks were seen on the walls of the house of Chellamma at the right side of the slide. Cut slope observed at the back side of house of Alex Kalapuraickal, situated at the right flank of the stream.
Small bridge damaged constructed across the Pakittan river.
RR wall constructed at the two sides of the river destroyed during the flood, hence strong retaining wall to founded at hard rock on both sides of the river with weep holes and filter media.
Bathroom of Chellamma, Pallattu Puthenveedu situated in the flow path fully damaged.
Slope modification for cultivation, toe erosion by Pakikttan river flowing at the downslope at about 40m and also natural seepage caused the failure.

Maniyarenkudi
Debris slide graded into debris flow occurred at Maniyarenkudi on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation. Reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure. High amount of natural seepage happ
Perennial well present in the flow path submerged
Stabilize the material and maintain the natural flow. No encroachment should be allowed.
Unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation. Reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure. High amount of natural seepage happened in this place contribute thefailure.

Maniyarenkudi
Perennial well present in the flow path submerged
Stabilize the material and maintain the natural flow. No encroachment should be allowed.
Unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation. Reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure. High amount of natural seepage happened in this place contribute thefailure.

Maniyarenkudi
Debris Flow occurred at Maniyarenkudi on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation. Reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure. The natural see page during the heavy rain season enhance
Relocate the house of Mr.Pathumma Muhammed Kunnath which is at immediate threat
Mr.Pathumma Muhammed Kunnath house tension crack noticed at the ground and wall of this house.
Unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation. Reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure. The natural see page during the heavy rain season enhance the failure.

Relocate the house of Mr.Pathumma Muhammed Kunnath which is at immediate threat
Mr.Pathumma Muhammed Kunnath house tension crack noticed at the ground and wall of this house.
Unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation. Reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure. The natural see page during the heavy rain season enhance the failure.

Tension cracks and natural seepage noticed at the house of Mr.Varkki.CT Chiraikkal house
Clear the flow path and maintain the natural flow path. Relocate the houses of Mrs.Ayisha Kasim Kudumpiyakuzhi,Mr.Yusef kariyanikkal and Mr.Varkki.C.T Chiraiykkal which is at immediate threat. A box culvert of suitable dimension should be provide at the
Mrs.Ayisha Kasim Kudumpiyakuzhi house fully damaged.
Unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation. Reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure. The natural see page during the heavy rain season contribute the toe erosion. Surface run off at the crown portion also enhanc

Debris slide graded into debris flow occurred at Maniyarenkudi on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation.Reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure.The natural see page during the heavy
Tension cracks and natural seepage noticed at the house of Mr.Varkki.CT Chiraikkal house
Clear the flow path and maintain the natural flow path. Relocate the houses of Mrs.Ayisha Kasim Kudumpiyakuzhi,Mr.Yusef kariyanikkal and Mr.Varkki.C.T Chiraiykkal which is at immediate threat. A box culvert of suitable dimension should be provide at the
Mrs.Ayisha Kasim Kudumpiyakuzhi house fully damaged.
Unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation. Reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure. The natural see page during the heavy rain season contribute the toe erosion. Surface run off at the crown portion also enhanc

Pakittan
Clear the slope path and maintain the natural path of the drainage. House of Mr Mathew vattapally should be relocated.
Mr Mathew vattapally house partially damaged located in the left side of the road in the nala path.

Debris Flow occurred in Pakittan on 15th August 2018 due to heavy rainfall and the geoscientific cause being the unscientific slope modification for cultivation. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. The remedial
Clear the slope path and maintain the natural path of the drainage. House of Mr Mathew vattapally should be relocated.
Mr Mathew vattapally house partially damaged located in the left side of the road in the nala path.

Debris Flow occurred in Pakittan on 15th August 2018 and due to heavy rainfall and the geoscientific cause being the Unscientific slope modification for cultivation. reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. People
Construction of retaining structure at cutslope behind the house. Deflection wall to be constructed to divert the natural flow away from the house.
Mr Jose Idavazhakkal house partially damaged
Unscientific slope modification for house construction. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. People have blocked the nala path for cultivation.

Construction of retaining structure at cutslope behind the house. Deflection wall to be constructed to divert the natural flow away from the house.
Mr Jose Idavazhakkal house partially damaged
Unscientific slope modification for house construction. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. People have blocked the nala path for cultivation.

Removal of accumulated material, natural flow should be maintained. No further encrochment should be allowed. Two houses of Mr. Devsaya Idavazhakkal and Mr. Paulose Idavazhakkal should be relocated as it is situated at the runout path.
Mr. Devsaya Idavazhakkal house completely damaged and Mr Paolose Idavallikal house partially damaged. Both should be relocated.
Unscientific slope modification for cultivation. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure.

Debris Flow occurred in Pakittanon 15th August 2018 due to heavy rainfall and the geoscientific cause being the Unscientific slope modification for house construction. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure.People
Removal of accumulated material, natural flow should be maintained. No further encrochment should be allowed. Two houses of Mr. Devsaya Idavazhakkal and Mr. Paulose Idavazhakkal should be relocated as it is situated at the runout path.
Mr. Devsaya Idavazhakkal house completely damaged and Mr Paolose Idavallikal house partially damaged. Both should be relocated.

Debris slide occurred in Pakittan on 15th August 2018 due to heavy rainfall which resulted in the road damage (Muslimpally- Pakittan road) and the geoscientific cause being the unscientific slope modification for Road construction and surface runoff a
2001 road was constructed.
The retaining wall with weep holes should be constructed and this should be constructed proportionate to the slide below the road. Lined road side drains has to be provided to divert the surface run off.
Unscientific slope modification for road construction and surface runoff and road is constructed by cut and fill material.

2001 road was constructed.
The retaining wall with weep holes should be constructed and this should be constructed proportionate to the slide below the road. Lined road side drains has to be provided to divert the surface run off.
Unscientific slope modification for road construction and surface runoff and road is constructed by cut and fill material.

Debris Flow occurred in Pakittan on 15th August 2018 due to heavy rainfall and the geoscientific cause being the unscientific slope modification for cultivation.Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure, the remedia
Easing of slope, accumulated material to be stabilized and kept as it without interference further. No further encrochment should be allowed on runout path.

Easing of slope, accumulated material to be stabilized and kept as it without interference further. No further encrochment should be allowed on runout path.

Arrested crown observed at Mr George Mathew Thekampara house, where tensional crack present at court yard,extending upto 15m on both sides is noticed. Seepage water should be diverted and properly channelised. Cracks should be filled with locally availab
Filling of cracks with locally available material such as Betonite clay and Bitumin. Cut slope failure observed behind the house, easing of slope and gabion walls to be founded on hard rock are suggested here.
Arrested crown observed at Mr George Mathew Thekamparam house, where tensional crack present at court yard, extending upto 15m on both sides
Unscientific slope modification for house construction. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure

Filling of cracks with locally available material such as Betonite clay and Bitumin. Cut slope failure observed behind the house, easing of slope and gabion walls to be founded on hard rock are suggested here.
Arrested crown observed at Mr George Mathew Thekamparam house, where tensional crack present at court yard, extending upto 15m on both sides
Unscientific slope modification for house construction. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure

Perumkala
Accumulated material to be stabilized and retaining wall to be constructed at two levels with benches in between from road level.
Unscientific slope modification for road construction. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure and Failure in the weathered seam.

Perumkala
Debris slide occurred in Perunkala on 15th August 2018 due to heavy rainfall and the geoscientific cause being the toe cut for road construction, reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure and Failure in the weathered
Accumulated material to be stabilized and retaining wall to be constructed at two levels with benches in between from road level.
Unscientific slope modification for road construction. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure and Failure in the weathered seam.

Failure along weathered rock overburden contact.
Easing of slope, accumulated material to be stabilized and suitably designed retaining stucture to be constructed on hard rock behind the house were cut slope failure occurred.
Unscientific slope modification for cultivation and house. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Failure in rock overburden contact and weathered seam.

Debris slide occurred in Pakittan on 15th August 2018 due to heavy rainfall and the geoscientific cause being the unscientific slope modification for cultivation and house. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure Fa
Failure along weathered rock overburden contact.
Easing of slope, accumulated material to be stabilized and suitably designed retaining stucture to be constructed on hard rock behind the house were cut slope failure occurred.
Unscientific slope modification for cultivation and house. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Failure in rock overburden contact and weathered seam.

Easing of slope,accumulated material to be stabilized and kept as it without interference further. No further encrochment should be allowed in this place. House of Mr Saji Kolakkad to be relocated.
Unscientific slope modification for house. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Failure in rock overburden contact and weathered seam.

Debris slide occurred in Pakittan on 15th August 2018 due to heavy rainfall and the geoscientific cause being the unscientific slope modification for house. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Failure in rock
Easing of slope,accumulated material to be stabilized and kept as it without interference further. No further encrochment should be allowed in this place. House of Mr Saji Kolakkad to be relocated.
Unscientific slope modification for house. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Failure in rock overburden contact and weathered seam.

Perumkala
Stabilising the failed material or the accumulated material and then construction of retaining wall at the crown and another at the stream bed to control stream erosion.
1 house partially damaged (Mr. Joseph Plamootil).
Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure and toe erosion.

Debris Flow occurred in Perunkala on 15th August 2018 due to heavy rainfall and the geoscientific cause being the reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure, thus the remedial measures suggested are stabilising the fai
Stabilising the failed material or the accumulated material and then construction of retaining wall at the crown and another at the stream bed to control stream erosion.
1 house partially damaged (Mr. Joseph Plamootil).
Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure and toe erosion.

Peppara
Mr.George Vellakallu house got partilly damaged due to debris flow. Unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation. Reduction of strength on super saturation by excess pore water pressure. The toe erosion by the Anakomban -Peppara thodu contribut
Stabilize the accumulated material at the flow path with wood pilling.Channelize the natural seepage.Relocate the house of Mr.George Vellakkallu
Mr.George Vellakallu house got partilly damaged
Unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation. Reduction of strength on super saturation by excess pore water pressure. The toe erosion by the Anakomban -Peppara thodu contributed shallow transitional failure along the weathered seam.

Peppara
Stabilize the accumulated material at the flow path with wood pilling.Channelize the natural seepage.Relocate the house of Mr.George Vellakkallu
Mr.George Vellakallu house got partilly damaged
Unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation. Reduction of strength on super saturation by excess pore water pressure. The toe erosion by the Anakomban -Peppara thodu contributed shallow transitional failure along the weathered seam.

No cracks observed over the slide.
Toe should be supported, slope has to be eased, retaining wall should be constructed on the hard rock in front of house at road level .
Rajama Raman house got damaged due to heavy rainfall. This house is about 50m from crown.

On 15th August 2018 Debris slide have occurred at Perumkala where one house of Rajamma Raman got damaged. This house is about 50m from crown, the reason being toe erosion by nala and the remedial measures suggested are toe should be supported, slope h
No cracks observed over the slide.
Toe should be supported, slope has to be eased, retaining wall should be constructed on the hard rock in front of house at road level .
Rajama Raman house got damaged due to heavy rainfall. This house is about 50m from crown.

Peppara
House of Ammini Thankappan, Vadakkeparambil, cut slope failure noticed behind the house. Retaining structure with weep holes and fiter material to be constructed at the back side to the entire cut slope failure.
Deflection wall to be constructed at the side of the house as the house is situated at the left flank of the flow. Retaining structure with weep holes and fiter material, as cut slope failure happened due to the debris material flowage at the back side o
Rosamma Francis, Manapurathu partially damaged. (Ln: 713136, 1092665)
Hill slope modification, reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Failure along weathered seam.

Debris flow occurred at Peppara, the main geoscientific causes are hill slope modification, reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Failure along weathered seam. Rosamma Francis, Manapurathu partially damaged. Deflec
House of Ammini Thankappan, Vadakkeparambil, cut slope failure noticed behind the house. Retaining structure with weep holes and fiter material to be constructed at the back side to the entire cut slope failure.
Deflection wall to be constructed at the side of the house as the house is situated at the left flank of the flow. Retaining structure with weep holes and fiter material, as cut slope failure happened due to the debris material flowage at the back side o
Rosamma Francis, Manapurathu partially damaged. (Ln: 713136, 1092665)
Hill slope modification, reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Failure along weathered seam.

Debris flow occurred at Peppara, the main geoscientific causes are hill slope modification, reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. George Vellakkadayil, coco, coconut Plantation washed out. The debris material to be
Stabilise the material , no encroachment allowed in the flow path.
Slope modification for cultivation, heavy rainfall contributed reduction in strength, natural seepage during rainfall is also a cause.

Stabilise the material , no encroachment allowed in the flow path.

Debris flow occurred at Peppara on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific hill slope modification for the cultivation.Reduction of strength on super saturation by excess pore water pressure. The natural see page during the heavy rain season contribute th
Huge boulders resting over the flow path should be crushed and removed. Stabilize theaccumulated material. No encroachment should be allowed.
Unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation. Reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure.The natural see page during the heavy rain season contribute the failure along the rock overburden contact.

Huge boulders resting over the flow path should be crushed and removed. Stabilize theaccumulated material. No encroachment should be allowed.
Unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation. Reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure.The natural see page during the heavy rain season contribute the failure along the rock overburden contact.

Water and debris from near by debris slide contributed to the part of road to collapse.
Road should be reconstructed where the slide occurred, along with RR wall, road side lined drainage to be constructed.
Road was constructed by cut and fill material. Water and material from FL-52, flowed through road eroded a part of the road causing a part of the road to collapse along with R.R wall constructed.

Debris slide occurred in Pakittan on 15th August 2018 due to heavy rainfall. Road was constructed by cut and fill material. Water and material from FL-52, flowed through road eroded a part of the road causing a part of the road to collapse along with
Water and debris from near by debris slide contributed to the part of road to collapse.
Road should be reconstructed where the slide occurred, along with RR wall, road side lined drainage to be constructed.
Road was constructed by cut and fill material. Water and material from FL-52, flowed through road eroded a part of the road causing a part of the road to collapse along with R.R wall constructed.

Removal of accumulated material, natural flow should be maintained. No further encroachment should be allowed in the flow path. Road blocked so construction of culvert at road side is needed.
Excess rainfall causing the reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure.

Debris Flow occurred in Pakittan on 15th August 2018 due to heavy rainfall and the geoscientific cause being the Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure, the remedial measures suggested are removal of accumulated m
Removal of accumulated material, natural flow should be maintained. No further encroachment should be allowed in the flow path. Road blocked so construction of culvert at road side is needed.
Excess rainfall causing the reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure.

On the leftside of the debris flow situated the house of Joy, cut slope failure noticed behind the house. The debris material fell down on the kitchen side and damaged partially. So retaining structure should be founded on hard rock with weep holes and
Accumulated material to be stabilised. Retaining wall at two level with suitable filter material has to be provided which founded on the hard rock to the entire cut slope.

On the right side of the house, in house of Moly,Thonikuzhiyil tension cracks (N-S) found which extending from Salomys house at about 5m. Cracks to be filled with locally available material or with bituminous clay.
Retainig structure to be founded on hard rock with weep holes and filter media at the front portion. Lined drainage to be provided on the road to divert the surface runoff away from the affected area.
House of Salomy Thonikuzhiyil front portion slided.
Slope modification for house and road. Toe erosion caused by surface runoff through the road flowing down slope of the road. Natural seepage at the side of the house is also a contributing factor.

Debris slide occurred at Peppara on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific slope modification for house construction and cultivation. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. House of Mr. Kumaran nair fully damaged.
On the leftside of the debris flow situated the house of Joy, cut slope failure noticed behind the house. The debris material fell down on the kitchen side and damaged partially. So retaining structure should be founded on hard rock with weep holes and
Accumulated material to be stabilised. Retaining wall at two level with suitable filter material has to be provided which founded on the hard rock to the entire cut slope.

On August 15th debris flow occurred at Peppara in which Pakittan- Maniyarankudy road damaged and house of Salomy Thonikuzhiyil front portion slided. Slope modification for house and road is the main cause. Toe erosion caused by surface runoff through the
On the right side of the house, in house of Moly,Thonikuzhiyil tension cracks (N-S) found which extending from Salomys house at about 5m. Cracks to be filled with locally available material or with bituminous clay.
Retainig structure to be founded on hard rock with weep holes and filter media at the front portion. Lined drainage to be provided on the road to divert the surface runoff away from the affected area.
House of Salomy Thonikuzhiyil front portion slided.
Slope modification for house and road. Toe erosion caused by surface runoff through the road flowing down slope of the road. Natural seepage at the side of the house is also a contributing factor.

Easing of slope. Retaining structure to be founded on hard rock with weep holes and filter media to the entire slope.
In house of Vijayama Pavithran, Thottupurayil debris material fell on the back side of the house
Unscientific slope modification for house and cultivation. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Failure along weathered seam.

Debris slide occurred at Pakittan on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific slope modification for house construction and cultivation. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. In house of Vijayama Pavithran, Thottupu
Easing of slope. Retaining structure to be founded on hard rock with weep holes and filter media to the entire slope.
In house of Vijayama Pavithran, Thottupurayil debris material fell on the back side of the house
Unscientific slope modification for house and cultivation. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Failure along weathered seam.

tension cracks noticed at the crown portion.
Stabilize the matrial in the flow path. Lined drains has to be provided at the road bench. A culvert of suitable dimension should be provide at the road bench. Relocate the house of Mr.Soman Palakkatuparambil and Parameswran Palakkattuparambil
Mr.Soman Palakkatuparambil and Parameswran Palakkattuparambil house got fullydamaged
Unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation. Reduction of strength on super saturation by excess pore water pressure. The surface run off at the crown portion contributed shallow transitional failure along the weathered seam.

Debris Flow occurred at Peppara on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation.Reduction of strength on super saturation by excess pore water pressure.The surface run off at the crown portion contributed shallow transi
tension cracks noticed at the crown portion.
Stabilize the matrial in the flow path. Lined drains has to be provided at the road bench. A culvert of suitable dimension should be provide at the road bench. Relocate the house of Mr.Soman Palakkatuparambil and Parameswran Palakkattuparambil
Mr.Soman Palakkatuparambil and Parameswran Palakkattuparambil house got fullydamaged
Unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation. Reduction of strength on super saturation by excess pore water pressure. The surface run off at the crown portion contributed shallow transitional failure along the weathered seam.

Swapna Gramam
Debris Flow occurred in Thanikandam-Swapnagramam on 15th August 2018 where vegetation washed out.The runout material had gone upto the nala level. Mainly due to reduction of strength on super saturation by excess pore water pressure. Retaining wall to
Cut slope failure above the crown at the road side which is the only accessibility towards Swapnagramam where 20 houses located. Cut slope failure happened behind the houses at Swapnagram. Retaining wall/ Gabion wall to be constructed at all cutslope fa
Retaining wall to be constructed over hard rock below the road with weep holes. Lined drains to be provided to divert the surface runoff.
Natural failure due to reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure

Swapna Gramam
Cut slope failure above the crown at the road side which is the only accessibility towards Swapnagramam where 20 houses located. Cut slope failure happened behind the houses at Swapnagram. Retaining wall/ Gabion wall to be constructed at all cutslope fa
Retaining wall to be constructed over hard rock below the road with weep holes. Lined drains to be provided to divert the surface runoff.
Natural failure due to reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure

AKG padi road{Thanikandam}
Mr Jose punnaikal house damaged.
Easing of slope at the crown, construction of retaining wall at two levels, one behind the house, bench to be maintained on the retaining wall over it and next retaining wall at the scarp face of the slide with suitable weep holes at suitable intervel
House of Mr. Jose Punnaickal partially damaged
Natural flow path of seepage contributed to the super saturation, failure along the weathered seam. Unscientific slope modification for house construction.

AKG padi road{Thanikandam}
Debris Flow occurred at AKG Padi on 15th August 2018 due to heavy rainfall which partially damaged Mr Jose punnaikal house. The geoscientific cause were natural flow path of seepage contributed to the super saturation, failure along the weathered seam.
Mr Jose punnaikal house damaged.
House of Mr. Jose Punnaickal partially damaged
Natural flow path of seepage contributed to the super saturation, failure along the weathered seam. Unscientific slope modification for house construction.

AKG padi road
A huge Debris Flow occurred at AKG Padi road, Thanikandam on 15th August 2018 due to heavy rainfall which damaged 5 houses. The geoscientific causes were construction of road over the filled material, surface runoff drained along the left flank of sl
5 houses affected, house of Mr Jagathappaan which was present in the runout path of the slide was completely damaged, house of Mr Priyash present at the flanks also completely damaged. House of Sisily John and Mr Rajeev which was at the runout path of
Natural drainage has to be channelised. Suitably designed deflection wall to be constructed to protect the houses from future flows. 2 Houses (Mr. Jagathapan, Mr. Priyash) to be relocated.
5 house damaged (Mr. Jagathapan, Mr. Priyash, Mrs. Sisily John, Mr. Rajeev, Mr. Narayanan Nair), electric line damaged
Road constructed over the filled material, Surface runoff drained along the left flank of slide causing super saturation of the water along the runout path. Failure observed along the rock overburden contact.

AKG padi road
5 houses affected, house of Mr Jagathappaan which was present in the runout path of the slide was completely damaged, house of Mr Priyash present at the flanks also completely damaged. House of Sisily John and Mr Rajeev which was at the runout path of
Natural drainage has to be channelised. Suitably designed deflection wall to be constructed to protect the houses from future flows. 2 Houses (Mr. Jagathapan, Mr. Priyash) to be relocated.
5 house damaged (Mr. Jagathapan, Mr. Priyash, Mrs. Sisily John, Mr. Rajeev, Mr. Narayanan Nair), electric line damaged
Road constructed over the filled material, Surface runoff drained along the left flank of slide causing super saturation of the water along the runout path. Failure observed along the rock overburden contact.

Thanikandam-Mukalbhagam
Debris Flow occurred in Thanikandam Mukalbhagam on 15th August 2018 due to heavy rainfall leading to road blockage, plantations were destroyed and electric poles got damaged. The geoscientific cause being reduction of strength on super saturation by
Road was widened two years back.
After debris material setteled woodpiling can be done. Retaining wall to be constructed at the road cut.
Vegetations washed out and electric pole damaged.
slope modification for cultivation and toe cut for road construction

Road was widened two years back.
After debris material setteled woodpiling can be done. Retaining wall to be constructed at the road cut.
slope modification for cultivation and toe cut for road construction

Debris Flow occurred in Thanikandam Mukalbhagam on 15th August 2018 where two houses got completely damaged and vegetation washed out. Road blocked due to the debris. Unscientific slope modification for construction of house and cultivation and natura
Nala was flooded upto the basement of the house. Hence caused the damage of houses of Tomy george and Raghavan thekkedath. Minor failure was reported earlier in 2014
No construction has to be allowed in the nala path. Natural drainage should be maintained and culvert at suitable dimension has to be constructed on the road.
Two houses destroyed (Mr.Tomy george and Mr. Raghavan thekkedath ).
Unscientific slope modification for cultivation and toe erosion

Nala was flooded upto the basement of the house. Hence caused the damage of houses of Tomy george and Raghavan thekkedath. Minor failure was reported earlier in 2014
Two houses destroyed (Mr.Tomy george and Mr. Raghavan thekkedath ).
Unscientific slope modification for cultivation and toe erosion

Ambataru colony
Refill the road and slope should be eased, material should be settled, retaining wall should be constructed below the road over the hard rock with weepholes and horizontal subsurface drainage, woodpiling can be constructed to stabilize the failed materia
Toe erosion due to stream in the downslope, surface water runoff could have contributed to the super saturation, slope forming material over the area is debris.

Ambataru colony
On 15th August 2018, subsidance occurred at Ambatar colony due to toe erosion of stream in the downslope, surface water runoff could have contributed to the super saturation, slope forming material over the area is debris. The slide has effected the m
Refill the road and slope should be eased, material should be settled, retaining wall should be constructed below the road over the hard rock with weepholes and horizontal subsurface drainage, woodpiling can be constructed to stabilize the failed materia
Toe erosion due to stream in the downslope, surface water runoff could have contributed to the super saturation, slope forming material over the area is debris.

Ambataru colony
Debris Flow occurred at Ambatharu colony on 15th August 2018. The geoscientific cause for the shallow rotational failure is excess pore water pressure causes reduction of strength on super saturation. Slope modification for road construction cause t
Easing of slope at the crown. Debris materials to be benched and retaining wall or Gabion structure should be constructed at road.
Slope modification for road construction caused the toe support failure , road was widened about 3 years back leaving a vertical cut without any lateral support.

Easing of slope at the crown. Debris materials to be benched and retaining wall or Gabion structure should be constructed at road.
Slope modification for road construction caused the toe support failure , road was widened about 3 years back leaving a vertical cut without any lateral support.

Debris Flow occurred at Ambatharu colony on 15th August 2018. The geoscientific cause for the shallow rotational failure is excess pore water pressure causing reduction of strength on super saturation. Debris flow happened twice in the same location,
Initiated as a plannar failure debris slide graded as debris flow. Failure observed in weathered seam.
Natural drainage to be maintained and relocate house of Annakutty which is on the path of slide.
Unscientific slope modification and excess pore water pressure

Initiated as a plannar failure debris slide graded as debris flow. Failure observed in weathered seam.
Natural drainage to be maintained and relocate house of Annakutty which is on the path of slide.
Unscientific slope modification and excess pore water pressure

Mr Sabu Madhavan and Mr Thankachan Thekkanad houses to be relocated.
Natural drainage should not be blocked, houses located at the runout path should be relocated.
Unscientific slope modification and benching for agriculture which has blocked the natural course of nala

On 15th August 2018 debris flow occurred due to unscientific slope modification and benching for agriculture which has blocked the natural course of nala. Natural drainage should not be blocked, house located at the runout path should be relocated.
Mr Sabu Madhavan and Mr Thankachan Thekkanad houses to be relocated.
Natural drainage should not be blocked, houses located at the runout path should be relocated.
Unscientific slope modification and benching for agriculture which has blocked the natural course of nala

Toe erosion due to stream in the downslope

On 15th August 2018 Debris slide occurred due to toe erosion of stream in the downslope. Area is not inhabitated .
Toe erosion due to stream in the downslope

Three houses should be relocated. (Mr. Rammohan, Mrs. Rajamma Sivan, Mr. Damodaran)
Toe should be supported, slope has to be eased, retaining wall should be constructed at the scarp, the house constructed over the fill material using cut and fill material should be stablized by supporting the toe of the slide.
3 houses got damaged, plantation damaged and washed out
Unscientific slope modification on the toe of the slide for construction of house and plantation, reduction of strength on super saturation.

On 15th August 2018 due to unscientific slope modification on the toe of the slide for construction of house and plantation and reduction of strength on super saturation caused the Debris slide. Plantation has damaged and washed out
Three houses should be relocated. (Mr. Rammohan, Mrs. Rajamma Sivan, Mr. Damodaran)
Toe should be supported, slope has to be eased, retaining wall should be constructed at the scarp, the house constructed over the fill material using cut and fill material should be stablized by supporting the toe of the slide.
3 houses got damaged, plantation damaged and washed out
Unscientific slope modification on the toe of the slide for construction of house and plantation, reduction of strength on super saturation.

3 houses partially damaged should be relocated 1) Sabu Sunil 2) Tomy Panichikal 3) Kunjumon
Accumulated debris should be removed from the slope. Retaining wall to be constructed on the hard rock
3 houses partially damaged, plantation damaged and washed out.
Cut slope failure and reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure are the causes.

On 15th August 2018 Debris Flow have occurred at Ambatharu colony where 3 houses partially damaged, cultivation got damaged and washed out. Road got blocked. Mainly due to reduction of strength on super saturation by excess pore water pressure. Easing of
3 houses partially damaged should be relocated 1) Sabu Sunil 2) Tomy Panichikal 3) Kunjumon
Accumulated debris should be removed from the slope. Retaining wall to be constructed on the hard rock
3 houses partially damaged, plantation damaged and washed out.
Cut slope failure and reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure are the causes.

Failure in weathered seam. Drainage is along the joint set so there is chances of slide widening.
Removal of rock and soil debri from the slope and construction of bench one level above the road and maintain the natural drainage and also removal of material on the road. Culvert at suitable dimension should be provided at the road
One abandoned house partially damaged located at the right flank, plantation damaged and washed out
Failure in weathered seam and rock over burden contact. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure also contributed the flow.

Removal of debris material at the runout path, natural drainage to be maintained. Culvert at suitable dimension should be provided at the road. No enchroachment should be allowed on the nala path.

On 15th August 2018 Debris Flow have occurred at Ambatharu colony in which plantation has been damaged and washed, occurred due to unscientific slope modification for plantation hence causing reduction of strength on super saturation by excess pore wa
Removal of debris material at the runout path, natural drainage to be maintained. Culvert at suitable dimension should be provided at the road. No enchroachment should be allowed on the nala path.

On 15th August 2018 Debris Flow have occurred at Ambatharu colony. Plantation has been damaged and washed out, part of an abandaned house damaged and also electric pole got damaged. Road damaged by debris due to reduction of strength on super saturation
Failure in weathered seam. Drainage is along the joint set so there is chances of slide widening.
Removal of rock and soil debri from the slope and construction of bench one level above the road and maintain the natural drainage and also removal of material on the road. Culvert at suitable dimension should be provided at the road
One abandoned house partially damaged located at the right flank, plantation damaged and washed out

Ambatharucolony
Debris slide graded into debris flow occurred at Ambatharu colony on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation.Reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure.Stabilize the failed material. Cul
Stabilize the failed material. Culvert of suitable dimension to provided at the road.
Unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation.Reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure.

Ambatharucolony
Stabilize the failed material. Culvert of suitable dimension to provided at the road.
Unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation.Reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure.

Stabilise the material, no encroachment allowed in the flow path. Retaining wall to be constructed over hard rock at the road bench, according to the present road width and lined drains to be provided to divert the surface runoff, along the road. The hei
House of Siju, Manalkuzhiyil partially damaged. The house is in the debris flow path, so it should be relocated.
Hill slope modification for cultivation blocked the natural drainage, reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure are main causes. Failure along weathered seam.

Debris slide graded into debris flow occurred at Ambataru colony due to Hill slope modification, reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Failure along weathered seam. House of Siju, Manalkuzhiyil partially damaged. T
Stabilise the material, no encroachment allowed in the flow path. Retaining wall to be constructed over hard rock at the road bench, according to the present road width and lined drains to be provided to divert the surface runoff, along the road. The hei
House of Siju, Manalkuzhiyil partially damaged. The house is in the debris flow path, so it should be relocated.
Hill slope modification for cultivation blocked the natural drainage, reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure are main causes. Failure along weathered seam.

Stabilise the material , no encroachment allowed in the flow path. Culvert of suitable dimension to provided at the road.
Hill slope modification, reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Failure along weathered seam.

Debris slide graded into debris flow occurred at Ambataru colony due to Hill slope modification, reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Failure along weathered seam. Stabilise the material , no encroachment allowed
Stabilise the material , no encroachment allowed in the flow path. Culvert of suitable dimension to provided at the road.

Debris flow occurred at Perumkala on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific slope modification and benching for agriculture which has blocked the natural course of nala. Natural drainage should not be blocked,no further encroachment in the flow path. Crack
Cracks extending further upto the house of Mr. Kuttichan Varghese 50m away at the left flank of the flow, cracks length upto 20m and a depthof 3m. Wall cracks and ground cracks seen in the house of Kuttichan Varghese. No further encrochment in the flow p
Natural drainage should not be blocked. No further encroachment in the flow path.
1 house (Mr. Sasi Puthenpurayil partially damaged)
Unscientific slope modification and benching for agriculture which has blocked the natural course of nala

Cracks extending further upto the house of Mr. Kuttichan Varghese 50m away at the left flank of the flow, cracks length upto 20m and a depthof 3m. Wall cracks and ground cracks seen in the house of Kuttichan Varghese. No further encrochment in the flow p
Natural drainage should not be blocked. No further encroachment in the flow path.
1 house (Mr. Sasi Puthenpurayil partially damaged)

Natural drainage should not be blocked. No further encroachment in the flow path. Culvert at suitable dimension has to be constructed on the road. Retaining structure to be founded on hard rock with weep holes and filter media at the cut slope failure f
1 house (Chellamma Putheriyath, partially damaged)
Excess rainfall causing the reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure.

On August 15th debris flow occurred at Perumkala in which Maniyarankudy- Painavu road got blocked and house of Chellamma Putheriyath, partially damaged. Natural drainage should not be blocked. No further encroachment in the flow path. Culvert at suitable
Natural drainage should not be blocked. No further encroachment in the flow path. Culvert at suitable dimension has to be constructed on the road. Retaining structure to be founded on hard rock with weep holes and filter media at the cut slope failure f
1 house (Chellamma Putheriyath, partially damaged)

Kallemada kudi
No encroachment should be allowed. Relocate the house of Mr.Raju Krishnan Kizhakkedathveedu
Unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation.Reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure.

Kallemada kudi
Debris slide graded into debris flow occurred at Kallemada kudi on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation.Reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure.Mr.Raju Krishnan Kizhakkedathveedu a
No encroachment should be allowed. Relocate the house of Mr.Raju Krishnan Kizhakkedathveedu

Kallemada kudi
Clear the flow path and maintain the natural flow path. No encroachment should be allowed.
Unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation blocked the natural drainage. Reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure.

Debris Flow occurred at Kallemada kudi on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation. Reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure.Clear the flow path and maintain the natural flow path. No
Clear the flow path and maintain the natural flow path. No encroachment should be allowed.
Unscientific hill slope modification for cultivation blocked the natural drainage. Reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure.

Debris Flow occurred in Perunkala on 15th August 2018 due to heavy rainfall and the geoscientific cause being the reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. House of Gopi Illickal to be relocated which is in the nala
Along the left flank of this slide about 500m, cracks are observed.
Nala path to be channalised. Pipe culvert to be made at the road, destroyed house ( Gopi Illickal) along the nala path to be relocated.
1 house fully damaged (Gopi, Illickal)and tress uprooted.
Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Unscientific slope modification.

Along the left flank of this slide about 500m, cracks are observed.
Nala path to be channalised. Pipe culvert to be made at the road, destroyed house ( Gopi Illickal) along the nala path to be relocated.
1 house fully damaged (Gopi, Illickal)and tress uprooted.
Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Unscientific slope modification.

Debris slide occurred in Perunkala on 15th August 2018 at the front of Peruman Ponnan, Neerapel and the geoscientific cause being the slope cut for road construction, also due to heavy rainfall which caused in reduction of strength on super saturatio
Road construction has left the vertical cut with no lateral support when the road was widened 2 years back.
Suitable retaining structure to be constructed in front of house to hold the filled material and filling of ground cracks with locally available material such as Betonite clay and Bitumin.
1 house partially damaged (Peruman Ponnan, Neerapel), tress uprooted
Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Cut slope failure. House constructed with cut and fill material taken from slope.

Road construction has left the vertical cut with no lateral support when the road was widened 2 years back.
Suitable retaining structure to be constructed in front of house to hold the filled material and filling of ground cracks with locally available material such as Betonite clay and Bitumin.
1 house partially damaged (Peruman Ponnan, Neerapel), tress uprooted
Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Cut slope failure. House constructed with cut and fill material taken from slope.

Easing of slope and channelising lined road side drainage.
Unscientific slope modification for cultivation. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Failure in rock overburden contact and weathered seam.

On 15th August 2018 Debris slide have occurred at Perumkala because of unscientific slope modification for house construction, reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure and cutting of toe for road construction. Failure
Easing of slope and channelising lined road side drainage.

Debris Flow occurred in Perunkala on 15th August 2018 due to heavy rainfall and the geoscientific cause being the unscientific slope modification for road construction. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure and cu
Unscientific slope modification for road construction. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure and cutting of toe for road

Unscientific slope modification for road construction. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure and cutting of toe for road

crown cracks extended 4-5m behind the crown.
House partially destroyed,debris resting over back side of the house of Suja Raman
Removal of accumulated material, construction of Gabion walls at two levels with benches. Filling of cracks with locally available material such as Betonite clay and Bitumin. Fill the septic tank.
Unscientific slope modification for house construction. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Seepage of septic tank of abandant house could have triggered the slide.

Debris slide occurred in Perunkala on 15th August 2018 due to heavy rainfall and the geoscientific cause being the unscientific slope modification for house construction. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure and c
crown cracks extended 4-5m behind the crown.
House partially destroyed,debris resting over back side of the house of Suja Raman
Removal of accumulated material, construction of Gabion walls at two levels with benches. Filling of cracks with locally available material such as Betonite clay and Bitumin. Fill the septic tank.
Unscientific slope modification for house construction. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Seepage of septic tank of abandant house could have triggered the slide.

1 abandoned Pentecost church situated above the crown of slide. Crown cracks are observed at the front portion of church. Retaining wall with sufficient weep holes to be constructed at the crown below the church with suitable filler medium to filter the
1 house (Mr. Chellapan Kunnumpurathu) damaged
Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure and tension cracks are observed on the front prtion of the wall of church.

Debris Flow occurred in Perunkala on 15th August 2018 due to heavy rainfall and the geoscientific cause being the unscientific slope modification for road construction.Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure . 1 aba
1 abandoned Pentecost church situated above the crown of slide. Crown cracks are observed at the front portion of church. Retaining wall with sufficient weep holes to be constructed at the crown below the church with suitable filler medium to filter the
1 house (Mr. Chellapan Kunnumpurathu) damaged
Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure and tension cracks are observed on the front prtion of the wall of church.

Debris slide occurred in Perunkala on 15th August 2018 due to heavy rainfall and the geoscientific cause being the unscientific slope modification for house construction. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure and c
failure in stream bank, slide is almost like aborted slide and crown cracks are observed.
Retaining wall to be constructed over hard rock or gabion wall at base of house to be constructed and filling of cracks with locally available material such as Betonite clay and Bitumin.
1 house partially damaged (Mr.Majesh Kunnumpurathu)
Unscientific slope modification for house and cultivation. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure, also toe erosion due to nala.

failure in stream bank, slide is almost like aborted slide and crown cracks are observed.
Retaining wall to be constructed over hard rock or gabion wall at base of house to be constructed and filling of cracks with locally available material such as Betonite clay and Bitumin.
1 house partially damaged (Mr.Majesh Kunnumpurathu)
Unscientific slope modification for house and cultivation. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure, also toe erosion due to nala.

A huge Debris Flow occurred in Perunkala on 15th August 2018 due to heavy rainfall which had caused death of 4 persons of Mr. Jayaraj family. The geoscientific cause being the unscientific slope for cultivation, failure in rock overburden contact and
4 persons from Mr Jayraj family died, Mr Kumaran house at right flank of the slide fully damaged and House of Mr Jayson Kalapurraikal located at left flank of slide fully damaged. House of Mr Benny Varghese partially damaged. House of Binu, Leela sukum
forest at the top and moderate vegetation.
No construction has to be allowed atleast upto 10m away from nala on both flanks of runout path. Natural drainage should be maintained and culvert at suitable dimension has to be constructed on the road.
5 houses fully damaged (Mr. Jayaraj, Mr. Kumaran Neerozhikkal, Mr.Jayson Kalapurakkal, Mr. Binu Leela Sukumaran, Mr. Umamaheshewari). 1 house partially damaged (Mr. Benny Varghese).
Unscientific slope modification for cultivation.Failure in rock overburden contact and weathered seam also bench construction for cultivation which blocked the natural drainage there by causing reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess por

4 persons from Mr Jayraj family died, Mr Kumaran house at right flank of the slide fully damaged and House of Mr Jayson Kalapurraikal located at left flank of slide fully damaged. House of Mr Benny Varghese partially damaged. House of Binu, Leela sukum
forest at the top and moderate vegetation.
No construction has to be allowed atleast upto 10m away from nala on both flanks of runout path. Natural drainage should be maintained and culvert at suitable dimension has to be constructed on the road.
5 houses fully damaged (Mr. Jayaraj, Mr. Kumaran Neerozhikkal, Mr.Jayson Kalapurakkal, Mr. Binu Leela Sukumaran, Mr. Umamaheshewari). 1 house partially damaged (Mr. Benny Varghese).
Unscientific slope modification for cultivation.Failure in rock overburden contact and weathered seam also bench construction for cultivation which blocked the natural drainage there by causing reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess por

Biju George Kuzhikottamalil, situated at the left side of the slide, cut slope failure observed behind the house below the road bench. Clear the accumulated material, surface runoff through the road should be diverted away from the house, retaining wall
RR walls has to provided with anchores in the hard rock at the Scarp face to avoid retrogression which further may cause the failure. Lined drains has to be provided at the road side to divert the surface runoff away from the affected area .
Perumkala T.V, centre situated at the crown portion of the slide, whose gabion wall not constructed on hard rock failed.
Unscientific slope modification for house, cultivation and road. Surface runoff through the road contributed toe erosion which resulted in slide along weathered seam.

Debris slide occurred at Perumkala. Unscientific slope modification for house, cultivation and road. Surface runoff through the road contributed toe erosion which resulted in slide along weathered seam. RR walls has to provided with anchores in the ha
Biju George Kuzhikottamalil, situated at the left side of the slide, cut slope failure observed behind the house below the road bench. Clear the accumulated material, surface runoff through the road should be diverted away from the house, retaining wall
RR walls has to provided with anchores in the hard rock at the Scarp face to avoid retrogression which further may cause the failure. Lined drains has to be provided at the road side to divert the surface runoff away from the affected area .
Perumkala T.V, centre situated at the crown portion of the slide, whose gabion wall not constructed on hard rock failed.
Unscientific slope modification for house, cultivation and road. Surface runoff through the road contributed toe erosion which resulted in slide along weathered seam.

Debris slide occurred at Perumkala. Unscientific slope modification for house and cultivation and Surface runoff through the road, natural flow contributed toe erosion which resulted in slide along weathered seam. House of Thilakan, Vaikkom partially da
Leela nanappan Palathandel house (711921, 1093743) situated below the road bench. The debris material flowed upto the backside of the house and debris material dumped at the backside of the house and caused cut slope failure behind the house. Surface ru
RR walls has to provided with anchores in the hard rock at the Scarp face to avoid retrogression which further may cause the failure. Removal of debris and construction of suitable retaining structure at the back side of the house with weep holes. Lined
House of Thilakan, Vaikkom partially damaged
Unscientific slope modification for house and cultivation. Surface runoff through the road natural flow contributed toe erosion which resulted in slide along weathered seam.

Leela nanappan Palathandel house (711921, 1093743) situated below the road bench. The debris material flowed upto the backside of the house and debris material dumped at the backside of the house and caused cut slope failure behind the house. Surface ru
RR walls has to provided with anchores in the hard rock at the Scarp face to avoid retrogression which further may cause the failure. Removal of debris and construction of suitable retaining structure at the back side of the house with weep holes. Lined
House of Thilakan, Vaikkom partially damaged
Unscientific slope modification for house and cultivation. Surface runoff through the road natural flow contributed toe erosion which resulted in slide along weathered seam.

3 houses damaged 1) Vijayan Pallickal 2) Rajesh M.R 3) Manoj Gopi
Road blocked. Retaining stucture to be constructed from road level, with weepholes and lined toe drainage to be maintained. Construction of suitable culvert. Natural drainage to be maintained.
3 houses fully damaged (Mr. Vijayan Pallickal, Mr. Rajesh M.R, Mr. Manoj Gopi).
Slope modification for cultivation. Seepage from the nala led to the reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure .

On 15th August 2018 Debris Flow have occurred at Perumkala where 3 houses damaged 1) Vijayan Pallickal 2) Rajesh M.R 3) Manoj Gopi, cultivation got damaged and washed out. Road got blocked. Mainly due to slope modification. Accumulated debris should be r
3 houses damaged 1) Vijayan Pallickal 2) Rajesh M.R 3) Manoj Gopi
Road blocked. Retaining stucture to be constructed from road level, with weepholes and lined toe drainage to be maintained. Construction of suitable culvert. Natural drainage to be maintained.
3 houses fully damaged (Mr. Vijayan Pallickal, Mr. Rajesh M.R, Mr. Manoj Gopi).
Slope modification for cultivation. Seepage from the nala led to the reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure .

Cracks found in wall & floor of one house of Janaki Sivaraman Parepurackal house, ground cracks of this can be traced upto the road trending N 300.
Filled material accumulated at backside of the houses should removed. Construction of RR wall over concrete raft anchoured to the hard rock should be provided. Filled material in the front of Sivaraman house should bestabilised.
4 houses affected (Mr. Kochuraman Gopi Illickal, Mrs. Leela Kumaran Kottayil, Mr. Sivaraman Kottayil,Mr. K.P Janardhanan Kottayil)
Seepage along road over burden contact, cutting of the toe due to toe cut for construction.

House of Kochuraman Gopi Illicakal house is situated at the right of the slide where front porch damaged and ground cracks developed. House of Leela Kumaran Kottayil at the crown where cutslope failure seen at the back side. At the left flank of the sli
Cracks found in wall & floor of one house of Janaki Sivaraman Parepurackal house, ground cracks of this can be traced upto the road trending N 300.
Filled material accumulated at backside of the houses should removed. Construction of RR wall over concrete raft anchoured to the hard rock should be provided. Filled material in the front of Sivaraman house should bestabilised.
4 houses affected (Mr. Kochuraman Gopi Illickal, Mrs. Leela Kumaran Kottayil, Mr. Sivaraman Kottayil,Mr. K.P Janardhanan Kottayil)
Seepage along road over burden contact, cutting of the toe due to toe cut for construction.

Retaining stucture to be constructed on hard rock at the front and back of the house.
1 house affected ( P.P Thankappan Karikkunal).

Arrested crown with crown cracks developed in P.P Thankappan Karikkunal house as ground crack as well as crown which were formed on 15 th August heavy rainfall. Due to bank erosion enhancing reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore
Retaining stucture to be constructed on hard rock at the front and back of the house.
1 house affected ( P.P Thankappan Karikkunal).

Right flank of the location cutslope failure observed and at left flank a crack is manifested. House ( Janaki Sivaraman) beneath the road bench cracks extending upto 13m can be found till base.
Debris material to be removed. Construction of RR wall over concrete raft anchoured to the hard rock should be provided at the front portion of Mr sadish babu. Filled material in the front of Sivaraman house (leftt flank of the slide) should be stabili
Cracks inside and walls of the house (Mr.Sathish babu)
The main causes are unscientific slope modification for house construction, reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure and cutting of toe for road construction. Seepage along the rock overburden contact is also a contribu

Arrested crown with crown cracks developed in Mr sadish babu house which were formed on 15 th August heavy rainfall. Due to unscientific slope modification for house construction, reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressur
Right flank of the location cutslope failure observed and at left flank a crack is manifested. House ( Janaki Sivaraman) beneath the road bench cracks extending upto 13m can be found till base.
Debris material to be removed. Construction of RR wall over concrete raft anchoured to the hard rock should be provided at the front portion of Mr sadish babu. Filled material in the front of Sivaraman house (leftt flank of the slide) should be stabili
Cracks inside and walls of the house (Mr.Sathish babu)
The main causes are unscientific slope modification for house construction, reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure and cutting of toe for road construction. Seepage along the rock overburden contact is also a contribu

Moolakkad
The natural course of nala should properly maintained

Chelakkad

Chelakkad
The flow occurred along the course of first order stream.

The nala course should be properly maintained

The flow occurred along the course of first order stream.

Pore water pressure and reduction of strength on super saturation, toe erosion by stream.

Idichelakkad

Uppukkunnu

Kallickal
Removal of tree trunks from the Slide surface

Kallikkallu
RC Wall anchored in bed rock with drainage outlet and filled the gap with gravel as filtering media

Kallickal

Villumthandu

Kallickal
Dumping of waste material in the down slope to act as toe support to prevent further erosion.

Kozhipally III
Construction of road after stabilising the material and construction of retaining wall with drainage outlets and divert the water away from the slope

Kozhipally
Removal of loose material, trees in the vicinity of Slide should remove, easing/benching of slope, construction of proper drainage ditches

Thadiyina

Thadiyina
Electric connection line damaged. One house completely destroyed

Methottil

Methottil
The upslope in a tar road in which unplanned drainage ditches was constructed and divert the water to the failed slope which initiated the Slide.

Moolakkad
The slope is not meant for any habitation

Mannakavu
One well completely filled, one culvert blocked.

Moolakkad
Flow occurs along the natural course of first order nala

Peringasseri
Removal of loose material from the Slide surface, Trees in the vicinity of Slide should remove.

Peringasseri
Dwarf wall for toe support, construction of proper drainage ditch.

The natural nala path should be properly maintained, the culvert should construct properly.

The Flow occurs along the natural course of 1st order nala.

Padinjaru Methottil
The Flow occurs along the natural course of 1st order nala - the nala course should be properly maintain, the habitation in the near vicinity of the nala should be avoided

Cheppukulam
The Flow occur along the natural course of nala.

Venniyani
Reconstruction of road with proper surface preparation.

Removing the loose debris from the slide path and deposit and compacted at the toe to prevent further sliding

Mattam City

Kurutikalam
Fol-N75°W-S75°E to N85°W-S85°E, dipping 45° and 53°NE
Retaining walls and surface drainage system

Poochapra
Fol-N75°W-S75°E to N85°W-S85°E, dipping 45° and 53°NE
Previous history of landslide. Road cutting
Portion of SH33 & Poochpra-Kuruttikalam breached
Retaining walls and surface drainage system

Myladi
Removal of loose Slided material from the path and easing and benching of slope

Kurukkanad
Removal of loose slide material. Removal of trees in the vicinity of slide.

Kurukkanad
Removal of loose material from road side.

Venniyani
The Flow occurred along the course of first order stream.

Venniyani

The Slide occurred in the cultivated land.

Removal of loose material from the Slide surface, trees in the vicinity of Slide should remove.

The Flow occurred along the course of first order stream.

Removal of loose material as well as boulder from the Slide surface, trees in the vicinity of Slide should remove, construction of dwarf RC wall of 1 m height for entire road stretch.

Removal of loose Slide material from the Slide surface

Removal of huge rock boulders from the Slided surface. Remaining the rock boulders present in the crown area should remove, trees in the vicinity of Slide should remove.

Removal of loose Slide material and remove the trees from near vicinity of Slided surface

Removal of loose slided material from the slided surface, trees in the vicinity of slided path should be removed.

Huge tree trunks present in the vicinity of Slide should remove, in the down slope direction RC wall should maintain, a dwarf RC wall of 1 m height should construct and drainage ditches should maintain for the entire stretch.

Easing of the slope, construction of proper drainage ditches, construction of proper culvert.

Mundanmudi
Catch water drains should be installed to divert the water away from the unstable slope.

Mullaringadu II

Mullaringadu
Construction of concrete retaining wall with weep holes anchored on bed rock, Easing and benching of the slope in the crown part.

Mullaringadu
The natural course of the stream path should be maintained as such.

Vellakkayam
The rock present in the Flow path should be scaled or removed. The natural nala Flow path should be properly maintained.

Vellakkayam II
The natural nala Flow path should be properly maintained.

Vannapuram
The subsidence occurred within agricultural land

Kummayakkulambu III
Removing the loose debris, construction of retaining wall with weep holes.

Edathana II
Pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super saturation and toe erosion by stream

Vellallu
Construction of drainage ditches and retaining wall with weep holes

Kummayakkulambu
Construction in the vicinity of nala path should be avoided. The slope is not suitable for habitation.

Kummayakkulambu II
Removing the loose Slide debris, easing and benching of slope.

Aenithazham
The natural Flow path of the stream should be maintained, remove the huge boulders from the path, construction of retaining wall in the slope behind the house.
Pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super saturation and adverse cultivation pattern.

Edathana
Edathana - Eenithazham - Aanakkuzhi road

Edathana III

Pulikkathotti
One path towards the house totally damaged
Pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super saturation and unplanned cutting of slope for construction of house / loading at the head region.

Ayyappanpara III
Loose debris material remaining in the failed slope should be removed, clogged culverts should be cleaned properly.

Ayyappanpara II
Remove the loose overburden remained in the failed surface and construction of drainage ditches beside the road.

Ayyappanpara
Remove the loose material remained in the failed surface and construction of retaining wall with weep holes in the down slope direction.

Balannaadu II
The natural Flow path of the stream should be maintained.

Balannaadu III
Pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super saturation and toe erosion by stream.

Vellallu II
The damaged and blocked culvert should be maintained, construction of retaining walls on both sides and drainage ditches to divert water away from the slope.

Vellallu III
Rajagiri - Kamboorkanam road (unmettaled jeep road)
The Flow occurred along the course of first order stream.
Pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super saturation.

Vallallu

Mundanmudi
The Slide occurred in the cultivated land.

Kudakkachira

Mundanmudi

Kallippara III
Pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super saturation and adverse cultivation pattern.

Kallippara II
The loose debris in the Slide surface should be removed, easing and benching of slope, construction of retaining wall and drainage ditches besides the road.

Kallippara
The failed material should be made available to make a bench near the road and construction of retaining wall in front of it.

Blathykavala
Easing of slope to prevent further failure.

Blathykavala
A footpath in Chelachuvadu - Thodupuzha road

Balannaadu

Pattekkudi IV
Pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super saturation. Unplanned cutting of slope for construction of house.

Pattekkudi III
Remove the debris from the Slided path, huge rock blocks present should be scaled and removed, catch water drain and a culvert should be constructed to divert the water, trees in the vicinity of Slide path should be removed.
Pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super saturation. Unplanned cutting of slope for construction of road.

Pattekkudi
Removing the loose material, benching of slope.
Pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super saturation. Unplanned cutting of slope for construction of house.

Pattekkudi II
Pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super saturation. Unplanned cutting of slope for construction of house.

Mottamudi
The unstable loose overburden material should be removed, easing and benching of slope, the natural course of the stream path should be maintained as such, construction activities in the vicinity of Flow path should be avoided, construction of drainage d

Aanakkuzhi
Construction of reinforced retaining wall with weep holes and drainage conduits to divert the water

Thattekanni III
The blocked culvert, drainage ditches beside the road should be maintained properly. Benching of slope and retaining wall with drainage conduits should be constructed to prevent further failure.

Thattekanni II
Removing loose debris from the road. Proper maintenance of box culvert.
Pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super saturation.

Thattekanni I
Pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super saturation.

Thattekanni IV
As chances of wedge failure along the joint planes are there, the jointed rock hanging in the failed slope should be removed by scaling. Drainage ditches should be constructed beside the road, in the down slope portion construction of retaining wall with

Thattekanni V
The blocked debris should be removed from the culvert. Drainage ditches should be maintained properly. Trees in the vicinity of the Slide should remove.

Thattekallu II
NRSC validation

Thattekallu I
NRSC validation
One house basement fully covered with material

Thattekallu III

Thekkanthoni
The natural course of the stream path should be maintained as such, construction activities in the vicinity of nala path should be avoided.

Tension cracks observed in the ground as well as in the walls. Cutslope failure noticed.
Natural drainage should not be blocked and channelize the flow path.
Tension cracks and crown cracks noticed in Mr Soju Thakarapalli house.

Debris Flow occurred at Kokurakulam on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific slope modification for cultivation. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Natural drainage should not be blocked and maintain the flow.
Tension cracks observed in the ground as well as in the walls. Cutslope failure noticed.
Natural drainage should not be blocked and channelize the flow path.
Tension cracks and crown cracks noticed in Mr Soju Thakarapalli house.

Debris slide graded into debris flow occurred at Kokurakulam on 15th August 2018 due to unscientific slope modification for cultivation. Reduction of strength on super saturation due to excess pore water pressure. Two different slides with same dimensio
Two different slides with same dimension is noticed adjacent to this slide. Crown cracks are observed extending in between this slides.
Easing of slope. Benches of 2 to 3 meters should be provided .

Two different slides with same dimension is noticed adjacent to this slide. Crown cracks are observed extending in between this slides.
Easing of slope. Benches of 2 to 3 meters should be provided .

Pazhayarikandam
Removal of loose Slided material from the failed slope, the boulders present in the slope should be removed and the trees in the vicinity of the Slided surface should be removed.

Mazhuvadi

Vandanmedukavala

Vandanmedukavala
Removal of loose Slided material from the path.

Mazhuvady
On e house partially damaged, electric post damaged.

Mazhuvady II
Material should be removed from the Slided surface, easing of slope, construction of retaining wall.

Mazhuvady III
Material in the Flow path should be removed

Vakachuvadu
Construction of drainage ditches and divert the water to the culvert. Construction in the vicinity of stream path should be avoided.

Punnayar II

Punnayar

Punnayar III

Pambla III
Construction of culvert and proper drainage ditches

Punnayar IV

Punnayar V

Edakkad
NRSC validation
The blocked box culvert should be cleared and maintained properly, the strengthening of the retaining wall has to be done, the stream path should be cleared from the failed materials for the free Flow of water.

Churulipathal
Material should be removed from the Slided surface, easing of slope, toe support should be done, trees in the vicinity of Slided surface should be removed.

Alpara Temple Road
Removing the loose material from the Slide surface
Pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super saturation and unplanned cutting of slope for construction of road

Alpara
Construction of retaining wall in the down slope direction
Pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super saturation and unplanned cutting of slope for construction of road

Churulipathal I
Material should be removed from the Slided surface, easing of slope, toe support should be done.

Alpara II
The debris in the Slide surface should be removed and the box culver should be properly maintained.

Alpara III
Material should be removed from the Slided surface, easing of slope, construction of proper drainage ditches.
Pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super saturation and unplanned cutting of slope for construction of road

Alpara IV

Churuli VI
Easing of slope, construction of retaining wall with drainage conduits.
Pore water pressure and reduction of strength on super saturation and unplanned cutting of slope and unplanned construction.

Churuli VIII
Lot of springs were originated during rainy season is still Flowing out through the fracture planes in the rock-overburden contact should be diverted away from the house.

Alappuzha ΓÇô Madurai State Highway (SH 40)
The nala path was blocked for cultivation.

Churuli IX
The removal of loose Slided material from the Slided surface.

Churuli Junction

Churuli V
Removal of loose Slided material from the path, trees in the vicinity of path should remove.

Edakkad VI
The removal of material from the Slided surface, widening of road.

Edakkad IV
The trees in the vicinity of the Flow path has to be removed, material remained in the Slided surface should be removed.

Edakkad V
The removal of material from the Slided surface, trees in the vicinity of the Slided surface should be removed.

Churuli VII

Edakkad III

Edakkad II

Keerithode

Keerithode Junction

Periyar Valley
Alappuzha ΓÇô Madurai State Highway (SH 40)
The natural nala path should be maintained properly, cultivation and habitation in the near vicinity of nala path should be avoided. Construction of larger culvert in the road to divert the water.

Chelachuvadu
This landslide took place due to climatological factors. Rainwater seeped through the joints and pores which got dammed up later on causing this landslide.
Afforestation, awareness campaign, periodic examination of existing mitigation structures.
The natural slope of the area was already disturbed. Due to heavy incessant rainfall water percolated through barren outcrops and the soil. In due course the water channel may have got blocked creating pore water pressure and reducing shear strength of t

Periyar Valley V

Periyar Valley IV
The natural nala path should be maintained properly with suitable culverts to divert the water.

Periyar Valley III
The natural nala path should be maintained properly with suitable culverts to divert the water.

Rajapuram II
The slide occurred in the cultivated land.

Rajapuram III
Removing the loose debris, easing and benching of slope and construction of proper drainage ditches

Rajpuram Landslide
This landslide took place due to incessant heavy rainfall and poor terrain response to increase in pore pressure and resultant reduction in shear strength.
Water percolated through thin soil cover and highly jointed bedrock due to incessant rainfall. This water got channelized and seeped through subhorizontal joints. Later this water has created enormous pore water pressure and reduced shear strength of ov

Rajapuram
Precambrian shield characterized by gneiss, granulites, biotite gneiss, pyroxenite and amphibolites
A debris avalanche occurred at at Rajapuram, 1Km NW of Puvankandam on the SW flank of Vathikudi Kunnu, Idukki district, Kerala. The slide has entirely removed the thin soil cover from its flow path through a culvert supported by a retaining wall and lea
Afforestation and reconstruction of retaining wall.
Excess pore water pressure resulting in toe erosion

Chelachuvadu Cutting
Southern Precambrian shield-gneiss, granulites, biotite gneiss, pyroxenite and amphibolites.
A slide site is located about 1km NE of Chelachuvadu, Kanjikuzhi village.The landslide extended to the distance of 35m with a width of 13m. Slope of slide 32? towards East. The entire soil formation was washed off resulting in the exposure of fresh outcr
Huge rolled boulder of 2cum size are seen in the zone of accumulation. Natural hill slope

Rajapuram
Pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super saturation, toe erosion by stream and adverse cultivation pattern.

Periyar Valley VII
Construction of retaining wall with culvert and drainage ditches.

Kudikayathil
Retaining wall and culvert may be reconstructed with weep holes to protect the failed slope and to arrest further advancement of the slide. Caution to be excercised during rainy season. Awareness campaign may be arranged in the affected area.
Water percolated through thin soil cover and highly jointed bedrock due to incessant rainfall. This water got channelized and seeped through subhorizontal joints. Later this water has created enormous pore water pressure and reduced shear strength of ov

Kudikayathil
Precambrian shield- gneiss, granulites, biotite gneiss, pyroxenite and amphibolites
A debris avalanche occurred at at Kudikayathil, 200m west of the Periyar valley, Vathikudi village. A horrifying sound is reported to have accompanied the avalanche. Two breaks in slope have been noticed in the failed slope. The slide has entirely remove
Huge dislodged boulders of 1cum size are seen in the zone of accumulation, Natural hill slope
Afforestation, reconstruction of retaining wall and culvert.

Periyar Valley VI
Removal of material form the slided surface, scaling of large rock boulders, construction of drainage ditches beside the road.

Periyar valley
Afforestation, awareness campaign, prohibition of construction on steep slopes.
Water percolated through thin soil cover and highly jointed bedrock due to heavy incessant rainfall. This water got channelized and seeped through the subhorizontal joints. In due course of time this water may have got blocked creating enormous pore wat

Periyar valley
Precambrian shield - gneiss, granulites, biotite gneiss, pyroxenite and amphibolites,bands of thin lenticular leucocratic quartz ,feldspars & melanocratic biotite
A debris avalanche occurred at NNW flank of the Vathidudi Kunnu in the Periyar valley about 500m south of the confluence Chinnar Todu and Periyar River, Vathikudi village. A horrifying sound is reported to have accompanied the avalanche. Average slope of
Huge dislodged boulders of 1cum size in the zone of accumulation

Pallikkudam City
Removal of material form the slided surface, construction of retaining wall anchored in the bed rock, maintaining the drainage ditches beside the road, construction of box culvert for the free flow of water during rainy season.
Pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super saturation ,unplanned cutting of slope for construction of road and loading at head region.

Periyar Valley Chappath
Construction of culvert to divert the water from the newly formed stream.

Periyar Valley Chappath II
Construction of culvert to divert the water from the newly formed stream.
Pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super saturation and loading at head region

Periyar Valley VIII
Construction of box culvert and drainage ditches.

Periyar Valley IX
Removal of material form the slided surface, easing and benching of slope

Keerithode
Pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super saturation and loading at head region

Panamkutty

Panamkutty KSEB valve house
Removal of loose debris from the Slided surface, large trees present in the vicinity of Slided surface should be removed, easing and benching of slope.

Panamkutty KSEB valve office
Large blocks of rock chemically blasted. Construction of retaining wall anchored on bed rock.
Kallarkutty valve house tunnel anchor affected

Pambla V
Construction of culvert and proper drainage ditches

Pambla IV

Thallakkanam
An approach road to Alappuzha ΓÇô Madurai State Highway (SH 40)
Pore water pressure and reduction of strength on super saturation and unplanned cutting of slope for construction of house. Adverse cultivation pattern

Thallakkanam
Pore water pressure, toe erosion by stream

Thallakkanam II

South Kathipara
One panchayat well completely filled with debris.

South Kathipara
Easing and benching of slope and trees in the vicinity of Slide should be removed

South Kathipara

1000 acre
The Flow occurred along the natural course of first order stream.

South Kathipara - Kaithachal metalled road
Removal of loose debris from the Slided surface, easing and benching of slope and construction of retaining wall with weep holes.

1000 acre

1000 acre
Removal of loose debris from the Slided surface, construction of retaining wall with weep holes and drainage ditches should be maintained properly.

Kathipara
Removal of loose debris from the Slided surface, large trees present in the vicinity of Slided surface should be removed and construction of retaining wall with weep holes and drainage ditches to divert the water away from slope.

Kathipara
Construction of retaining wall with weep holes in upslope and down slope and drainage ditches to divert the water away from slope.
Road damaged. One house completely and other partly damaged

Kathipara
Removal of loose debris from the Slided surface, easing and benching of slope and construction of retaining wall with weep holes and drainage ditches to divert the water away from slope.

Pore water pressure and reduction of strength on super saturation. Unplanned cutting of slope for construction of house

Naikkunnu
The natural course of the nala path should be maintained as such.
Unmetalled road damaged, one electric post damaged

Naikkunnu
Pore water pressure and reduction of strength on super saturation. Unplanned cutting of slope for construction of house

Odakkacity

Odakkacity
Removal of loose unstable Slided material from the surface.

One house completely and one house partly damaged.

A cut slope failure occurred in Anaviratty, Devikulam Taluk, Idukki district on 9th June, 2018. As a result of the failure the NH ΓÇô 49 (KochiΓÇô Dhanushkodi Road) was blocked for hours. The length, width and depth of the slide are about 7m, 10m a
Slope failures are common along the road corridors as the roads are constructed by vertically cutting thick column of old debris/soil mass and leaving the cut slope untreated making them highly susceptible to failure.
Thick vegetation, Extensive slope cut for construction of road.
Road blocked NH ΓÇô 49 (Kochi ΓÇô Dhanushkodi Road)
Unplanned cutting of slope for the construction of NH ΓÇô 49 (Kochi ΓÇô Dhanushkodi Road). Saturation of loose overburden due to incessant rainfall.

Koompanpara
One house completely damaged and one house partly damaged with one cattle shed completely damaged.

Koompanpara
The natural Flow path of the stream should be maintained as such, construction activities in the vicinity of the steam path should be avoided. The slope is not good for habitation.

Koompanpara
Removing the failed material from the Slide path, easing and benching of slope, construction of drainage ditches beside road, the unstable rock blocks present in the upslope should be removed.

The rock blocks present in the upslope portion behind the house has to be scaled down and removed.

Removing the loose slided material remained in the slope, easing and benching of slope, construction of drainage ditches and construction of toe support RC wall.

The Flow occurred into he natural path of nala. The natural Flow path of the nala should be maintained as such and any construction activities adjacent to the nala path should be avoided. The blocked culvert should be properly maintained.

Removal of loose debris from the Slided surface, easing and benching of slope and construction of retaining wall with weep holes and drainage ditches.

Removing the failed material from the Slide path, easing and benching of slope, construction of drainage ditches beside road, construction of toe support retaining wall and the huge trees in the vicinity of Slide path should be removed.
One house situated above the crown of the Slide has developed some cracks.

Adimali Library Road

Adimali
Two houses completely destroyed and one auditorium building partly damaged.

Palachuvadu
The Adimali - Munnar highway blocked and one approach road damaged
Pore water pressure and reduction of strength on super saturation. Unplanned cutting of slope for construction of road

Munithand
Construction of retaining wall with weep holes behind the house.

toe has to be supported, easing of slope. Trees has to be uprooted
Unscientific hill slope modification for construction that left cut slope with no lateral support. Excess rain resulted in reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure.

Unscientific hill slope modification for construction that left cut slope with no lateral support. Excess rain resulted in reduction of strength on super saturation and excess pore water pressure.

Munithand
Pore water pressure and reduction of strength on super saturation. Adverse cultivation pattern.

Mukkalekkar

Retaining wall with weep holes founded on hard rock to be constructed at scarp face. House should be evacuated

Thalathorappan
The habitation in the vicinity of nala path should be avoided. Flow occur along the natural course of stream.
One house completely damaged, one house partly damaged.

S P Kudi

Chinnaparakkudi

Pambla II

Pambla

Kudakkallu III
Removal of debris from the stream path, maintained the natural Flow of the stream path.
Pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super saturation and toe erosion by stream.

Kudakkallu II
Proper drainage ditches should be made beside the road. Drainage conduits should be installed with gabion wall to protect the slope.

Kudakkallu
Natural nala path should be maintained properly for the free Flow of water.
One house damaged partially and one shop damaged.

Thattekanni VIII
Easing and benching of slope and construction of retaining wall with weep holes.

Thattekanni VII
Drainage ditches should be maintained properly, relocating the box culvert due to change of stream path. Construction of retaining wall with weep holes.
Pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super saturation and toe erosion by stream.

Thattekanni VI
Construction of proper drainage ditches and box culvert to divert the water away from the unstable slope, the damaged retaining wall should be reconstructed with provision for proper drainage outlet.

Machiplavu
Remove the loose debris material from the surface, construction of retaining wall to support the toe.

Machiplavu
Remove the loose debris material from the surface, easing and benching of slope.

Kattamudikudy

Kattamudi
The slope is not good for habitation. The natural Flow of stream path should be maintained as such.

Kunjipettykudy
Pore water pressure and reduction of strength on super saturation. Unplanned cutting of slope for cultivation.

Kunjipettykudy

Machiplavu

Kudakkallu kudi
Pore water pressure and reduction of strength on super saturation. Unplanned cutting of slope construction of house.

Kudakkallu kudi
One house partly damaged, one cattle shed completely damaged.

Kudakkallu kudi

Jnavalpparakkudi

Kandachal
Removal of loose debris from the Slided surface, the natural Flow of nala path should be maintained.

Plamala
Removal of loose debris from the Slided surface, the natural Flow of nala path should be maintained and the huge trees in the vicinity of Slide path should be removed.

Plamala
Removing the failed material from the Slide path, easing and benching of slope and trees in the vicinity of Slide path should be removed.

The Flow occurred within agricultural land.

Korangatti

Korangatti
Easing and benching of slope and construction of retaining walls with weep holes.

Noorankara - Muthuvankudi
The Flow occurred within agricultural land.

Korangatti
Easing and benching of slope, construction of retaining wall with weep holes.

The debris material should be removed, easing and benching of slope and construction of drainage ditches beside the road.

Easing and benching of slope should be done, removal of loose debris from the Slided surface and trees in the vicinity of the Slided surface should be removed.

Easing and benching of slope should be done, removal of loose debris from the Slided surface, trees in the vicinity of the Slided surface should be removed and construction of drainage ditches to divert the water away from slope.

Easing of slope should be done, removal of loose debris from the Slided surface, large tree trunks present in the Slided surface should be removed and construction of retaining wall with weep holes and drainage ditches to divert the water away from slop

Chattuparakudi
Easing and benching of slope should be done, removal of loose debris from the Slided surface, large tree trunks present in the Slided surface should be removed and construction of retaining wall with weep holes and drainage ditches to divert the water a

Chattuparakudi

Thalamali
Remove the Slided material from the Slide surface, construction of proper drainage ditches.
Pore water pressure and reduction of strength on super saturation, unplanned cutting of slope for construction of road.

Noorankara

Noorankara
The debris material should be removed, easing and benching of slope, construction of retaining wall with weep holes, huge boulders in the crown portion should be removed and construction of drainage ditches.

Pettimudi

shown as 1st order sytream in toposheet,

Pettimudi
Easing and benching of slope, removing the loose debris material, construction of drainage ditches beside the road and construction of retaining walls in upslope and down slope.
Pore water pressure and reduction of strength on super saturation, unplanned cutting of slope for construction of road.

shown as 1st order sytream in toposheet

Pettimudi Settlement

The debris material should be removed, easing of slope. Toe has to be supported.Drainage should be channelised

Kurushumpadi
The bed rock is exposed after the event. The unstable rock blocks present in the upslope part should be removed by scaling.

60th Mile
Easing and benching of slope, construction of retaining wall with drainage pipes and drainage ditches to divert the water away from the slope.

Removal of loose debris from the Slided surface, easing and benching of slope, the trees in the vicinity of Slide should be removed and construction of proper retaining wall with weep holes.

Removing the failed material from the Slide path, easing and benching of slope.

Kallar
Removing the failed material from the Slide path, easing and benching of slope.

Kallar

Easing and benching of slope, removing the loose debris material, construction of drainage ditches beside the road
Pore water pressure and reduction of strength on super saturation, unplanned cutting of slope for construction of road.

Kallar - Eight acre
Easing and benching of slope, removing the loose debris material, construction of retaining wall with weep holes.

Unnikuzhy, Pallivasal village
Debris slide occurred near Unnikuzhy in which 1 house of Sathish Kumar,Plackal, fully damaged. Unscientific slope modification for building construction which resulted in vertical cut with no lateral support. Excessive and incessant rainfall resulted in
1 house of Sathish Kumar,Plackal, fully damaged

Unnikuzhy, Pallivasal village
1 house of Sathish Kumar,Plackal, fully damaged

The debris material should be removed, easing of slope. Toe has to be supported.Uproot trees from the crown

Peechad
Removal of loose debris from the Slided surface, easing and benching of slope, construction of drainage ditches.

Peechad
Removal of loose debris from the Slided surface, easing and benching of slope, the trees in the vicinity of Slide should be removed and the natural Flow path of the stream should be maintained properly.

Virippara
Removing loose Slide debris, easing and benching of slope and construction of drainage ditches.

Pambumkayam
Scars of old slides are observed

Pambukkayam

Drainage should be channelised.Culvets should be providedT. Toe has to be supported below the road

Pambukkayam
Easing and benching of slope, maintenance of drainage ditches and the trees in the vicinity of Slide path should remove.

Removing loose Slide debris, easing and benching of slope and maintenance of drainage ditches.

Velliyampara
The Flow occur within the agricultural land.

Plakkayam

Plakkayam
Removing the failed material from the Slide path, easing of slope and construction of concrete retaining wall with drainage outlets.

Pathinalam Mile III
The natural Flow of first order stream should be maintained as such. The area is not suitable for habitation.
One house completely and one house partly damaged

Pathinalam Mile II
The natural Flow of first order stream should be maintained as such.

Pathinalam Mile IV
The natural Flow of first order stream should be maintained as such.

Pathinalam Mile V
Easing and benching of slope, construction of retaining wall behind the house, install drainage conduits for the free Flow of water.

Pathinalam Mile
As there is a free Flow of water in between the overburden and bed rock behind the house and the house was slightly tilted backward it is advised to relocate the house as early as possible.

Cheeyyappara
The retaining wall has already constructed.

Valara
Removal of loose debris from the Slided surface, easing and benching of slope, the trees in the vicinity of Slide should be removed, maintenance and construction of drainage ditches and construction of proper toe support retaining wall, the unstable rock

Valara
Removal of loose debris from the Slided surface, easing and benching of slope, the trees in the vicinity of Slide should be removed, maintenance and construction of drainage ditches and construction of proper toe support retaining wall.

Valara
ValaraVadakkechal road (By road to NH 49)
Removal of protrusions and overhangs (exfoliated rock slabs) retained in the top by scaling (manual or mechanical) if possible.
After site inspection it was concluded that weathering and erosion have resulted in the development of fractures parallel to the surface (sheet joints). Over long periods, daily temperature variations and extreme heat along with water flowing through fra

Chempankuzhi slide2
Unstable boulders present along the slide flow path, two houses are located in very close vicinity of the slide flow path One cattle shed completely destroyed, one house partially damaged
Removal of unstable material from source of the slide and along the slide course, no house should be allowed in close vicinity of the slide flow path
One cattle shed completely damaged and one house partially damaged
Heavy outflow of water along a seasonal 1st order stream during heavy rainfall, presence of highly fractured rock in the source area which provided material for the slide

Cheeyyappara
Removal of loose debris from the Slided surface, easing and benching of slope, maintenance and construction of drainage ditches and construction of proper toe support retaining wall.

Cheeyyappara
Removal of loose debris from the Slided surface, easing and benching of slope, the trees in the vicinity of Slide should be removed, maintenance and construction of drainage ditches and construction of proper toe support retaining wall.

Pazhayapallichal

Pazhayapallichal
Pore water pressure and reduction of strength on super saturation. Toe erosion by stream.

Knachery slide
Rocky cliff present on the upslope of the crown, two houses located very near (within 50m approx. ) to the flow path
Removal of unstable debris material from slide course, avoiding construction of settlements in the near vicinity of the slide
Increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the material due to heavy rainfall and widening of stream during heavy outflow of water, eroding and carrying away material with the flowing water

Kadambrayar subsidence
Cracks developed on the floor and walls of the house, indicating of unstable slope
Thick vegetation , LHP (Rubber plantation)
Stabilization of the slope by benching, treatment of the ground cracks with bentonite clay or simmilar materials, toe support below the house required
Increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the material due to heavy rainfall

spring
The debris material should be removed, easing of slope. Toe has to be supported.trees should be uprooted from the crown

Chempankuzhi slide1
Unstable boulders present along the slide flow path
Road was temporarily blocked for 1 day during the incidence
Removal of unstable material from source of the slide and along the slide course, construction of culvert of suitable dimension at road level
Heavy outflow of water along a seasonal 1st order stream during heavy rainfall, widening and erosion of flanks of the stream

NH-49 slide
Road was temporarily blocked for few hours during the incidence
Easing of the slope, construction of retaining wall for toe support of the slope and lined toe drainage
Increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material due to heavy rainfall, steep cutting of slope for road construction

NH-49 slide2
Thick vegetation , LHP (Rubber plantation)
Easing of slope, construction of retaining wall with weep holes and lined toe drainage
Increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the material due to heavy rainfall, steep cutting of slope for road construction

Chempankuzhi slide3
Removal of unstable material from source of the slide, proper channelization of the stream, no settlement should be allowed in the close vicinity of the slide flow path/ stream
Heavy outflow of water along a seasonal 1st order stream during heavy rainfall, presence of highly fractured rock in the source area which provided material for the slide

Kottappara II
Construction of drainage ditches in the entire stretch of road, construction and proper maintenance of culvert and easing of Crown part

Kottappara

Mazhuvannur slide
crown cracks were seen at top which may cause reactivation of slide, if untreated
Benching of slope following proper bench height, construction of concrete retaining wall with weep holes and lined toe drainage, treatment of crown crack by proper sealing material like bentonite clay
Increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material due to heavy rainfall for prolonged period, unscientific cutting of slope behind the house

Mulavalur slide
Highly jointed rock is exposed in the slide course, widening of stream channel after the event, unstable boulders are present along the nala course
Unstable boulders at source as well as along the slide course needs to be removed, catch fences may be installed at downslope to arrest the rolled boulders during such events in future and protect the settlements at downslope
Due to heavy rainfall for prolonged period, there was increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material, resulting in sliding and debris flow along the first seasonal streams/nalas.

Vellurkunnam slide
The slide zone has numerous ground cracks and is in highly unstable condition. A detailed site specific study is recommended
Benching of slope, construction of concrete retaining wall with weep holes and lined toe drainage behind the house, checking and treatment of water seepage from a water tank belonging to kerala water board, situated at upslope of the slide
01 House partially damaged & 01 commercial building completely damaged
Increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material due to heavy rainfall for prolonged period, percolation from the water tank placed to the upslope of the slide

Chittanad slide 2
Crown crocks were marked, chances of retrogression of the slide
Easing of the slope followed by benching, construction of retaining wall for toe support of the slope
Increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material due to heavy rainfall, unscientific way of slope cutting and thus reducing the factor of safety for the slope

Chittanad slide 1
Backside of the house was partially filled with slide debris, crown cracks present
Removal of unstable slide debris, proper benching of the slope, construction of retaining wall with weep holes and lined toe drainage at backside of the house
Increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material due to heavy rainfall, presence of lithomargic clay in the source area, which is very much prone to landsliding

Anakulam
Rakhi Gopal et al., 2016. Marcoscale Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Amboori-Ponmudi-Thenmala areas, toposheets nos 58D/13, 58H/1, 58H/2, H/5 and H/6, Kollam and Thriuvananthapuram districts, Kerala. Unpub. GSI Report of FS 2015-16.
Incessant rains created pore water pressure

Mannarakulanji slide
A cut slope failure on the upslope of the road happened along Mannarakulanji to Pezhumpara road due to steep cutting of the slope for road construction, triggered by heavy rainfall for past three days. The event happened on 15th August 2018. As remedial

Thannimoodu slide
On 13.10.2018, a cut slope failure occurred on the back side of a house owned by Asokan, 60 years, Thannimoodu. Due to heavy rainfall, the thick overburden on the cut slope behind the house got oversaturated. Increase in pore water pressure along with d
Removal of loose material from the slide zone, Construction of concrete retaining wall with weep holes and lined toe drain needs to be constructed.
Due to heavy rainfall, the thick overburden on the cut slope behind the house got oversaturated. Increase in pore water pressure along with decrease in shear strength of the material resulted in slope instability along unscientifically cut slope behind

Mlaanthadam slide
On 13.10.2018, a cut slope failure occurred on the back side of a house owned by Kunjikkutty Damodaran, Parakkadivasham, Mlaanthadam. Due to heavy rainfall, the thick overburden on the cut slope behind the house got oversaturated. Increase in pore water
Removal of loose material from the slide zone, easing of slope and construction of concrete retaining wall with weep holes and lined toe drain needs to be constructed.
Due to heavy rainfall, the thick overburden on the cut slope behind the house got oversaturated. Increase in pore water pressure along with decrease in shear strength of the material resulted in slope instability along unscientifically cut slope behind

Kulathuman slide
On 13.10.2018, a cut slope failure occurred along Murinjakal-Athirungal road due to stream bank erosion. Due to heavy rainfall, the water flow in the seasonal stream got increased which resulted in toe cutting of slope down slope side of the road. As r
Removal of loose material from the slide zone, concrete lining of nala is preferred to protect the road.
Due to heavy rainfall, the water flow in the seasonal stream got increased which resulted in toe cutting of slope down slope side of the road.

Muttaakkuzhi slide
Joints: J1: 180 degree/sub-horizontal; J2: 358 degree/vertical
Due to torrential rainfall on the evening of 13th october 2018, a debris flow took place at Muttaakkuzhy, Konni village, Pathanamthitta district with a length of 12m, width of 15 m and run out distance of 110 m. The slope forming matrial (soil) along wit
Settlement was made along the nala path, debris material still present at the source and along the nala course needs to be removed to avoid any further chance of sliding.
Natural flow path of nala should not be blocked by any kind of human activity. Unstable debris material on the upslope as well as along the slide course needs to be removed, no settlement should be allowed on the near vicinity and across the slide course
Torrential rainfall on the afternoon of 13th October 2018 resulted in increase in pore water pressure and reduction in shear strength of the over burden material along a steep slope on the left bank of seasonal stream, resulted in debris flow. Heavy out

Vakayar slide
On 13.10.2018, a cut slope failure occurred at Muthupezhungal, Vakayar behind a house where a slope with thick overburden was unscientifically cut for building of house. Due to heavy rainfall, the thick overburden got oversaturated and increase in po
Heavy rainfall, unscientific cutting of slope
Removal of debris material from the failed slope, construction of concrete retaining wall with weep holes and lined toe drain.
Due to heavy rainfall, the thick overburden got oversaturated and increase in pore water pressure along with decrease in shear strength of the material resulted in slope instability along unscientifically cut slope for building of house.

Muttaakkuzhi slide 2
Due to torrential rainfall on the evening of 13th october 2018, the retaining wall of a house got completely damaged due to toe erosion along the left bank of a small stream. Torrential rainfall resulted in increase in heavy outflow of water along nala.
On the right bank of the stream, ground cracks were developed parallel to the small road.
Shallow planar failure (Toe erosion by stream).
Concrete lining of the stream banks, grouting of ground cracks.
The retaining wall of one house situated on the left bank of the stream completely damaged.
Torrential rainfall on the afternoon of 13th October 2018 resulted in increase in heavy outflow of water along nala. Due to enormous volume of water and rapid toe erosion, the left bank of the river where a retaining wall was made by the occupants of th

Athirungal slide
On 13.10.2018, a slope failure occurred along Vakayar-Athirungal road due to toe cutting of nala running parallel to road. During heavy rainfall, increased surface run off and higher amount of water discharge in the nala resulted in the toe erosion of c
Concrete lining of the stream bank, construction of breast wall.
Due to heavy rainfall, the water flow in the seasonal stream got increased which resulted in toe cutting of slope down slope side of the road.

Athirungal - Vakayar road slide
On 13.10.2018, a debris slide occurred on the down slope of road connecting Athirungal to Vakayar. During heavy rainfall, there was an increase in pore water pressure along with decrease in shear strength of the overburden material resulted in slope i
Removal of loose material from the slide zone, benching of slope and construction of breast wall.
Increase in pore water pressure along with decrease in shear strength of the overburden material resulted in slope instability.

Kulathuman slide
On 13.10.2018, a cut slope failure occurred along Athirungal-Kulathuman-Kalleli road due to heavy rainfall. The thick overburden on the cut slope face of the road got oversaturated, increase in pore water pressure along with decrease in shear strength
Heavy rainfall, unscientific cutting of slope.
Temporary blockage of road foe few hours
Removal of loose material from the slide zone, construction of concrete retaining wall with weep holes and lined toe drain.
Due to heavy rainfall, the thick overburden on the cut slope face of the road got oversaturated. Increase in pore water pressure along with decrease in shear strength of the material resulted in slope instability along unscientifically cut slope along t

Kottarathara Debris Flow
Rakhi Gopal R and Kamble A., 2017. Marcoscale Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets nos 58C/12, C/16, G/4 and G/8, Kollam and Pathanamthitta districts, Kerala. Unpub. GSI Report of FS 2016-17.
Upslope: Hills with plantation, Downslope: valley
1). Diversion of drainage at the top of the slope. 2). Retaining wall may be constucted across the drainage channel.
1). Reduction of strength on saturation of slope material due to heavy rain. 2). Planner failure

Aruvpallam Debris Flow -2
Rakhi Gopal R and Kamble A., 2017. Marcoscale Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets nos 58C/12, C/16, G/4 and G/8, Kollam and Pathanamthitta districts, Kerala. Unpub. GSI Report of FS 2016-17.
Upslope:hill slope, Downslope:River
1). Diversion of drainage at the top of the slope. 2). Retaining wall may be constucted across the drainage channel.
1). Reduction of strength on saturation of slope material due to heavy rain. 2). Planner failure

Aruvpallam Debris Flow -1
Rakhi Gopal R and Kamble A., 2017. Marcoscale Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets nos 58C/12, C/16, G/4 and G/8, Kollam and Pathanamthitta districts, Kerala. Unpub. GSI Report of FS 2016-17.
Upslope:hill, Downslope:River
1). Diversion of drainage at the top of the slope. 2). Retaining wall may be constucted across the drainage channel.
1). Reduction of strength on saturation of slope material due to heavy rain. 2). Planner failure

Chuvattupara cut slope failure
On 13.10.2018, a cut slope failure occurred along the road from Radhappadi to Athirungal. Due to heavy rainfall, the thick overburden on the cut slope got oversaturated. Increase in pore water pressure along with decrease in shear strength of the materi
Removal of loose material from the slide zone, and construction of concrete retaining wall with weep holes and lined toe drain needs to be constructed.
Due to heavy rainfall, the thick overburden on the cut slope along road got oversaturated. Increase in pore water pressure along with decrease in shear strength of the material resulted in slope instability along unscientifically cut slope on side of th

Manniara Slump
Upslope: Hills with plantation, Downslope: valley
1). Avoid anthropogenic activities (building construction, road etc) that can result in destabilizing the slope.

Manniara Debris Flow
Upslope: Hills with plantation, Downslope: valley

Thannithodu slide 2
On 15th August 2018, at Thannithodu village, heavy discharge of water along the stream during heavy rainfall and the debris carried by the water resulted in toe cutting of the right bank of the stream, resulted in sliding along the river bank on the ne
The house was constructed very close to the river bank, a tube well is exposed on the right bank of the stream due to toe erosion.
Shallow planar failure (Stream bank erosion)
Concrete lining of the stream bank needs to be constructed, retaining/breast wall in the form of benches needs to be constructed above the lining to avoid further damage to the house.
One RCC house on the right bank of Nala is at risk.
Continuous heavy rainfall for past 3 days increased pore water pressure and decreased shear strength of the overburden material above charnockite resulting in slope failure and discharge of water along with debris material through the seasonal stream.

Thannithodu slide
On 15th August 2018, a cut slope failure occured behind a house at Thannithodu village with 7 m length, 12 m width and 0.5 to 1 m depth. The slide occurred due to increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the material during heavy
Heavy rainfall, anthropogenic activity (unplanned steep cutting of slope)
The house was constructed very close to the steep cut slope, without leaving any sufficient space, hence during the slide, the material directly fell above the construction, causing severe damage.
Shallow planar failure (Cut slope failure)
Unstable debris material on the slide zone needs to be cleared; construction of concrete retaining wall with weep holes sloping towards the house with provision of lined toe drainage.
Due to heavy rainfall, there was increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the material; unplanned steep cutting of slope for construction of house resulted in slope failure.

Mele Poochakkulam 2
Due to continuous rainfall for past 3 days, a debris flow occurred near Mele Poochakkulam area, Thannithodu village with 30 m length, 14 m width and 115 m run out distance, on 15th August 2018. Continuous heavy rainfall for past 3 days increased pore
No settlement should be allowed across the slide course, blocking the flow. Random rubble walls were made across the flow path for benching in rubber plantation, which need not be practiced.
Continuous heavy rainfall for past 3 days increased pore water pressure and decreased shear strength of the overburden material above charnockite resulting in slope failure, heavy discharge of water and debris along the seasonal nala.

Mele Poochakkulam 1
On 15th August 2018, due to continuous rainfall for 3 days, a debris flow occurred in Mele Poochakkulam, Thannithodu village with 35 m length, 12 m width and 140 m run out distance. Continuous heavy rainfall for past 3 days increased pore water pressur
Fractured rock is exposed along the flow path and crown portion of slide, which may lead to sliding of rock material during heavy rain fall. Agricultural activity along the flanks of debris flow path should be avoided.
Agriculture (On flanks of debris flow path).
Unstable debris material on the upslope as well as along the slide course needs to be removed, No settlement should be allowed on the near vicinity and across the slide course/Nala, construction of slab culvert across the road where nala/slide course cro
Continuous heavy rainfall for past 3 days increased pore water pressure and decreased shear strength of the overburden material above charnockite resulting in slope failure, heavy discharge of water and debris along the seasonal nala.

Valiyakulangara valley slide 3
On 15th August 2018, due to continuous rainfall for 3 days, a debris flow occurred in Valiyakulangara valley, Chittar village with 30 m length, 12 m width and 140 m run out distance. Continuous heavy rainfall for past 3 days increased pore water press
One house built on the right side of the flow path of debris flow/nala needs attention to avoid further chance of accident during future heavy rain spells. Series of benches made along the nala course with boulders and lining of nala sides with boulders
Unstable debris material on the upslope as well as along the slide course needs to be removed, No settlement should be allowed on the near vicinity and across the slide course/Nala, construction of slab culvert across the road where nala/slide course cro
Continuous heavy rainfall for past 3 days increased pore water pressure and decreased shear strength of the overburden material above charnockite resulting in slope failure, heavy discharge of water and debris along the seasonal nala. The random rubble

Valiyakulangara valley slide 2
1 set of joint, 185 degree/60 degree towards W
On 15th August 2018, due to continuous rainfall for 3 days, a debris flow occurred in Valiyakulangara valley, Chittar village with 30 m length, 8 to10 m width and 90 m run out distance, resulted in the death of two people who were settled on the down slo
One house built on the right side of the flow path of debris flow is partially damaged and should be re-located to avoid further chance of accident during future heavy rain spells. One house made across the nala, blocking the flow was fully destroyed. Fo
Unstable debris material on the upslope as well as along the slide course needs to be removed, No settlement should be allowed on the near vicinity and across the slide course/Nala, construction of slab culvert across the road where nala/slide course cro
One RCC house completely damaged, One RCC house partially damaged.
Continuous heavy rainfall for past 3 days increased pore water pressure and decreased shear strength of the overburden material above charnockite resulting in heavy discharge of water along the seasonal nala, slope failure and discharge of water and deb

2 sets of joints, 120 degree/vertical, 170 degree/vertical.
On 15th August 2018, due to heavy rainfall, a debris flow occured in Valiyakulangara valley, Chittar village with 15 m length, 10 m width and 60 m run out distance. The geo-scientific cause of the slide was heavy rainfall within short spell, increase i
One house built on the right side of the flow path of debris flow should be re-located to avoid further chance of accident during future heavy rain spells. Proper surface drainage needs to be made to avoid further damage to the road. The overburden mater
Unstable debris material on the upslope as well as along the slide course needs to be removed, No settlement should be allowed on the near vicinity of the slide course, construction of slab culvert across the road where nala/slide course cross cuts road
Torrential rainfall within short spell increased pore water pressure and decreased shear strength of the overburden material above charnockite upslope of the slide resulting in slope failure and heavy discharge of water and debris along the seasonal 1st

Mundanpara slide 2
A cut slope failure was reported on 15th August 2018 from Mundanpara, in the downslope of Govt. tribal U.P School, after a heavy downpour lasted for three days. Continuous heavy rainfall for past 3 days resulted in the failure of cut slope and collapse
Heavy rainfall, anthropogenic activities (steep cutting of slope).
The rain water harvesting structure of the school near the crown portion of the slide is at risk.
Construction of retaining wall with weep holes and lined toe drainage.
Partial damage of the retaining wall of the school.
Continuous heavy rainfall for past 3 days resulted in the failure of cut slope and collapse of retaining wall; induced by steep/unplanned cutting of slope for road construction.

A cut slope failure was reported on 15th August 2018 from Mundanpara, in the downslope of a settlment, after a heavy downpour lasted for three days. Continuous heavy rainfall for past 3 days resulted in the failure of cut slope and collapse of retainin
Heavy rainfall, anthropogenic activities (steep cutting of slope).
Settlement and an open dug well is situated near the crown portion of the slide.
Construction of retaining wall with weep holes and lined toe drainage.
Partial damage of the retaining wall of the settlement.
Continuous heavy rainfall for past 3 days resulted in the failure of cut slope and collapse of retaining wall of the settlement; induced by steep/unplanned cutting of slope for road construction.

A debris flow was reported near Mundanpara with length of 45m, width of 15m and run out distance of 180 m. The event happened due to continuous heavy rainfall for past 3 days which increased pore water pressure and decreased shear strength of the slope
Banana plantation is present in the upslope portion of the debris flow.
Unstable debris material on the upslope as well as along the slide course needs to be removed, No settlement should be allowed on the near vicinity and across the slide course/Nala, natural flow path of nala should not be blocked by any kind of human act
Continuous heavy rainfall for past 3 days increased pore water pressure and decreased shear strength of the slope forming material resulting in slope failure, heavy discharge of water and debris along the seasonal nala.

On 15th August 2018, due to continuous rainfall for 3 days, a debris flow occurred in Mundanpara, Pathanamthitta District, having 15 m length, 12 m width and 160 m run out distance. Due to continuous heavy rainfall for past 3 days, a seasonal stream, w
Debris material still present at the source and along the nala course, which may create recurrence of debris flow during prolonged rainfall
Moderate vegetaion and HHP (Rubber plantation), settlement at near vicinity
Heavy discharge along the seasonal stream due to heavy rainfall, increased pore water pressure and decreased shear strength of the overburden material above charnockite resulting in slope failure

Uchikunnu,Kittamkonam chatuppu
Rakhi Gopal et al., 2016. Marcoscale Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Amboori-Ponmudi-Thenmala areas, toposheets nos 58D/13, 58H/1, 58H/2, H/5 and H/6, Kollam and Thriuvananthapuram districts, Kerala. Unpub. GSI Report of FS 2015-16.
Incessant rains created pore water pressure

Tekumala
Rakhi Gopal et al., 2016. Marcoscale Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Amboori-Ponmudi-Thenmala areas, toposheets nos 58D/13, 58H/1, 58H/2, H/5 and H/6, Kollam and Thriuvananthapuram districts, Kerala. Unpub. GSI Report of FS 2015-16.
Incessant rains created pore water pressure

Tirthakara malai

Chenkottai Kollam metergauge

Chenkottai Kollam metergauge and Suvaranagiri Ar.

Ariyankavu

St .George Malakkara Catholic Church ,
400 kv multi-circuit line of Power Grid Corporation pass through this area. Foundation of tower legs should be placed in a proper foundation
Incessant rains created excess pore water pressure and toe erosion .

Suvarnagiri

Thenmala near 13 Tonnes Bridge
Incessant rains created excess pore water pressure and toe erosion .

Harison Malayalam
Incessant rains created excess pore water pressure and toe erosion .

near Anachadi

Ambanad Debris Slide
1). Avoid anthropogenic activities (building construction, road etc) that can result in destabilizing the slope.

Kadamanpara

A Cut slope of about 8m length and 12m width took place along the Sengottai-Kollam road, Tirunelveli district. The main causative factor for the slide is due to heavy rainfall, there was increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of t

Mutala todu Debris Slide
Upslope: Hills with thick forest, Downslope: Valley with thick forest
1). Avoid anthropogenic activities (building construction, road etc) that can result in destabilizing the slope.

Vala Lakshmi Debris Slide
Upslope: Hills with thick forest, Downslope: Valley with thick forest
1). Anthropogenic activities (Unplanned cutting of slope)

Vala Lakshmi Debris Flow
Upslope: Hills with thick forest, Downslope: River

Kumbhavurutty Debris Flow
Upslope: Hills with thick forest, Downslope: River

Achankovil Debris Slide
Upslope: Hills, Downslope: valley

Achankovil Debris Flow

Taletotam Debris Slide

Chemmannutti Debris Flow -1

Korvantalam Debris Flow -4

Korvantalam RDebris Flow-3

KorvantalamDebris Flow -2

Chemmannutti Debris Flow -2

Korvantalam Debris Flow -1

Kottakayam multiple Rock wedge failure
J1=S55┬░E/68┬░ towards S20W┬░ ; J2=N10┬░E/75┬░ towards West or N85┬░W; J3=S25E┬░/58┬░ towards S65┬░ W and J4=S55┬░E/70┬░ towards S10┬░W. Slope direction/Slope angle:S50┬░W/50-55┬░
Upslope: Hills with thick forest, Downslope: Valley with thick forest.
1). Anthropogenic activities (Unplanned cutting of slope)

Chempanuruvi Debris Slide
Upslope: Hills with thick forest, Downslope: Valley and some houses in and around.

Tura Debris Slide
Upslope: Hills with thick forest, Downslope: Valley with thick forest

On 15th August 2018, due to continuous rainfall for 3 days, a debris flow occurred in Mundanpara, Seethathodu village with 20 m length, 8 m width and 135 m run out distance. Continuous heavy rainfall for past 3 days increased pore water pressure and d
Partial destruction of one house belonging to Sivaramakrishnan Pillai, Dhanyavilasam, situated on the left flank of the seasonal stream.
Unstable debris material on the upslope as well as along the slide course needs to be removed, No settlement should be allowed on the near vicinity and across the slide course/Nala, natural flow path of nala should not be blocked by any kind of human act
Continuous heavy rainfall for past 3 days increased pore water pressure and decreased shear strength of the slope forming material resulting in slope failure, heavy discharge of water and debris along the seasonal nala.

Mekkarai slide
A debris flow occurred due to heavy rainfall on 15th April 2018 at Mekkarai, Virudhunagar district, having 60 m length, 15m width and 150 m run out distance. This slide is a reactivation of earlier one, which occurred during 1992, causing death of nearly
A paleo first order stream widened due to heavy rainfall. First order stream drains seasonally.
Unstable debris material along the slide course needs to be removed. A buffer zone should be made along the stream and further settlement should not be allowed on the near vicinity of the slide. On the toe portion of the slide a settlement is located ab
Due to heavy rainfall, there was increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material which resulted in triggering landslide.

Cortallam road Rock fall
J1= E-W dipping vertically, J2= sub-horizontal
A rock fall with blok size 10m×15m took place along the Tenkasi to Courtallam road, Tirunelveli district. The main causative factor for the rock fall was due to percolation of rain water along the foliation plane and joints reduced the shear strength of
A road is crossing nearby 60-70m from the slide location.
Removal of loose overhanging boulders, rock bolting and provision of providing rock-fall fences along the vulnerable road section.
Percolation of rain water along the foliation plane and joints reduced the shear strength of rock strata along slope which resulted in rock fall.

Near Umi Ar

Near Ambakallu Mottai

Shaghili Erattumukku
Incessant rains created excess pore water pressure .

Shaghili Erattumukku
Incessant rains created excess pore water pressure

Chinikal

Brimor-Kurisadi
Incessant rains created excess pore water pressure .

Brimor-Kurisadi
Incessant rains resulting to toe erosion.

Idinjar
Incessant rains created excess pore water pressure

Vattakayam
Incessant rains created excess pore water pressure .

Merchestian Estate

Ponmudi Upper Sanatorium
Construction of a breast wall running throughout the length of the toe cut portion
Heavy monsoonal rain followed by toe cutting

Bremore rubber estate

Ponmudi near hair pin 22
Incessant rains followed by toe erosion.

Kambimoodu-Idivukovil (Between hairpin curve 21 &22)
Construction of a breast wall, culvert & proper drainage

Merchestian Estate
Incessant rains resulting to toe erosion.

Ponmudi
Incessant rains followed by toe erosion.

Chettikunnu
foliation plane-N 45╦Ü W-S 45╦Ü E/30╦Ü towards N 45╦Ü E and joint plane N 60╦Ü W-S 60╦Ü E/80╦Ü towards S 30╦Ü W
filling of the gaps with cement which was formed due to weathering or rock bolting till the bed rock
spheroidal weathering along the joint plane

Pottanthottam
Incessant rains created excess pore water pressure

Perekonam

Paramukal

Kandamthitta

Amboori

Amboori
Construction of a retaining wall and afforestation

Oothu slide-1
A Cutslope failure is recorded near Oothu village,Tirunelveli district. Due to heavy rainfall, there was increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material which resulted in triggering landslide. As remedial measure
Basheer, H. and Jeevarathinam, A., 2020. Macro scale (1; 50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of Toposheet nos. 58 H/2, 6, 7, 8, 10 & 11, Tirunelveli & Kanyakumari Districts of Tamil Nadu
Removal of loose material and construction of concrete retaining wall with provision of weep holes.

Oothu slide-2
A Cutslope failure has taken place near Oothu, Tirunelveli district. Due to heavy rainfall, there was increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material which resulted in triggering landslide. As remedial measures i
Basheer, H. and Jeevarathinam, A., 2020. Macro scale (1; 50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of Toposheet nos. 58 H/2, 6, 7, 8, 10 & 11, Tirunelveli & Kanyakumari Districts of Tamil Nadu
Removal of loose material and construction of step type gabion walls

Balamore estate slide
A Cutslope failure has taken place near Balamore estate of Kanyakumari district. Due to heavy rainfall, there was increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material which resulted in triggering landslide. As remedia
Basheer, H. and Jeevarathinam, A., 2020. Macro scale (1; 50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of Toposheet nos. 58 H/2, 6, 7, 8, 10 & 11, Tirunelveli & Kanyakumari Districts of Tamil Nadu
Removal of loose material and construction of step type gabion walls

Nalumukku slide
A cutslope failure has taken place near Nalumukku Tirunelveli district. Due to heavy rainfall, there was increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material which resulted in triggering landslide. As remedial measure
Removal of loose material and construction of step type gabion walls

Manjolai estate check post
A Cutslope failure has recorded on the Manimutharu- Manjolai road, Tirunelveli district. Due to heavy rainfall, there was increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material which resulted in triggering landslide. Re
Due to heavy rainfall, there was increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material which resulted in triggering landslide.

Sengaltheri slide -1
A cutslope failure had taken place at Thalayanai to Sengaltheri forest road, Tirunelveli district. Due to heavy rainfall, there was increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material which resulted in triggering lan
Removal of loose material and stabilization of slope by terracing/benching

Sengaltheri slide -2
A cutslope failure had recorded at Thalayanai to Sengaltheri forest road, Tirunelveli district. Due to heavy rainfall, there was increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material which resulted in triggering landsl
Removal of loose material and easing of slope

Muthaliruppan slide
A cutslope failure was recorded at Muthaliruppan-Sengaltheri road Tirunelveli district. Due to heavy rainfall, there was increase in pore water pressure and decrease in shear strength of the overburden material which resulted in triggering landslide. As
Removal of loose material and construction of concrete retaining wall with provision of weep holes.
Due to heavy rainfall, there was increase in pore water pressure, the interface between the overburden material and the underlying rock got weakened and rendered the entire slope vulnerable.

Sastha kovil west debris flow
A debris flow occurred due to heavy rainfall to the west of Sastha kovil, Virudhunagar district, having 80 m length, 25 to 30 m width and about 200 m run out distance. The geo-scientific cause of the slide was Due to heavy rainfall, there was increase in
A paleo first order stream widened due to heavy rainfall. First order stream drains seasonally.
Unstable debris material along the slide course needs to be removed, A buffer zone should be made along the stream course and further no settlement should be allowed on the near vicinity of the slide course.

Removal of lateral support and toe cutting by road construction and surface runoff

Construction of Breast Wall with weep holes
Removal of lateral support and toe cutting by surface runoff

Removal of lateral support and toe cutting for road construction

Exessive cutting of slope for road widening

Melpatti rock fall
A rock fall occurred near Melpatti, Madurai district, having boulder size 10m×8m. The main causative factor is due to percolation of rain water along the foliation plane and joints reduced the shear strength of rock strata along the slope which resulted
Removal of loose and overhanging boulders from the site of slide
Percolation of rain water along the foliation plane and joints reduced the shear strength of rock strata along slope which resulted in rock fall.

J1: N55┬░W vertical, J2: S15┬░E dipping 30┬░ towards north east, J3: S25┬░W dipping 70┬░ towards south east.
Singh, S. K. and Kuthe, B. D., 2018; Macro scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of Toposheets no. 65J/11, 65J/15, 65J/16, 65N/3 & 65N/4, Araku Valley, Visakhapatnam district, Andhra Pradesh
Rainfall. The rock mass is highly dissected by discontinuous. The rainfall leads to the failure of joint plane.
Sparse vegetation, cultivation in the southern part
Retaining wall may be provided to arrest the further movement.
Reduction of strength of rock on super saturation. The rock fall occurred due to failure of joint plane along the free side.

Singh, S. K. and Kuthe, B. D., 2018; Macro scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of Toposheets no. 65J/11, 65J/15, 65J/16, 65N/3 & 65N/4, Araku Valley, Visakhapatnam district, Andhra Pradesh
Reduction of strength on super- saturation
Muliaguda (opposite SH-39, fifty meters away from SH )

J1: N60┬░W vertical, J2: N35┬░E dipping 85┬░ towards north west, J3: S45┬░E dipping 15┬░ towards north east.
Singh, S. K. and Kuthe, B. D., 2018; Macro scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of Toposheets no. 65J/11, 65J/15, 65J/16, 65N/3 & 65N/4, Araku Valley, Visakhapatnam district, Andhra Pradesh
Rainfall. The rock mass is highly dissected by discontinuous. The rainfall leads to the failure of joint plane.
Sparse vegetation along the slope of hill, Barren rock at the top of the hill and cultivation in the nearby area.
Cladding/retaining wall may be provided to arrest the further movement.

J1: N60┬░E dipping 40┬░ towards southeast, J2: E-W dipping 50┬░ towards south, J3: N-S dipping 75┬░ towards east.
Rainfall. The rock mass is highly dissected by discontinuous. The rainfall leads to the failure of joint plane.
Retaining wall may be provided to arrest the further movement of detached boulders.
The road was layed by cutting the slope. The rock fall occurred due to failure of easterly dipping joint plane.

Rainfall and unplanned cutting for road.
Support through retaining wall or boulder catcher

Rainfall and unplanned cutting for road.
High Rainfall and unplanned cutting of road.

J1: N45┬░E dipping 50┬░ towards southeast, J2: S80┬░E dipping 70┬░ towards northeast, J3: N80┬░W dipping 20┬░ towards southwest.
Support through retaining wall may be provided to arrest the further movement.
Unplanned road cutting: The road was layed by cutting the slope.

High Rainfall and unplanned cutting of road.
Support through retaining wall may be provided to arrest the further movement.
High rainfall: The failure of joint plane along the free side toward road caused rock fall.

J1: N10┬░W dipping 75┬░ towards northeast, J2: N50┬░E dipping 75┬░ towards northwest, J3: S50┬░W dipping 60┬░ towards northwest
High Rainfall. The rock mass is highly dissected by discontinuous resulting into formation of wedge and later rock slide occurred.
Support through retaining wall may be provided to arrest the further movement.
Unplanned road cutting: Reduction of strength on super saturation.

J1: N25┬░E dipping 65┬░ towards northwest, J2: S75┬░W dipping 60┬░ towards southeast, J3: S60┬░W dipping 60┬░ towards southeast.
High Rainfall. The rock mass is highly dissected by discontinuous. The rainfall leads to the failure of joint plane.
Unplanned road cutting: Reduction of strength on super saturation.

J1: N25┬░E dipping 65┬░ towards northwest, J2: S75┬░W dipping 60┬░ towards southeast, J3: S60┬░W dipping 60┬░ towards southeast.
High Rainfall. The rock mass is highly dissected by discontinuous. The rainfall leads to the failure of joint plane.
Support through retaining wall/cladding/rock bolting may be provided to arrest the further movement.
Reduction of strength on super saturation due to road cutting. The easterly dipping joint plane failed resulting into rock slide

Loss of cohesion of soil due to super saturation during rainfall.

SH-39, 300 meters ahead of Araku Railway Crossing
Sparse vegetation, cultivation down the hill
Thick vegetation on rock surface for natural stability
Reduction in strength on super- saturation

Toe-cuttingby nala flowing at the foot of the hill, high Rainfall
Easing of the slope and providing drainage for rain water avoiding landslide area
Toe-cutting by nala flowing at the foot of the hill, high Rainfall

Support through retaining wall may be provided to stop the further movement.
Reduction in strength on super- saturation and unfavorable orientation of joint sets

Debris Avalanche , loss of cohesion on supersaturating under heavy rainfall

Reduction of strength on super- saturation and unfavorable orientation of joint sets

J1: N60┬░E dipping 40┬░ towards southeast, J2: E-W dipping 50┬░ towards south, J3: N-S dipping 75┬░ towards east.
Rainfall. The road was cut through the lower part of the slope. On Supersaturating the rock falls towards free side.
Sparse vegetation and extensive slope cut
Stabilization of unstable Blockeds by providing support.
Anthropogenic activity: Unplanned cutting of slope. Daylighting of Rock/Overburden interface due to road cutting. High rainfall and pore water pressure caused slip along rock overburden interface.

J1: N60┬░E dipping 40┬░ towards southeast, J2: E-W dipping 50┬░ towards south, J3: N-S dipping 75┬░ towards east.
Rainfall. The road was cut through the lower part of the slope. On Supersaturating the rock falls towards free side.
Sparse vegetation and extensive slope cut
Gabion wall/retaining wall may be provided to arrest the further movement.
Anthropogenic activity: Unplanned cutting of slope. Daylighting of Rock/Overburden interface due to road cutting. High rainfall and pore water pressure caused slip along rock overburden interface.

Reduction in strength on super- saturation

High rainfall: The failure of joint plane along the free side toward road caused rock fall.

High Rainfall. The rock mass is highly dissected by discontinuous resulting into formation of wedge and later rock slide occurred.
Daylighting of rock overburden interface due to road cutting. High rainfall and pore pressure caused super saturation along rock overburden interface.

Unplanned cutting of slope and super saturation during rainfall
Back dressing of the slope as a process of easing of slope and turffing

Unfavorable orientation of joint sets and Rainfall
Retaining wall and boulder catcher to avoid causality due to rock fall or slide in future.
Reduction of strength on super- saturation and unfavorable orientation of joint sets

Support through retaining wall, fencing through bolder catcher. Back dressing of the slope as a process of easing of slope and turfing
Extensive cut slope, escarpment face and rainfall

Unplanned cutting of slope for road construction.
Unplanned cutting of slope for road construction and unfavorable orientation of joint

Rainfall, Unfavorable orientation of joint sets

Shukla K., et. al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheet Nos. 48E/15 and 48E/16 North Goa and South Goa district, Goa. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2015-2016.

Ambikanagara (road to PH)
Thick overburden and head load has caused the slope to fail. Moreover unscientific road cuts have also aided to failure of the slope during rainy season.
Minimizing the slope. Give toe support at the zone of accumulation along with plantation along the slope

Ambikanagara (road to PH)
Thick overburden and head load has caused the slope to fail. Moreover unscientific road cuts have also aided to failure of the slope during rainy season.
Minimising the slope. Give toe support at the zone of accumalation. Give proper drainage management

KPCL Ghat Road, Ambikanagar
The thick vegetation upslope has led to failure of slope. This accompanied by unplanned cutting of slope has caused failure.
Appropriate toe support to retain slided material. Proper drainage network may be provided along with plantation along the slope.

Ambikanagara (road to PH)
The landslide is a debris slide, where the material has flowed over the retaining wall. Increase in pore water pressure has caused to material to almost flow instead of slide.
Maintain proper water passage from slope. Insert perforated contour drain pipes for drainage

Thick overburden and head load has caused the slope to fail. Moreover unscientific road cuts have also aided to failure of the slope during rainy season.
Minimizing the slope. Give toe support at the zone of accumulation. Give proper drainage management

KPCL Ghat Road, Ambikanagar
The thick vegetation upslope has led to failure of slope. This accompanied by unplanned cutting of slope has caused failure.
Appropriate toe support to retain slide material. Proper drainage network along with plantation on the slope

Provide appropriate to support. Minimizing of slope

Appropriate retaining support at toe part. Give flying support on rock partition to distribute forces.

KPCL Ghat Road, Ambikanagar
The thick vegetation upslope has led to failure of slope. This accompanied by unplanned cutting of slope has caused failure.
Appropriate toe support to retain slide material. Proper drainage network along with plantation on the slope.

Narasur village
Toe support by appropriate concrete measures. Proper drainage network along with plantation along the slope.

Dhumma Gudda
Appropriate toe support for retaining slided material. Drainage maintenance along with plantation on the slope

Narsur village
Slope to be benched to reduce gradient. Proper drainage to be given.

Slope to be benched. Retaining wall may be given along with plantation on the slope

Kulgi-Phansoli Road
This is a natural slide observed within the forest, due to toe erosion. It is an earth flow as the length of the slide is very high and the run off distance is high.
Toe support by concrete measures. Slope to be benched

Kulgi-Phansoli Road
The slope failure occurred due to unscientific cutting of slope for roads. The slope gradient is very high making it susceptible to failure. Heavy rainfall has caused increase in pore water pressure causing the slope to fail
Benching along Slope to reduce Slope gradient. Drains to be given on the crown to remove excess water. Perforated pipes may be given to drain out the water

Potoli village
The slope failure occurred due to unscientific cutting of slope for construction of roads. The slope gradient is very high and there is thick vegetation on the upper slopes, making it susceptible to failure. Extensive cut slopes are present
Benching of slope. Reduce the gradient of slope along with plantation on the slope.

1 km NE of Chittegali
Uprooting of trees is observed. The same may be removed.
Retaining wall with weep holes and proper drainage
Toe cutting by road construction, unconsolidated slope material, lack of proper drainage at toe part and on the slopes.

Nandigade village
Slope to be modified. Proper drainage to be given along with plantation on the slope.

Shivalli village
Increased rainfall in the area and modifications of land for cultivation, accompanied by blocking of streams has led to subsidence in the area. Cracks have developed parallel to the crown all along the area, and these cracks are filled with water dur
Perforated pipes to drain out water. Provide proper drainage management

Karkamane village
Benching of slope. Reduce the gradient of slope along with plantation on the slope

1.2km NE of Kadargani
Retaining wall with weep holes and proper management of drainage

1km NE of Kadargani
Cracks are visible at the crown of slide.
Toe cutting at lithocontact of granite gneiss and metabasalt.

Near Kaneri village
Slope to be benched along with plantation on the slope

2 km SE of Pasoli
Uprooting of trees is observed. The same may be removed.

1 km W of Khamshetadi
Creeping of trees are observed.

2km W of Kodgali
Cracks are visible at the crown of slide.

3.5km SW of Nergali
Stream is flowing on down slope side of road.
Toe cutting and weathered rock mass on slope

Anshi-Ulavi Road
Stream is flowing on down slope side of road.

2km N of Nangal
Weathered rocks are observed on slope.

0.5 km N of Devulli, SH 34
Extending existing retaining wall to both sides is suggested. More weep holes and easing the slope are recommended.
Contact facilitating the water infiltration & thus increase in hydrostatic pressure.
Toe cutting and water saturation. The mass failure has been accelerated along the Metabasalt-Granite litho-contact, after the road construction that later exaggerated by rainfall.

1 km NE of Dewali
Breast wall with weep holes is suggested. Proper drainge should be provided at downslope to avoid road subsidence.
Damp condition due to flow to adjacent reservoir

1 km NW of Dewali
Creeping of trees and hanging roots are observed.
Removal of toe support and subsequently infiltration of water leads to mass failure and subsidence.

Kodli village
Slope to be benched to reduce the gradient. Drainage to be given along with plantation along the slope.

Bapeli village
Slope to be benched to reduce the gradient. Drainage to be given

1 km SW of Usoda, SH 28
Anthropogenic activity (toe cutting).Granite-Phyllite litho contact act as a path for facilitating the water infiltration & thus giving rise to increase in hydrostatic pressure leading to mass failure.

Near Ganeshgudi
Slide is getting widened.
Toe cutting by road construction led to slide in argillitic terrain

2.3 km West of Ganeshgudi, SH 34
Nala is cutting across slope and road.
Removal of boulders from culvert thereby maintaining the flow of drainage during rainfall.

2km NW of Ganeshgudi, SH 34
Landslide is getting widened gently. The passing through spring can be triggered in monsoons.
Breast wall with weep holes is suggested
Water seepage through joints leads to dislodge the rocks & thus making the slope prone to landslide. Slide occurring in the vicinity of BIF-Phyllite contact giving rise to subsequently fail of mass due to the presence of path for facilitating the water

2 km SE of Shingargaon.
Toe cutting at curve of road aggrieved the slide.
Anthropogenic activity (toe cutting ) in argillitic lithology

Near Handibadaganath temple
Slide Scar covered with vegetation

Basu S., et. al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheet Nos. 48E/10, 48E/13, 48E/14 and 48I/4, North and South Goa district, Goa. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2015-2016.

Kasanwadi
Kaur J., et. al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheet Nos. 47H/15, 47L/03, 47H/11 and 47L/02, Ratnagiri and Kolhapur districts, Maharashtra. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2015-2016.
Removal of precariously occurring rock boulders placed over slopes; Plantation of deep-rooted trees over the upslopes; provide proper peripheral and hill side drainage.

Kasanwadi
Kaur J., et. al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheet Nos. 47H/15, 47L/03, 47H/11 and 47L/02, Ratnagiri and Kolhapur districts, Maharashtra. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2015-2016.
Removal of precariously occurring rock boulders placed over the crown of the slide; Plantation of deep-rooted trees over the upslopes; provide proper peripheral and hill side drainage.

Dangarwada
Kaur J., et. al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheet Nos. 47H/15, 47L/03, 47H/11 and 47L/02, Ratnagiri and Kolhapur districts, Maharashtra. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2015-2016.
Removal of uprooted trees, precariously occurring rock boulders and overburden placed over the slopes slope; Plantation of deep-rooted trees over the upslopes; provide proper peripheral drainage.

Dangarwada
Removal of uprooted trees and overburden placed over the slopes slope; Plantation of deep-rooted trees over the upslopes; provide proper peripheral drainage.

Dangarwada
Removal of uprooted trees, precariously occurring rock boulders; Plantation of deep-rooted trees over the upslopes; provide proper peripheral drainage and clean the hill side drainage.

Lingewadi
Slope treatment is needed; Plantation of deep-rooted trees; Provide proper hill side drainage

Malewadi
Removal of precariously occurring rock boulders placed over the slopes; Retaining Wall provided with piping holes; plantation of deep rooted trees; Provide proper hill side drainage

Kudutri
Plantation of deep-rooted trees over the crown; Provide proper hill side drainage

Chakreshwarwadi
On the day of observation unlined hill side drainage was blocked; Clean the blocked hillside drainage; Removal of uprooted trees resting over the slope; Removal of precariously occurring rock boulders placed over the slope
Cutslope related to establishment of settlements

Kadamwadi
Plantation of deep rooted trees; Removal of existing slide material on slopes; Shot-creting the slopes
Extensive slope modification for road construction and cultivation.

Bololi
Plantation of deep rooted trees; Benching of slopes.

Nagdewadi
Avoid cultivation around the subsided zone; Filling up of cracks; Plantation of deep rooted trees; Diversion of seasonal nala; Proper peripheral drainage.
Cut slope related to road construction; highly weathered basalt is exposed along the cut slope

Gaonthan
Shot-creting the slopes; Plantation of deep rooted trees
Cut slope related to road construction; highly weathered basalt is exposed along the cut slope

Gaonthan
Plantation of deep rooted trees to block the probable rock boulders┬á

Kaur. J., and Anju S.S., 2017, Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 47H/06, 47H/10 and 47H/14, Ratnagiri, Sindhudurg and Kolhapur Districts, Maharashtra.
Tilted trees and overburden thickness is ranging from 0.5-5m
Removal of loose material from crown, plantation of deep rooted trees; Diversion of nala; Avoid further slope modification

Kaur. J., and Anju S.S., 2017, Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 47H/06, 47H/10 and 47H/14, Ratnagiri, Sindhudurg and Kolhapur Districts, Maharashtra.
it seems that the landslide is reactivated as the morphometry of the old landslide is recognizable
Slope treatment is needed; Plantation of deep-rooted trees; Provide proper hill side drainage

Kaur. J., and Anju S.S., 2017, Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 47H/06, 47H/10 and 47H/14, Ratnagiri, Sindhudurg and Kolhapur Districts, Maharashtra.
Slope cut for road alignment; Reactivated slide; Old scar is clearly recognisable; Broken retaining wall has been observed
Plantation of deep-rooted trees over the upslope; Provide proper peripheral and hill side drainage; Reconstruct retaining wall
Loose insitu soil is lying over moderately steep slope; Saturation

Slope cut for road alignment; Choked hill side drain
Plantation of deep-rooted trees over the upslope; clearance and lining of hill side drainage; removal of loose material from crown
Weathered basalt lying over moderately steep slope; Saturation

Slope cut for road alignment; Reactivated slide; Old scar is clearly recognisable
Diversion of the seasonal nalal away from the slope; Removal of loose material from crown and slope; Plantation of deep rooted grass
Weathered basalt lying over moderately steep slope; Saturation

Slope cut for road alignment; It is an reactivated slide
Construction of retaining wall and contour parallel drain; Removal of debris heap lying over the slope
Weathered basalt lying over moderately steep slope; Saturation

Slope cut for road alignment; Number of joint planes are developed along the slope which acts as sliding plane
Grouting or shot-creting the slopes; Removal of rock blocks resting over the slopes; Mesh wire

Slope cut for road alignment; Red bole is exposed at the base of the slope; Slide lies about 6.5m above the road level
removal of unstable material from crown; Diversion of water from the slope; Plantation of deep rooted grass
Jointed basalt resting over red bole; Saturation

Slope cut for road alignment; Reactivated slide; Old scar is clearly recognisable; Broken retaining wall has been observed
Plantation of deep-rooted trees over the upslope; Provide proper hill side drainage; Benching; Reconstruct retaining wall
Loose insitu soil is lying over moderately steep slope; Slope is dipping towards road

Slope cut for road alignment; Reactivated slide; Old scar is clearly recognisable; Hanging roots are observed at the crown; Choked hill side drain
Plantation of deep-rooted trees over the upslope; Clearance and lining of hill side drainage; Removal of loose material from crown

Slope cut for road alignment; Root penetration along the joint plane
Grouting of joint planes; Removal of precariously occurring rock blocks along the failed surface; Metal net wiring/ Mesh; Dressing of slope
Closely spaced joints; wedge formation; ~1cm separation along joint planes

Slope cut for road alignment; Choked hill side drain
Diversion of water away from the cutslope; Removal of failed material from the slope; Plantation of deep rooted grass; Dressing of crown
Loose thin veneer of insitu soil is resting over moderately steep slope; Saturation

Slope cut for road alignment; choked hill side drain; Some failed material is lying over retaining wall (1.5m high and 45m width)
Diversion of water away from the cutslope; Removal of loose material and up rooted trees from the slope and crown respectively
Loose thin veneer of insitu soil is resting over moderately weathered basalt; Hill slope is dipping towards road; Saturation

Slope cut for road alignment; choked hill side drain; Toe of rupture is observed almost 8m above the road level
Diversion of nala from crown; Construct contour parallel drain; Extension of retaining wall towards the left flank of the landslide
Loose thin veneer of insitu soil is resting over moderately steep slope; Failure has occurred along the seasonal nala

Slope cut for road alignment
Removal of unstable material from crown; Diversion of water from the slope; Plantation of deep rooted grass

Slope cut for road alignment; Unlined road side drain provided but appears to be choked with failed debris material
Removal of failed material from the failed surface; dressing of the crown; Removal of uprooted trees from flanks as well as from crown;
Moderately steep slope with altered rock mass

Slope cut for road alignment; Unlined hill side drain provided but appears to be partially choked with failed debris material
Provide lined hill side drain; Removal of loose material and up rooted from the crown and flanks of the landslide; Benching of slope
Altered rock mass lying over the fairly jointed basalt forms an interface

Slope cut for road alignment; Unlined hill side drain is fully choked with failed material
Dressing of crown and flanks; removal of precariously occurring rock blocks and loose material from failed surface
Weathered slope forming material overlying the jointed basalt

Slope cut for road alignment; Unlined hill side drain provided but appears to be choked with failed material; Scooping is observed at crown
Provide lined hill side drain; Removal of loose material and up rooted from the crown and flanks of the landslide; Benching of slope
Weathered and loose slope forming material lying over a moderately steep slope

Slope cut for road alignment; Unlined hill side drain; Scooping is observed at crown; Tilted and fallen trees over crown
Provide lined hill side drain; Removal of loose material and up rooted from the crown
Hill slope is composed of highly weathered basalt/Lateritic soil lying over moderately steep slope

Slope cut for road alignment; Rock blocks of 0.75 x 0.75m size was observed in the runout
Removal of failed material from the failed surface; dressing of the crown; Removal of uprooted trees from flanks as well as from crown
Altered rock mass lying over the fairly jointed basalt and act as a interface

Slope cut for road alignment; Unlined hill side drain; Scooping is observed at crown; Tilted, fallen trees and scooping has been seen over crown
Diversion of water away from the cutslope; Retaining wall should be properly maintained; Plantation of deep rooted shrubs on cutslope
Hill slope is composed of highly weathered basalt/Lateritic soil lying over moderately steep slope

Slope cut for road alignment; Presence of precariously occurring and loose material over the crown and loose material/soil
Removal of loose material and up rooted from the crown and slope treatment
Wedge formation and root weathering along joints

Slope cut for road alignment; Hill side drain is not provided; Failed surface is almost covered with vegetation
Removal of precarious rock blocks from slope; Plantation of deep rooted trees

Slope cut for road alignment; Landslide could have been easily recognised on the basis of vegetation cover variation
Plantation of deep rooted trees; Benching; Removal of loose material from crown and from failed surface
Weathered basalt exposed along the cut slope; Saturation

Slope cut for road alignment; Landslide could have been easily recognised on the basis of vegetation cover variation
Diversion of the seasonal nala away from the slope; removal of loose material from crown as well as from flanks of the slide
Thin veneer of loose insitu soil is resting over moderately steep slope having dip direction towards road

Slope cut for road alignment; Toe of rupture is observed almost 8 m above the road level
Slope treatment is needed; Plantation of deep-rooted trees; Provide proper hill side drainage
Loose thin veneer of insitu soil is resting over moderately weathered basalt with prominent joints; Saturation

Slope cut for road alignment; Toe of rupture is observed almost 8m above the road level
Removal of loose material from crown as well flanks of the landslide; Benching of the slope
Moderately weathered basalt resting over moderately steep slope; Hill slope is dipping towards the road; Saturation

Slope cut for road alignment; Uprooted trees are observed at the crown; Soil proportion is more in run out
Removal of loose material from crown as well flanks of the landslide; Benching of the slope
Moderately weathered basalt resting over moderately steep slope; Hill slope is dipping towards the road; Saturation

Slope cut for road alignment; Total three slides have been noticed with in this 90m stretch along road
Diversion of seasonal nala from the slope; Plantation of deep rooted trees; Removal of loose material from crown and flanks of slide
Weathered basalt lying over moderately steep slope; Saturation; Gully erosion

Slope cut for road alignment; Hill side drain has been choked with failed debris material; Fallen trees are lying over the crown with loose material
Plantation of deep rooted trees and removal of loose material and up rooted trees from crown

Slope cut for road construction; Weathered material has been fallen and partially slided over the underlying moderately weathered basalt
Removal of loose material and up rooted from the crown and flanks of the landslide

Slope cut for road alignment; Crown of landslide is lying up to the top of hill therefore chances of retrogression of failure is almost nil
Diversion of water away from the cutslope; Plantation of deep rooted shrubs on the cutslope; Appropriate retaining wall holes may be provided
Loose thin veneer of insitu soil is resting over moderately steep slope; Saturation

Slope cut for road alignment; Interface of escarpment and weathered basalt; Landslide is located ~1.5m above the road level
Removal of loose material from crown, plantation of deep rooted grass; Diversion of water away from crown; Avoid further slope modification
Moderately weathered basalt resting over escarpment (interface); Saturation

Slope cut for road alignment; Landslide is located ~6m above the road level
Removal of loose material from crown, plantation of deep rooted grass; Diversion of water away from crown; Avoid further slope modification
Loose thin veneer of insitu soil is resting over steep slopes/escarpment; Saturation

Slope cut for road alignment; Interface of escarpment and weathered basalt; Landslide is located ~4m above the road level
Diversion of water away from the weathered column; Plantation of deep rooted grass; Compaction of rock mass by cementing material
Moderately weathered basalt resting over escarpment (interface); Saturation

Slope cut for road alignment; Toe of rupture is lying almost 4m above the road level
Diversion of water away from the cutslope; Removal of loose material from flanks and toe of rupture; Plantation of deep rooted grass
Loose insitu soil with thickness less than 0.5m is lying over moderately steep slope; Saturation

Slope cut for road construction; Low to moderate weathered basalt was exposed along slope cut

Slope cut for road alignment; Choked hill side drain; Toe of rupture is lying almost 2m above the road level
Removal of loose material and uprooted trees from crown; Clearance of hill side drain; Plantation of deep rooted grass

Slope cut for road alignment; Toe of rupture is lying almost 2m above the road level

Rujhunewadi
Grading of slopes; Removal of failure material lying over the slope; Plantation of deep rooted trees; Provide proper peripheral and hill side drain

Sadure
Grading of slopes; Removal of failure material lying over the slope; Plantation of deep rooted trees; Provide proper peripheral and hill side drain

Removal of precariously occurring rock boulders placed over the slopes; Retaining Wall provided with piping holes; plantation of deep rooted trees; Provide proper hill side drainage

Plantation of deep-rooted trees over the crown; Provide proper hill side drainage

Cleaning the weep holes and hill side drainage; Removal of loose material lying over the failed slope┬á

Proper treatment should be provided to crown by planting deep rooted trees/grass
Rock cutslope for road alignment/ construction

Retaining wall already constructed along the slope; Plantation of deep rooted trees┬á

Construction of retaining structure; Plantation of deep rooted trees; Provide proper hillside drainage

Rock bolting along the slopes; Clear chocked hillside drainage; Avoid further cutting along these slopes.

Removal of failure overburden and uprooted trees resting over the slope; Plantation of deep rooted trees; Provide proper hillside drainage

Plantation of deep-rooted trees over the upslopes; provide proper peripheral and hill side drainage.

Retaining wall already constructed along the slope ; Plantation of deep rooted trees┬á

Removal of precariously occurring rock boulders; Plantation of deep-rooted trees over the up slopes; provide proper peripheral drainage and clean hill side drainage which is filled up by failed slope material.

Satichamal
Plantation of deep rooted trees; Removal of loose materials lying over the slope

Retaining wall of 2.5m height already constructed; Plantation of deep rooted trees; Removal of uprooted trees lying over the slopes;
Cutslope for road alignment / construction

Plantation of deep rooted trees; Benching of slopes.

Plantation of deep rooted trees; Removal of precarious rock boulders and uprooted trees from slope; Provide proper lined hillside drainage

Removal of precariously occurring rock boulders placed over slopes; Plantation of deep-rooted trees over the upslopes; provide proper peripheral and hill side drainage.

Plantation of deep rooted trees; Grouting or shot-creting the slopes; Removal of rock blocks resting over the slopes

Grading of slopes; Removal of failure material lying over the slope; Plantation of deep rooted trees; Provide proper peripheral and hill side drain

Plantation of deep rooted trees; Grading of slopes
Cutslope for road alignment / construction

Provide proper hill side and peripheral drainage; Removal of overburden resting over the slope; Benching of slopes.

Retaining wall already constructed; Grouting/ Cementing of the along the road; Plantation of deep rooted trees; Diversion of seasonal nala away from the slopes exposing weathered zone
Cutslope for road alignment / construction

Plantation of deep rooted trees; Removal of existing slide material on slopes; Provide proper hill side drainage

Shirshinge-Shivapur road
Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 47H/16, 48E/09, 48E/10, 48E/13 & 48E/14, Sindhudurg & Kolhapur Districts, Maharashtra.
No rock exposure
Removal of blockage dumped material from the road side drainage to allow smooth passage for runoff water without any logging. Construction of a retaining wall with sufficient weep holes along the whole width of the distressed zone.
Reduction of strength on Super saturation with Anthropogenic activities (Unplanned road cutting)

Shirshinge-Shivapur road
Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 47H/16, 48E/09, 48E/10, 48E/13 & 48E/14, Sindhudurg & Kolhapur Districts, Maharashtra.
Major discontinuities responsible for failures are J1 -65┬░ towards 90┬░, J2 -80┬░ towards 115┬░, J3 - 20┬░ towards 65┬░.
Removal of the overhanging, loose block of rocks at crown area.Dressing of the distressed slope. Construction of toe support retaining structure with sufficient weep holes. Construction of Hill side drains.Rock bolting, if required.
Reduction of strength on Super saturation with Anthropogenic activities (Unplanned road cutting)

Gothve wadi, Shirshinge
Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 47H/16, 48E/09, 48E/10, 48E/13 & 48E/14, Sindhudurg & Kolhapur Districts, Maharashtra.
No Rock exposure
Construction of a retaining wall with sufficient weep holes along the whole width of the distressed zone.
Reduction of strength on Super saturation with Anthropogenic activities (Unplanned road cutting)

Dhondwadi-Gutyawadi
No Rock exposure
Construction of a retaining wall with sufficient weep holes along the whole width of the distressed zone.

Shivapur
No rock exposure
Construction of a retaining wall with sufficient weep holes along the whole width of the distressed zone.

Dukanwadi-Teregalwadi road
No rock exposure

Ghotge-Durgawadi

Ghotge-Durgawadi
Weathered Rock

Ghotge-Durgawadi
Weathered rock

Ghotge road
Plantation of rapid growing rooted tree and training of weep hole time to time and drainage system.

Shirshinge-Shivapur road
Filling of impermeable material in the tensional cracks to abstruct percolation of water. Construction of a retaining wall with sufficient weep holes along the whole width of the distressed zone.

Nivje-Narur road

Ambegaon-Kanduli
No Rock exposure

Sawantwadi-Danoli

Insuli Ghat
Removal of blockage dumped material from the road side drainage to allow smooth passage for runoff water without any logging. Construction of a retaining wall with sufficient weep holes along the whole width of the distressed zone.

Insuli Ghat
Removal of blockage dumped material from the road side drainage to i allow smooth passage for runoff water without any logging. Construction of a retaining wall with sufficient weep holes along the whole width of the distressed zone.

Insuli Ghat

Removal of blockage dumped material from the road side drainage toallow smooth passage for runoff water without any logging. Construction of a retaining wall with sufficient weep holes along the whole width of the distressed zone.

Tamboli
Removal of blockage dumped material from the road side drainage to allow smooth passage for runoff water without any logging. Dressing of weep holes along the whole width of the distressed zone.

1 km from Tamboli
Major discontinuities responsible for failres are J1 -62┬░ towards 200┬░, J2 - 75┬░ towards 320┬░, J3 - 21┬░ towards 40┬░
Removal of blockage dumped material from the road side drainage to allow smooth passage for runoff water without any logging. Construction of a retaining wall with sufficient weep holes along the whole width of the distressed zone.

Gharpi-Asniye
Reduction in shear strength on super saturation in slope forming materials and unplanned slope cut for road construction with out any protection measures

Konshi

Malanda
Reduction in shear strength on super saturation in slope forming materials and unplanned slope cut for road construction with out any protection measures

Danoli-Balaval road
Reduction in shear strength on super saturation in slope forming materials and unplanned slope cut for road construction with out any protection measures

Dhanoli-Amboli road
No rock Exposure

Dhanoli-Amboli road
Plantation of rapid growing rooted tree and training of weep hole time to time and drainage system.

Dhanoli-Amboli road
Weathered Rock

Major discontinuities responsible for failures are 80┬░ towards 290┬░, 75┬░ to wards 275┬░, 75┬░ towards 280┬░. Recurring approx. every year(by local people)
Removal of precariously hanging slope mass, Training of retaining wall, replace of wiremesh netting

Kesari
Major discontinuities responsible for failres are J1 - 84┬░ towards 355┬░, J2 - 38┬░ towards 275┬░, J3 - 44┬░ towards 50┬░, J4 - 70┬░ towatds 350┬░ and J5 - 66┬░ towards 195┬░
Removal of the debris dumped on the road bench to allow smooth functioning of traffic. Removal of blockage dumped material from the road side drainage to i allow smooth passage for runoff water without any logging. Construction of a retaining wall with s
Inter relationship between the discontinuities present within the rock favoures for wedge failures as the failure surface daylighted due to unplanned slope cut in the form of excessive excavation of slope material during road bench construction wit

Kesari
Removal of the debris dumped on the road bench to allow smooth functioning of trafficRemoval of blockage dumped material from the road side drainage to allow smooth passage for runoff water without any logging. Construction of a retaining wall with suff

Gharpi-Asniye

Gharpi-Asniye
Removal of the debris dumped on the road bench to allow smooth functioning of traffic. Removal of blockage dumped material from the road side drainage to allow smooth passage for runoff water without any logging. Construction of a retaining wall with su

Major discontinuities responsible for failres are J1 - 47┬░ towards 135┬░, J2 - 65┬░ towards 360┬░, J3 - 70┬░ towards 28┬░, J4 - 75┬░ towatds 220┬░
Removal of the overhanging, loose block of rocks . Dressing of the distressed slope.Construction of toe support retaining structure with sufficient weep holes.
Rock bolting, if required.
Inter relationship between the discontinuities present within the rock favoures for wedge failures as the failure surface daylighted due to unplanned slope cut in the form of excessive excavation of slope material during road bench construction wit

Phukeri road
Removal of blockage dumped material from the road side drainage to allow smooth passage for runoff water without any logging. Dressing of weep holes along the whole width of the distressed zone.

Phukeri road

Jholomba
Removal of blockage dumped material from the road side drainage to allow smooth passage for runoff water without any logging. Dressing of weep holes along the whole width of the distressed zone.

The cut slope is just below the escarpemnt. During rains that debris consisting of basalt and soil had come down blocking the road for a week as reported by villagers
Slope cut along road. Rainfall led to slide from escarpment.

The cut slope is just below the escarpemnt. During rains that debris consisting of basalt and soil had come down blocking the road for a week as reported by villagers
Terraced cutting should be done and retaining walls should be built
The cut slope is just below the escarpment. During the rains the debris consisting of basalt and soil comes down. This had taken place in 2014. Roads were closed for a week as reported by villages.

Slope cut exposes weathered basalts with loose debris that lead to failure during rainy season.

Slope cut exposes weathered basalts with loose debris, that lead to failure during rainy season.

The landslide that occurred mainly due to road cutting is arrested by a high raised area in the other side of the road. It has prevented the slide from moving further and also led to toe bulging in the road.
Retaining wall and diversion of drainage
Road cutting along the lowly dissected slope used for cultivation. Hence the sliding progressively takes place. The area is sparsely vegetated along the slopes.

No risk to life or road, but cultivated area may be affected.
Futher cutting of slope should be avoided and diversion of drainage

Two years back extension of the room was done. In rainy season water enter.
Village road from Nandoli towards Deulwadi
Extension of cut slope for further contruction of houses and cultivation in the upslope.

Small landslide
Thick Vegetation, Cashew plantation on top of insitu soil

As the school building is very close to the escarpment, so there will be always a chance of rock fall mainly during monsoon.
Rock catcher/Metal net, Shifting of the school building to a nearby safer place
Heavy rainfall leads to falling of the loose basalt boulders

No rock fall has been recorded so far. But due to the overhanging nature of the cut slope, the possibility of rock fall cannot be ruled out. Since the height involved is high, the risk assessment would be high.

Adjacent to a landslide which has been stabilised by retaining wall. Due to vegetation and dip of the rock no much risk involved.
Continuation of retaing wall beside the slide

Slope cut has been reactivated during road repair work carried out during 2017. However since the height is less, not much risk is involved.

It is an old landslide not previously recorded. No update about time or year. Currently stabilized due to good vegetation growth. Hence, not much risk is involved.
Retaining wall and diversion of drainage

Cut Slope failure along Chorla ghat road
The landslide is located along Chorla ghat road section at 2.9 km west of Chorla. It is an active debris slide, shallow translational in nature. The length of the slide is 9m, width 12 m, height 8m and depth 1 m. The geo scientific causes of the landsli
Basu, S. and Hatibaruah, A. J., 2020.Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of Toposheet nos. 48I01, 48I/02 and 48I03, Belagavi district, Karnataka and North Goa and South goa district, Goa. Unpublished GSI report.
Removal of loose material

Cut Slope failure along Chorla ghat road
The landslide is located along Chorla ghat road section, at 3.9 km south west of Chorla. It is an active debris slide, shallow translational in nature. The length of the slide is 14 m, width 16 m, height 12 m and depth 1 m. The geo scientific causes of
Basu, S. and Hatibaruah, A. J., 2020.Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of Toposheet nos. 48I01, 48I/02 and 48I03, Belagavi district, Karnataka and North Goa and South goa district, Goa. Unpublished GSI report.
Removal of loose material, construction of retaining wall with weep holes
Toe cutting of slope for road construction

Cut Slope failure along Chorla ghat road
The landslide is located along Chorla ghat road section at 3.8 km south west of Chorla. It is an active debris slide, shallow translational in nature. The length of the slide is 20m, width 10 m, height 15m and depth 1 m. The geo scientific causes of the
Basu, S. and Hatibaruah, A. J., 2020.Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of Toposheet nos. 48I01, 48I/02 and 48I03, Belagavi district, Karnataka and North Goa and South goa district, Goa. Unpublished GSI report.
Removal of loose material, construction of retaining wall with weep holes
Toe or piedmont cutting of the hillslope for widening the agricultural land

The landslide is located along Chorla ghat road at 4 km south west of Chorla. It is a reactivated debris slide, shallow translational in nature. The length of the slide is 40m, width 35 m, height 30 m and depth 2 m. The geo scientific causes of the land
Removal of loose material, slope grading, height of existing retaining wall should be increased.

The landslide is located along Chorla ghat road at 570 m south of Chorla. It is an active debris slide, shallow translational in nature. The length of the slide is 10m, width 15 m, height 9m and depth 1 m. The geo scientific causes of the landslide are
Removal of loose materials

The landslide is located along Chorla ghat road section at 2 km west of Chorla. It is an active debris slide, Shallow translational in nature. The length of the slide is 23m, width 20 m, height 18m and depth 1 m. The geo scientific causes of the landsli
Removal of loose material, slope grading

The landslide is located along Chorla ghat road section at 1.9 km west of Chorla. It is a reactivated debris slide, shallow translational in nature. The length of the slide is 25m, width 120 m, height 18m and depth 4 m. The geo scientific causes of the
Removal of loose basalt boulders from the slope. Slope grading, the height of the existing retaining wall should be increased by at least 2.5 m and width of the retaining wall should be increased around 20 m towards both flanks.

The landslide is located along Chorla ghat road section at 1.8 km west of Chorla. It is an active debris slide, shallow translational in nature. The length of the slide is 18m, width 45 m, height 15m and depth 1 m. The geo scientific causes of the lands
Removal of loose materials

The landslide is located along Chorla ghat road at 4.7 km east of Keri. It is an reactivated debris slide, shallow translational in nature. The length of the slide is 15 m, width 22 m, height 11 m and depth 1 m. The geo scientific causes of the landslid
Removal of loose material, construction of concrete retaining wall with weep holes.

The landslide is located along Chorla ghat road, at 4.8 km east of Keri. It is a reactivated debris slide, shallow translational in nature. The length of the slide is 9 m, width 20m, height 8 m and depth 0.5 m. The geo scientific causes of the landslide
Removal of loose material, increase of height of the existing retaining wall

The landslide is located along Chorla ghat road at 5.4 km east of Keri. It is a dormant debris slide, shallow translational in nature. The length of the slide is 12 m, width 30 m, height 8 m and depth 1 m. The geo scientific causes of the landslide are
Toe or piedmont cutting of the hillslope, nala erosion

The landslide is located along Chorla ghat road at 4.4 km east of Keri. It is an active debris slide, shallow translational in nature. The length of the slide is 9 m, width 6 m, height 8 m and depth .5 m. The geo scientific causes of the landslide are r
Removal of loose material

Cut Slope failure along Chorla ghat road, near Anjune Dam
The landslide is located along Chorla ghat section near Anjume dam at 3.9 km east of Keri. It is a dormant debris slide, shallow translational in nature. The length of the slide is 12 m, width 30 m, height 9 m and depth 1 m. The geo scientific causes of
Removal of loose material, Grading of the slope, height of the existing retaining wall should be increase, line drainage should be provided
toe cut for road construction, Improper and inadequate drainage arrangements along the road side.

Cut Slope failure along Chorla ghat road, near Anjune Dam
The landslide is located along Chorla ghat road, near Anjune Dam at 3.9 km east of Keri. It is a dormant debris slide, shallow translational in nature. The length of the slide is 11 m, width356 m, height 9m and depth 1 m. The geo scientific causes of th
Removal of loose material, construction of concrete retaining wall with weep holes
toe cut for road construction, Improper and inadequate drainage arrangements along the road side.

Cut Slope failure along Chorla ghat road, near Anjune Dam
The landslide is located along Chorla ghat road, near Anjune Dam at 4 km east of Keri. It is an active debris slide, shallow translational in nature. The length of the slide is 8 m, width 15 m, height 7 m and depth 1 m. The geo scientific causes of the
Removal of loose material

Cut slope failure along Chorla ghat road, near Anjune Dam
The landslide is located along Chorla ghat road section near Anjume dam at 2.9 km east of Keri. It is an active debris slide, shallow translational in nature. The length of the slide is 10 m, width 35 m, height 9 m and depth 0.5 m. The geo scientific ca
Removal of loose material, construction of retaining wall with weep holes
toe cut for road construction, Improper and inadequate drainage arrangements along the road side.

Cut Slope failure along Honda – Valpoi road
The landslide is located along Honda – Valpoi road at 3.5 km west of Valpoi. It is an reactivated debris slide, shallow translational in nature. The length of the slide is 6m, width 66 m, height 6m and depth 1 m. The geo scientific causes of the lands
Extension of existing retaining wall on both sides. Height of the retaining wall should also be increased with proper weep holes.
Increased infiltration along fractured granite increases the saturation of the poor slope forming material.

Anmod-Mollem Ghat road
Kumari Neha & Kumar K, 2019: Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets nos. 48I/05, 48I/06, & 48I07 Belgaum and Uttar Kannada districts, Karnataka and North Goa & South Goa districts, Goa. Un pub. GSI report for FS 20
At present the area is demarcated as unstable zone.
Lined drainage at toe part should be provided to avoid slope saturation and toe erosion.
Two failures is along the nala section due to water seepage and saturation that has resulted in highly weathered zone.

Kumari Neha & Kumar K, 2019: Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets nos. 48I/05, 48I/06, & 48I07 Belgaum and Uttar Kannada districts, Karnataka and North Goa & South Goa districts, Goa. Un pub. GSI report for FS 20
At present risk factor is moderate. Danger to electric pole nearby that can get damaged.
Lined drainage should be provided at the toe part of the hillslope.
The sliding zone is in the vicinity of 1st order stream/nala which has resulted in destabilization of slope due to weathering and erosion.

No structure Distinct, highly weathered, fractured and jointed
Kumari Neha & Kumar K, 2019: Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets nos. 48I/05, 48I/06, & 48I07 Belgaum and Uttar Kannada districts, Karnataka and North Goa & South Goa districts, Goa. Un pub. GSI report for FS 20
The risk factor is low as the zone is almost stable.
Seepage, weathering and erosion along fracture plane. Cut slope failure

The area is meta-stable.
Lined drainage should be provided to minimize toe erosion. Slope regradation/easing of slope are required. Dislodged precarious rock on top of hill slope should be removed.
Vertical cut slope failure along the fractured and jointed rock.

The lined drainage should be extended upto the disturbed zone prone to slope failure.
Retaining wall of 3m height and 22 m width with weep holes were constructed to avoid toe erosion and to provide toe support.
The water seepage and saturation on vertical cut slope leads to weathering and erosion. The loose material failed due to low cohesive strength of the slope forming material.

If slope failure may occur during water saturation of slope during heavy rainfall. The road blockage and casualties may occur. Risk to communication line.
Lined drainage provided at toe part of hill slope.
Slope modification i.e. cutting of slope for road construction

If slope failure may occur during water saturation of slope during heavy rainfall. The road blockage and casualties may occur. Risk to communication line and electric poles on other side of the road.
Water saturation along rock fractures on extensive cut slope

Slope failure may occur during water saturation of slope during heavy rainfall. The road blockage and casualties may occur. Risk to communication line and electric poles on other side of the road.
Water saturation along rock fractures on extensive cut slope

Slope failure may occur during water saturation of slope during heavy rainfall. The road blockage and casualties may occur. Risk to communication line.
Seepage, weathering and erosion along fracture plane. Cut slope failure

Slope failure may occur during water saturation of slope during heavy rainfall. The road blockage and casualties may occur. Risk to communication line.

Lined drainage at toe part of slope required.

The area is meta-stable.
Slope regradation/easing of slope required. The dislodged rock boulders should be removed. The lined drainage with weep holes as Toe support is provided at base of the hill slope.
Weathering and Erosion of vertical cut slope.

At present the sliding zone is meta-stable.
Slope regradation/easing of slope required. The dislodged rock boulders should be removed.
Weathering and Erosion of vertical cut slope.

At present the sliding zone is meta-stable.
Weathering and Erosion on the vertical cut slope.

The slope failure may occur during water saturation of slope during heavy rainfall that may lead to road blockage and casualties. The electric pole nearby are at risk. The slope is in meta-stable condition.
Slope regradation and easing of slope is required. Dislodged precarious rock on top of hill slope should be removed.

Slope modification i.e. cutting of slope for road construction. Vertical road cut failure.

Failure along weathered and fractured rock. Risk to communication line and electric pole nearby is at high risk.
Slope regradation/easing of slope is required. Dislodged precarious rock on top of hill slope should be removed.

Tadki-Kunang village
The precarious lateritic boulders should be removed.
Lined drainage and slope regradation required.
Vertical road cut failure due to weathering and water saturation from upper catchment area.

Tadki-Kunang village
The ground evidence indicates the debris flow along the nala course brought the debris in downslope direction, however at present the stream is dry but can get reactivated during monsoon
The debris flow occurred due to gully erosion on upper catchment area on upsloe direction and eroded the material along the nala section.

Kuvesi village
Adjacent to 1st order drainage, loose hanging lateritic boulders should be removed.
Slope regradation and plantation on slope ie required.
Vertical cut slope failure along the 1st order nala due to intense weathering

Castle rock
The area is unstable.
Gabion wall with wire mesh of dimension 113m width and 4.5m high constructed for toe support should be extended upto unstable zones.
Vertical cut slope failed due to weathering induced by water saturation during rainfall.

At present the sliding zone is stable but the risk factor exsist during the monsoon.
The lined drainage should be provided at the toe part.
The slope modification leads to vertical road cut failure and weathering along the weaker planes.

Concrete lined drainage required at toe part. The drainage line should be extended upto 50m and more upto the disturbed zone.
1.50m high retaining wall with weep holes constructed upto 55m width.
Vertical road cut failure induced due to water seepage and saturation.

If slope failure may occur during water saturation of slope during heavy rainfall there is risk to communication line.
Lined drainage at the toe part is required.

If slope failure may occur during water saturation of slope during heavy rainfall there is risk to communication line.
Slope gradation are suggested to minimise the alope failure. Lined drainage at the toe part is required for drainage.

The successive multiple failure planes developed on the slope and during rainfall slope get water saturated that decreased the cohesive strength of slope forming material.
Lined drainage should be provided at the entire sliding zone and broken part should be repaired.
Slope modification i.e. cutting of slope for road construction. The fracture plane is dipping towards road, weathering and seepage along failure plane occurred along nala section.

Slope modification i.e. cutting of slope for road construction. The fracture plane is dipping towards road, weathering and seepage occurred along the weaker plane.

If slope failure may occur during water saturation of slope during heavy rainfall. The road blockage and casualties may occur. Risk to communication line.
Intense weathering due to water seepage and saturation along the fracture and joints.

If slope failure may occur during water saturation of slope during heavy rainfall. The road blockage and casualties may occur. Risk to communication line.
Road cut failure that induced weathering and erosion activity on the slopes.

At present the risk is Moderate.
The water seepage and saturation on vertical cut slope leads to weathering and erosion. The loose material are likely to fail due to low cohesive strength of the slope forming material during heavy rainfall.

At present the sliding zone is stable but the risk factor exist during the monsoon.
The lined drainage should be provided at the toe part.
The slope modification leads to vertical road cut failure and weathering along the weaker planes.

Road subsidence occurred due to loading on upslope.
Down slope of road subsidence high height retaining wall/breast wall with weep holes should be constructed to provide toe support and proper drainage on slope.
The water seepage and saturation on vertical cut slope leads to weathering and erosion. The loose material failed due to low cohesive strength of the slope forming material.

Easing of slope required, lined drainage required for toe support.
Intense weathering due to water seepage and saturation along the fracture and joints.

Lined drainage should be extended upto 50m upto the slumping zone.
Two Failure along nala section due to water saturation and weeathering

Cut Slope failure along Anmod ghat section
The landslide is located along Anmod ghat road section in 4.5 km north east of Molen. It is an active debris slide, shallow translational in nature. The length of the slide is 9 m, width 26 m, height 6 m and depth 1 m. The geo scientific causes of the l
Thick overburden material, Removal of toe support and high slope gradient are the primary causes .

Cut Slope failure along Anmod ghat section
The landslide is located along Anmod ghat section in 3.9 km north east of Molen. It is a dormant debris slide, shallow translational in nature. The length of the slide is 35m, width 95 m, height 25 m and depth 2 m. The geo scientific causes of the lands
Periodic maintenance of existing retaining wall and weep holes
Thick overburden material, Removal of toe support and high slope gradient are the primary causes .

Dudhsagar landslide
Vertical cut on adjoining hillslope beside railway tract failed along the joints. The area is unstable and should be monitored during heavy rainfall.
Vertical cut made for railway tract failed along the joints.

Aldur village
Adjacent to 1st order drainage the area has undergone intense weathering and erosion.
Lined drainage at toe part is required to avoid toe erosion.
slope failure along the 1st order nala due to intense weathering

Near Tadaki village
Weathered rocks are observed on slope.
Retaining wall with weep holes and proper management of drainage

2km SW of Kanangaon
Obstruction of Natural course of Nala results in subsidence of road due to removal of soil underneath.
Providing culvert and construction of retaining wall are recommended.
Modification of drainage and toe cutting

2km SW of Kanangaon
Slided material are lying on the base of slope.
Retaining wall with weep holes and proper management of drainage

2.2 km SW of Kanangaon
Boulders are lying on the other side of road.
Retaining wall with weep holes and removal of boulders are suggested.
Toe cutting for road widening. Well-jointed granite facilitates water seepage & thus resulted in rock failure.

2km NW of Terali
Loose debris are observed at crown of slide.

2km NW of Terali
Jointed rocks are present.
Toe cutting and saturated condition of soil enhancing pore water pressure thereby reducing of shear strength on super- saturation.

4 km SW of Kumbarwada
Dolerite dyke has intruded metabasalts at the location.
Toe cutting and jointed rock mass enhancing pore water pressure and reducing shear strength.

3km E of Jhalavat
Stream is flowing on downslope side of road.
Debris slide occuring at bend of road. Litho-contacts of granite, metabasalt, quartzite & dolerite facilitating the flow of water. This enhancing pore water pressure & thus reducing shear strength on super- saturation.

Anshi-Ulavi Road

0.5 km W of Dudgali
Removal of loose boulders which are present on slope and construction of protective wall are recommended

Cut Slope failure along Sanverdem – Siroda road
The landslide is located along Sanverdem – Siroda road section. It is an active debris slide, shallow translational in nature. The length of the slide is 6 m, width 40 m, height 5 m and depth 1 m. The geo scientific causes of the landslide are reducti
toe cut and Diversion of main stream channel towards hill side accelerates toe erosion.

Cut Slope failure along Sanverdem – Siroda road
The landslide is located along Sanverdem – Siroda road section. It is an active debris slide, shallow translational in nature. The length of the slide is 10 m, width 11 m, height 5 m and depth 1.5 m. The geo scientific causes of the landslide are redu
Removal of toe support and diversion of stream for irrigation. Toe erosion by diverted stream undercut the slope making the slope unstable.

Cut Slope failure along Ponda – Borim bypass road
The landslide is located along Ponda – Borim bypass road at 1.8 km east of Ponda. It is an active debris slide, shallow translational in nature. The length of the slide is 22m, width 50 m, height 20m and depth 1 m. The geo scientific causes of the lan
Removal of loose materials, slope grading, construction of retaining wall with weep holes.

Cut Slope failure along Khandepar – Opa road, Near Opa water tank
The landslide is located along Khandepar – Opa road at 1.5 km north east of Ponda. It is an active debris slide, shallow translational in nature. The length of the slide is 18m, width 60 m, height 14m and depth 1 m. The geo scientific causes of the la
Removal of loose materials, extension of retaining wall on both sides of the existing retaining wall.

Cut Slope failure along Ponda – Borim bypass road
The landslide is located along Ponda – Borim bypass road. It is an active debris slide, shallow translational in nature. The length of the slide is 30m, width 82 m, height 25m and depth 3 m. The geo scientific causes of the landslide are reduction of
Removal of loose materials, slope grading, construction of retaining wall with weep holes.

Landslide at Mayna
The landslide is located near 2.9 km southeast of Mayna. It is an active earth slide, deep translational in nature. The length of the slide is 50m, width 140 m, height 40m and depth 6m. The geo scientific cause of the landslide is reduction of strength
Removal of loose materials, construction of retaining wall with weep holes

Banda- Dodamarg area

Shirwal Dam area

Talkat-Kumbhavde
Major discontinuities responsible for failures are J1 -45┬░ towards 175┬░, J2 -80┬░ towards 270┬░, J3 - 54┬░ towards 105┬░,J4 - 60┬░ towards 10┬░.
Removal of the overhanging, loose block of rocks at crown area.Dressing of the distressed slope. Construction of toe support retaining structure with sufficient weep holes. Construction of Hill side drains.Rock bolting, if required.
Inter relationship between the discontinuities present within the rock favoures for wedge failures as the failure surface daylighted due to unplanned slope cut in the form of excessive excavation of slope material during road bench construction wit

Talkat-Kumbhavde

Talkat-Kumbhavde
Major discontinuities responsible for failures are J1 -65┬░ towards 230┬░, J2 -50┬░ towards 360┬░, J3 - 30┬░ towards 90┬░.
Removal of the debris dumped on the road bench to allow smooth functioning of traffic. Removal of blockage dumped material from the road side drainage to i allow smooth passage for runoff water without any logging. Construction of a retaining wall with s

Talkat ghat

Digne Galel road
Removal of hanging boulder, Construction of a retaining wall with sufficient weep holes along the whole width of the distressed zone.

Digne Galel road

Banda-Goa Border

Aronda-Malwad road

Slope cut for road construction; Blocked hill side drainage and crown is partially covered with vegetation, only lower part of slide is visible
Diversion of nala; Plantation of deep rooted trees┬á
Highly weathered slope forming material/ lateritic soil

Jaki Mirya
Bhandari A., et. al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheet Nos. 47G/02, 47G/03, 47G/04 and 47G/08 Ratnagiri district, Maharashtra. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2015-2016.
Due to coastal erosion, habitation┬áon sea-facing landmass may come under high risk
Rehabilitate the existing settlements to safer place, Plantation of deep rooted trees┬á
Toe erosion by tidal wave action along the coast

Hedvi
Bhandari A., et. al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheet Nos. 47G/02, 47G/03, 47G/04 and 47G/08 Ratnagiri district, Maharashtra. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2015-2016.
Series of minor slumps on same slope; Exposed roots; Fallen trees; Tilting of trees above crown zone
Diversion of water away from the weathered column; Plantation of deep rooted shrubs; Compaction of rock mass by cementing material
Highly altered rock mass (almost disintegrated to soil); Excessive Saturation

Narvan
Bhandari A., et. al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheet Nos. 47G/02, 47G/03, 47G/04 and 47G/08 Ratnagiri district, Maharashtra. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2015-2016.
Fallen rocky boulders and debris on the failed slope; Hill side drain filled up with failed materials; Thickness of overburden is <5m.
Diversion of water away from the weathered column; Plantation of deep rooted shrubs; Compaction of rock mass by cementing material
Highly altered rock mass (almost disintegrated to soil); Excessive Saturation

Narvan
Broad sub-arcuate cracks on the crown outline; Fallen trees on the slope; Plantation terraces on the upslopes
Diversion of water away from the weathered column; Plantation of deep rooted shrubs; Compaction of rock mass by cementing material
Highly altered rock mass (almost disintegrated to soil); Excessive Saturation

Malwadi
Rahaman, A., and Achumi, P., 2017, Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 47G/06 and 47G/07, Ratnagiri District, Maharashtra.
Precariously placed basaltic boulders on slope; Nala erosion is causing further dislodging of rock blocks
Removal of precarious rock boulders from slope; Plantation of deep rooted trees

Malgund
Slope cut exposes weathered vermicular laterite zone with dislodged blocks/ boulders of laterite
Precariously placed rocky boulders should be removed from slope; Plantation of deep-rooted trees

Dhamanase
Road side unlined drain is partly choked with failed material; Exposed roots; Piping holes in main failure zone; Sub-arcuate shaped failure; Heap of failed mass
Diversion of water away from the cutslope; Plantation of deep rooted shrubs on the cutslope
Cutslope for road alignment/ construction; Excessive water saturation; Highly weathered and altered rock mass; Piping holes in crown scar

Dhamanase
Road side unlined drain is partly choked with failed material; Exposed roots; Piping holes in main failure zone; Sub-arcuate shaped failure
Diversion of water away from the cutslope; Plantation of deep rooted shrubs on the cutslope; Appropriate retaining wall with inclined weep holes may be provided
Cutslope for road alignment/ construction; Excessive water saturation; Creeping

Dhamanase
Slope cut exposes weathered vermicular laterite zone with scattered settlements down the slope

Bhoke
Slope cut exposes weathered vermicular laterite zone with dislodged laterite rock boulders

Nivali
Highly to completely altered rock mass; Failed debris; Tilted trees; Linear Crown; Ground cracks in the orchard
Diversion of water away from the failed slope; Plantation of deep rooted shrubs/ trees; Removal of debris from the slope
Cutslope; Saturation of debris by rain water

Crown is linear in outline; Shallow planar failure; Displacement of vegetated blocks of debris; Exposed roots; Scar; Heap of failed debris; Overburden thickness ~1.5m
Diversion of water away from the cutslope; Afforestation; Removal of debris from slope
Steep cut slope; Poor state of preservation of rock; Saturation of debris by rain water

Kanate
Highly to completely altered rock mass; Thickness of overburden <1m; Fallen Vegetation and Exposed roots;
Diversion of water away from the cutslope; Afforestation; Removal of debris from slope
Steep cut slope; Poor state of preservation of rock; Saturation of debris by rain water

Kanate
Highly top completely altered rock mass; Scar with exposed roots; Fallen vegetation
Diversion of water away from the failed slope; Plantation of deep rooted shrubs/ trees; Removal of debris from the slope
Steep cutslope; Poor state of preservation of rock; Saturation of debris by rain water

Lajul
Heap of failed debris removed to facilitate vehicular traffic; Scar with Exposed roots; Thickness of overburden <2m; Highly to completely altered well jointed rock
Diversion of water away from the cutslope; Afforestation; Removal of debris from slope
Cutslope for road alignment/ construction; Saturation of debris and highly to completely altered rock mass

Uksi
Road side unlined drain is choked with failed slope material; Exposed roots and Overburden thickness <0.5m
Removal of precarious boulders and failed boulders from the slope; Diversion of water away from the cutslope
Cutslope for road alignment/ construction; Jointed rock mass; Day lighting of valley-ward dipping joints; Loss of cohesion across joints

Vandri
Moderately altered rock mass in the lower part and progress to highly to completely altered; Scar with exposed roots; Loss of vegetation on the failed surface; Small heaps of failed material
Diversion of water away from the failed slope; Plantation of deep rooted shrubs/ trees; Removal of debris from the slope
Saturation of slope forming material by rain water; Reactivation of an old landslide

Uksi
At the lower level of the cutslope, is protected by retaining wall with weep holes, but are filled with failed smaller fractions of debris, shrubs, grass, etc.; Unlined road side drain is choked; Poor preservation of rock mass
Diversion of water away from the cutslope; Removal of failed debris and Plantation of deep rooted shrubs on cutslope
Cutslope for road alignment/ construction; Excessive Saturation

Ukshi
Slope cut exposes weathered vermicular laterite zone
Retaining Wall with piping holes already provided, proper maintenance required

Tale
Moderately altered rock mass; Scar with exposed roots; Heap of failed fragments (having varying sizes) of highly altered rock; Failure has chocked the roadside drain
Well jointed rock mass; Poor state of preservation; Steep cutslope; Saturation by rain water leading to loss of cohesion across the joint planes

Ambed
Slope cut exposes weathered vermicular laterite zone saturated during the time of observation with faint surface erosion by seasonal nala
Retaining Wall provided to old cut-slope but found broken and needs proper maintenance; Retaining wall needs to be extended a further east till the cut-slope extension

Ukshi
Slope cut exposes weathered basalt with dislodged basalt rock boulders along joint planes
Plantation of deep rooted trees to block the probable rock boulders┬á

Ukshi
Slope cut exposes weathered vermicular laterite zone with dislodged laterite rock boulders

Lajul
Slope cut exposes Weathered Vermicular Laterite which has been weathered by heavy rains, possibility of a debris fall may likely take place in worst-case scenario and may lead to railway blockage/ damage to moving traffic
Grouting/ Cementing of the weathered slopes upslope of railway track; Regular vigil during heavy and extreme events of rain by the railway staff; Plantation of deep rooted trees; Diversion of seasonal nala away from the weathered zone

Khalgaon
Road side unlined drain is completely choked with slumped material; Exposed roots along the margin of the scar; Heap of debris material; Tilting of trees; Rill development
Diversion of water away from the cutslope; Plantation of deep rooted shrubs on the cutslope
Cutslope for road alignment/ construction; Excessive water saturation; Moderate to steep hill slope

Road side drain choked with failed rock and debris at few spots; Exposed roots; Highly weathered flow contact; Sub-arcuate shaped failure
Diversion of water away from the cutslope; Removal of failed rock mass from the cutslope
Widening of fractures due to root penetration; Weathering of flow contact and removal of lateritic toe support

Bhatgaon
Road side unlined drain is partially choked with slumped material; Tilting of trees; Piping holes development; Series of slumps due to heterogeneity of soil material (grain size variation); Thickness of Overburden >5m
Diversion of water away from the cutslope; Removal of failed material from the slope; Filing of slump with soil to resist further slumping
Cutslope for road alignment/ construction; Excessive saturation of overburden and altered rock mass; Highly altered column of lateritic rock mass

Road side unlined drain is choked with slump debris and colluvial material; Exposed grass roots; Development of rills; Loose blocks over flow contact; Differential settling; Overburden thickness 3-4m
Diversion of water away from the cutslope; Plantation of deep rooted shrubs on cutslope; Removal of failed rock mass from the cutslope
Cutslope for road alignment/ construction; Highly to completely altered rock mass; Excessive saturation of overburden material

Dingani
Road side unlined drain is choked with failed slope material; Loss of cohesion across joints; Brecciated flow top
Diversion of water away from the cutslope; Removal of failed debris
Cutslope for road alignment/ construction; Excessive Saturation; Highly Jointed rock mass; Exposed flow contact

Phunagus
Road side unlined drain is partially choked with failed slope material; Reddish Brown Lateritic Soil; Sub-arcuate crown scar exposed; Overburden Thickness ~4m; Exposed roots
Diversion of water away from the cutslope; Plantation of deep rooted shrubs on cutslope
Cutslope for road alignment/ construction; Excessive Saturation

Dingani
Road side unlined drain is choked with failed slope material; Lateritic Soil; Few spots loose blocks ar jetting out which may fail; Exposed roots
Diversion of water away from the cutslope; Plantation of deep rooted shrubs on cutslope
Cutslope for road alignment/ construction; Excessive Saturation

Pedhambe
Disturbed Zone/ Precarious rocky boulders observed along slope
Removal of precarious rock boulders from slope with diversion of seasonal nala; Plantation of deep rooted trees

Bhatgaon
Slope cut exposes weathered vermicular laterite zone with dislodged blocks/ boulders of laterite
Retaining Wall provided with piping holes; Removal of big blocks of laterite and plantation of deep rooted trees

Veer
Disturbed Zone/ Precarious rocky boulders observed along slope
Removal of precarious rock boulders from slope with diversion of seasonal nala; Plantation of deep rooted trees

Manjare
Loosening of big laterite boulders on slope may cause rock fall on settlements of Desaiwadi
Precariously placed lateritic boulders to be removed from slope with diversion of nala
Dislodged lateritic blocks/ boulders along plateau edge

Manjare
Old rock fall zone but not visible currently, but minor rock fall/ debris failure observed along nala; Boulders resting upslope of settlement may cause serious casualties
Nala course to be diverted from the settlement zone; Precariously placed big lateritic boulders upslope of the Desaiwadi (Sh. Manmohan DesaiΓÇÖs Residence) to be removed cautiously
Heavy rainfall with nala erosion along weathered laterite

Rai
Road side unlined drain is partially choked with failed slope material at few spots; Fallen and tilted trees; Exposed roots; Crown with side scars visible
Diversion of water away from the cutslope; Plantation of deep rooted shrubs on cutslope; Removal of failed rock mass from the cutslope
Cutslope for road alignment/ construction; Excessive Saturation (Typical Weathering of Giant Plagioclase bearing Basalt)

Road side unlined drain is choked with failed slope material; Tilting of electric poles and trees; Exposed grass roots; Crown scar not clearly visible
Diversion of water away from the cutslope
Cutslope for road alignment/ construction; Highly to completely altered rock mass

Bhatgaon
No road side drain observed; Tilting of trees and electric pole; Failed material with chunks of basaltic blocks; Exposed roots; Interface between regolith zone and bed rock observed
Diversion of water away from the cutslope; Removal of failed material from the slope
Cutslope for road alignment/ construction; Excessive saturation of overburden and altered rock mass; Highly to completely altered rock mass and regolith

No road side drain observed; Exposed roots; Steep quarry faces; Titled and fallen trees; Reservoir in the upstream may have caused the toe erosion
Diversion of water away from the cutslope; Removal of failed material from the slope; Plantation of deep rooted shrubs on the cutslope
Cutslope for road alignment/ construction; Excessive toe saturation and erosion by stream; Relative increase in steepness due to quarrying

Road side unlined drain is choked with slumped material; Exposed roots; Rill development; Loose chunks of colluvial material present on the cutslope; Exposed roots
Diversion of water away from the cutslope; Removal of failed material from the slope
Cutslope for road alignment/ construction; Excessive saturation of colluvial material and altered rock mass; Poor rock mass condition

Slope cut exposes weathered vermicular laterite zone with dislodged blocks/ boulders of laterite
Removal of pre-existing lateritic blocks from the slope, Plantation of deep rooted trees

Rai
Road side unlined drain is choked with slumped material; Tilting of trees; Exposed roots; Scars clearly observed; Rotational Failure
Diversion of water away from the cutslope; Plantation of deep rooted shrubs on cutslope
Cutslope for road alignment/ construction; Highly weathered and altered rock mass; Excessive saturation of overburden material

Rai
Road side unlined drain is choked with failed slope material; Tilting of trees; Exposed roots; Crown scar clearly visible; Loose blocks of material on the slope; Downslope cottages may get affected
Diversion of water away from the cutslope; Removal of failed rock mass from the cutslope; Construction of retaining wall at the toe of the failure
Cutslope for road alignment/ construction; Altered rock mass; Excessive saturation

Road side unlined drain is choked with slided material; Exposed roots; Scars visible; Tilting and shaving of trees; Thickness of overburden material <5m
Diversion of water away from the cutslope; Plantation of deep rooted shrubs on the cutslope
Cutslope for road alignment/ construction; Excessive water saturation

Slope cut exposes weathered vermicular laterite zone showing a prominent rill erosion effect
Plantation of deep-rooted trees and construction of retaining wall
Cutslope for road construction and rill erosion

Road side unlined drain is choked with failed slope material; Exposed roots; Loose boulders present on the cutslope
Diversion of water away from the cutslope; Removal of failed material from the slope
Cutslope for road alignment/ construction; Excessive saturation; Highly altered rock mass; Crown scar visible; Thickness of overburden <1m

Agarnaral
Road side unlined drain is choked with slided material; Loose blocks resting at road level; Exposed roots; Saturation along joint planes; Tilting of trees; Jetting out blocks at some places
Diversion of water away from the cutslope; Removal of failed rock mass from the cutslope
Cutslope for road alignment/ construction; Well jointed and altered rock mass; Day lighting along cutslope in the form of blocks

Agarnaral
No road side drain is observed; Exposed roots; Highly altered rock mass; Heap of slumped material; Crown scar visible within main failure zone
Cutslope for road alignment/ construction; Excessive saturation; Highly altered rock mass

Agarnaral
Road side unlined drain is choked with slided material; Loose blocks resting at road level; Exposed roots; Scars clearly observed; Rotational Failure
Diversion of water away from the cutslope; Removal of failed rock mass from the cutslope
Cutslope for road alignment/ construction; Well jointed rock mass; Day lighting along cutslope

Kolisare
Slope cut exposes weathered vermicular laterite zone saturated during the time of observation with faint surface erosion by seasonal nala
Retaining Wall provided with piping holes; Retaining Wall needs to be extended a further northeast till the cut-slope extension

Kolisare
Slope cut exposes weathered vermicular laterite zone with dislodged blocks of laterite

Kudali
Rahaman, A., and Achumi, P., 2017, Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 47G/06 and 47G/07, Ratnagiri District, Maharashtra.
Instability of the overburden materials due to saturation during heavy rainfall
Removal of precarious rock boulders from slope; Plantation of deep rooted trees

Rahaman, A., and Achumi, P., 2017, Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 47G/06 and 47G/07, Ratnagiri District, Maharashtra.
Road side drain choked with slump debris; Hanging roots
Retaining Wall provided but needs proper maintenance; Plantation of deep-rooted trees

Manwadi
Precariously placed basaltic boulders on slope, Heavy saturation of overburden due to nala
Removal of precarious rock boulders from slope with diversion of seasonal nala; Plantation of deep rooted trees

Abaloli
Instability of the overburden materials due to saturation during heavy rainfall
Retaining Wall provided but needs proper maintenance; Plantation of deep-rooted trees

Asore
Instability of the overburden materials due to saturation during heavy rainfall
Plantation of deep rooted trees; Removal of precarious rock boulders from slope

Asore
Slope cut exposes basaltic rock with dislodged rock boulders
Removal of precarious rock boulders from slope; Avoid further slope cutting

Plantation of deep-rooted trees and construction of retaining wall

Asore
Slope cut exposes weathered vermicular laterite zone with dislodged laterite rock boulders
Removal of precarious rock boulders from slope; Plantation of deep rooted trees

Giranwadi
Precariously placed laterite boulders on slope; Heavy saturation of overburden
Diversion of nala; Plantation of deep rooted trees

Thokwadi

Abaloli
Plantation of deep rooted trees; Removal of precarious rock boulders from slope

Teliwadi
Diversion of nala; Plantation of deep rooted trees

Loharwadi
Precariously placed basaltic boulders on slope; Nala erosion is causing further dislodging of rock blocks
Removal of precarious rock boulders from slope; Diversion of nala

Stauration of the overburden material during heavy rainfall triggered the failure.
Plantation of deeprooted trees and construction of retaining wall

Instability of the overburden materails due to saturation during heavy rainfall
Removal of precarious rock boulders from slope; Diversion of nala

Stauration of the overburden material during heavy rainfall triggered the failure.
Retaining Wall to be provided with plantation of deep rooted trees

Slope cut face is rough, exposes moderately weathered basalt; Slope cut has affected the natural slope
Plantation of deeprooted trees and construction of retaining wall

Instability of the overburden materails due to saturation during heavy rainfall

Instability of the overburden materails due to saturation during heavy rainfall
Diversion of nala; Plantation of deep rooted trees

Plantation of deep rooted trees; Removal of precarious rock boulders from slope

Slope cut exposes basaltic rock with dislodged rock boulders
Removal of precarious rock boulders from slope; Avoid further slope cutting

Slope cut exposes basaltic rock with dislodged rock boulders

Precariously placed basaltic boulders on slope; Nala erosion is causing further dislodging of rock blocks
Removal of precarious rock boulders from slope; Diversion of nala

Low Risk Zone
Removal of failed boulders from the slope, Diversion of water away from the slope, Periodic maintainence of roadside drain
Cutslope developed over moderately weathered basaltic rock, Fractured and jointed rock, Removal of toe by nala erosion, Spheroidal weathering

Kurthunda
Moderately altered rock mass in the lower part of the cut slope; Regolith material; Scar with exposed roots; Heap of failed rock mass
Diversion of water away from the cutslope; Plantation of deep rooted shrubs/ trees; Removal of debris from the cutslope; Retaining Wall should be provided
Steep cutslope; Saturation of highly to completely altered rock mass by rain water; Day lighting of gentle to moderately inclined interface between highly altered rock mass and relatively sound sparsely altered rock mass

Dingani
Road side unlined drain is choked with failed slope material; Lateritic Soil; Arcuate contour parallel cracks (opening from 5cm to 20cm) with scars; Rill erosion; Exposed roots
Cutslope for road alignment/ construction; Excessive saturation led to multiple settling

Road side unlined drain is choked with failed slope material; Loss of cohesion across joints; Brecciated flow top; Sparsely to moderately altered rock
Diversion of water away from the cutslope; Removal of failed debris
Cutslope for road alignment/ construction; Excessive Saturation; Highly Jointed rock mass; Exposed flow contact

Kurthunda
Highly to completely altered well jointed rock mass; Scar with exposed roots; Failure had choked road side drain
Diversion of water away from the cutslope; Plantation of deep rooted shrubs/ trees; Removal of debris from the cutslope
Steep cutslope; Poor state of slope forming material; Excessive saturation by rain water

Kurthunda
Highly to completely altered rock mass (defining upper part of the lava flow) exposed in the lower part of the cut face and well jointed; Steep cutslope; Spot has likeliness to fail in future considering further erosion
Diversion of water away from the failed slope; Plantation of deep rooted shrubs/ trees
Selective erosion of the completely altered rock mass exposed in the lower part of the cutslope removing basal support of well jointed rock mass exposed in the upper part of the cutslope

Ambed
Scars having displaced blocks of debris having intact vegetation on them; Heap of failed overburden; Shallow planar failure
Steep cut slope; Saturation of debris column including toe portion by rain water

High Risk Zone
Removal of failed debris and boulders from the slope; Diversion of runoff away from the failed slope; Providing toe support through protective structures.
Landslide occurred on a road cutslope. Removal of toe support by excessive erosion from runoff water.

Moderate Risk Zone

Moderate Risk Zone
Nr Primary School, Parshuramwadi, MeghiDevrukh Rd
Removal of failed rockmass from slope, Diversion of seasonal water to avoid saturation and erosion
Road cutslope, Extreme Spheroidal Weathering, Loss of toe support, Jointed and Fractured rockmass, Rill Erosion

Low Risk Zone
Removal of failed material from slope, Diversion of water away from the slope, Plantation of trees and shrubs
Vertical cutslope, Erosion and removal of toe support by seasonal nala, Failure along rock overburden contact due to oversaturation

High Risk Zone
Removal of failed boulders from the slope, Diversion of surface runoff away from the slope, Valleyside dipping joints to be cement sealed
Vertical cutslope for road construction, Wedge Failure along Joint Plane, Joint Planes highly weathered, Erosion along weak discontinuities

Moderate Risk Zone
Removal of failed material from slope, Diversion of surface run off away from the failed slope
Vertical cutslope, Extremely Weathered Rock, Rill erosion by seasonal streams, Toe support removal

Removal of failed material from the slope, Diversion of surface runoff, Roadside unlined drain to be lined by concrete to avoid toe erosion
Removal of toe support, Jointed and fractured rock, Rill erosion, Developed over a vertical cutslope

Valke
Slope cut exposes weathered vermicular laterite zone with dislodged boulders of laterite
Retaining Wall provided but needs proper maintenance; Plantation of deep-rooted trees

Vyangani
During past heavy rains the subsequent rill erosion by the seasonal nala has resulted a minor debris fall downslope of the road culvert
Culvert along the nala course needs proper maintenance

Pangari
┬áSlope cut exposes weathered vermicular laterite zone saturated during the time of observation with heavy rill erosion by seasonal nala
Retaining Wall to be provided with plantation of deep rooted trees

High Risk Zone
Removal of failed rocky boulders away from the slope; Diversion of water away from the slope; Sealing of weak planes by concrete
Extensive cutting for road construction along a basaltic slope, Subsequent surface runoff and erosion causing loss of cohesion along weak planes and removal of toe support.

Mirajole
┬áToe of the overburden material eroded by nala during heavy rainfall; Upslope of the slide zone agricultural fields used for cultivation of paddy with thickness of more than 5m. Further erosion may lead to subsequent damage/ wash off of agricultural
Barricading of basaltic boulders along the toe of the slide with iron mesh; Plantation of deep rooted trees; Non-use of agricultural fields close to slide zone; Monitoring of slide zone atleast on weekly basis by villagers during heavy rains
Toe erosion by nala during heavy rainfall

Diversion of water away from the cutslope; Removal of failed debris and trees from the slope; Plantation of deep rooted shrubs on the cutslope
Highly to completely altered rock mass; Excessive Saturation; Loading of trees on the overburden material at few places

Slope cut for road alignment; Five reactivated closely spaced slide has been included in this single slide
Removal of uprooted trees, rock blocks, soil overburden lying over the failed surface

Slope cut for road alignment; Moderately weathered jointed basalt exposed along cut slope

Slope cut for road alignment; Reactivated slide; Old scar is clearly recognisable due to vegetation variation; Choked hill side drain
Removal of unstable material from crown and precariously occurring blocks from slope; Diversion of water from the slope

Slope Cut for road alignment; Moderately weathered jointed basalt exposed along cut slope
Removal of precarious rock blocks and loose material from slope; Plantation of deep rooted trees

Slope cut for road alignment; Presence of precariously occurring rock blocks over failed surface
Plantation of deep rooted trees; Lining of hill side drainage
Extensive slope cut for road construction

Slope cut for road construction; Red bole exposed along the bottom of slope cut having clinkery top
Diversion of nala; Plantation of deep rooted trees┬á

Slope cut for road construction
Removal of precarious rock blocks and loose material from slope; Plantation of deep rooted trees
Wedge formation and root weathering along joints

Slope cut for road construction; Presence of seasonal nala along the right flank of landslide; Landslide is not clearly visible due to vegetation cover
Diversion of nala; Plantation of deep rooted trees┬á and slope treatment
weathered and unconsolidated slope forming material

Slope cut for road alignment; Failed surface is covered with grass; Retaining wall is already present
Plantation of deep rooted trees; Height of the retaining wall (already provided) can be increased
Unconsolidated Insitu soil with considerable amount of rock blocks lying over steep slope

Slope cut for road alignment; Cut slope section is covered with dry grass
Plantation of deep-rooted trees; Dressing of crown and flanks; Removal of uprooted trees
Loose lateritic soil with considerable amount of rock blocks

Slope cut for road alignment; Unlined hill side drain is choked with failed material; Exposed roots; Moderately weathered and altered rock mass
Diversion of water away from the cutslope; Plantation of deep rooted shrubs on cutslope; Lining and clearance of hill side drain

Slope cut for road alignment; Unlined hill side drain is choked with failed material; Exposed roots; Highly weathered and altered rock mass
Diversion of water away from the cutslope; Plantation of deep rooted shrubs on cutslope; Lining and clearance of hill side drain
Highly altered rock mass resting over moderately weathered jointed basalt which form an interface and wedge for failure; Saturation

Slope cut for road alignment; Unlined hill side drain is choked with failed material; Exposed roots; Weathered and Jointed rock mass;
Removal of loose material and up rooted from the crown and flanks of the landslide; Clearance of hill side drain
Altered rock mass lying over the fairly jointed basalt forms an interface

Slope cut for road alignment; Hill side drain was choked with failed material; Hanging roots at crown
Diversion of water away from the cutslope; Plantation of deep rooted shrubs on cutslope; Dressing of crown
Highly altered rock mass/ Lateritic soil with 0.5-5m regolith thickness

Slope cut for road alignment; unlined road side drain is choked with failed material; Hanging roots
Plantation of deep rooted shrubs on cutslope; removal of loose material and up rooted trees from crown; Dressing of crown
Lateritic soil with prominent large rock blocks lying over the moderately steep slope ; Saturation

Slope cut for road alignment; Thickness of overburden varies from 0.5-5m
Removal of loose material from crown; Plantation of deep rooted grass
Loose lateritic soil with considerable amount of rock chunks lying over basalt which form an interface; moderately steep slope

Slope cut for road alignment; Failed material lying over the failed surface with prominent rock blocks
Removal of loose material from crown; Plantation of deep rooted grass
Weathered basalt forms the interface; Moderately steep slope

Slope cut for road alignment; Fresh to low weathered basalt; Landslide is lying about 6m above the road level
Grouting; rock bolting ; Mash or metal net wiring ; Check further slope modification

Slope cut for road alignment; Older failed material is covered with grass; Morphology of the old landslide could be easily identified
Plantation of deep rooted trees; Removal of precariously occurring rock blocks at the flanks of landslide

Slope cut for road alignment; Choked hill side drain; Comparatively largest and continuous slope failure along slope cut
Plantation of deep rooted trees; Removal of precarious rock boulders from slope; diversion of water away from cut slope
Loose lateritic soil with considerable amount of rock blocks lying over moderately steep slope dipping towards road

Slope cut for road alignment; Choked hill side drain; Steep slope with 0.5-5m regolith thickness
Diversion of water away from cut slope; Plantation of deep rooted trees; Benching of slope; Removal of loose material from crown of landslide
Loose lateritic soil with considerable amount of rock blocks lying over moderately steep slope dipping towards road

Slope cut for road alignment; Choked hill side drain
Plantation of deep rooted trees; Clearance and lining of hill side drain; Dressing of crown

Poor state of preservation of slope forming materials

Slope cut for road alignment; Slope cut exposes Lateritic soil with dislodged blocks; Scooping at the crown
Loose lateritic soil with appreciable amount of lateritic rock blocks are lying over gently dipping hill slope towards the road

Slope cut for road alignment; Slope cut exposes Lateritic soil with dislodged blocks; Scooping at the crown
Removal of failed material from the failed surface, Plantation of deep rooted trees; Dressing of crown and flanks
Loose lateritic soil with appreciable amount of lateritic rock blocks are lying over gently dipping hill slope towards the road

Retaining Structure needs to be provided

Removal of failed rock mass from the slope
Extremely Jointed rock, Weathered face of Joints

Removal of failed debris from slope, Diversion of seasonal water away from the slope, Providing a retaining wall with weep holes, Lining of roadside drain
Steep road cutslope in weathered rock, Excessive saturation of debris column

Closely spaced 3 incidences have been taken as one incidence
Removal of unstable material from crown; diversion of drainage from the top of the slope cut
Slope cut along the loose insitu soil; saturation; improper slope cutting

Reactivated landslide
Diversion of drainage from the top of the slope cut; plantation of deep rooted grass; construction of retaining wall
Failure with in the failed plane of the old landslide

Closely spaced 2 incidences have been taken as one incidence
Removal of unstable material from crown; diversion of drainage from the top of the slope cut
Slope cut along the loose insitu soil; saturation

No hill side drain; fallen trees; hanging roots
Removal of unstable material from the top of the slope cut
Root weathering along the weak planes in the lower part of the hill slope impart instability to the overlying material

No hill side drain; hanging roots
Removal of unstable material from the top of the slope cut and the crown of the landslide

Closely spaced 4 incidences have been taken as one incidence
Removal of unstable material from the top of the slope cut; diversion of drainage from the top of the slope cut
Root weathering along the weak planes in the lower part of the hill slope impart instability to the overlying material

Ecssesive saturation of Natural slope by rainfall and undercutting by nala

Deep rill erosion by streams developed during rainy season

No hill side drain is provided
removal of overhanging from the crown; Plantation of deep rooted trees
Slope cut along the loose insitu soil; saturation

Cut slope is ~ 4m away from the road, Two incidences with in one cutslope
Plantation of deep rooted grass; Diversion of nala from the top of the slope cut
Saturation along the weak planes of the moderately weathered basalt

Two failures are present with in 18m of strech
Plantation of deep rooted grass; Metal net wiring
Slope cut very steep hill slope dipping towards road and comprises of loose weathered basalt; saturation

Failure is clearly visible due to removal of vegetation cover
Plantation of deep rooted trees; benching
Steep slope dipping towards road and comprises of loose weathered basalt; saturation

Scooping, hanging roots and fallen trees are observed
Removal of unstable material from the top of the slope cut
Overhangs has been developed due to the improper slope cutting

Two failures are present with in 15m of strech
Plantation of deep rooted grass; dressing of slope
Steep hill slope dipping towards road and comprises of loose weathered basalt; saturation

Scooping and hanging roots at the crown;
Removal of unstable material from crown and flanks of the landslide
Slope cut along theweathered basalt; root weathering

Scooping at the crown
Benching of the top part of the slope cut
Loose insitu soil is lying over highly weathered basalt; soil erosion in the top part of the slope cut

Rill erosion along the failed slope
Slope dressing; removal of loose material and diversion of nala from the crown
Slope cut along steep slope comprises of insitu soil; Saturation

Fallen trees; unlined hill side drain
Removal of unstable material from the top of the slope cut
Overhangs has been developed due to the improper slope cutting

Steep upslopes
Removal of unstable material from the top of the slope cut; diversion of drainage from the top of the slope cut
Overhangs has been developed due to the improper slope cutting

Benching; plantation of deep rooted grass
Steep, sparsely vegetated hill slope dipping towards the road; saturation

Highly jointed roack & instability of the overburden materails due to saturation during heavy rainfall

Unlined, chocked hill side drain

Slope has been cut at two different levels for settlement
Construction of retaining wall and wire mash

Vetavade
Provide proper hill side and peripheral drainage; Removal of overburden resting over the slope; Benching of slopes.
Cutslope related to establishment of settlements

Scooping at the crown
Removal of unstable material from crown and failed surface
Slope cut along the steep hill slope comprises of weathered basalt; saturation

Unlined hill side chocked drain; fresh scar
Slope cut along the steep hill slope comprises of weathered basalt; saturation; root weathering

Unlined hill side chocked drain; toe of the landslide is lying at up the red bolw exposed beneath the moderately weathered basalt
Removal of unstable material from crown; metal net wiring/mash
Slope cut along steep hill slope dipping towards road; water percolation along the vertical joint planes

Chocked unlined hill side drain
Provide proper hill side drainage; diversion of nala from the top of the slope cut
Highly weathered basalt have been cut for road alingment; saturation

Removal of unstable material lying at the crown and flanks; Plantation of deep rooted plants
Slope cut along moderately weathered jointed basalt; saturation along the weak planes

Toe of the landslide is lying ~1m above the road level
Removal of unstable material lying at the crown and flanks of the landslide
Slope cut along the highly weathered basalt; steep upslope; saturation

Unlined hill side chocked drain; runout is covered with vegetation; three incidences with in the same strech of slope failure
Removal of buldging material from the slope cut and crown of the landslide
Saturation along the joint planes of moderately weathered basalt

Closely spaced incidences have been taken as one incidence
Removal of failed material lying at the base of toe os landslide; plantation of deep rooted grass
Slope cut along the highly weathered basalt; steep upslope; hill slope is covered with loose insitu soil

Chocked unlined hill side drain
Slope cut along highly jointed basalt; saturation along the weak planes

Slope cut for road alignment; Unlined hill side drain; moderately weathered and altered rock mass;
Diversion of water away from the cutslope; Plantation of deep rooted shrubs on cutslope; lining and clearance of hill side drain
Steep hill slope dipping towards road comprises of weathered basalt has been cut for road alingment

Removal of unstable material lying at the crown, flanks and failed plane
Slope cut along highly jointed basalt; saturation along the weak planes

Total 15 small slope failures have been observed with in this 195m wide strech
Removal of loose material from the crown and flanks of the landslide; deep rooted trees plantation
Weathered and loose slope forming material lying over a moderately steep slope

Unlined hill side drain is choked with failed material; Hanging roots and trees
Removal of loose material and up rooted trees from crown; diversion of water away from the slope cut
Weathered basalt is underlain by lateritic soil; Saturation

Chocked hill side drain
Highly weathered loose material has been cut for road alingment

Runout is covered with grass
Diversion of water away from the cutslope; Plantation of deep rooted shrubs on cutslope; lining and clearance of hill side drain;

Runout is covered with vegetation; total two incidences have been recorded
Benching; plantation of deep rooted grass
Slope cut along the steep hill slope comprises of weathered basalt; saturation

Two incidences have been recorded
Removal of unstable material from crown and failed surface; plantation of deep rooted grass
Slope cut along the steep hill slope comprises of weathered basalt; saturation

Tilted trees are observed over the steep upslope
Moderately jointed basalt, wedge has formed dipping towards road.

Chocked hill side drain; hanging roots
Removal of failed material from the failed surface; rataining wall construction
Highly jointed basalt overlain by loose soil

Closely spaced incidences have been taken as one incidence

Runout is covered with vegetation; chocked hill side drain
Removal of failed material from the failed surface; mesh wire construction
Weathered basalt is underlain by red bole has been cut for road alingment

Closely spaced incidences have been taken as one incidence
Plantation of deeprooted trees; Dressing of flanks;
Loose lateritic soil has been cut for road alignment

Chocked hill side darin; loose material overlying at crown
Unconsolidated Insitu soil lying over steep slope

Runout is covered with vegetation or shrubs
Removal of failed material from the failed surface, Plantation of deep rooted trees; dressing of crown and flanks
Loose lateritic soil with appreciable amount of lateritic rock blocks are lying over gently dipping hill slope towards the road

Chocked hill side drain
Lateritic soil with large lateritic blocks have been cut for road alignment

choked hill side drain
Plantation of deep rooted trees; diversion of water away from cut slope;
Loose lateritic soil lying over moderately steep slope dipping towards road

Unlined hill side drain; landslide is lying with in slope cut
Moderately basalt exposed along cut slope with prominent joint palnes; wedge failure

Unlined hill side drain; landslide is lying with in slope cut

Three closely spaced incidences taken as one
Plantation of deep rooted grass; benching
Saturation of thick insitu soil column by rain water; steep up slope

Chocked hill side drain
Weathered and loose slope forming material lying over a moderately steep slope

Highly jointed basalt is underlain by red bole

Runout and failed surface is covered with bushes
Plantation of deep rooted grass;removal of unstable material from crown
Saturation of thick insitu soil column by rain water; steep up slope

Saturation of weathered basalt column by rain water; steep up slope

Removal of loose material lying over failed slope.
Slope cut has been made in weathered hill slope dipping towards road

Toe of the landslide is ~2.5m above the road level
Removal of loose material from the crown and failed slope of landslide; grouting along joint palnes
Spheroidal weathered & jointed basalt have been cut for road alingmnet

Two incidences taken as one incidence
Removal of loose material from the crown and failed slope of landslide; net wiring
Spheroidal weathered & jointed basalt have been cut for road alingmnet

landslide toe is lying ~2m above the road level
Diversion of drainage from the top of the slope cut; removal of loose & unstable material from crown
Water percolation along the vertical joint planes; presence of red bole at the toe of the landslide

Two incidences with in one slope cut; red bole is underlain by weathered basalt
Slope treatment, removal of loose material from crown, proper alingment of hill side drain, plantation of deep rooted grass
Slope cut along moderately weathered basalt; root weathering; saturation along joint planes.
RED BOLE IS EXPOSED AT THE BASE OF SLOPE CUT

Removal of loose material from the crown of landslide and slope cut
Improper slope cut developed loose and unsatble material at the top of the cut

Removal of deep rooted trees from crown; removal of unstable material from the slope cut
Water percolation along the joint planes; root weathering

Fresh scar is observed
Removal of loose material from crown, Benching and diversion of drainage from the top of the slope cut
Road cutting in moderately dipping hill slope towards the road; root weathering and saturation along the joint planes

Toe of the landslide is lying ~7m above the road level
Grouting of joint planes, metal net wiring or mesh; rock bolting
Road cutting in Highly jointed basalt; pore pressure along the vertical joint planes

Fallen rock blocks are lying at the road
Slope cut along highly jointed basalt; wedge formation is observed

Unlined hill side drain
Removal of loose material from the crown of landslide and slope cut; net wiring
Road cutting in moderately Weathered jointed Basalt

Runout is covered with vegetation
Removal of unstable material lying at the crown, flanks and failed plane
Slope cut along highly jointed basalt; saturation along the weak planes; red bole lying underneath basalt

Removal of the unstable material from the slope cut face and top
Slope cut along steep hill slope comprises of moderately weathered basalt; failure happened in the buldging part of the slope cut face

Morphology of the slope failure is not clear due to thick vegetation cover
Removal of loose material from failed slope and crown.
Deep root plantation.

Steep upslopes
Removal of loose material from crown of landslide, Slope treatment,alignment of hillside drain
Slope cutting in highly weathered basalt

Big boulders are observed in the runout
Removal of loose material from crown & failed slope; Plantation of deep rooted grass; slope treatment
slope cut along weathered basalt; hill slope is dipping towards road; saturation

Removal of the unstable material from the slope cut face and top
Slope cut along the moderately weathered basalt

Runout is lying over the failed slope
removal of loose material from crown and flanks of landslide; Plantation of deep rooted grass
Hill slope comprises of weathered rock has been cut for road construction; Saturation; prsence of interface

Runout is covered with vegetation
Removal of loose material ovelying on failed plane & crown; Benching
Road cutting in moderate to highly weathered basalt; Saturation

Three incidences have been taken with in one strech
Removal of loose material from the crown of landslide and slope cut; net wiring
Water percolation along the vertical joint planes; steep upslope

Unlined hill side drain
Removal of loose material from the crown and flanks of the landslide; Drainage diversion fom the top of the slope cut
Improper slope cut developed loose and unsatble material at the top of the cut

Diversion of drainage from the top of the slope cut; removal of loose & unstable material from crown
Slope cut along weathered and jointed basalt; root weathering; saturation

Margins of landslide are clearly visible due to the removal of vegetation cover
Plantation of deep rooted grass; construction of contore parallel drain
Hill slope comprises of loose weathered basalt dipping towards road

No hill sides darin
Diversion of drainage from the top of the slope cut; removal of loose & unstable material from crown
Saturation of insitu soil & weak planes with rain water

Removal of failed material from the slope, Diversion of water away from the failed zone
Failure developed over road cutslope, Highly weathered rock, Rill erosion by streamlets

Removal of failed mass from the slope, Divrsion of water away from the slope
Road Cutslope, Weathered jointed and fractured rock, Rill erosion by seasonal nalas

Removal of loose material & hanging trees from crown
Hill slope comprises of loose lateritic soil; Saturation

Diversion of water away from the cutslope; Plantation of deep rooted grass
Loose thin veneer of insitu soil is resting over moderately steep slope; Saturation

Three incidences have been recorded
Plantation of deep rooted shrubs on the cutslope; Appropriate retaining wall holes may be provided;
Hill slope comprises of loose lateritic soil; Saturation

landslide is located ~20m away from road
Removal of loose material from crown, plantation of deep rooted grass; Diversion of water away from crown
Hill slope covered with highly weathered basalt; Saturation

Choked hill side drain; loose material is lying over failed plane
Removal of loose material and up rooted trees from the failed slope
Hill slope comprises of loose lateritic soil; Saturation

Hanging roots and fallen trees lying over failed surface
Diversion of nala from crown; removal of loose an unstable material from crown

Runout is covered with vegetation; chocked hill side drain
Plantation of deeprooted trees or grass; dressing of crown

Removal of loose material from failed palne, Diversion of water away from crown
Slope cut along loose insitu soil lying over moderately dipping slope

Failed material is lying over retaining wall
Rataining wall is already present; removal of loose material from crown
Loose insitu soil lying over moderately dipping slope

Slope failure along cut slope

Hanging roots; no hill side drain
Loose insitu soil lying over moderately dipping slope

Scooping at the crown

In total 180m strech 7 closely spaced incidences have been taken as one incidence
Benching of slope and reataining wall construction
Hill slope is composed of moderately weathered basalt/Lateritic soil lying over red bole

60m retaining wall is present
Construction of retaining wall and contour parallel drain
Slope cut along very gentle hill slope comprises of lateritic soil; soil erosion

Failed material lying over the failed surface with large lateritic rock blocks
Removal of loose material crown; wire mesh construction
Highly weathered loose material has been cut for road alingment

Retaining wall of ~1.5 heieght is constructed
Rataining wall is already present; removal of loose material ang hanging roots from crown
Unconsolidated Insitu soil lying over moderately dipping slope

Slope cut face is rough, exposes moderately weathered basalt; Slope cut has affected the natural slope
Removal of precarious rock boulders from slope

Slope cut face is rough, exposes moderately weathered basalt; Slope cut has affected the natural slope

Gogoi, R., Panda, K. and Kaur, J., 2019; Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets 47F/16, 47G/13 & 47G/14 in parts of Pune, Satara and Ratnagiri Districts, Maharashtra. Unpub.GSI report for FS 2018-36
250m on Village road from Palasari to Van Kusavade
Diversion of drainage and construction of retaining wall
Due to rainfall and consequent erosion, there is a sudden toe removal leading to the subsidence of the materials leading to the slope cut failure.

Gogoi, R., Panda, K. and Kaur, J., 2019; Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets 47F/16, 47G/13 & 47G/14 in parts of Pune, Satara and Ratnagiri Districts, Maharashtra. Unpub.GSI report for FS 2018-33
Removal of failed material from the base. Plantation of deep rooted shrubs along the slope.
The failure was caused due to slope cutting for construction of road.

Plantation of deeprooted trees and construction of retaining wall

Rahman, M. A. and Ingole, S., 2019; Macroscale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping (LSM) in parts of Toposheet nos. 47G/05 and 47G/09, Satara, Ratnagiri & Raigad districts, Maharashtra. Unpub.GSI report for FS 2018-101
Possibility of failure of the remaining material during high rainfall event.
╬ô├ç├│ Removal of loose and weathered material from the hill slope
╬ô├ç├│ Slope profiling through benching and reducing the slope
╬ô├ç├│ Construction of Retaining wall.
╬ô├ç├│ Provision of toe drain

11 Km from Mahabaleshwar
Rahman, M. A. and Ingole, S., 2019; Macroscale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping (LSM) in parts of Toposheet nos. 47G/05 and 47G/09, Satara, Ratnagiri & Raigad districts, Maharashtra. Unpub.GSI report for FS 2018-57
Possibility of failure of the remaining material during high rainfall event.
╬ô├ç├│ Removal of loose material from the slope
╬ô├ç├│ Rock bolting
╬ô├ç├│ Wire mesh shotcrete on the slope

Rahman, M. A. and Ingole, S., 2019; Macroscale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping (LSM) in parts of Toposheet nos. 47G/05 and 47G/09, Satara, Ratnagiri & Raigad districts, Maharashtra. Unpub.GSI report for FS 2018-73
Possibility of failure of the remaining material during high rainfall event.
╬ô├ç├│ Removal of loose material from the slope.
╬ô├ç├│ Modification of hill slopes by benching and reducing the slope angle
╬ô├ç├│ Construction of retaining wall.

Machutar
╬ô├ç├│ Removal of loose material from the slope.
╬ô├ç├│ Construction of Protection Wall.
╬ô├ç├│ Proper drainage arrangements

╬ô├ç├│ Removal of loose material from the slope.
╬ô├ç├│ Modification of hill slopes by benching and reducing the slope angle
╬ô├ç├│ Construction of suitably designed retaining wall

300 m from Bhekawali
╬ô├ç├│ Construction of Retaining wall.

21 Km from Mahabaleshwar
╬ô├ç├│ Removal of loose material from the slope
╬ô├ç├│ Modification of the slope by benching.
╬ô├ç├│ Construction of retaining wall

Gogoi, R., Panda, K. and Kaur, J., 2019; Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets 47F/16, 47G/13 & 47G/14 in parts of Pune, Satara and Ratnagiri Districts, Maharashtra. Unpub.GSI report for FS 2018-22
Anthropogenic activities like slope cut for construction of road
800 m on Village road from Sangvimura to Tetalimura
Removal of slide material from the base. Gabbions may be installed.
Extensive slope cuts for construction of new road and saturation of slope forming material by rainfall led to failure.

700m on Village road from Sangvimura to Tetalimura
Removal of slide material from the base. Gabbions may be installed.
Cut slope for road for construction of new road

1 km on Village road from Sangvimura to Tetalimura
Removal of slide material from the base. Gabbions may be installed.

500m on village road from Sangvimura to Tetalimura
Failure is due to Cut slope for construction of new road. Besides saturation of the soil cover during rainfall contributed to the slide.

4.3 km on Village road from Kusumbi to Sangviwadi
Removal of material and construction of retaining wall
Cut slope for road construction, further contributed by rainfall during monsoon

02 km on Road from Sangvimura to Aptimura
Removal of failed material and construction of retaining wall.

300m from Patnemachi on Village Road from Kaas-Mahabaleshwar Road towards Patnmachi
Removal of failed material from the slide zone and plantation of deep rooted shrubs
Due to road alignment there is a failure in the slope cut

1km on Village road towards Patnemachi from Kaas-Mahabaleshwar Road
Removal of failed material from the base. Plantation along the slope may be useful.
Cut slope for road alignment/ construction.

01 km on Village road from Galdev to Bhogavlimura
Removal of material from the base. Shotcreting may be useful.
Road cut exposes highly weathered basaltic rock. The fractures of the day-lighted rock face were further enlarged leading to failure.

1.7km on Bhilar-Medha Road from MDR-19 towards Divdev
Removal of failed material from the affected area and construction of retaining wall.
Road cutting has lead to the failure of the slope cut

2.4km on Bhilar-Medha Road from MDR-19 towards Divdev
Road alignment has lead to the failure of slope cut

1km on village road from MDR-19 to Padumlemura
Removal of slide material and shotcrete along the exposed slope.
Road cutting and alignment has lead to the failure of the slope cut

1.3km on village Road from MDR-19 to Padumlemura
Removal of failed material from the slide zone and cementing the joint planes by grouting.
Road cutting has lead to the failure of slope cuts

600m from Kelghar on Village Road from Kelghar to Sangvimura
Removal of failed materials from the slide zone. Installation of gabbions.
There is a failure in the slope cut due to road alignment

Removal of failed debris from the slope and plantation of deep rooted shrubs along the slide zone.
Due to road alignment there has been a failure in the slope cuts.

Removal of failed debris from the slope and plantation of deep rooted shrubs along the slide zone.
Road cutting has lead to the failure of the slope cuts

About 800 m on Village road from Tambi to Bhambavli
Shotcrete along the slope will be useful.
Slope cut further contributed by rainfall which saturated the highly weathered basaltic soil leading to failure.

500m on Village road from Alewadi to Navli
Plantation of deep rooted shrubs along the slope.

1.5km from Kumbhargani on Village road from Kumbhargani to Dhondewadimura
Removal of failed materials and plantation of deep rooted shrubs along the slide zone.
Road cutting has lead to the failure of the slope cuts.

1km from Kumbhargani on Village road from Kumbhargani to Dhondewadimura
Removal of failed materials and plantation of deep rooted shrubs along the slide zone
Road cutting has lead to the failure of the slopes.

300m from Dhondewadimura on village road from Dhondewadimura to Rindichamura
Removal of failed material from the slope and installation of gabbions.
Road cutting has lead to the failure of the slope cuts.

Removal of failed material from the slide zone. Shotcrete along the exposed slope cuts.
Due to road alignment there is a failure in the slope cut.

Removal of failed materials from the slide zone, plantation of deep rooted shrubs along the slide zone and construction of retaining walls as the road is of high importance from tourism point of view
Due to road alignment there has been a failure in the slope cut

Removal of failed material from the slide zone and construction of retaining structure.
Heavy rainfall lead to the failure of the slope.

As the site is situated in Sajjangarh Fort which is a prime tourist spot in the area, immediate remedial measure is required. Otherwise it may lead to casualties.
It is on the staircase to Sajjangarh fort
Removal of the failed rocks from the base. Wall of the fort may be repaired. Installation of net will also prevent such failure in future.
Due to rainfall the soil cover became saturated, it loosened the bricks of some parts of Sajjangarh Fort which finally led to failure of the wall. Further growth of vegetation in the wall of the fort further decreases the strength of the bricks.

2km from Thoseghar on Thoseghar-Chalkewadi road
Diversion of drainage and installation of gabbions.
Rainwater has percolate through highly weathered basaltic debris of the lowly sloping area. It loosens the coherence between the soil leading to failure in the natural slope. In this case though slope cut for road is there its height is very less which i

1km from Chikhli on Chikhli-Chalkewadi road
Roadcutting lead to the toe removal and therefore subsidence of the materials.

2km from Bamnewadi on Bamnewadi-Jhimanwadi road
Further cutting of the slope should be avoided. Installation of gabbions.
Cut slope for road alignment/ construction

4.5km from Bhanang on Village Road from Bhanang to Morghar
Removal of failed material from the slide zone and plantation of deep rooted shrubs along the slide zone.
Road alignment has lead to the failure of the slope cuts

500m from Kenjalwadi on Kenjalwadi-Daphalwadi road
Installation of gabbions along the slope.
Road cutting has lead the failure of the slopecuts. The slope is moderately steep and on the other side of the road the slope is steep with cultivation on modified slope

250m from Daphalwadi on Kenjalwadi-Daphalwadi road
Shotcrete and grouting along the exposed slope.
Road cutting has lead to the loosening of the materials and therefore there is fall of rock leading to the failure of slope cut

Tilted trees are observed over the steep upslope
Removal of loose material lying at the crown & slope cut; deep rooted grass plantation
Slope cut along steeply dipping slope towards the road

Fallen trees & hanging roots; chocked hill side drain
Saturation of thick lateritic soil cover by rain water; steep up slope

Two LS incidences observed with in 30m width along the road
Removal of loose material and up rooted from the crown and flanks of LS; palntation of deep rooted grass
Slope cut along the highly weathered basalt; hill slope is dipping towards the road

Slope cut for road construction; No hill side drain
Diversion of nala; Plantation of deep rooted treesΓö¼├í
Slope cut made in lateritic soil; hill slope is dipping towards the road

Hanging roots, chocked hill side drain and overhangs at crown have been observed
Diversion of nala and removal of loose material from crown; proper hill side drain
Slope cut along the highly weathered basalt; hill slope is dipping towards the road

Runout is covered with vegetation , fallen rock blocks and hanging roots have observed
Removal of precarious rock blocks and loose material from slope; Mesh wire construction
Slope cut along the highly weathered basalt; hill slope is dipping towards the road

Fallen trees & hanging roots; chocked hill side drain; morphology of landslide is not clearly visible due to vegetation cover
Diversion of nala; Plantation of deep rooted treesΓö¼├í and slope treatment
Hill slope covered with highly weathered basalt have been cut for road construction

Hill side drain is not present; width of the runout is 11m
Slope treatment is needed; Plantation of deeprooted trees; Provide proper hill side drainage
Steep hill slope dipping towards road comprises of lateritic soil has been cut for road alingment

Scooping at the crown; rill erosion along the failed palne
Slope treatment is needed; Plantation of deeprooted trees; Provide proper hill side drainage
Steep hill slope dipping towards road comprises of lateritic soil has been cut for road alingment

Failed slope is covered with grass and bushes
Slope treatment is needed; Plantation of deeprooted trees; Provide proper hill side drainage
Steep hill slope dipping towards road comprises of lateritic soil has been cut for road alingment

Landslide is almost 20m away from road
Slope treatment is needed; Plantation of deeprooted trees
Steep hill slope dipping towards road comprises of loose lateritic soil

LS is lying with in the slope cut and pesent ~10m away from road
Removal of failed material from the failed surface

Slope cut for road alignment; Hill side drain has been choked with failed debris material; fallen trees are lying over the crown with loose material
Plantation of deep rooted trees and removal of loose material and up rooted trees from crown

Slope cut for road alignment; chocked hill side drain is fully choked with failed material
Dressing of crown and flanks; removal of precariously occurring rock blocks and loose material from failed surface and benching
Moderately sloping hill slope is comprises of weathered basalt and lateritic soil

Slope cut for road alignment; chocked hill side drain is fully choked with failed material
Removal of failed material from the failed surface; dressing of crown and failed surface
Slope cut made in lateritic soil; hill slope is dipping towards the road

Slope Cut for road alignment; Toe is lying ~3m above the road level, chocked hill side drain
Removal of the loose material from the crown and flanks of LS
Moderately weathered and jointed basalt with failed joint palne is dipping towards the road

Toe of the landslide is lying ~4m above the road level
Plantation of deep rooted trees; removal of the loose material from the flanks and crown of the Landslide; grouting of the red bole exposed at the base of LS
Extensive cut slope; Moderately weathered basalt has been cut for road construction

Chocked hill side drain, fallen trees and rock boulders have been observed

Deep root plantation; removal of loose material from the flanks of LS, slope dressing
Steep slope cut has been made along weathered basalt lying over red bole;

Runout is lying at the failed slope; tilted trees observed at the upslope
Removal of unstable material from crown; diversion of water from the slope; Groting; metal net wiring/mash
Slope cut along steep hill slope dipping towards road; water percolation along the vertical joint planes; root weathering

Provide the contour parallel drainage
Plantation of deeprooted trees over the upslope; provide proper hill side drainage; Benching; reconstruct retaining wall
Loose insitu soil lying over moderately weathered basalt; saturation

Unlined choked hill side drain
Weathered and jointed basalt lying over moderately steep slope; root weathering; saturation

Plantation of deeprooted grass over the upslope; clearance and lining of hill side drainage; removal of unstable material from crown
Weathered basalt underlain by red bole and 0.5m thick loose insitu soil

Runout is lying at the failed slope
Removal of unstable material from crown; diversion of water from the slope; Groting; metal net wiring/mash
Water percolation along the vertical joint planes; root weathering

Slope failure along cut slope
Diversion of seasonal nala from the slope & crown; benching
Interface between moderately weathered basalt and insitu soil; saturation

Runout is covered with vegetation and lying over the failed material
Construction of retaining wall; removal of debris heap lying over the failed slope
Interface between moderately weathered basalt and insitu soil; saturation

no hill side drain is provided; modified hill slope
Construction of retaining wall; removal of debris heap lying over the failed slope
Hill slope covered with moderately weathered slope; habitation at the top of the hill; saturation

Hill slope is covered with insitu soil with less than 0.5m thickness
Slope cut along jointed weathered basat; water percolation along the vertical joint planes

Diversion of the seasonal nala away from the slope; removal of loose material from crown as well as from flanks of the slide; plantation of deep rooted grass
Thin veneer of loose insitu soil is resting over moderately steep slope having dip direction towards road

Total two incidences have been recorded
Jointed basalt exposed in slope cut dipping towards the road; Saturation

Unlined hill side drain; runout is covered with vegetation
Removal of loose and unstable material lying at the top of the cut slope
Moderately weathered basalt resting over moderately steep slope; hill slope is dipping towards the road; Saturation

Hil slope is very gentle
Plantation of deeprooted grass; reconstruct retaining wall; diversion of nala from the top of the slope cut
Lateritic soil exposed along moderately dipping slope; saturation

Rill erosion; Chocked hill side drain
Removal of loose material from crown and slope; Plantation of deep rooted grass
Slope cut along loose insitu soil; hill slope is dipping towards road; Saturation

Three closely spaced incidences taken as one
weathered basalt have been cut for road alingment. hill slope is dipping towards road;steep upslope.

Four closely spaced incidences taken as one
Removal of loose material from the margins of landslide, benching in the upslope & grouting along the weak planes
Slope cut along jointed basalt; saturation along joint palnes; steep upslopes

Runout and failed surface is partially covered with bushes
Saturation of weathered basalt column by rain water; steep up slope

Unlined hill side drain
Saturation of weathered basalt column by rain water; steep up slope

Five closely spaced incidences taken as one
Mesh net wire, Rock bolting and Short crete.
Slope cut along jointed basalt; saturation along joint palnes; steep upslopes

Runout is lying along the road side
Short crete, Rock bolting and Mesh net wire.
Hill slope composed of closely spaced jointed weathered basalt have been cut for road alingment

2.5km from Bendwadi on Village Road from Bendwadi to Konjavde
Removal of loose material and grouting along the slope.
Road alignment has lead to the failure of the slope cuts. Jointed and fractured rock mass.

4km from Bendwadi on Village Road from Bendwadi to Konjavde
Removal of loose materials and grouting/shotcrete along the slope.
Due to alignment of road, there has been a failure in the slope cuts. Jointed and fractured rock mass.

2.5 km from Kanhawadi on Village Road from Kanhawadi to Atit
Removal of failed material from the slopes. Grouting along the jointed and fractured rocks.
Road cutting has day lighted jointed and fractured rocks, which subsequently fall.

2.3km from Kochlewadi towards Bhor on Mandhardeo-Bhor road
Shotcrete i.e. cementing of fractures and joins with cementing material. Retaining wall upto the height of intersection will also be useful.
Road cutting exposes intersection of two different formations of Sahyadri Group, leading to failure in the area. There is exposure of red bole horizon as well in the area which has higher porosity and permeability. It further increases the possibility of

100m on village road from Duichiwadi to Barse
Further cutting of the slope should be avoided and grouting and shotcreting along the slope.
Cut slope for road construction exposed highly fractures basaltic rocks as well as red bole horizon. This red bole horizon is highly porous and allows water to percolate through it. Rainwater further widens the fractures finally leading to rock fall.

500m on Village road from Duichiwadi to Barse
Further cutting of the slope should be avoided. Shotcreting along the slope.

SH-139, 7km from Wai on Wai-Panchgani Road
Removal of the slide material from the base. Grouting of the fractured rocks.
Road widening has lead to the failure of the slope cuts. The area exposes intersection of two different basaltic formations. Red bole horizon is also observed in some parts. These portions are porous and permeable as compared to other parts. Rainwater pe

1.4km from SH-139 towards Nagewadi on village road
Removal of the slide material from the base. Grouting and shotcreting along the exposed slope.
Road widening has lead to the failure of the slope cuts. Jointed and fractured rock mass.

Old landslide which occurred few years back. Recognition of the slide is difficult due to growth of vegetation.
Slide occurred in a moderately dissected slope near cultivation about 400m from Ghuteghar
Due to rainfall and runoff from talab landslide occurred

Slope cut has exposed lateritic soil that may fail during rainy season.
2 km on Village road from Bhilar to Moravli
Removal of slide material from the base. Further cutting of slope should be avoided, plantation will be helpful.
Failure has occurred due to cut slope for construction of road.

5/6 Km from Borgaon Budruk
╬ô├ç├│ Removal of loose material from the slope
╬ô├ç├│ Modification of the Slope by Benching and reducing the slope angle.
╬ô├ç├│ Construction of Retaining wall

Old landslide which is now dormant
2.8 km from Nandgane on Medha-Mahabaleshwar road
Slope cut for road alignment has lead to the slide

╬ô├ç├│ Construction of retaining wall
╬ô├ç├│ Proper drainage arrangements

╬ô├ç├│ Removal of loose material and trees from the slope.
╬ô├ç├│ Slope re-profiling by reducing the slope angle and benching
╬ô├ç├│ Proper drainage arrangements

╬ô├ç├│ Removal of loose and weathered rock mass from the hill slope
╬ô├ç├│ Construction of Retaining wall.
╬ô├ç├│ Provision of proper drainage arrangements

╬ô├ç├│ Removal of loose material from the slopes
╬ô├ç├│ Construction of retaining wall

This placed is marked as landslide prone zone by the district authority.
Possibility of failure of the remaining material during high rainfall event
╬ô├ç├│ Removal of loose rock boulders big trees from the slope
╬ô├ç├│ Systematic rock bolting and shotcreting on the affected slope

╬ô├ç├│ Slope profiling by benching and reducing the slope angle.

╬ô├ç├│ Removal of loose and weathered material.

╬ô├ç├│ Modification of the slope by benching and reducing the slope angle.

╬ô├ç├│ Removal of big boulders
╬ô├ç├│ Filling of cracks with impervious material
╬ô├ç├│ Proper drainage arrangements to keep area as dry as possible.

10 km from Mahabaleshwar
Identified on the basis of the absence of vegetation and old dump debris on the road side.
╬ô├ç├│ Removal of Loose/detached rock blocks from the upslope.

9 km from Mahabaleshwar
╬ô├ç├│ Modification of the slope by benching.
╬ô├ç├│ Construction of protection wall with weep holes

Moderately dissected and vegetated hill slope comprise of highly weathered basalt has been cut for road alignment resulted in loss of cohesion and during the heavy rains increase in pore pressure resulted in soil slump.
Rahman, M. A. and Kaur, J., (2020) Macroscale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping (LSM) in parts of Toposheet nos. 47F/08 and 47F/12in parts of Raigad, Pune,Satara and Ratnagiri districts, Maharashtra.
Fresh scar indicates the incidence has occurred recently. Hanging roots and fallen trees has also been observed along the flanks of landslide.
Proper drainage arrangements for keeping the slope unsaturated.
Plantation of shallow rooted grasses/plants Construction of hill side drain.
Dressing of crown.
Removal of overhanging material from failed surface.
Hill slope covered with Insitu soil got supersaturated during heavy rainfall increased pore pressure which resulted in soil slump.

Moderately dissected and vegetated hill slope comprise of highly weathered basalt has been cut for road alignment resulted in loss of cohesion and during the heavy rains increase in pore pressure resulted in soil slump.
Rahman, M. A. and Kaur, J., (2020) Macroscale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping (LSM) in parts of Toposheet nos. 47F/08 and 47F/12in parts of Raigad, Pune,Satara and Ratnagiri districts, Maharashtra.
Fresh scar indicates the incidence has occurred recently. Hanging roots and fallen trees has also been observed along the flanks of landslide. Possibility of further slope failure during the monsoon.
Nigudghar- Kondhari -Mazeri road section (49 Km from Mahad)
Proper drainage arrangements for keeping the slope unsaturated.
Plantation of shallow rooted grasses/plants Construction of hill side drain.
Dressing of crown.
Removal of overhanging material from failed surface.
Hill slope covered with Insitu soil got supersaturated during heavy rainfall increased pore pressure which resulted in soil slump.

Two landslide incidences ~45m apart along the same hill slope taken as a single incidence. Both incidences have fresh scars indicates They were occurred recently. Unstable material is observed over the crowns which have a possibility to slide downhill du
Rahman, M. A. and Kaur, J., (2020) Macroscale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping (LSM) in parts of Toposheet nos. 47F/08 and 47F/12in parts of Raigad, Pune,Satara and Ratnagiri districts, Maharashtra.
Fresh scar indicates the incidence has occurred recently. Hanging roots and fallen trees has also been observed along the flanks of landslide. Possibility of further slope failure during the monsoon.
Modification of the slope by benching. Removal of loose and detached material from crown as well as from flanks of landslide.
Plantation of shallow rooted grasses/plants.
Construction of hill side drain. Construction of suitably designed protection wall
Highly weathered basalt overlying the moderately weathered basalt with overburden material on steeply dipping hill slope. In addition, slope cutting enhances the degree of instability results in slope failure.

Hill slope composed of insitu soil (>0.5m) underlain by moderately weathered basalt has been cut for road alignment. Heavy rainfall induced pore pressure of loose material and reduced its strength resulted in slope failure.
Fresh scar indicates that the incidence occurred recently. Debris contains a considerable amount of boulders which have been detached from moderately weathered basalt. There is a possibility of further failure during monsoon which can be mitigated by pre
Proper drainage arrangements for keeping the slope unsaturated.
Modification of the slope by benching. Removal of loose, overhanging and detached material from crown as well as from flanks of landslide.
Plantation of shallow rooted grasses/plants. Const
Highly weathered basalt overlying the moderately weathered basalt with overburden material on steeply dipping hill slope.

Kondhari Slide
Steep hill slope comprises highly weathered basalt underlain by relatively sound bed rock with steeply dipping interface/contact between them. During the heavy rainfall increases the pore pressure which resulted in loss of cohesion and failure of overbur
Possibility of further failure from the remaining debris mass from the upper part of the crown.
Slope re-profiling through benching. Removal of loose soil mass from the crown surface as well as flanks.
Debris material from the adjacent drainage must be cleared.
Training of local depression for channelization of water flow during rains.
Presence of thick overburden on relatively sound bed rock with moderate to steep interface in between them. Reduction of soil strength on super- saturation due to overcharging of rainwater through CRT.

Multiple no. of slides within a short distance. About 4 nos. of slides were observed within a stretch of 150m. There is possibility of more landslides in the area.
2km from Jaydev Khind Phata towards north
Removal of slided rocks and debris from the base and road. Construction of retaining walls in the whole section of road cut.
The slope cut for construction of road has exposed both debris and in-situ rocks, increasing the vulnerability of the whole section. So, multiple nos. of failures were observed within a stretch of 150m. There is possibility of more landslides in the are

Toe removal of the natural slope during construction of the road resulted in loss of cohesion and failure of overburden material during heavy rainfall under the effect of gravity.
Fresh scar indicates the incidence was occurred recently and has a possibility of further failure due to remaining unstable material.
Modification of the slope by benching. Removal of loose and detached material from crown as well as from flanks of landslide.
Proper cleaning of hill side drain
Highly weathered basalt with moderately weathered basalt lying over steeply dipping hill slope. Heavy rainfall the main triggering factor reduces the strength of overlying material and resulted in slope failure. In addition, slope cutting enhances the de

Velhe - Madhe-1
Konwar, P. and Dasarwar, P. N., (2020) Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets 47F/10, 47F/11 & 47F/15 in parts of Pune and Raigad districts, Maharashtra.
A number of small landslide incidences with bounding cordinates from N 18.2565277 and E 73.5905 to N 18.257722and E 73.5909722 are present. Due to their small dimension all are considered as a single incidence.
Removal of boulders from the slope and road and construction of retaining wall of appropriate height with weep holes. Road side drain may be cleared.
Reduction of strength on super-saturation and anthropogenic activities (unplanned cutting of slope)

Cutting of hill slope in fresh to moderately weathered & jointed basalt during road construction resulted in exposure of joint planes through which water percolated during rainfall. Joint plane, J3 (40°/200) act as main surface of rupture and J1 (73°/N
Fresh scar and bright color contrast indicates the incidence has occurred recently.
Removal of hanging/ detaching blocks from the slopes.
Rock Bolting.
Wire mesh shotcreting on the slope. Clearance of chocked hill side drain.
Extensive Slope Cutting for road alignment through fresh to moderately weathered jointed basalt. Rain water percolation along these weak planes increases the instability of the rockmass and resulted in strength reduction and rock fall (planar and wedge f

Shilimb Debris slump
Hill slope covered with thick Insitu soil (>3m) got supersaturated during heavy rainfall increased pore pressure which resulted in soil slump. The vertical depth of slump is almost 1.5 to 2m and large volume of soil accumulated at the zone of accumulatio
Fresh scar, tilted and fallen trees indicates the incidence occurred recently.Possibility of failure of instable material found along the flanks as well as over the crown.
Modification of the slope by benching. Removal of loose and detached material from crown as well as from flanks of landslide.
Cleaning and lining the hill side drains.
The major geological cause for the incidence is the presence of thick lateritic soil along natural steep slope.

Toe removal of the natural slope during construction of the road resulted in loss of cohesion and failure of overburden material during heavy rainfall under the effect of gravity. Thick vegetation cover with deep rooted plants penetrate the overburden up
Fresh scar indicates that the incidence occurred recently. Hanging roots observed on the crown and along the flanks. There is a Possibility of failure of the remaining material during high rainfall event.
Removal of loose and detached material from crown as well as from the flanks of landslide.
Clear the hill side drain.
Dressing of crown as well as flanks of the slide.
Slope cut along highly weathered basalt for road alignment induced instability of the hill slope during heavy rainfall.

Hill slope composed of lateritic soil (0.5m) underlain by moderately weathered jointed basalt has been cut during road construction. Heavy rainfall resulted in increase of pore pressure in insitu soil and formation of lubricated surface along the joint p
Fresh scar and color contrast indicates the incidence has occurred recently.
Clearance of the hill side drain.
Removal of Jointed Blocks from the Slopes.
Rock Bolting.
Wire mesh shotcreting on the slope
Extensive Slope Cutting for road construction in steep slope comprising moderately weathered jointed basalt covered with 0.5m loose overburden. Rain water percolation along these weak planes increases the instability of the rock mass and resulted in stre

Parmachi Landslide
Toe removal of the natural slope during construction of the road resulted in loss of cohesion and failure of overburden material during heavy rainfall under the effect of gravity. Road ward dipping contact/interface between Two differently weathered basa
Fresh morphological signatures such as crown, flanks, surface of rupture indicates the incidence occurred recently. This is a slope cut induced natural landslide with further possibility of failure during heavy rainfall.
Modification of the slope by benching. Removal of loose and detached material from crown as well as from flanks of landslide
Plantation of shallow rooted grasses/plants in upper parts having
Highly weathered basalt overlying the moderately weathered basalt on steeply dipping hill slope. Exposure (during the road cutting) of road ward dipping contact/interface between these two different weathered basalt unit act as lubricated surface at the

Saturation of weathered material during rainfall cause increase in pore pressure and reduced friction and strength and resulted in downhill movement of material.
Landslide is almost 160m above and 500m away from the road level. Possibility of failure of the remaining material during high rainfall event.
Proper drainage arrangements for keeping the slope unsaturated. Plantation of shallow rooted grasses/plants with dense surface mat of fine roots
Super saturation of overburden during heavy rainfall increases pore pressure and resulted in slope failure.

Hill slope covered with thick insitu soil (>3m) got supersaturated during heavy rainfall caused ultimate increase in pore pressure resulted in soil slump. The vertical depth of slump is almost 0.5m. The unstable and bulged material lying along the flanks
Fresh scar indicates that the incidence was occurred recently. There is a possibility of further failure from the remaining unstable material during the rainy season
Modification of the slope by benching. Removal of overlying and hanging rockmass present on the crown and flanks of slide. Clearing and lining the hill side drains. Plantation of grass and
The major geological cause for the incidence is the presence of thick insitu soil along natural steep slope.

Excessive saturation of weathered mass due to continuous rainfall increases the pore pressure and reduced the cohesion resulted in slope failure
There is a possibility of further failure due to presence of remaining unstable material over the slope.
Plantation of shallow rooted grasses/plants. Clearance ofhill s
The major geological cause for the incidence is the presence of weathered rock mass and loose overburden along steep natural slope.

Heavy rainfall increases the pore pressure of the overburden and lubricates the road ward dipping contact/interface between two differential weathered basalt. So enhances the instability of the slope by reducing its strength and finally caused slope fail
Vague scar and vegetation cover over the failed surface indicates the incidence is bit older and almost stabilized.
No remedial measures are required as the slide is almost stabilized.
Highly weathered basalt with moderately weathered basalt lying on steeply dipping hill slope. Road ward dipping contact/interface between these two differential weathered basalt unit act as lubricated surface which decreases the strength of overlying mat

Two lava flows of Devighat formation are exposed in the slope cut. The upper flow is moderately weathered with multiple vertical joint planes and the lower flow is weathered green bole. During the Heavy rainfall the water percolates down through the join
Fresh scar indicates the incidence was occurred recently and the slope has a possibility of further failure due to remaining unstable blocks.
Rock Bolting.
Wire mesh shotcreting on the slope. Clearance of the hill side drain.
Removal of loose and detached blocks from the Slopes.
Extensive Slope Cutting for road construction at steep angle and further development of pore water pressure along the joint planes initiated the process of failure and rock fall. Dislodging of basaltic boulders has also taken place

Solamkond Slide
Toe removal of the natural slope during construction of the road resulted in loss of cohesion and failure of overburden material during heavy rainfall under the effect of gravity. Road ward dipping contact/interface between two differently weathered bas
Sharp morphological signatures such as crown, flanks, surface of rupture indicates the incidence occurred recently. There is a possibility of further retrogressive failure and widening of the slide.
Modification of the slope by benching at certain levels in upper part and backfilling above the existing retaining wall.
Removal of loose and detached material from crown as well as from fla
Highly weathered basalt overlying the moderately weathered basalt on steep hill slope (~70°). Road ward dipping contact/interface between two differently weathered basalt units act as lubricated surface during heavy rainfall. In addition, slope cutting

Varoti
Konwar, P. and Dasarwar, P. N., (2020) Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets 47F/10, 47F/11 & 47F/15 in parts of Pune and Raigad districts, Maharashtra.
New augmented
Removal of debris from the slope and road. Road side drain may be cleared.
Reduction of strength on super-saturation and anthropogenic activities (unplanned cutting of slope)

Harpud
Konwar, P. and Dasarwar, P. N., (2020) Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets 47F/10, 47F/11 & 47F/15 in parts of Pune and Raigad districts, Maharashtra.
The slide has occurred over the rock-overburden interface. A private land present adjoining the road with presence of electric pole (2m above the crown of the slide) and road cut within the private land. The private land is also being deforested.
Construction of retaining wall of appropriate height with weep holes.
Reduction of strength on super-saturation and anthropogenic activities (unplanned cutting of slope)

Loosed debris of the landslide may fail in future.
Removal of loosened debris and construction of retaining wall of appropriate height with weep holes. Road side drain may be cleared.
Reduction of strength on super-saturation and anthropogenic activities (unplanned cutting of slope). At the slope cut, highly weathered lava unit is underlain by a fresh lava unit. This highly weathered lava unit is very prone to landslide during monsoon

New augmented.
Construction of retaining wall of appropriate height with weep holes. Road side drain may be cleared.
Reduction of strength on super-saturation and anthropogenic activities (unplanned cutting of slope). The slide has taken place in the vesicular lava unit. The removal of red interflow horizon has made the overlying lava units vulnerable to failure. And

Large unstable boulders lying within the crown portion of the landslide are prone to failure in the future.
Removal of boulders from the slope and road and construction of retaining wall of appropriate height with weep holes. Road side drain may be cleared.

New augmented
Removal of debris from the slope and road and construction of retaining wall of appropriate height with weep holes. Road side drain may be cleared.
Reduction of strength on super-saturation and anthropogenic activities (unplanned cutting of slope). This slope failure has occurred because of presence of two red interflow horizons and the lava units above, between and below the interflow horizons are

This slide has been known to active for more than 5 years.
De-sloping and construction of Bench in neighbourhood and berm structure upslope of the road corridor along with construction of retaining wall of appropriate height. Road side drain may be cleared.
Reduction of strength on super-saturation and anthropogenic activities (unplanned cutting of slope). This slope failure has occurred because of presence of two red interflow horizons and the lava units above, between and below the interflow horizons are

Super saturation reduced the cohesion and friction of highly weathered overburden resulted in slope failure. The incidence occurred near the hilltop almost 140m above the road level. Runout moved more than 100m along the hill slope.
Emergence of fresh scars seen.
Not required as the area or surrounding are not used for any public utility.
Super saturation of highly weathered basalt underlying by moderately weathered to fresh basalt during heavy rain.

Slope cutting of steep slope for road construction resulted in removal of toe support. Further saturation of loose weathered basalt after rainfall caused loss of cohesion and friction and ultimately resulted in failure of slope under gravity. Fresh scar
Hanging, tilted and fallen trees over the failed plane and choked hill side drainage are observed. Though the overall affected area is small but the size of felled trees indicate that the material might have moved at moderate to high rate.
Removal of loose material and fallen trees from the slope, Dressing of crown &Cleaning of the hillside drainage.
Presence of steep hill slope comprising highly weathered basalt and its unscientific cutting for road construction.

Inventory of landslides occurring along Ghat roads of Raigad and Ratnagiri districts, Maharashtra (Code No. LHZ/CR/MH/2007/018, Field Season 2007-2009) by M.S. Bodas and C. Joshi
Vegetation laong flow path completely destroyed
Saturation of long continuous slope by rain water, toe cutting at road level

Dasgaon Slide
The Dasgaon landslide occurred in the afternoon of July 26th, 2005, a day that was marked by the incessant rainfall and many other landslides in parts of Raigad, Ratnagiri and Mumbai areas of Konkan region. More than 45 people lost their lives in this fa
Construction of a permanent shelter to be used during peak monsoon season,providing of peripheral drainage and lining of natural drainage, plantation of shrubs and trees with large canopy and laterally spreading root system which can survive in dry seaso
Moderately inclined interface between the loose overburden and sound bedrock, heavy rainfall leading to saturation of permeable layer

Nandgaon-Kalkaichakond
Toe removal of the natural slope during construction of the road resulted in loss of cohesion and failure of overburden material during heavy rainfall under the effect of gravity. Road ward dipping contact/interface between these two different weathered
Fresh scar indicates the incidence has occurred recently. Possibility of further failure during monsoon period.
Removal of loose and detached material from crown as well as from flanks of landslide.
Complete clearance of the hill side drain
Highly weathered basalt overlying the moderately weathered basalt and overburden on steeply dipping hill slope. Road ward dipping contact/interface between two weathered basalt units act as lubricated surface at the time of heavy rainfall. In addition, s

1.5 km west of Katetali village
Possibility of rock and debris failure during high rainfall event
Removal of loose and unconsolidated material from the slope

Possibility of rock and debris failure during high rainfall event
╬ô├ç├│ Construction of Suitably designed retaining wall.
╬ô├ç├│ Removal of loose and detached rocky blocks from the failure site.
╬ô├ç├│ Proper drainage arrangements with toe drain

Inventory of landslides occurring along Ghat roads of Raigad and Ratnagiri districts, Maharashtra (Code No. LHZ/CR/MH/2007/018, Field Season 2007-2009) by M.S. Bodas and C. Joshi
Steep slope cutting and water saturation
State Highway; Mahad to Latvan via Vinhere

Inventory of landslides occurring along Ghat roads of Raigad and Ratnagiri districts, Maharashtra (Code No. LHZ/CR/MH/2007/018, Field Season 2007-2009) by M.S. Bodas and C. Joshi
Failure associated with flow contact

This is a slope cut induced natural failure. Slope cutting for road construction resulted in removal of toe support. Further saturation of weathered overburden after rainfall caused loss of cohesion and friction and ultimately resulted in failure of slop
Hanging roots and fallen trees have been observed over the crown and failed material respectively. Debris contains considerable amount of boulders also.
Removal of loose material and failed uprooted trees from the slope.
Dressing of crown.
Re-profiling of slope with creation of intermediate bench.
Complete cleaning and lining of hill side drain.
Construction of suitably designed protection wall with weep
Increase in pore pressure and reduction in strength and friction of highly weathered basalt due to saturation of mass by rainfall resulted in downhill movement of material. Dislodging of basaltic boulders has also taken place.

Near Bholawali Dam
Possibility of rock and debris failure during high rainfall event
╬ô├ç├│ Removal of loose and detached material from the slope
╬ô├ç├│ Modification of the Slope by Benching.
╬ô├ç├│ Construction of suitably designed retaining walls with weep holes and toe drain

Raigad-Ratnagiri distric boundary
╬ô├ç├│ Construction of suitably designed retaining wall on both sides of road
╬ô├ç├│ Removal of failed material and tilted trees and re-profiling of the slope to mild inclinations.
╬ô├ç├│ Provision of suitably designed drain

2 km from Tahmini Rly. Station
╬ô├ç├│ Construction of suitably designed retaining walls with weep holes retaining wall
╬ô├ç├│ Removal of existing loose/detached rocky blocks from the slope.
╬ô├ç├│ Suitably designed drain at the toe of the slope

1.8 km from Tahmini Rly. Station
╬ô├ç├│ Construction of retaining wall with weep holes
╬ô├ç├│ Removal of existing Loose/detached rocky blocks from the slope.
╬ô├ç├│ Provision of toe drain
Cutslope for road construction and rill erosion

1.5 km from Tahmini Rly. Station
╬ô├ç├│ Construction of Suitably designed retaining wall with weep holes
╬ô├ç├│ Removal of slide material and rocky blocks existing on the cutslope
╬ô├ç├│ Proper drainage arrangements with toe drain

3 Km from karanjadi
╬ô├ç├│ Construction of suitably designed retaining wall
╬ô├ç├│ Removal of loose and detached rocky blocks from the failure site.
╬ô├ç├│ Proper drainage arrangements with toe drain

3 Km from karanjadi
╬ô├ç├│ Removal of existing slide material and rocky blocks on the cutslope
╬ô├ç├│ Construction of retaining wall at the toe of cut-slope.

Bhogaon Khurd
╬ô├ç├│ Removal of loose and detached material from the slope.
╬ô├ç├│ Extension of retaining wall all along the length and height of the affected slope with weep holes

800m NW of BhogaonBudruk
Retaining wall 1.5 m is not enough to stabilize the slide.
Possibility of failure of the remaining material during high rainfall event
╬ô├ç├│ Modification of the slope by benching and reducing the slope angle and reducing the slope angle
╬ô├ç├│ Height of the existing retaining wall may be increased

Dhamandevi village
╬ô├ç├│ Slope profiling by benching and reducing the slope angle.
╬ô├ç├│ Construction of retaining wall.
╬ô├ç├│ Provision of toe drain

4.3 km from Poladpur
╬ô├ç├│ Modification of the slope by benching.

4-5 km from Ombli
╬ô├ç├│ Construction of retaining wall.
╬ô├ç├│ Removal of remaining loose/detached material from the slope

153.3 km stone
╬ô├ç├│ Removal of loose boulders from the slope
╬ô├ç├│ Proper drainage arrangements to protect from saturation

Jaganwadi
╬ô├ç├│ Modification of the slope by benching
╬ô├ç├│ Proper drainage arrangements for keeping the slope unsaturated

Ombli

╬ô├ç├│ Removal of loose material and boulders from the slope.
╬ô├ç├│ Slope re profiling through benching and reducing the slope angle
╬ô├ç├│ Proper drainage arrangements wi

╬ô├ç├│ Construction of retaining wall with weep holes
╬ô├ç├│ Proper drainage arrangements and toe drain

╬ô├ç├│ Removal of loose and weathered material from the hill slope.
╬ô├ç├│ Modification of slope by benching and reducing the slope angle.
╬ô├ç├│ Provision of proper drainage

╬ô├ç├│ Removal of loose and weathered material from the hill slope.
╬ô├ç├│ Modification of slope by benching and reducing the slope.
╬ô├ç├│ Provision of proper drainage arran

╬ô├ç├│ Removal of weathered material from the hill slope
╬ô├ç├│ Modification of slope by benching and reducing the slope angle

╬ô├ç├│ Removal of loose material from the hill slope.
╬ô├ç├│ Modification of slope by benching and reducing the slope angle.
╬ô├ç├│ Provision of proper drainage arrangements

╬ô├ç├│ Removal of loose material from the hill slope.
╬ô├ç├│ Modification of slope by benching and reducing the slope angle.

Kineshwadi Slide
╬ô├ç├│ Construction of suitably designed retaining wall

Kineshwarwadi
╬ô├ç├│ Removal of loose material and boulders from the slope.
╬ô├ç├│ Slope re-profiling through benching and reducing the slope angle
╬ô├ç├│ Construction of retaining wall with proper drainage

╬ô├ç├│ Removal of Jointed Blocks from the Slopes.
╬ô├ç├│ Construction of protection wall

Dabhil
╬ô├ç├│ Modification of the Slope by benching and reducing the slope angle.
╬ô├ç├│ Construction of suitable designed retaining wall

Nive

1.5 km south of Poladpur- Mahabaleshwar road
╬ô├ç├│ Construction of protection wall

╬ô├ç├│ Removal of loose material and Boulders from the slope

Toe removal of the natural slope (comprises of highly weathered basalt) during construction of the road resulted in loss of cohesion and failure of overburden material during heavy rainfall under the effect of gravity.
Fresh scar indicates the incidence was occurred recently and has a possibility of further slope failure due to remaining unstable material.
Removal of loose and detached material from crown as well as from flanks of landslide.
Cleaning of the hill side drain. Construction of suitably designed protection wall.
Toe removal along natural slope during construction of the road and saturation of material during rains resulted in loss of cohesion and failure of overburden material.

10km from mahabaleshwar
╬ô├ç├│ Modification of the slope by benching and reducing the slope angle.
╬ô├ç├│ Construction of Retaining wall

9.5 km from Mahabaleshwar
╬ô├ç├│ Removal of loose rock mass from the slope.
╬ô├ç├│ Modification of the slope by benching and reducing the slope angle
╬ô├ç├│ Construction of Retaining wall

╬ô├ç├│ Reduction of slope angle by re-profiling
╬ô├ç├│ Construction of protection wall

2.3 km from Poladpur- Mahabaleshwar road towards Javli Village
The road is creeping down towards the river in the down
slope direction
╬ô├ç├│ Removal of loose and weathered material from the hill slope
╬ô├ç├│ Modification of slope by benching.

As all the overburden material is removed now exposing the weathered bed rock may result into debris cum rock fall in future.
╬ô├ç├│ Construction of Retaining wall all along the red bole layer all
along the red bole layer

1.5 km from Taleghar village
╬ô├ç├│ Modification of the slope by benching

2 Km from Pratapgad fort
╬ô├ç├│ Removal of loose material and felled tree trunks from the slope
╬ô├ç├│ Proper drainage arrangements with toe drains

1.5 km east of Kadwan village
╬ô├ç├│ Removal of loose and detached blocks from the slope

~ 300 m from Metatale
╬ô├ç├│ Removal of Jointed Blocks from the Slopes.
╬ô├ç├│ Rock Bolting.
╬ô├ç├│ Wire mesh shotcreting on the slope

╬ô├ç├│ Modification of hill slopes by benching

╬ô├ç├│ Modification of hill slopes by benching
╬ô├ç├│ Retaining wall with weep holes

╬ô├ç├│ Removal of Jointed Blocks from the Slopes.
╬ô├ç├│ Rock Bolting.
╬ô├ç├│ Wire mesh shotcreting on the slope

34 km from Poladpur
╬ô├ç├│ Rock Bolting.
╬ô├ç├│ Wire mesh shotcreting on the slope

╬ô├ç├│ Modification of hill slopes by benching and reducing the slope.

3 Km from Devli
╬ô├ç├│ Modification of the slope by benching and reducing the slope angle

4.5 Km from Devli
╬ô├ç├│ Proper drainage arrangement

3.5 km from chaturbet
╬ô├ç├│ Modification of the slope by benching and by reducing slope angle

Rasalgad Slide
╬ô├ç├│ Removal of loose and detached rock mass from the slope

Tambewadi
Plantation of deep-rooted trees and construction of retaining wall

Stauration of the overburden material during heavy rainfall triggered the failure.
Removal of rocky blocks from the failure site; Retaining Wall to be provided with plantation of deep rooted trees

Removal of rocky blocks from the failure site; Retaining Wall to be provided with plantation of deep rooted trees
Cutslope for road construction and rill erosion

Slope cut exposes weathered basalt with dislodged basalt rock boulders
Removal of rocky blocks from the failure site; Retaining Wall to be provided

Removal of rocky blocks from the failure site; Retaining Wall to be provided

Slope cut exposes weathered basalt with dislodged basalt rock boulders

Removal of rocky blocks from the failure site; Retaining Wall to be provided with plantation of deep rooted trees

Removal of precariously occurring rock boulders placed over slopes; Plantation of deeprooted trees over the upslopes; provide proper drainage.

Govalkot
Poor state of preservation of slope forming materials

Mirjoli
Nala course to be diverted from the settlement zone; Construction of retaining wall

Pankarwadi

Bhoiwadi
Plantation of deep rooted trees; Removal of existing slide material on slopes

Nayatwadi

Shigvanwadi
Stauration of the overburden material during heavy rainfall triggered the failure
Retaining Wall to be provided with plantation of deep rooted trees

Shigvanwadi
Stauration of the overburden material during heavy rainfall triggered the failure

Ketki
Removal of precariously occurring rock boulders placed over slopes; Plantation of deep-rooted trees over the upslopes; provide proper drainage

Bhoiwadi

Mashaliwadi
Precariously placed lateritic boulders to be removed from slope with diversion of nala

Dharanwadi

Chiveli
Slope cut exposes weathered vermicular laterite zone

Varchiwadi

Parchuri

Bhuwadwadi
Nala course to be diverted from the settlement zone; Construction of retaining wall

Brahmanwadi

Nala course to be diverted from the settlement zone; Construction of retaining wall

Bhoste

Gauliwadi

Bahiravli
Poor state of preservation of slope forming materials

Kivwadi

Tokwadi

Mawatwadi

2.5 km north of Shiravli Dam
╬ô├ç├│ Provision of retaining wall with weep holes

╬ô├ç├│ Removal of loose and detached material from the hill slope
╬ô├ç├│ Slope profiling through benching and reducing the slope angle
╬ô├ç├│ Construction of suitably designed retaining wall with weep holes.

Umbarwadi
╬ô├ç├│ Retaining wall constructed for stabilization of the slide.
╬ô├ç├│ Failure material from the slope was removed.
╬ô├ç├│ Re-profiling with benching also has been done
╬ô├ç├│ Extension of retaining wall to cove

~ 10 km from Sakhroli road
Pipe hole present due to this more saturation of rainwater, 2-3 m soil thickness.
Possibility of failure of the remaining material during high rainfall event
╬ô├ç├│ Plantation of deep rooted plants.

Roy, S., Tare, M. and Bhandari, A., 2019; Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of toposheets 47B/16, 47F/04 47G/01 in parts of Ratnagiri and Raigad Districts, Maharashtra. Unpub.GSI report for FS 2018-3
i) Removal of over-burden material from upslope. ii) Provide retaining structure. iii) Proper drainage of suface of water.
Saturation of the debris column by rain water and cut slope.

Burondi
Unlined road side drain provided but appears to be choked with failed debris material; Loose blocks within the failure zone; Exposed roots with piping holes in overburden
Diversion of water away from the cutslope; Plantation of deep rooted trees
Cutslope for road alignment/ construction & saturation of altered rock mass

Chikhalgaon
Unlined road side drain provided but appears to be choked with failed debris material; Minor toppling zones within the failure with piping holes
Diversion of water away from the cutslope; Plantation of deep rooted trees
Cutslope for road alignment/ construction & saturation of altered rock mass

Kalki
Lined road side drain choked with failed material; Exposed grass roots with piping holes in regolith material
Diversion of water away from the cutslope; Retaining wall should be properly maintained; Plantation of deep rooted shrubs on cutslope
Altered and Jointed rock mass; Valley dipping joint (interface between regolith and rock) being the most disfavourable discontinuity (58┬░/N218┬░); Saturation; Cut slope.

Kalki
Both lined and unlined road side drains were choked with failed material; Exposed roots; Loose blocks of rock.
Cutslope for road alignment/ construction; Highly altered rock mass; Saturation; Interflow horizon

Kolbandre
Both lined and unlined road side drains were choked with failed material; Exposed roots with piping holes along the crown zone; Loose blocks at few spots within failure; Minor zones of soil toppling and tilted trees observed
Diversion of water away from the cutslope; Plantation of deep rooted trees
Cutslope for road alignment/ construction & Excessive saturation of altered rock mass

Umbarle
Road side unlined drain choked with failed debris; Failure has taken place by altered interflow horizon; Exposed roots with tilted trees; Crack development and subsidence in road; Piping holes
Diversion of water away from the failed slope; Plantation of shrubs/ trees; Removal of debris from the slope
Weathered rock mass; blocky and jointed nature; exposed highly altered interflow horizon/ flow top breccia; saturation

Jalgaon
Unlined road side drain provided but appears to be choked with slumping material; Exposed roots with piping holes in overburden; Broadly arcuate shaped failure
Cutslope for road alignment/ construction & Saturation of altered rock mass

Kalki
Unlined road side drain is choked with failed material; Exposed roots; Weathered and Jointed rock mass; Heap of failed slope material
Diversion of water away from the cutslope; Removal of loose boulders from the slope
Cutslope for road alignment/ construction; Highly altered rock mass; Saturation

Lined road side drain was choked with failed material; Exposed roots; Zones of toppling within the failure zone.
Cutslope for road alignment/ construction; Highly altered rock mass; Saturation; Interflow horizon

Kirtanwadi

Tambadwadi

Buddhawadi
Slope cut exposes weathered vermicular laterite zone

Disturbed Zone/ Precariously placed laterite boulders observed on the upslope of settlement┬á

Disturbed Zone/ Precariously placed laterite boulders observed on the upslope of settlement┬á
Modification of slope for construction of houses

Removal of precarious rock boulders from slope; Avoid further slope cutting

Gudghe
Disturbed Zone/ Precarious rocky boulders observed along slope; Bank erosion by nala

Gudghe
Disturbed Zone/ Precarious rocky boulders observed along slope

Vananavse
Precariously placed basaltic boulders on slope; Nala erosion is causing further dislodging of rock blocks along prominent joint planes
Rock cutslope for road alignment/ construction

Vananavse
Disturbed Zone/ Chances of debris failure along road; Slope cut further west exposes basaltic rock boulders

Vananavse
Disturbed Zone/ Modified slope exposes weathered basalt may cause Rock/ Debris failure
Plantation of deep rooted trees; Diversion of nala; Avoid further slope modification
Modification of slope for construction of houses

Sakhri Trishul

Sakhri Trishul
Unlined road side drain is choked with failed material; Exposed roots; Highly weathered and altered rock mass; Piping holes observed
Cutslope for road alignment/ construction; Highly altered rock mass; Saturation

Karul

Old scar with some stabilized debris; Irregular crown; Overburden thickness ~1m; Highly weathered basalt
Diversion of water away from the cutslope; Plantation of deep rooted shrubs/ trees
Old cutslope for road alignment/ construction; Saturation of debris column; Steep road cut

The slump exposes water pipeline which appears to be displaced along the joint; Exposed roots; Small heap of debris; Irregular crown; Overburden thickness ~2m
Diversion of water away from the cutslope; Plantation of deep rooted shrubs/ trees
Cutslope for road alignment/ construction; Saturation of debris column; Steep road cut

No road side drain provided; Semi-circular scar; Affected road length of 20m; Interface between hard rock and debris column exposed; Overburden thickness ~1.5m
Diversion of water away from the cutslope; Plantation of deep rooted shrubs/ trees
Cutslope for road alignment/ construction; Saturation of debris column; Removal of toe support due to road cut

Khamshet
Slope cut exposes weathered vermicular laterite zone with dislodged laterite rock boulders; Rock fall incidence occurred in the past year, but the villagers were unable to locate it

Are

Sakhri Trishul
No road side drain observed; Heap of slumped material; Piping holes present; Exposed roots
Sub-vertical cutslope for road alignment/ construction; Highly altered rock mass; Saturation

Veldur
Unlined road side drain is choked with failed material; Exposed roots; Highly weathered and altered rock mass; Zones of soil toppling
Cutslope for road alignment/ construction; Highly altered rock mass; Saturation

Dabhol
Construction of three houses with extensive vertical cutslopes which had open un-lined sewer channels along overburden, subsequent saturation and extreme rainfall event led to failure
Plantation of deep rooted trees; Removal of existing slide material on slopes; Cement lining of open sewer channels with diversion of sewers from overburden material
Extensive slope modification with open unlined sewers

Dabhol
Unlined road side drain provided but appears to be partially choked with failed debris material; Tilted trees with piping holes observed
Cutslope for road alignment/ construction & saturation of altered rock mass

Dabhol
Scouring action of tidal waves have resulted in spheroidal weathering of basaltic rocks exposed along the road cutslope┬á
Blockage to tidal action by barricading basaltic boulders with iron mesh
Undercutting/ scouring by tidal action along coast

Chikhalgaon
Disturbed Zone/ Fractured Plateau edge boulders observed along slope
Diversion of nala; Plantation of deep rooted trees┬á
Dislodged lateritic blocks/ boulders along plateau edge

Male
Precariously placed laterite boulders on slope; Heavy saturation of overburden due to nala
Dislodged lateritic blocks/ boulders along plateau edge

Panchnadi
Precariously placed laterite boulders on slope, Heavy saturation of overburden due to nala

Roy, S., Tare, M. and Bhandari, A., 2019; Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of toposheets 47B/16, 47F/04 47G/01 in parts of Ratnagiri and Raigad Districts, Maharashtra. Unpub.GSI report for FS 2018-10

Roy, S., Tare, M. and Bhandari, A., 2019; Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of toposheets 47B/16, 47F/04 47G/01 in parts of Ratnagiri and Raigad Districts, Maharashtra. Unpub.GSI report for FS 2018-0
i) Removal of over-burden material from upslope. ii) Provide retaining structure.
Saturation of the debris column by rain water and cut slope.

Bankot Post-office Slide
i) Removal of over-burden material from upslope. ii) Provide retaining structure.

Kurwade Slide
i) Removal of over-burden material from upslope. ii) Provide retaining structure.

i) Modification of natural slope ii) Loose Basalt boulders on upslope.

Bagmandla Jetty Slide
i) Provide retaining structure. ii) Provide proper drainage for surface water.
Saturation of the debris column by rain water and cut slope.

i) Removal of over-burden material from upslope.

Saturation of the debris column by rain water and cut slope for road construction.

Shipole Slide
Saturation of the debris column by rain water and cut slope for road construction.

Velas Slide

Turavade Slide
i) Removal of over-burden material from upslope. ii) Plantation on slope.

3 km from Mandangad
╬ô├ç├│ Modification of the slope by benching

4 failures over a 100m length of road. Two of the failures are about 2 m in size. The fourth is larger and appears to be old with small fresh failures within it.
Fairly thick vegetation on the natural slope
removal of soil due to saturation, preferential alteration of upper portion of lava flow

Two very large boulders (2mx3m) dissected by cracks appear vulnerable. The embedded blocks in the soil cover probably belong to the core portion of the lava flow that once existed above the flow contact.
Ahead of Phalsop, Ambet- Baghmandala road

Likely to continue as the primary/ limiting surface of failure ╬ô├ç├┤ the interface between hard rock and weathered column has not been reached yet. Roadside drain choked as a result of the failure.
State Highway; Ambet - Baghmandala road, close to RIver Savitri
Saturation of highly weathered cut slope, presence of interface.

Deccan Basalt lava flow topped by overburden
Likely to continue as the primary surface of failure ╬ô├ç├┤ the interface between hard rock and weathered column has not been reached yet. Roadside drain choked.
Saturation of highly weathered cut slope

Toradi Slide
i) Modification of natural slope ii) Loose Basalt boulders on upslope.

Konzari Slide
i) Removal of over-burden material from upslope. ii) Provide retaining structure iii) Deep rooted plantation.

Well jointed character of the rock with at least 3 sets of random joints. The most critical joints being nearly vertical joints and a moderately inclined joint plane that dips in the direction of the road alignment. Opening/widening of the joint planes i
Presence of 3 sets of joints. Near vertical joint plane dipping towards road.

Scar, failed debris accumulation at base, exposed roots, fallen vegetation, change in the angle of cut slope and reversal of slope
Moderately thick vegetation dominated by shrubs
Saturation of steep cut slope by rain water

Saturation of moderately dipping interface between rock and regolith by rain water.

Toradi Slide
i) Removal of over-burden material from upslope. ii) Provide retaining structure

Deccan Basalt lava flow as well as lateritic boulders mixed with soil
Saturation of overburden due to heavy rain

Exposed roots, scar, heap of the failed debris on the road
Moderately thick vegetation on the natural slope
Removal of toe support by toe cutting and saturation of slope forming material by rain water

Exposed roots, multiple scarps, failed debris column
Removal of support by cutting, saturation of slope forming material by rain water, saturation of the toe by roadside drain

Deccan Basalt lava flow capped by laterite
Ground cracks with 0.3-0.4 m subsidence. Cracks in discontinuous, en echelon fashion
Minor toe cutting and saturation of slope forming material by rain water

Saturation of the debris column due to rain

Toe cutting for new alignment of road and saturation of slope by rain water

The interface between hard rock and weathered column has not been reached yet. Failure likely to continue
An offshoot from Ambet- Baghmandala road
Saturation of the slope forming material by rain water

Pangloli Slide
i) Removal of over-burden material from upslope. ii) Provide retaining structure iii) Deep rooted plantation.
Extensive fracturing of basalt and cut slope for road construction.

Pangoli- Mhasala road, at Pangoli diversion
Removal of natural vegetation; saturation of the slope forming material

A group of 4 to 5 minor slides resulting in choking of roadside drain
Highlyweathered cut slope saturated by rain water

A group of 4 minor slides resulting in choking of roadside drain
Beyond Kudgaon (towards Baghmandala) on Ambet-Baghmandala road
Saturation of highly weathered cut slope

Vave Slide

Poor state of preservation of slope forming material, steep cut slope

SH 99, To Baghmandala road, near Konkane
Fairly thick vegetation, dominated by shrubs
Cut slope, saturation by rain, steep cut component

Slope cutting of steep slope for road construction resulted in removal of toe support. Further saturation of loose weathered basalt after rainfall caused loss of cohesion and friction and ultimately resulted in failure of slope under gravity. Fresh scars
Hanging roots on the crown and felled trees over the failed plane are observed.
Suitably designed retaining wall should be constructed along road side to encounter further downslope movement. Dressing of crown and removal of failed material from the failed plane must be done
Presence of steep hill slope comprising highly weathered basalt and its cutting for road construction.

Saturation of loose weathered basalt after heavy rainfall caused loss of cohesion and friction and ultimately resulted in failure of slope under gravity. Fresh scars and absence of vegetation over the failed plane indicate the incidence might have occurr
Hanging and felled rees over the failed plane have been observed. Steep up-slopes are covered with deep rooted trees.
Removal of loose and detached material.
Construction of suitably designed retaining wall with weep holes. Construction of hill side drainage. Removal of uprooted trees from failed surface.
Proper channelization of drainage/ surface run off to avoid the
Highly weathered material got saturated during the heavy rainfall and moved down hill slopes under the effect of gravity.

This is a slope cut induced natural slide occurred along a steep hill slope comprising Moderately weathered basalt overlain by highly weathered basalt. During the heavy rainfall the interface between the two types of weathered basalts (road ward dipping)
Vague scar and presence of grass and shrubs over the failed plane shows that the incidence is old.
Construction of suitably designed protection wall with weep holes. Construction of hill side drainage.
Proper drainage alignment for surface or subsurface runoff.
Removal of protruding material from failed surface.
The interface between the moderately weathered basalt and 4-5m thick highly weathered basalt act as a lubricated surface during rains and increases instability of hill slope. In addition improper slope cutting for road alignment also enhances the possibi

Removal of toe support under Extensive Slope Cutting for road construction and saturation of slope mass by monsoonal rainfall initiated the process of sliding and lead to failure. Presence of two fresh scars along the right flank of the slide indicates t
Reactivated landslide with further possibility of slope failure along the right flank of landslide during heavy rains.
Extension of previously constructed protection wall towards the right flank of the landslide. Construction of hill side drainage. Removal of protruding material from the flanks of the slide as well as from failed plane. Further dressing of crown. Shallow
Improper slope cutting at steep angle for road alignment and presence of moderately to highly weathered basalt.

Removal of toe support under Extensive Slope Cutting for road construction and saturation of slope mass by monsoonal rainfall initiated the process of sliding and lead to failure. Large amount of failed material signifies the thickness of overburden is m
Occurrence of fresh fallen trees over the debris indicates that the incidence took place recently.
Removal of loose material lying over the failed plane.
Proper cleaning of the hill side drain. Construction of suitably designed retaining wall with weep holes.
Proper drainage alignment to avoid/lessen the direct percolation of wat
Reduction of strength on super saturation during rains resulted in slope failure. Removal of toe support under Extensive Slope Cutting for road construction enhances the instability of slope.

Failed mass has subsequently been eroded by flowing water
Main District Road; Harkol to Alsure/ Govele road
Fairly thick vegetation, especially above the crown
Saturation of soil cover due to rainwater, steep cut slope

Scar, debris accumulation at base, exposed roots
Main District Road; Govele - Harkol road
Toe cutting and saturation of slope forming material by rain water

Failure has taken place very close to the flow contact
Near Phalsop, ON Ambet - Baghmandala road
Saturation of debris column due to heavy rain

Failure in the vicinity of flow contact
Saturation of overburden column due to heavy rain

Deccan Basalt lava flow with intervening red bole
Moderately dense vegetation in the vicinity of the failed slope
Saturation of the highly to completely altered flow top of the lower flow

Deccan Basalt lava flow with intervening red bole
Steep cut slope, saturation of the slope forming material

Likely to enlarge in size and fail because of high relative relief above present crown (~40m), scanty vegetation and uniform soil cover

Road drainage management is essential. Failure is incomplete
Saturation of overburden column by heavy rain, increase in pore pressure, presence of cut slope.

Failure has taken place in small cohesive units/ chunks of overburden
Main District Road, Kulsum - Goregaon Road
Saturation of debris column by heavy rain and resultant increase in pore pressure

Well defined flow path
Dagsheli village, Kulsum - Goregaon Road
Saturation of debris column due to heavy rain

Well defined flow path

Failure flanked by two minor surface drainages. Primary surface of failure is interface between fresh to slightly altered rockmass and highly altered rock. Crown is linear in outline, side scars are prominent, interface between sparsely altered rockmass
Very sparse vegetation, dominated by seasonal shrubs
Saturation of toe and column and increase in pore pressure

Crown of the slide has a semi circular outline, ground cracks are linear. Failure appears to be incomplete.
Steep cut slope, saturation of overburden by rain water

Steep cut slope, saturation of overburden due to excessive rain.

Retrograding, failure likely to continue. Slide has destroyed all vegetation over an area of 400m X 100m
Thick vegetation presence of moderately steep to steep interface inclined towards road

Slope cutting and saturation of the slope forming matertial by rain water

Saturation of overburden column by rain water

Ganesh Nagar Slide

Mhasla Slide

Sparsely to Moderately to highly weathered rock mass with wide variation in joint spacing
ZOne of rock fall (present as well as site for future rock fall)
Presence of three sets of joints, orthogonal to each other resulting in formation of blocks.

Shekhari Slide
i) Benching of slope should be done. ii) Provide retaining structure.

Lateritic soil developed on Deccan flows
Emergence of springs reported at lower level
Saturation of toe and slope forming material by rainwater

Likely to continue in future

Scar, debris heap, exposed roots, tilted and fallen trees, choked road side drain. Likely to continue in future.
Cut slope, toe erosion, saturation of slope forming material

Uncontrolled water flowage and removal of fines made the boulders vulnerable for fall
Cut slope, saturated highly to completely weathered rock mass

Deccan Basalt lava flow (sequence of 2 flows)
Inventory of landslides occurring along Ghat roads of Raigad and Ratnagiri districts, Maharashtra (Code No. LHZ/CR/MH/2007/018) by M.S. Bodas and C. Joshi
Higher weathering of top part of lower flow has lead toinstability of lower part of upper flow

A rock/rock cum debris type of slide, taken place due to some factors as geomorphology itself ; forms a part of piedmont slope as well as instability led by some anthropogenic activities. Remedial measures to be followed
Tare, M. and Roy, S., (2020) Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of toposheets 47B/15, 47F/03 &47F/07 in parts of Raigad and Pune Districts, Maharashtra.
The anthropogenic activities as well as the geomorphology are preparatory factors for the slide. The slide location is at low to medium risk.
Removal of loose material Preventing further cutting of slope.
Weathered rock mass,Slope gradient, Geomorphology, Pore water pressure, saturation and reduction in strength,Anthropogenic activities

This is rock cum debris type of failure on a slope that forms a piedmont slope geomorphologically and with the presence of weathered basalt the reduction in strength and slope failure due to saturation in rains. Suggested remedial measures needs to be wo
Tare, M. and Roy, S., (2020) Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of toposheets 47B/15, 47F/03 &47F/07 in parts of Raigad and Pune Districts, Maharashtra.
Rock cum Debris type of slide triggered due to anthropogenic activities. The location is at medium risk
Removal of loose material, Proper drainage arrangement for preventing toe erosion.
Weathered rock mass, Slope gradient, Slope Tampering, Anthropogenic activities, Saturation & Reduction in strength

Over saturation of debris column, flowage through natural nala

Crown is almost linear in outline
SH 92; Murud - Roha Road, 20 m from 15 km stone
Saturation of debris column and flow along the interface

Scar, ground cracks seen in the vicinity of the failure, accumulation of failed debries, exposed roots, failed and tilted trees
Between Mithaghar and Bhalgaon, on SH-92, on Murud-Roha road
Saturation of slope forming material due to infiltration, toe cutting

This is a debris flow type on a piedmont slope and has aggravated by Extensive Slope Cut and heavy incessant rainfall. Slide with medium risk, can be avoided in future by following the remedial measures
Tare, M. and Roy, S., (2020) Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of toposheets 47B/15, 47F/03 &47F/07 in parts of Raigad and Pune Districts, Maharashtra.
The slide is a debris flow type, triggered during heavy rains of July-August 2019 and is at medium risk.
Removal of loose overburden material ,Proper drainage arrangement to be made for preventing toe erosion.
Steep slope gradient, Loose overburden material,Saturation and reduction in strength due to infiltration, Anthropogenic activities

Scar, failed mass (slope forming material), destroyed vegetation near the crown
Between Bhalgaon and Roha on SH-92, Murud-Roha road
Steep cutting of slope; saturation by water and infiltration aong cracks at crown level

Plane of failure lies within the overburden (soil+regolith),
Between Mithgaghar and Bhalgaon on SH-92, Murud-Roha road
Saturation of slope forming material column due to high rainfall

Moderately to highly altered and well jointed bed rock
Constant vigil and monitoring of ground conditions during spells of heavy rain needed. Temporary shifting during continued very heavy rain spells may be kept in mind.
SH 92; Murud- Roha road, near Mithaghar village
Saturation of debris column that was in poor state of preservation

Ground cracks were present above the crown. Road-ward inclined interface has acted as the limiting surface of the failure, failure is likely to retrograde
SH92; Murud-Roha road, close to Savli village
Over saturation of debris column and flow along the interface

Retaining wall on hill side damaged. Cave in at two
places of hill side of road. Linear depression formed
between asphalt and retaining wall over 20-25m.
Scar, multiple scarps, exposed roots at different levels, tilted trees, piping holes present
Toe cutting and saturation of poorly preserved slope forming material by fround water

A debris fall type of slide triggered during rains, geomorphology and slope being the preparatory factors. To avoid further sliding, remedy needs to be done.
This type of incidence generally takes place on slopes with weathered material and reduction of strength due to super saturation in rains. The slide location is at medium risk.
Removal of loose overburden material,Proper drainage arrangement for preventing toe erosion.
Weathered rock mass, Slope gradient, Saturation and reduction in strength of material due to pore water pressure,Anthropogenic activities

Scar, debris accumulation at base, exposed roots
Between Bhalgaon and Kandane Budrukh, on Murud-Roha road
Presence of steeply inclined (road-ward) interface between moderately weathered rockmass and saturated overburden

Across bridge at Khajani
Presence of Moderate to steeply inclined (road-ward)
interface between relatively sound bed rock below and
highly to completely altered bed rock above acts as the limiting surface of faliure
Steep cutting of slope, saturation of slope forming material which is completely altered

Highly to completely altered bed rock topped by regolith
Slope reversal, toe-bulge, clayey soil transported farthest
Presence of steep interface; poor state of preservation of slope formimg material and it's saturation by water

3 sets of joints present, which are weakening the plane and thus causing topple/planar failure. J1- 750/N1320; J2-830/N0500;J3 -Horizontal
The slide is a rock fall with 3 set of joints and rainfall along with anthropogenic activities have triggered it. The location with low to medium risk and remedial measures to be followed.
The slide on Nagshet-Murud Road is a rock fall with wedge failure, and the slide can be prevented by avoiding further slope cutting. This location is at low to medium risk.
Removal of loose boulders & Avoid further slope cutting
Jointed and fractured rock mass, Slope gradient , Root penetration & Slope tampering/Anthropogenic activities

Deccan Basalt lava flow topped by laterite cap
Slide zone, at least 4-5 slides observed nearby
Westerly diversion from SH 92 on Murud-Kelghar-Roha road
Steep cut face and toe, saturation of the cut face, saturated slope formimg material

The road subsidence incidence is taken place due to heavy incessant rainfall during July 2019. The construction of retaining wall is underway. The risk factor is high, hence remedial measures needs to be strictly followed.
The road is an important communication road to Murud, hence necessary measures may be taken for preventing future mishap. This location comes under high risk.
The construction of retaining wall is underway. The retaining wall with suitable height and geotechnical parameters. Proper arrangement for drainage flow
Weathered Rock mass, Steep slope gradient,
Geomorphology of location; dissected slope,
Wetness & continuous moisture seepage.
Anthropogenic activities/Slope tampering

Road not affected by the failure at least for the time
being. One or two overhanging blocks about 2 m in
size, at higher level appear precarious, with open
discontinuity behind it, may be removed because they pose danger to traffic.
Westerly diversion from SH 92 in Murud -Kelghar-Roha Road
Steep slope, poor state of preservation of the slope forming material, saturation due to rain water

The slide is observed and noted on Satirda Kashid road of low to medium risk and is debris slide. Main reasons for the incidence are anthropogenic activities and heavy incessant rainfall.
The slide is debris slide and resulted due to saturation of material during rains.
Removal of loose material , Providing proper drainage arrangement.

MHRAIG 020
Presence of loose, precariously positioned boulders
resting on the inclined (road-ward) hill slope, erosion of
relatively finer grained slope wash material around
these boulders due to uncontrolled flow of water over
the hill slope

Forest plantation at higher contours, agricultural field below toe of landslide
Toe cutting for making agricultural fields, saturation of poorly preserved slope material

Scar, gully formation, debris accumulation at the toe level exposed roots at crown, Debries spread out in fan shape.
SH60; Salav - Roha road via Chanere, near Are village
Steep cut slope has been taken for opening a quarry at base
Steep toe cut at base, presence of steep interface; saturation due to high rainfall

Road partially blocked by the slide. Failure likely to continue in future. A few trees located above the crown too were tilted.
Toe cutting and water saturation, presence of moderately roadward inclined interface

The slide is a rock cum debris type and has triggered due to anthropogenic slope modification. As it is highway, remedial measures needs to be strictly followed.
The road extension of Mumbai-Goa highway has led to instability of slope. Slide location is at medium risk.
Removal of loose overburden material ,Providing a retaining wall/structure, Proper drainage flow arrangement
Slope gradient, Geomorphology, Slope Tampering, Anthropogenic activities

3 set of joints present, J1- 800/N0050; J2 -850/N1050;J3 -Horizontal
This slide of study area, mainly triggered by heavy rainfall is rock cum debris type. Geomorphologically under Highly Dissected Slope and Extensive Slope Cut in LULC class. To tackle the associated risk the suggested remedial measures needs to be followe
Active slide on Murud-Kavathe road, triggered during rains. The slide location is at medium to high risk as located at important communication road.
No further tampering, Removal of loose boulders &Proper drainage arrangement
Steep cutslope for road alignment/ construction; Excessive Saturation of debris column; Highly to completely altered rock mass

The slide is a rock cum debris fall type with wedge failure mechanism with medium risk. The fall may be avoided by providing proper drainage arrangement.
Anthropogenic activities as road widening etc may modify the slope further, so further slope cutting be avoided, the slide location is at medium risk.
Removal of loose boulders and material.Providing a proper drainage arrangement to reduce toe erosion.Avoid further slope cutting.
Weathered rock mass, Slope gradient, Saturation and reduction in strength, Anthropogenic activities

The slide is an example of shallow translational failure with a huge amount of run out. The incidence has occurred during heavy rains of August 2019. The associated risk is high, hence the remedial measures needs to be followed.
The slide is a natural slide with high risk, the run out distance is also more.
Removal of loose debris, Proper drainage arrangement of water flow may be provided.
Geomorphology, Slope Gradient, Saturation of material during rainfall.

The slide is a rock slide type at medium risk, triggered during rains of August 2019, mainly because of pore water pressure and in such case proper drainage arrangement may be provided.
To avoid such type of rock slide, proper drainage flow may be assured so as to reduce pore water pressure. The slide location is at medium risk.
Removal of loose boulders and debris,Construction of a retaining structure, Avoiding toe erosion
Geomorphology, Erosional activity, Slope Tampering, Saturation of material

A rock fall type of slide triggered on a Highly Dissected Slope, geomorphologically and slope modification due to anthropogenic causes. Slide location is at medium risk, remedial measures to be followed.
The slide is a rock fall type that has arise due to wedge failure mechanism. The slide location is medium risk.
Removal of loose rock boulders,Preventing further slope cutting.
Slope gradient,Weathered rock mass, Slope tampering/Anthropogenic activities

Hanging trees and unstable material may fall in future monsoon seasons.
Construction of retaining wall of appropriate height with weep holes.
Anthropogenic activities (unplanned cutting of slope)

Fallen trees and loose debris are present over the failed plane.
Construction of retaining wall of appropriate height with weep holes. Road side drain may be cleared.

Mangaon old
This old landslide is reported in the a GSI report (Gabhiye & Kohli, 2017) near Mangaon, Velha taluka, Pune district. The landslide incidence happened around 15 to 20 years ago and may have been a rock-cum-debris slide or fall and hence has been conside
The bamboo plantation acts as an obstruction for the rolling boulders. The thickness of the bamboo vegetation may be increased. More vegetation can also be attempted on the landslide scar upslope of the road corridor.
road behind the village having slope cut of 1.5 to 2m height and hanging large loose boulders

New augmented.
Construction of retaining wall of appropriate height with weep holes.

Ghodshet
Kanishka resort located in upslope of this slope failure.

Crude columnar jointing observed in the weathered rock.
Construction of retaining wall of appropriate height with weep holes. Road side drain may be cleared.

J1: 82° towards 77°
J3: horizontal, striking towards 50°
J4: 30° towards 80°
Rock blocks are prone to failure at the crown.
Anthropogenic activities (unplanned cutting of slope). Rock is highly fractured and prone to failure. Failure is observed only in a single lava flow unit consisting of highly jointed and hence weathered basalt.

New augmented.
De-sloping and construction of retaining wall of appropriate height with weep holes. Road side drain may be cleared.
Reduction of strength on super-saturation and anthropogenic activities (unplanned cutting of slope). The failure has occurred in the lava flow unit that is highly weathered and developed into insitu soil while the lava flow unit above it consisits of joi

Highly weathered Basalt with soil formation
De-sloping and construction of retaining wall of appropriate height with weep holes. Road side drain may be cleared.
Reduction of strength on super-saturation and anthropogenic activities (unplanned cutting of slope).The failure has occurred in the lava flow unit that is highly weathered and developed into insitu soil while the lava flow unit above it consisits of join

Possibility of failure in future.
De-sloping and construction of retaining wall of appropriate height with weep holes. Road side drain may be cleared.
Reduction of strength on super-saturation and anthropogenic activities (unplanned cutting of slope). The failure was due to a slope cut for road and has occurred in the lava flow unit that is highly weathered and developed into insitu soil while the lava

Two separate and adjoining slides are taken as a single incidence.

Highly weathered rock and hanging boulders are present at crown and root weathering have also been observed.
Reduction of strength on super-saturation and anthropogenic activities (unplanned cutting of slope). Dense vegetation above the crown may be increasing the load onthe slope. Although the slope cut is only of 2m but the highly weathered rock and dense veg

Velhe - Madhe-3
Possibility of future failure.

Bushes have grown over the failed material. At some locations of the landslide scar, rotational movement is seen. Here the run out material is mainly insitu soil with rock fragments.
Construction of retaining/gabion wall of appropriate height with weep holes. Road side drain may be cleared.

A number of small incidences with bounding coordinates from N 18.272583 and E 73.600527 to N 18.271694 and E 73.600611 are present. In this series of landslides the run out material is mainly debris with little amount of rock fragments.
Construction of retaining/gabion wall of appropriate height with weep holes. Road side drain may be cleared.
Reduction of strength on super-saturation and anthropogenic activities (unplanned cutting of slope). This stretch of slope cut is vulnerable presence of highly weathered rock and development of insitu soil.

Velhe - Madhe-2
Possibility of future failure.

Kadave - Vihir-7
Failure has occurred over the rock-overburden interface.
Anthropogenic activities (unplanned cutting of slope)

Kadave - Vihir-6
J2: vertical, striking towards 270°
Wedge failure.
Anthropogenic activities (unplanned cutting of slope).

Kadave - Vihir-1
New augmented
Anthropogenic activities (unplanned cutting of slope). Spheroidal weathering has developed rounded boulders that have failed on loosening.

The older landslide scar shows signs of stabilization by virtue of growth of bushes.
Anthropogenic activities (unplanned cutting of slope). Spheroidal weathering has developed rounded boulders that have failed on loosening.

Although the dimensions of this failure is small, the data is recorded as possibility of failure here are high due to presence of insitu soil and loading over the slope by dense vegetation.
Construction of retaining/gabion wall of appropriate height with weep holes. Road side drain may be cleared.
Anthropogenic activities (unplanned cutting of slope)

Failure has occurred over the rock-overburden interface. Older landslide scar is observed between the two newer incidences and is currently suspended.

Large boulders in the upper part of the landslide scar may fail on saturation. Red interflow horizon is oberved in the landslide scar.

Tidkewadi
J1: vertical, striking towards 204°
J2: vertical, striking towards 150°
Nut-bolting on jointed rock and construction of retaining wall of appropriate height in front of weathered rock. Road side drain may be cleared.

Kadave
There are two slope failures close to each other that are considered together hence the style is mentioned as multiple.

Givshi
This slide has been known active for more than 10 years and has been considered as an old landslide incidence. Since the landslide is presently active and it is difficult to separate the orginal landslide scars from the new failures.
No slope protection

Panshet - Tav-8
New-augmented.
Construction of retaining wall of appropriate height. Road side drain may be cleared.

Panshet - Tav-7
Construction of retaining wall of appropriate height. Road side drain may be cleared.

Panshet - Tav-5
Construction of retaining wall of appropriate height. Road side drain may be cleared.

The failure has occurred on the rock-overburden interface.

Boundary wall collapsed due to heavy rainfall.
Removal of debris from the road and construction of retaining wall of appropriate height. Road side drain may be cleared.

J3: 8° towards 100°
Removal of rock boulders and debris from the road and construction of retaining wall of appropriate height with weep holes with road side water drain.
Pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super-saturation and anthropogenic activities (unplanned cutting of slope)

Kambegi
The failure mechanism of the slide is shallow rotational and it has 0.8m high main scarp.

A private resort land and buildings have been constructed in the upslope of this slide.
Removal of boulders from the slope and road and construction of retaining wall of appropriate height with weep holes.

The loose unconsolidated debris/failed material is covered by grass. The overburden and rocky portion of around 1 sq. km may fail in heavy and continuous rainfall in future.

The major and minor scarps clearly visible on the landslide incidence.
Removal of debris from the road and construction of retaining wall of appropriate height with weep holes with road side water drain

The major scarp clearly visible on the landslide incidence. Bench in neighbourhoodes constructed above the crown of the landslide.
Removal of debris from the road and construction of retaining wall of appropriate height with weep holes with road side water drain.

Panshet - Lavasa-2

Panshet - Lavasa-1
Construction of retaining wall of appropriate height.
Anthropogenic activities (unplanned cutting of slope). Closely spaced joints present.

Kuran Bhudruk
Steep slope.
Desloping and construction of retaining wall of appropriate height. Road side drain may be cleared.

Construction of retaining wall of appropriate height with weep holes to strengthen the toe support to the road corridor along with well compacted filling at the road level.
Toe erosion by stream and reduction of strength on super-saturation

Goradwadi
Removal of debris and cultivation of fast-growing grass/plants on the loose material. Road side drain may be cleared.

Urawade - Mutha-3
New-augmented.
Construction of Retaining wall of appropriate height. Road side drain may be cleared.
Anthropogenic activities (unplanned cutting of slope) and weathered, jointed rock

Urawade - Mutha-2
New-augmented.
Cultivation of fast-growing grass/plants on the loose debris. Retaining wall of appropriate height. Road side drain may be cleared.
Reduction of strength on super-saturation and Anthropogenic activities (unplanned cutting of slope)

Urawade - Mutha-4
Unstable failed material have been observed on the failed palne.
Construction of Retaining wall of appropriate height.
Anthropogenic activities (unplanned cutting of slope).

Uravade - Mutha old-1
Debris movement along uneven erosional surface which exposes spheroids; Heap of failed material; Well jointed rockmass with random joints
Bodas, M. S. & Kohli, A., 2012. Inventory of landslides along Ghat sections in parts of Ratnagiri, Sindhudurg, Satara, Nasik, Thane, Kolhapur and Pune Districts, GSI, CR, Pune. Item Code: LHZ, CR/MH/2009/014; Unpub. GSI Report of FS 2009-2012.
This is an old slide (MH/PUN/47F11/2011/172). old scar is not clearly visible. This location is still vulnerable due to the presence of an Extensive Slope Cut.
Daylighting of erosional surface (steep roadward inclination) at the top of the cutslope; Excessive Saturation of regolith; Appreciable permeability contrast between failed debris and underlying bed rock

Removal of hanging/loose trees/plants and construction of retaining wall of appropriate height. Road side drain may be cleared.
Reduction of strength on super-saturation and Anthropogenic activities (unplanned cutting of slope)

Urawade - Mutha ghat-7
Slope failure has taken place along the rock-overburden interface.
Construction of Retaining wall of appropriate height.
Reduction of strength on super-saturation and

Slope failure has occurred at the rock-overburden interface. Small dimensions of debris slides are observed.
Construction of Retaining wall of appropriate height. Road side drain may be cleared.
Reduction of strength on super-saturation and Anthropogenic activities (unplanned cutting of slope)

Urawade - Mutha ghat-8
Reactived slide
Construction of Retaining wall of appropriate height.
Anthropogenic activities (unplanned cutting of slope). The slope scarp exposes highly fractured columnar joints.

Uravade - Mutha old-2
Multiple failure scars along the failure zone; Failed rocky material lying over the cut slope; A steep roadward dipping relief joint observed along the failure zone
Bodas, M. S. & Kohli, A., 2012. Inventory of landslides along Ghat sections in parts of Ratnagiri, Sindhudurg, Satara, Nasik, Thane, Kolhapur and Pune Districts, GSI, CR, Pune. Item Code: LHZ, CR/MH/2009/014; Unpub. GSI Report of FS 2009-2012.
This is an old slide (MH/PUN/47F11/2011/171). During validation, the scar was not clearly visible. This slide had ocurred on the ghat road from Urawade to Mutha and described as a multiple rock slide. Currently, there are rock falls but of very small dim
Diversion of water away from the rock slope; Removal of failed rock blocks from the slope; Sealing of joint planes with cementing material
Steep cutslope for road alignment/ construction; Excessive Saturation along joint planes; Jointed rock mass

Urawade - Mutha ghat-6
A scarp of approximately 1m present at the crown. Loose debris material present at the right flank of the landslide scar.
Construction of Retaining wall of appropriate height. Road side drain may be cleared.
Reduction of strength on super-saturation and

This landslide was stopped immediately before the house/accommodation because of a 7m wide retaining wall. Most of the debris/rock material moved to the left of the building while coming down. There is a road constructed by the same land owner 11m upslop
De-sloping, removal of debris, construction of retaining wall of appropriate height and construction of proper drainage system
Reduction of strength on super-saturation and anthropogenic activities (unplanned cutting of slope, unplanned construction).

Removal of debris and cultivation of fast-growing grass/plants on the loose material. Construction of retaining wall of appropriate height and a proper drainage system.
Reduction of strength on super-saturation and Anthropogenic activities (improper cutting of slope)

Removal of debris and construction of retaining wall of appropriate height. Road side drain may be cleared.

Lavarde - Dasve-2
Failure at rock-overburden interface. Unstable boulders at the crown may fall in future.
Reduction of strength on super-saturation and

Lavarde - Dasve-3
Failure at rock-overburden interface. Presently retaining wall with weep holes constructed. Netting present on the left flanks. Slope face is steep.
Increase in height of retaining wall by 1 to 1.5m

Lavarde - Dasve-4
Gabion wall of 2 to 3 tiers constructed to tackle future instability. Stabilisation of landslide in progress. Bottom tier of the gabion wall disturbed due to loss of base support maybe due to rainfall runoff.
Construction of Retaining wall of appropriate height (possibly 2m). Road side drain may be cleared.

This is an old slide (MH/PUN/47F11/2011/170). Retaining wall present of 2.5 m height. Further failure may occur over the wall. Wide mesh size netting is present for catching large boulders. Retaining wall does not have weep holes.

Dasve Ghat old
Bodas, M. S. & Kohli, A., 2012. Inventory of landslides along Ghat sections in parts of Ratnagiri, Sindhudurg, Satara, Nasik, Thane, Kolhapur and Pune Districts, GSI, CR, Pune. Item Code: LHZ, CR/MH/2009/014; Unpub. GSI Report of FS 2009-2012.
This is an old slide (MH/PUN/47F11/2011/168). The landslide as mentioned in records is a slump towards the lower portion. The slide scar is currently covered completely by vegetation. The growth of the vegetation in a particular shape/pattern suggests th
Diversion of water away from the cutslope; Removal of failed debris from the slope; Plantation of deep rooted shrubs along the slide zone
Steep cutslope for road alignment/ construction; Excessive Saturation of debris column; Highly to completely altered rock mass

Lavarde - Dasve ghat

Lavarde - Dasve old
This is an old slide (MH/PUN/47F11/2011/169). A number of small landslide incidences with the bounding coordinates from N 18.436805 and E 73.538833 to N 18.43311 and E 73.533388. The dimensions of the rock failures are small in size therfore considered a
Planar and Wedge failures caused by unfavourable conditions produced by orientation of rock discontinuities and inclination of slope. Anthropogenic activities (unplanned cutting of slope)

Panshet - Lavasa-8
Failure has taken place at the rock-overburden interface.
Removal of debris and cultivation of fast-growing grass/plants on the loose material. Construction of retaining wall of appropriate height. Road side drain may be cleared.

The landslide incidence has a 2m high main scarp.
Construction of retaining wall of appropriate height with weep holes and construction of road side water drain.

A number of small slides are present with bounding coordinates of: from N 18.379833 and E 73.56155 to N 18.3788611 and E 73.560722. due to small dimension all incidenced have been recorded as a single one.
Construction of retaining wall of appropriate height with weep holes and construction of road side water drain.

There are two slides in this location but the width of only one is mentioned in the dimensions as the second slide is of smaller size.

Landslide incidence has occurred in the upslope of the road corridor.
Desloping. Road side drain may be cleared.

Untreated slope cut.
Removal of debris and cultivation of fast-growing grass/plants on the loose material. Construction of retaining wall of appropriate height. Road side drain may be cleared.

Nut-bolting already done which is coming out at places. some of the small incidences of rock fall have also been observed along this road section due to the road cut. Both core dominated flows as well as vesicular basalt flows in this road section are p
Bolting of large possible blocks that might come loose. Netting to be done systematically with appropriate mesh sizes along with nut-bolting. Shotcrete (100mmm thick) with chainlink and systematic rock-bolting.

Untreated slope cut.

Presence of roots of small plants is holding the debris material together.
Anthropogenic activities (improper cutting of slope without protection measures), Reduction of strength on super-saturation

Attempt has been made to stabilize the currently dormant part of the landslide by construction of 1 tier of gabion wall (5-6m long) which has failed at some places. Plantation done on active part of the landslide also which has become disturbed due to cu
Plantation has aready been attempted. A retaining wall of appropriate height is also recommended to arrest the flow of debris over the road. Proper drainage system to be placed upslope of the landslide scar.

The landslide incidence has occurrred close to a electricity power station of the Lavasa city. There are certain traces of an older landslide scar or a road cutting around the current landslide scar.
Removal of debris and cultivation of fast-growing grass/plants on the loose material. Construction of retaining wall of appropriate height.

Possibility of future failure.
Removal of debris and cultivation of fast-growing grass/plants on the loose material. Construction of retaining wall of appropriate height.

A distressed zone of around 200m is present. Gabion and retaining walls are already constructed in some places. Netting is also placed over some rock exposures on the slope cut. Maximum slope cut in this distressed zone is around 9m.
Removal of debris and cultivation of fast-growing grass/plants on the loose material. Construction of retaining wall of appropriate height.

As of now the landslide has been made stabilized by constructing gabion wall at the base of the slide and shotcreting over the complete failed slope face with multiple weep holes.

Construction of retaining wall of appropriate height.

4-tier Gabion walls with weep holes are constructed behind houses. A water collection tank is constructed to collect run-off water from the naturall drainage and the water flow is diverted away from the houses by 2 pipes. The houses here are part of reha
Maintenance and monitoring of already placed remedial measures. If necessary, replacement of the remedial structures may be done.

Construction of retaining wall of appropriate height.
Anthropogenic activities (improper cutting of slope), weathered and jointed rock

Material mostly fallen from higher reaches of the landslide scarp.
Removal of debris and construction of retaining wall of appropriate height. Road side drain may be cleared.
Anthropogenic activities (unplanned cutting of slope). Rock highly weathered.

Mulshi
This is an old slide MH/PUN/47F10/2011/162. This landslide scar was recorded at a slope cut near the Mulshi Dam. The landslide seems to have have stabilized.
Diversion of water away from the cutslope; Removal of failed debris and rocky blocks from the slope; Plantation of deep rooted shrubs along the slide zone
Steep cutslope for road alignment/ construction; Poor state of preservation of rock mass; Excessive Saturation; Highly to completely altered rock mass

Gawaliwadi
Removal of hanging/loose trees/plants and construction of retaining wall of appropriate height. Road side drain may be cleared.

Bhilarewadi
Removal of debris and cultivation of fast-growing grass/plants on the weathered material.
Anthropogenic activities (unplanned cutting of slope) and leaving the slope cut without remedial measures

Mugawade
The road corridor lying in downslope is also damaged due to landslide.
Construction of Retaining wall of appropriate height at the base of slope.
Reduction of strength on super-saturation, gully erosion and Anthropogenic activities (unplanned cutting of slope). There has been obstruction of natural drainage. Three red interflow horizons are observed in the slide scar.

Mesmerising woods-1
Landslide is lying with in unplanned road cutting
Reduction of strength on super-saturation and Anthropogenic activities (unplanned cutting of slope). It exposed weathered rock at the base overlain by highly weathered rock and further overlain by a thin layer of in-situ soil finally overlain by colluviu

Mesmerising woods-2
The landslide incidence is located in a private land holding and occurred in a slope cut for road construction.
Construction of Retaining wall of appropriate height and proper drainage system. Road side drain may be cleared.
Reduction of strength on super-saturation and Anthropogenic activities (unplanned cutting of slope). It exposes weathered rock at the base overlain by highly weathered rock and further overlain by a thin layer of in-situ soil finally overlain by colluv

Mesmerising woods-3
The landslide incidence is located in a private land holding and occurred in a slope cut for road construction.
De-sloping and cultivation of fast-growing grass/plants on the loose debris. Construction of Retaining wall of appropriate height. Road side drain may be cleared.
Reduction of strength on super-saturation and Anthropogenic activities (unplanned cutting of slope. The slope failure is observed in a lava flow that is highly weathered and highly jointed. It is underlain by a relatively fresh lava flow with widely spa

De-sloping and cultivation of fast-growing grass/plants on the loose debris. Retaining wall of appropriate height. Road side drain may be cleared.

De-sloping and cultivation of fast-growing grass/plants on the loose debris. Construction of Retaining wall of appropriate height.

Yelghol
There is very low risk to the elements.
Reduction of strength on super-saturation and anthropogenic activities (unplanned cutting of slope). A highly weathered lava flow has been converted into insitu soil and that was being removed by locals for use in brick kilns. The removal of the soil res

Owale
Failure at Rock-overburden interface. There is presence of a spring at the interface.
De-sloping and cultivation of fast-growing grass/plants on the loose debris.
Reduction of strength on super-saturation. The road cut of 0.5 m to 1 m for the road may have reduced toe support for the slope.

Javan
Cultivated land is at risk. U[rooted trees are also lying on failed plane.This landslide occurred due to natural causes. The debris has moved to the base of the hill.
Afforestation and/or cultivation of fast-growing grass/plants on the loose debris.
Reduction of strength on super-saturation. The soil profile here is well developed.

Tikona
New augmented.The slide is located on the Tikona/Vitandgad fort road. It poses risk to the road.
Re-profiling/regrading of slope, construction of retaining wall with proper drainage system
Anthropogenic activities (improper cutting of slope without protection measures), Reduction of strength on super-saturation

Waru
Re-profiling/regrading of slope. Bench in neighbourhood and Berm to be constructed at the central portion. Cultivation of fast growing grasses and plants to stabilise the weathered basalt.
Anthropogenic activities (improper cutting of slope without protection measures), Reduction of strength on super-saturation

Anju, S. S. and Gogoi, R., (2020) Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets 47E/08, 47F/05 & 47F/06 in parts of Pune and Raigad Districts, Maharashtra.
The presence of loose unconsolidated debris lying upside of crown part as well as the flanks of incidence indicates the probability of failure during monsoon times. So proper remedial measures should be taken as suggested.
Construction of lined hillside drainage channel. Removal of loosened debris lying over the slope.
Reprofiling of slopes.
Diverting the surface runoff above the slope to decrease the water content or pore pressure of earth material.
Preparatory Factors: Highly weathered rock mass.
Presence of nala (seasonal) along both flanks of incidence.
Jointed bedrock interface exposed along the slope. Accelerating Factors: Oversaturation due to heavy rainfall reducing the cohesive strength of w

Anju, S. S. and Gogoi, R., (2020) Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets 47E/08, 47F/05 & 47F/06 in parts of Pune and Raigad Districts, Maharashtra.
A thin column of soil with moderately weathered jointed rock mass is present along the upper part and both flanks of incidence may fail during monsoon periods.
Clear blocked hill side drainage. Removal of loosened debris lying over the slope. Diverting the surface runoff above the slope to decrease the water content or pore pressure of earth material. Reprofiling of slopes to reduce the slope angle. Constructio
Preparatory Factors: Presence of weathered rock mass
Presence of vesicular jointed basalt.
Spheroidal weathering of basalt results in the development of detached rock boulders along the slope.
Moderately Dissected Slope. Accelerating Factors: Oversaturat

Anju, S. S. and Gogoi, R., (2020) Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets 47E/08, 47F/05 & 47F/06 in parts of Pune and Raigad Districts, Maharashtra.
Scooping observed along the crown region of slide which indicates an instability nature of slope.
Clear blocked hill side drainage channel. Removal of loosened debris lying over the slope.
Diverting the surface runoff above the slope to decrease the water content or pore pressure of earth material.
Regrading / Reprofiling of slopes to reduce the slop
Preparatory Factors: Presence of moderately weathered & jointed rock mass.
Spheroidal weathering of basalt results in the development of detached rock boulders along the slope.
Moderately Dissected Slope. Accelerating Factors: Oversaturation due to heavy

A thin column of soil with moderately weathered jointed rock mass is present along the upperpart and both flanks of incidence may fail during forth monsoon periods.
Clear blocked hill side drainage channel. Removal of loosened blocks lying over the slope.
Diverting the surface runoff above the slope to decrease the water content or pore pressure of earth material.
Reprofiling of slopes to reduce the slope angle.
Con
Preparatory Factors: Presence of moderately weathered rock and jointed rock mass
Spheroidal weathering of basalt resulting in the development of detached rock boulders along the slope.
Moderately Dissected Slope. Accelerating Factors: Oversaturation due

Escarpment is lying along the upslope of this area. Rolling down of huge rock boulders and some are resting over the slope that are temporarily stable are also noticed from the location which can be a threat to life and property. So proper remedial measu
Reforestation by re-planting eroded slopes. Stabilization of debris sources along the upslope.
Construction of lined hillside drain
Removal of loosened blocks and uprooted trees lying over the slope.
Preparatory Factors: Presence of weathered rock mass along the slope.
Flowing of nala (seasonal) along the dissection of slope.
The soil proportion of debris is relatively more (60%) than the rock boulders.
Presence of moderate slope gradient. Accelerati

Even though the slope has a uniform lithology, the rate of weathering is high at some areas where the chances of failure can be expected. The presence of jointed rock mass lying upside of crown area indicates the probability of failure in future.
Construction of lined hillside drain. Removal of loosened blocks lying over the slope.
Construction of suitably designed retention wall.
Shotcreting of slope.
Preparatory Factors: Presence of closely spaced joints in the rock mass.
Presence of moderately weathered basalt.
Moderate slope gradient.
Slope is moderately dissected. Accelerating Factors: Percolation and circulation of rain water through the jointed

This is a minor landslide incidence triggered by rainfall and slopecut. But the presence of highly jointed rock mass present along the crown area can activate the slope failure which will have a retrogressive as well as enlarging distribution. However, t
Construction of suitably designed lined hillside drainage channel. Removal of loosened and detached rock blocks lying over the slope. Construction of retention wall.
Divert the surface drainage.
Preparatory Factors: The spheroidal weathering of rock leads to the loosing of rock strength.
Presence of jointed rock mass.
Steepness of slope gradient.
A thin column of highly weathered material presents on the surface of the slope.
Absence of vegetati

The slope failure occurred in fresh to moderately weathered basalt is due to the widening of joint planes by root penetration. A column of debris is lying above the crown area may fail in the subsequent monsoon times and it can create threats to life and
Clear the chocked hillside drainage channel. Removal of loose rock blocks and uprooted plants lying over the slope.
Reprofiling of slopes.
Construction of suitably designed retention wall.
Decrease the water content or pore pressure of the rock or soil
Preparatory Factors: The spheroidal weathering of basalt leads to the loosing of rock strength.
Presence of a thin layer of overburden over the slope.
Presence of jointed rock mass. Accelerating Factors: Oversaturation due to heavy rainfall reducing the

As one of the main important roads, Mumbai-Pune Express highway is crossing through this location, proper remedial measures must be taken promptly, considering its importance and traffic intensity.
Clear the chocked hillside drainage channel. Removal of detached and loose blocks lying over the slope.
Construction of retaining wall.
Shotcreting of the slope.
Proper drainage arrangements for diversion of surface run-off Installation of landslide moni
Preparatory Factors: Presence of joints makes the rock mass more fragile.
Vesicular nature of basalt which can invigorate percolation and retention of water.
Barren nature of slope with very few disseminated small trees.
Presence of gullies along the slo

J1: Vertical joints, J2: 500 dipping N2270, J3: 840 dipping N1040. Landslide direction: S30°W
This incidence is a typical example of wedge failure. Jointed rock blocks of varying size are lying on the upper part of crown area create a threat to life and property in future. As one of the main important roads, Mumbai-Pune express highway is crossin
Mumbai-Pune Express highway, near Adoshi tunnel
Removal of loosened/detached blocks lying on the slope. Re-installation of metallic wire mesh.
Systematic rock bolting on entire slope.
Shotcreting in and around the affected slope
Proper drainage arrangement to keep the area away from surface-runoff. Cr
Preparatory Factors: Presence of jointed rock mass.
Presence of moderately dissected steep slope.
Localised weathering of rocks (where slide occurred). Accelerating Factors: Percolation and circulation of rain water along the joints reduces the cohesive

No settlements are present along downslope that reduces the risk factor. Along the down slope nala erosion is noticed.
Construction of lined hillside drain. Benching or easing out of slopes or slope trimming for reducing the slope angle and extra road.
Plantation of fast-growing plants/ grass for stabilization of overburden slopes
Construction of suitably designed retent
Preparatory Factors: Inadequate drainage for surface run-off
Presence of moderate gradient slope (250-300).
Slope covered by highly weathered basalt (the proportion of soil exceeds 80%).
The regolith thickness is more than 2m along the slope.
Basaltic bo

Geomorphologically the landslide incidence occurred in footslope plain which is a gently undulating area. The unscientific way of excavation along these gentle slopes can trigger slope failures under favourable condition. From the image, it is clear that
Demarcating landslide prone areas and accordingly plan the future development activities. Demarcating landslide prone areas and accordingly plan the future development activities.
Clear the debris, especially the huge rock boulders and uprooted trees on
Preparatory Factors: The spheroidal weathering of basalt leads to the reduction of rock strength.
Presence of jointed and moderately weathered rock mass.
Presence of infrastructure (settlements) over the slope. Accelerating Factors: Oversaturation due to

The runout material comprises of 85% of soil and 15% of rock fragments. The presence of moderately weathered jointed basaltic rock lying along the upside of crown area of the slide might possibly fail in the forth monsoon period.
Construction of lined hillside drainage. Removal of loose earth materials lying over the slope thereby reducing the load on the slope.
Reprofiling of slopes to reduce the slope angle
Construction of suitably designed retaining wall. Diverting the surface
Preparatory Factors: Presence of highly weathered and jointed rock on the slope.
Presence of Moderately Dissected Slope.
Low density of vegetation along the slopes. Accelerating Factors: Oversaturation due to heavy rainfall reducing the cohesive strength

The presence of loose basaltic boulders developed due to spheroidal weathering lying over the slope seems unstable and can fail during monsoon times and it can become a threat to life and property. So proper remedial measures should be taken as suggested
Clear the blocked hillside drain. Removal of loose blocks and other loose materials lying over the slope. Reprofiling of slopes to reduce slope angle
Diverting the surface runoff above the slope thereby decreasing the water content or pore pressure of th
Preparatory Factors: The spheroidal weathering of basalt leads to the loosing of rock strength and development of detached loose rock boulders.
Presence of jointed rock mass.
Presence of thick column of debris material comprising of rock boulders of vary

This road suffers from heavy traffic as it leads to famous tourist spots, Lohagad and Visapur fort. The season for tourism is during monsoon time. Considering the importance of this road, proper remedial measures should be taken promptly as suggested
Clear the blocked hillside drainage. Clear the blocked hillside drainage
Removal of loose rock blocks and uprooted trees lying over the slope.
Construction of suitably designed retention wall.
Diverting the surface runoff above the slope to decrease the
Preparatory Factors: The presence of highly weathered and jointed rock mass along the slope.
Spheroidal weathering of basalt results in the development of detached rock boulders along the slope.
Presence of vesicular basalt.
Presence of moderately vegeta

Loghar
Water flowing from rock-overburden interface. Ther ae no elements at risk other than the road.
Construction of Retaining wall of appropriate height and toe drain

Baur
Construction of Retaining wall with proper drainage system. Road side drain may be cleared.

Shivane
Unplanned slope cut made for road and house construction. Construction work abandoned after slope failure. Houses downslope may be at risk.
De-sloping and Construction of Retaining wall of appropriate height

Basalt of Idrayani formation of Sahyadri group
Dasarwar, P. and Hidayar, J. N., 2019; Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of toposheets 47E/10, 47E/11, 47E/12, 47E/14 & 47E/15 in parts of Nasik, Ahmednagar, Pune and Thane Districts, Unpub.GSI report for FS 2018-20.
Risk is High
Reduction in shear strength on super saturation in slope forming material and unplanned slope cut for road construction with out any protection measures.

Basalt of Idrayani formation of Sahyadri group
Major discontinuities responsible for failres are J1 -85Γö¼Γûæ towards 255Γö¼Γûæ, J2 -25Γö¼Γûæ towards 344Γö¼Γûæ, J3 - 35Γö¼Γûæ towards 176
Dasarwar, P. and Hidayar, J. N., 2019; Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of toposheets 47E/10, 47E/11, 47E/12, 47E/14 & 47E/15 in parts of Nasik, Ahmednagar, Pune and Thane Districts, Unpub.GSI report for FS 2018-20.
Risk is High
Reduction in shear strength on super saturation in weathered rock and unplanned slope cut for road construction with out any protection measures.

Basalt of Upper Ratangarh formation of Sahyadri group
Dasarwar, P. and Hidayar, J. N., 2019; Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of toposheets 47E/10, 47E/11, 47E/12, 47E/14 & 47E/15 in parts of Nasik, Ahmednagar, Pune and Thane Districts, Unpub.GSI report for FS 2018-20.
Risk is High
Reduction in shear strength on super saturation in weathered rock and unplanned slope cut for road construction with out any protection measures.

Basalt of Upper Ratangarh formation of Sahyadri group
Major discontinuities responsible for failres are J1 -85Γö¼Γûæ towards 13Γö¼Γûæ, J2 -85Γö¼Γûæ towards 172Γö¼Γûæ, J3 - 50Γö¼Γûæ towards 15Γö¼Γûæ, J4 -65Γö¼Γûæ towards 270Γö¼Γûæ
Reduction in shear strength on super saturation in weathered rock and unplanned slope cut for road construction with out any protection measures.

Basalt of Idrayani formation of Sahyadri group

Minor failures observed along both flanks of slide and presence of column of debris (proportion of soil is relatively more than rock) on the upper part of crown made the slide categorized as enlarging and retrogressive in nature respectively. The additio
Clear chocked hillside drainage channel. Removal of loosened blocks lying over the slope.
Regrading of slopes.
Construction of retaining wall.
Diverting the surface runoff above the slope.
Preparatory Factors: Presence of moderate to highly weathered rock.
Presence of heavy detached basaltic boulders resulted from spheroidal weathering Accelerating Factors: Oversaturation due to heavy rainfall reducing the cohesive strength of earth mater

J1: N-S/ Vertical, J2: 830 dipping N2240, 200 dipping N252 0. Landslide direction: S10°W
It is a typical example of natural landslide in the study area. The size of the landslide is relatively bigger than the other slopecut failures. No human encroachment at all. It is perfectly a barren hill with no infrastructure. Along the crown of the sl
Reduce the load on the slope such as rock, soil etc. by removal of material and reprofiling. Diverting the surface runoff above the slope and by providing surface drainage.
Preparatory Factors: The spheroidal weathering of basalt leads to the loosing of rock strength and loosening of rock blocks
Presence of intersecting joints in rock mass.
Presence of nala along the left flank of slide.
Barren nature of slope. Accelerating

There is a buffer zone of ~7m between the slopecut and the settlements. Since the slope has a moderately steep gradient and the presence of weathered material along the slope may create a slope failure in the future. This is a great threat to life and pr
Construction of lined hillside drain. Reduce the slope angle and load on the slope (rock boulders, soil etc) by reprofiling
Construction of well-designed retaining walls at the toe of the slope.Decrease the water content or pore pressure of the rock or s
Preparatory Factors: Exposure of highly weathered vesicular basalt along the slopecut.
Detachment of rock boulders along the slope due to spheroidal weathering. Accelerating Factors: Oversaturation due to heavy rainfall reducing the cohesive strength of

The scar of the landslide has been observed on the top of the hill. Some part of the runout comprising huge boulders follows the nala down and the rest settled down on the slope. The toe of the hill slope is found modified for construction purposes and a
Reduce the load on the slope (rock boulders, soil etc). Reduce the slope angle and load on the slope (rock boulders, soil etc) by reprofiling
Construction of thick retaining walls at the toe of the slope.
Decrease the water content or pore pressure of th
Preparatory Factors: The spheroidal weathering of basalt leads to the loosing of rock strength.
Presence of joints in the rock mass.
Dissections along the slope.
Moderately steep slope. Accelerating Factors: Percolation of rain water in to the jointed we

J1: N-S/ Vertical, J2:780 dipping N3200, J3: 330 dipping N2030. Landslide direction: S25°W
Lava flow contact is exposed ~1m above from road level. The flow contact is relatively highly weathered than the upper portion and results in development of overhangings of rock which lies over it. So proper slope treatment is recommended.
Clear chocked hillside drain. Removal of loose rock blocks lying over the slope.
Decrease the water content or pore pressure of the rock and diverting the surface runoff above the slope.
Use of rock bolts and shotcrete to stabilize rocky slopes
Preparatory Factors: Presence of close spaced haphazardly jointed rock mass.
Formation of wedges in rocks that results in wedge failure.
Vesicular nature of basalt.
Spheroidal weathering of rocks. Accelerating Factors: Percolation of rain water in to the

J1: 450 dipping N1480. Landslide direction: S40°W
The weathering pattern of rock mass present above and below of lava flow contact is different. The rock mass present above the flow contact is haphazardly jointed and joints are closely spaced. Unlike the upper rock mass, the lower has relatively lesser
Clear blocked hillside drain. Removal of loose and detached rock blocks located just above the crown part.
Construction of well-designed retaining walls at the toe of the slope.
Decrease the water content or pore pressure of the rock by diverting the sur
Preparatory Factors: Basaltic lava flow contact was exposed along the slide and its adjacent area which is highly weathered.
The spheroidal weathering of basalt leads to the loosing of rock strength and loosening of rock blocks
Presence of closely spaced

Highly weathered lava flow contact which is exposed along the right flank of the slide may fail in the next monsoon time since it has the same nature of slope forming material of slide occurred. So proper remedial measure is recommended at the earliest.
Clear blocked hillside drainage channel. Removal of failed material and uprooted trees lying over the slope.
Construction of protection wall.
Proper drainage arrangement for surface run-off
Preparatory Factors: Basaltic lava flow contact was exposed along the slide and its right flank, which is highly weathered.
The presence of soil rich debris (95% of soil & 5% of rock blocks) over the slope. Accelerating Factors: Oversaturation of soil ri

Size of failure guided by relative relief and amount of overburden over it

Well developed joint planes, variation in the state of preervation of rockmass
Steep cut slope with open joints, loss of cohesion along jint planes

Failed debries have accumulated at raod level
Saturation of overburden column by rain water

Slide zone with less risk

Low risk slide zone

As the slope is moderate to steep, there is a possibility of rolling down of detached/loosened rock boulders during monsoon time and this can be a threat to life and property. So proper remedial measures to adopted at the earliest.
Clear the blocked hillside drain. Removal of loosened basaltic blocks lying over the slope.
Rock bolting and shotcreting of slopes for stabilization
Reconstruction of broken concrete wall along the hillside of the road
Preparatory Factors: The vesicular basalts observed in this area are highly vulnerable to weathering.
The rocks are highly affected by close spaced joints. Accelerating Factors: The root penetration of disseminated trees grown over the slope increase the

The slide found active since there is a column of debris material lying just above the crown part. These materials are comparatively loose and can fail in the monsoon time. So proper remedial measures should be assured before the next monsoon time.
Clear blocked hill side drain. Removal of loose rock blocks lying over the slope.
Shotcreting of slope is recommended since the rock is weathered (spheroidal weathering).
Reducing the slope angle by benching.
Preparatory Factors: The spheroidal weathering of basalt leads to the loosing of rock strength and loosening of blocks. Accelerating Factors: Oversaturation due to heavy rainfall reduces the cohesive strength of weathered rock materials and thus results

The rock is haphazardly jointed with close spaced joints which allows percolation and circulation of rain water in the rock mass and may result in slope failure. Besides, the basalt is vesicular in nature which is very prone to hasty weathering. So prope
Clear hill side drain. Removal of loosened blocks and uprooted trees lying over the slope.
Proper drainage arrangement by diverting the surface runoff above the slope.
Preparatory Factors: The vesicular basalts observed in this spot are highly vulnerable to weathering. Accelerating Factors: Oversaturation of weathered earth materials due to high precipitation reduces the cohesive strength of rocks.
Root penetration ob

From the landslide spot, rock blocks of 3mx3m were noticed. These heavy rock blocks might have detached and rolled down from the escarpment which lies just above the Lowly Dissected Slope. This type of incidents is a threat to life and infrastructures. T
Clear chocked hillside drain. Reduce the load on the slope by removal of loose rock blocks lying over the slope.
Build thick retaining walls at the toe of the slope.
Preparatory Factors: The spheroidal weathering of basalt leads to the loosing of rock strength and loosening of rock blocks
Increase in the gradient of slope due to excavation along foot hills
Presence of moderately jointed rock mass.
Barren nature of th

The possibility of continuation of failure at this spot is
relatively lesser than the landslide No. (MHRAIG89. 45)
The possibility of continuation of failure is lesser as the limiting surface has been reached
Saturation of moderate to steeply inclined slope

The failure is likely to continue in future
District road, Neral- Matheran Ghat road
SAturation of moderate to steeply inclined slope

Old slide zone

Kamble, A. and Kuthe, S. D., 2019; Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets 47B/14, 47F/01 & 47F/02 Raigad Districts, Maharashtra.Unpub.GSI report for FS 2018-21
Slope cut for road construction/Anthropogenic activity
It is stable. No further chances of failure. Construction of fences.
Extensive SlopeΓö¼├íCut for road construction and sparse vegetation

Geomorphologically the landslide incidence occurred in foot slope which is a gently undulating area with small hills. Unscientific way of excavation along these hill slopes for road construction can trigger slope failures under favourable condition. Remo
Construction of lined hillside drainage channel. Removal of loosen or detached blocks lying over the slope.Construction of retention wall. Diverting the surface runoff above the slope to decrease the water content or pore pressure of rocks or soil.
Preparatory Factors: The spheroidal weathering of basalt results in the development of detached rock boulders of varying sizes along the slope. Presence of joints in rock mass.Presence of moderately weathered rocks. Accelerating Factors: Percolation and

The presence of loose materials over the crown area of the slide seems unstable and can fail during monsoon time.
Clear the blocked toe drain present along hill slope. Reduce the load on the slope by the removal of debris lying over it.
Diverting the surface runoff above the slope to decrease the water content or por
Preparatory Factors: Presence of highly weathered rock mass along the slope. The spheroidal weathering of basalt results in the development of detached rock boulders of varying sizes along the slope. Accelerating Factors: Oversaturation due to heavy rain

Scooping observed along the slope which can develop overhangings of rock mass and these overhanging will be unstable by percolation of rainwater during monsoon time. The presence of loose weathered rock materials over the crown part of the slide seems un
Clear the blocked hillside toe drainage. Reduce the load on the slope by removal of debris lying over it. Construction of retention wall. Diverting the surface runoff above the slope to decrease the water content or pore pressure of rocks or soil.
Preparatory Factors: Presence of moderately weathered rock mass along the slope. Presence of jointed rock mass.The spheroidal weathering of basalt results in the development of detached rock boulders of varying sizes along the slope. Accelerating Factors

Kamble, A. and Kuthe, S. D., 2019; Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets 47B/14, 47F/01 & 47F/02 Raigad Districts, Maharashtra.Unpub.GSI report for FS 2018-20
It is stable in present situation and chances of further failures
Settlement, Sparse vegetation, Vertical cut slope
Removal of the overhangs and detached avoid slope modification
Toe removal of slope cutting. Weathered basalt has been cut for house construction

Kamble, A. and Kuthe, S. D., 2019; Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets 47B/14, 47F/01 & 47F/02 Raigad Districts, Maharashtra.Unpub.GSI report for FS 2018-24
Moderately risk zone. Further chances of failure in future.
Removal of loose blocks and construction of protection wall
Penetration of tree roots in weathered rock.

Moderate risk. Further chances of failure in future.
Removal of boulders and construction of protection wall.
Steep slope cutting in weathered basalt lying over fresh rock

Moderate risk. Fallen trees and rock boulders have been observed. Further chances of failure in future.
Provide proper hill side drainage, removal precariously placed boulders on the Slope and protection wall.
Extensive Slope cutting for Road construction.

Excavation of hill face very close to a two storey
building
Inventory of Landslides Occurring Along Ghatroads of Raigad and Ratnagiri Districts, Maharashtra FSP Item No.: 058(Code No: LHZ/CR/MH/2007/018) Field Season: 2007 - 2009 by M. S. Bodas and C. Joshi, Senior Geologist

Basalt of Indrayani formation of Sahyadri group
Reduction in shear strength on super saturation in Slope forming material and unplanned slope cut for road construction with out any protection measures.

Major discontinuities responsible for failres are J1 -85Γö¼Γûæ towards 312Γö¼Γûæ, J2 -85Γö¼Γûæ towards 214Γö¼Γûæ, J3 - 70Γö¼Γûæ towards 133Γö¼Γûæ, J4 - 65Γö¼Γûæ towards 81Γö¼Γûæ, J5 - 41Γö¼Γûæ towards

Major discontinuities responsible for failres are J1 -85Γö¼Γûæ towards 27Γö¼Γûæ, J2 -85Γö¼Γûæ towards 240Γö¼Γûæ, J3 - 60Γö¼Γûæ towards 98Γö¼Γûæ, J4 -35Γö¼Γûæ towards 306Γö¼Γûæ, J5 -05Γö¼Γûæ towards 18
Reduction in shear strength on super saturation in slope forming material and unplanned slope cut for road construction with out any protection measures.

Basalt of Upper Ratangarh formation of Sahyadri group
Major discontinuities responsible for failres are J1 -75Γö¼Γûæ towards 243Γö¼Γûæ, J2 -50Γö¼Γûæ towards 78Γö¼Γûæ, J3 - 85Γö¼Γûæ towards 315Γö¼Γûæ

Major discontinuities responsible for failres are J1 -65Γö¼Γûæ towards 336Γö¼Γûæ, J2 -75Γö¼Γûæ towards 228Γö¼Γûæ, J3 - 75Γö¼Γûæ towards 255Γö¼Γûæ, J4 - 15Γö¼Γûæ towards 135Γö¼Γûæ

Major discontinuities responsible for failres are J1 -85Γö¼Γûæ towards 85Γö¼Γûæ, J2 -35Γö¼Γûæ towards 180Γö¼Γûæ, J3 - 75Γö¼Γûæ towards 31Γö¼Γûæ, J4 - 70Γö¼Γûæ towards 255Γö¼Γûæ

Major discontinuities responsible for failres are J1 -85Γö¼Γûæ towards 330Γö¼Γûæ, J2 -75Γö¼Γûæ towards 147Γö¼Γûæ, J3 - 35Γö¼Γûæ towards 250Γö¼Γûæ, J4 - 35Γö¼Γûæ towards 50Γö¼Γûæ

Basalt of Karla formation of Sahyadri group

Basalt of Karla formation of Sahyadri group
Major discontinuities responsible for failres are J1 -25Γö¼Γûæ towards 31Γö¼Γûæ, J2 -85Γö¼Γûæ towards 196Γö¼Γûæ, J3 - 75Γö¼Γûæ towards 355Γö¼Γûæ, J4 - 45Γö¼Γûæ towards 215Γö¼Γûæ, J5 - 80Γö¼Γûæ towards

Reduction in shear strength on super saturation in Slope forming material and unplanned slope cut for road construction with out any protection measures.

Major discontinuities responsible for failres are J1 -35Γö¼Γûæ towards 311Γö¼Γûæ, J2 -45Γö¼Γûæ towards174Γö¼Γûæ, J3 -65Γö¼Γûæ towards 125Γö¼Γûæ, J4 - 75Γö¼Γûæ towards 88Γö¼Γûæ

Major discontinuities responsible for failres are J1 -30Γö¼Γûæ towards 52Γö¼Γûæ, J2 -70Γö¼Γûæ towards90Γö¼Γûæ, J3 -38Γö¼Γûæ towards 218Γö¼Γûæ
Reduction in shear strength on super saturation in slope forming material and unplanned slope cut for road construction with out any protection measures.

Major discontinuities responsible for failres are J1 -70Γö¼Γûæ towards 158Γö¼Γûæ, J2 -70Γö¼Γûæ towards 250Γö¼Γûæ, J3 -45Γö¼Γûæ towards 25Γö¼Γûæ, J3 -50Γö¼Γûæ towards 314Γö¼Γûæ

Major discontinuities responsible for failres are J1 -70Γö¼Γûæ towards 158Γö¼Γûæ, J2 -70Γö¼Γûæ towards 250Γö¼Γûæ, J3 -45Γö¼Γûæ towards 25Γö¼Γûæ, J4 -50Γö¼Γûæ towards 314Γö¼Γûæ

Kuthe, S. and Kamble, A., (2020) Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets 47E/16, 47F/09 & 47F/13 in parts of Pune and Raigad districts, Maharashtra.
Excess water in the pond during heavy rain may cause further trigger the slide in further and can damage the slope and cultivated land present at the foot of the hill.
No further hill ward cuttings and proper drainage measures for training of the surface runoff to drain out excess water from the pond.
Preparatory Factor:
Presence of loose transported soil.
Wetness in the material.
Acceleratory Factors:
Constant thrusting by pond water on its side walls.
Saturation of material due to weakness thereby loosing the strength.

Kuthe, S. and Kamble, A., (2020) Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets 47E/16, 47F/09 & 47F/13 in parts of Pune and Raigad districts, Maharashtra.
Due to steep slopes (upside escarpment) there may be probable risk of rock fall from upslope during heavy rain, which may cause threat to life. An immediate attention is needed for execution of protection measures.
No further Slope cutting
Removal of loose boulders from the slope clearance of toe drain.
Suitably designed guide walls along affected slope.
Awareness during rainy season.
Preparatory Factor: Presence of steep slope.
Acceleratory Factors: Loosening of strength of soil due to saturation/moisture and root penetration.

Basalt of upper Ratangarh formation of Sahyadri group

Basalt of upper Ratangarh formation of Sahyadri group
Major discontinuities responsible for failres are J1 - 25Γö¼Γûæ towards 217Γö¼Γûæ, J2 -65Γö¼Γûæ towards 66Γö¼Γûæ, J3 - 66Γö¼Γûæ towards 276Γö¼Γûæ, J4 -85Γö¼Γûæ towards 227Γö¼Γûæ, J5 -35Γö¼Γûæ towards

Basalt of upper Ratangarh formation of Sahyadri group
Reduction in shear strength on super saturation in slopr forming material and unplanned slope cut for road construction with out any protection measures.

Major discontinuities responsible for failres are J1 - 75Γö¼Γûæ towards 106Γö¼Γûæ, J2 -75Γö¼Γûæ towards 203Γö¼Γûæ, J3 - 85Γö¼Γûæ towards 220Γö¼Γûæ, J4 -50Γö¼Γûæ towards 220Γö¼Γûæ, J5 -85Γö¼Γûæ toward

Major discontinuities responsible for failres are J1 - 65Γö¼Γûæ towards 278Γö¼Γûæ, J2 -70Γö¼Γûæ towards 96Γö¼Γûæ, J3 - 75Γö¼Γûæ towards 310Γö¼Γûæ, J4 -70Γö¼Γûæ towards 216Γö¼Γûæ, J5 -70Γö¼Γûæ towards

Major discontinuities responsible for failres are J1 -45Γö¼Γûæ towards 80Γö¼Γûæ, J2 - 80Γö¼Γûæ towards 120Γö¼Γûæ, J3 - 70Γö¼Γûæ towards 190Γö¼Γûæ, J4 - 85Γö¼Γûæ towatds 25Γö¼Γûæ, J5 - 85Γö¼Γûæ towatds
Rainfall and anthropogenic activity like road cutting
Unplanned slope cut for road construction with out any protection measures. Rock balsting for Road widening.

Major discontinuities responsible for failres are J1 -45Γö¼Γûæ towards 80Γö¼Γûæ, J2 - 80Γö¼Γûæ towards 120Γö¼Γûæ, J3 - 70Γö¼Γûæ towards 190Γö¼Γûæ, J4 - 85Γö¼Γûæ towatds 25Γö¼Γûæ, J5 - 85Γö¼Γûæ towatd
Rainfall and anthropogenic activity like road cutting
Reduction in shear strength on super saturation in slope forming materials and unplanned slope cut for road construction with out any protection measures. Rock balsting for Road widening.

Major discontinuities responsible for failres are J1 -25Γö¼Γûæ towards 310Γö¼Γûæ, J2 - 35Γö¼Γûæ towards 70Γö¼Γûæ, J3 - 05Γö¼Γûæ towards 260Γö¼Γûæ, J4 - 65Γö¼Γûæ towatds 225Γö¼Γûæ
Rainfall and anthropogenic activity like road cutting
Reduction in shear strength on super saturation in slope forming materials and unplanned slope cut for road construction with out any protection measures. Spheroidal weathering.

Major discontinuities responsible for failres are J1 -85Γö¼Γûæ towards 320Γö¼Γûæ, J2 - 80Γö¼Γûæ towards 122Γö¼Γûæ, J3 - 75Γö¼Γûæ towards 315Γö¼Γûæ, J4 - 80Γö¼Γûæ towatds 97Γö¼Γûæ, J5 - 20Γö¼Γûæ towatd
Unplanned slope cut for road construction with out any protection measures.

Major discontinuities responsible for failres are J1 -85Γö¼Γûæ towards 254Γö¼Γûæ, J2 - 05Γö¼Γûæ towards 305Γö¼Γûæ, J3 - 45Γö¼Γûæ towards 266Γö¼Γûæ, J4 - 35Γö¼Γûæ towatds 162Γö¼Γûæ
Unplanned slope cut for road construction with out any protection measures.

Major discontinuities responsible for failres are J1 -25Γö¼Γûæ towards 231Γö¼Γûæ, J2 - 80Γö¼Γûæ towards 322Γö¼Γûæ, J3 - 80Γö¼Γûæ towards 142Γö¼Γûæ, J4 - 45Γö¼Γûæ towatds 73Γö¼Γûæ, J5 - 55Γö¼Γûæ towatd
Unplanned slope cut for road construction with out any protection measures.

Major discontinuities responsible for failres are J1 -5Γö¼Γûæ towards 61Γö¼Γûæ, J2 - 85Γö¼Γûæ towards 093Γö¼Γûæ, J3 - 45Γö¼Γûæ towards 262Γö¼Γûæ, J4 - 25Γö¼Γûæ towatds 165Γö¼Γûæ, J5 -60Γö¼Γûæ towatds
Construction of a retaining wall with sufficient weep holes along the whole width of the distressed zone. Removal of blockage dumped material from the road side drainage to allow smooth passage for runoff water without any logging.

Major discontinuities responsible for failres are J1 - 80Γö¼Γûæ towards 152Γö¼Γûæ, J2 -60Γö¼Γûæ towards 120Γö¼Γûæ, J3 - 75Γö¼Γûæ towards 260Γö¼Γûæ, J4 -45Γö¼Γûæ towards 345Γö¼Γûæ, J5 -65Γö¼Γûæ toward
Removal of the debris dumped on the road bench to allow smooth functioning of traffic. Removal of blockage dumped material from the road side drainage to allow smooth passage for runoff water without any logging. Construction of a retaining wall with su

Removal of the debris dumped on the road bench to allow smooth functioning of traffic. Removal of blockage dumped material from the road side drainage to allow smooth passage for runoff water without any logging. Construction of a retaining wall with su
Reduction in shear strength on super saturation in slope forming materials and unplanned slope cut for road construction with out any protection measures.

Removal of blockage dumped material and providing bench with suitable width to maintain the slope profile. Construction of a retaining wall with sufficient weep holes along the whole width of the distressed zone.
Reduction in shear strength on super saturation in slope forming materials and unplanned slope cut for road construction with out any protection measures.

Major discontinuities responsible for failres are J1 - 55Γö¼Γûæ towards 322Γö¼Γûæ, J2 - 45Γö¼Γûæ towards 247Γö¼Γûæ, J3 - 65Γö¼Γûæ towards 66Γö¼Γûæ, J4- 80Γö¼Γûæ towards 195Γö¼Γûæ
Reduction in shear strength on super saturation in slope forming materials and unplanned slope cut for road construction with out any protection measures.

Major discontinuities responsible for failres are J1 - 70Γö¼Γûæ towards 287Γö¼Γûæ, J2 -85Γö¼Γûæ towards 118Γö¼Γûæ, J3 - 35Γö¼Γûæ towards 190Γö¼Γûæ, J4 -60Γö¼Γûæ towards 62Γö¼Γûæ, J5 -45Γö¼Γûæ towards

Overburden cover at the point of data recording

Major discontinuities responsible for failres are J1 - 60Γö¼Γûæ towards 225Γö¼Γûæ, J2 - 75Γö¼Γûæ towards 300Γö¼Γûæ, J3 - 05Γö¼Γûæ towards 10Γö¼Γûæ

Major discontinuities responsible for failres are J1 -60Γö¼Γûæ towards 65Γö¼Γûæ, J2 - 85Γö¼Γûæ towards 133Γö¼Γûæ, J3 - 80Γö¼Γûæ towards 157Γö¼Γûæ, J4 - 35Γö¼Γûæ towatds 253Γö¼Γûæ
Construction of a retaining wall with sufficient weep holes along the whole width of the distressed zone. Removal of blockage dumped material from the road side drainage to allow smooth passage for runoff water without any logging.

Major discontinuities responsible for failres are J1 -85Γö¼Γûæ towards 60Γö¼Γûæ, J2 -85Γö¼Γûæ towards 246Γö¼Γûæ, J3 -65Γö¼Γûæ towards 15Γö¼Γûæ, J4 -15Γö¼Γûæ towards 175Γö¼Γûæ, J5 -45Γö¼Γûæ towards 132

Major discontinuities responsible for failres are J1 - 55Γö¼Γûæ towards 268Γö¼Γûæ, J2 - 45Γö¼Γûæ towards 104Γö¼Γûæ, J3 - 80Γö¼Γûæ towards 27Γö¼Γûæ
Reduction in shear strength on super saturation in slope forming materials

Major discontinuities responsible for failres are J1 - 85Γö¼Γûæ towards 343Γö¼Γûæ, J2 - 45Γö¼Γûæ towards 75Γö¼Γûæ, J3 - 45Γö¼Γûæ towards 264Γö¼Γûæ, J4 - 65Γö¼Γûæ towatds 166Γö¼Γûæ
Reduction in shear strength on super saturation in slope forming materials

Major discontinuities responsible for failres are J1 -5Γö¼Γûæ towards 61Γö¼Γûæ, J2 - 85Γö¼Γûæ towards 093Γö¼Γûæ, J3 - 45Γö¼Γûæ towards 262Γö¼Γûæ, J4 - 25Γö¼Γûæ towatds 165Γö¼Γûæ, J5 -60Γö¼Γûæ towatds

Major discontinuities responsible for failres are J1 - 85Γö¼Γûæ towards 102Γö¼Γûæ, J2 -85Γö¼Γûæ towards 36Γö¼Γûæ, J3 - 15Γö¼Γûæ towards 313Γö¼Γûæ
Reduction in shear strength on super saturation in slope forming materials i. weathered rock and unplanned slope cut for road construction with out any protection measures.

Major discontinuities responsible for failres are J1 - 85Γö¼Γûæ towards 102Γö¼Γûæ, J2 -85Γö¼Γûæ towards 36Γö¼Γûæ, J3 - 15Γö¼Γûæ towards 313Γö¼Γûæ
Reduction in shear strength on super saturation in slope forming materials i. weathered rock (Spheroidal weathering) and unplanned slope cut for road construction with out any protection measures.

Major discontinuities responsible for failres are J1 - 85Γö¼Γûæ towards 116Γö¼Γûæ, J2 -25Γö¼Γûæ towards 204Γö¼Γûæ, J3 - 60Γö¼Γûæ towards 31Γö¼Γûæ, J4 -60Γö¼Γûæ towards 86Γö¼Γûæ

Rainfall and and anthropogenic activity like road cutting
Risk is moderate
Due to unplanned slope cut in the form of excessive excavation of slope material during road bench construction with out any protection measures.

Major discontinuities responsible for failres are J1 -85Γö¼Γûæ towards 115Γö¼Γûæ, J2 - 55Γö¼Γûæ towards 60Γö¼Γûæ, J3 - 35Γö¼Γûæ towards 210Γö¼Γûæ, J4 - 10Γö¼Γûæ towatds 60Γö¼Γûæ, J5 - 55Γö¼Γûæ towatds

Major discontinuities responsible for failres are J1 -55Γö¼Γûæ towards 155Γö¼Γûæ, J2 - 75Γö¼Γûæ towards 340Γö¼Γûæ, J3 - 80Γö¼Γûæ towards 40Γö¼Γûæ, J4 - 80Γö¼Γûæ towatds 95Γö¼Γûæ, J5 - 35Γö¼Γûæ towatds

Major discontinuities responsible for failres are J1 -05Γö¼Γûæ towards 260Γö¼Γûæ, J2 - 85Γö¼Γûæ towards 320Γö¼Γûæ, J3 - 35Γö¼Γûæ towards 60Γö¼Γûæ, J4 - 45Γö¼Γûæ towatds 170Γö¼Γûæ, J5 -70Γö¼Γûæ towatds
Reduction in shear strength on super saturation in slope forming materials and unplanned slope cut for road construction with out any protection measures. Aggravating factor of Root penetration along weak plane of rock

Reduction in shear strength on super saturation in slope forming materials and unplanned slope cut for road construction with out any protection measures. Spheroidal weathering.

Kuthe, S. and Kamble, A., (2020) Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets 47E/16, 47F/09 & 47F/13 in parts of Pune and Raigad districts, Maharashtra. (FSPMIS ID: M4LSSM/NC/CR/SU-MH-PUN/2019/24826).
Considering inclined and steeper back slope with presence of overburden, proximity of road /National Highway there appears to be possibility or probable risk of rock fall during the event of heavy rainfall which may cause damage to people and road.
Removal of loose rock mass.
Construction of well designed protection wall and toe drain.
Awareness regarding detaching of rock boulders and monitoring of unstable slope during rainy season being a part of National Highway.
Preparatory Factors:
Presence of weathered rock mass and steep slope towards road.
Water seepage.
Acceleratory Factors:
Disturbance of slope due to root penetration.
Increase of water pressure inducing slope deformation.
Tilting of trees.

Kuthe, S. and Kamble, A., (2020) Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets 47E/16, 47F/09 & 47F/13 in parts of Pune and Raigad districts, Maharashtra. (FSPMIS ID: M4LSSM/NC/CR/SU-MH-PUN/2019/24826).
Considering inclined and steeper back slope with presence of overburden, proximity of road /National Highway there appears to be possibility or probable risk of rock fall during the event of heavy rainfall which may cause damage to people and road.
Removal of loose / detached blocks.
Construction of well designed protection wall.
Proper training of drainage system.
Awareness regarding detaching of rock boulders and monitoring of unstable slope during rainy season being a part of National Highway.
Preparatory Factors:
Presence of weathered rock mass.
Presence of steep slope towards road
Water seepage and open & clay filled joints.
Acceleratory Factors:
Root penetration causing widening/opening of void spaces.
Development of pore pressure due to

Kuthe, S. and Kamble, A., (2020) Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets 47E/16, 47F/09 & 47F/13 in parts of Pune and Raigad districts, Maharashtra. (FSPMIS ID: M4LSSM/NC/CR/SU-MH-PUN/2019/24826).
Considering inclined and steeper back slope with presence of overburden, proximity of road /National Highway there appears to be possibility or probable risk of rock fall during the event of heavy rainfall which may cause damage to people and road.
Removal of loose / detached blocks.
Construction of well designed protection wall.
Proper training of drainage system.
Awareness regarding detaching of rock boulders and monitoring of unstable slope during rainy season being a part of National Highway.
Preparatory Factors:
Presence of steep slope towards road.
water seepage
Open & clay filled joints.
Root penetration causing widening/opening of joint plains.
Development of pore pressure due to wetness.
Presence of weathered &

Removal of loose / detached blocks.
Construction of well designed protection wall.
Proper training of drainage system.
Presence of steep slope towards road.
water seepage
Open & clay filled joints.
Root penetration causing widening/opening of joint plains.
Development of pore pressure due to wetness.
Presence of weathered roc

Avoid further cutting of hillslope.
Removal of slide material from the base.
Construction of well designed protection wall on both sides of road.
Proper drainage management with toe drain.
Presence of weathered and jointed rock mass.
Steep slope cut.
Formation of blocks due to spheroidal weathering.
Tampering of slope induces slope deformation.
Loosening of strength material due to wetness/saturat

Due to presence of steep slope and intersection of joint planes, there is possibility of further chances of failures.
No further cutting of hill slope.
Suitably designed retaining wall with weep holes.
Lined toe drain.
Removal of failed/loose debris.
Preparatory Factors: Presence of steep joint planes and weathered rock mass.
Loosening of strength along joints due to wetness during rain
Opening /widening of joints due to root penetration.

J1 80° dipping towards N165°.
J2 15° dipping towards North.
J3 79° dipping towards East.
No further cutting of hill slope and proper drainage arrangement for surface runoff to avoid the road blockage.
Removal of failed/ loose rolled boulders from the base of slope.
Preparatory Factor: Presence of weathered rock mass.
Acceleratory Factors: Saturation of rock mass during rain fall.

Major discontinuities responsible for failres are J1 - 75Γö¼Γûæ towards 155Γö¼Γûæ, J2 -42Γö¼Γûæ towards 215Γö¼Γûæ, J3 - 25Γö¼Γûæ towards 83Γö¼Γûæ, J4 -80Γö¼Γûæ towards 350Γö¼Γûæ

Basalt of Indrayani formation of Sahyadri group
Major discontinuities responsible for failres are J1 - 80Γö¼Γûæ towards 64Γö¼Γûæ, J2 -80Γö¼Γûæ towards 270Γö¼Γûæ, J3 - 75Γö¼Γûæ towards 215Γö¼Γûæ, J4 - 85Γö¼Γûæ towards 18Γö¼Γûæ, J4 - 55Γö¼Γûæ towards

Major discontinuities responsible for failres are J1 - 75Γö¼Γûæ towards 310Γö¼Γûæ, J2 -70Γö¼Γûæ towards 250Γö¼Γûæ, J3 - 65Γö¼Γûæ towards 360Γö¼Γûæ
Reduction in shear strength on super saturation in weathered rock, spheroidal weathering and unplanned slope cut for road construction with out any protection measures.

Major discontinuities responsible for failres are J1 - 65Γö¼Γûæ towards 265Γö¼Γûæ, J2 -10Γö¼Γûæ towards 04Γö¼Γûæ, J3 - 85Γö¼Γûæ towards 253Γö¼Γûæ, J4 -72Γö¼Γûæ towards 64Γö¼Γûæ

Avoid further cutting of hillslope.
Construction of protection wall.
Proper drainage arrangement for surface or subsurface runoff.
Local awareness required during rainy season .
Presence of weathered rock and root penetration
Development of water pressure during rains.
Tampering of slope induces slope deformation.
Disturbance of slope due to root penetration.

J1 86 ° dipping towards N260°.
J2 68° dipping towards South.
J3 81° dipping towards N035°.
Considering weathered rock mass, there appears to be possibility or probable risk of failure in the event of heavy rainfall which may pose threat to the life and cause damage to the road.
Removal of loose rock mass and construction of well designed protection wall.
Proper drainage management with toe drain.
Presence of weathered rock mass.
Formation of detachment of loose rock blocks due to spheroidal weathering and root penetration along weak plane.
Development of pore pressure along joints due to saturation dur

Bhukum

Bhukum - Pirangut-2
A red interflow horizon is present within the landslide scar above which the major failure has taken place. Widely spaced joints are vertical and closely spaced joints are both vertical and horizontal.
Construction of Protection/guide wall of appropriate height. Road side drain may be cleared.
Anthropogenic activities (unplanned cutting of slope).

Bhukum - Pirangut-1
Unplanned slope cut.
Construction of Protection/guide walll of appropriate height. Road side drain may be cleared.

Bhukum - Pirangut old
J3: horizontal, striking towards 130°
This is an old slide (MH/PUN/47F11/2011/173). Total ten landslide incidences are present with bounding coordinates from N 18.506361 and E 73.703861 to N 18.50477 and E 73.706944. An old slide is validated at N 18.506083 and E 73.7044 that was described a
Anthropogenic activities (unplanned cutting of slope). Landslides of small dimensions take place mostly due to spheroidal weathering within jointed basalt rock.

Kondanpur
Possibility of failure in future. Trees and boulders within the overburden and above the crown may get loosened and fail during saturation of the slope forming material.

Sinhagad ghat-5
Construction of Guide/protection wall. Road side drain may be cleared.
Planar failure caused by unfavourable conditions produced by orientation of rock discontinuities and inclination of slope, Anthropogenic activities-unplanned cutting of slope

Sinhagad ghat-6
A number of small landslide incidences with the bounding coordinates from N 18.387472 and E 73.77388 to N 18.379194 and E 73.7770555 have been reported as a single new incidence. The old slide having slide no. MH/PUN/47F15/2014/01 at this location was re
Chain link shotcrete and rock bolting. Road side drain may be cleared.
Planar failure caused by unfavourable conditions produced by orientation of rock discontinuities and inclination of slope, Anthropogenic activities-unplanned cutting of slope The slope cut exposes irregularly and high jointed rocks with spheroidal weathe

Sinhagad ghat-7
A number of landslide incidences are present with the bounding coordinates from N 18.37761 and E 73.777638 to N 18.37794 and E 73.77711.
The road cut is around 4.5m high and the slide scar is dormant as well as active in at some places. A gabion wall is
Construction of Gabion wall of appropriate height. Road side drain may be cleared.
Anthropogenic activities-unplanned cutting of slope This Extensive Slope Cut is vulnerable due to the fact that the rock is highly jointed at places. The rock exposed in the landslide scar is part of the core portion of a lava flow, underlain by a highly

J1: sub-vertical, striking towards 165°
J2: vertical, striking E-W
At this location, two old landslides having slide nos. MH/PUN/47F15/2006/170 and MH/PUN/47F15/2010/177 are validated. They are validated at a single location as their locations are not far apart and their orginal scars are not discernible at present. The
Net of small mesh size draped from crown till the interflow horizon held to the slope by nut/bolts where possible, Suitably designed retaining wall, Removal of loose/detached rock mass and Road side drain may be cleared.
Planar failure caused by unfavourable conditions produced by orientation of rock discontinuities and inclination of slope, Anthropogenic activities-unplanned cutting of slope The rock is higly jointed at places and a red interflow horizon between two flo

Columnar jointing developed close by
Construction of Retaining wall. Road side drain may be cleared.
Planar failure caused by unfavourable conditions produced by orientation of rock discontinuities and inclination of slope, Anthropogenic activities-unplanned cutting of slope.

Wedge failure caused by unfavourable conditions produced by orientation of rock discontinuities and inclination of slope, Anthropogenic activities-unplanned cutting of slope. Columnar jointing has enhanced the wedge failure

J2: 270° vertical°
J5: 155° vertical
Construction of Guide/protection wall. Road side drain may be cleared.
Planar failure caused by unfavourable conditions produced by orientation of rock discontinuities and inclination of slope, Anthropogenic activities-unplanned cutting of slope

Sinhagad Plateau Top in neighbourhood
This is an old slide (MH/PUN/47F11/2011/178).
Bolting for cooling joints, Netting for loose boulders. Construction of retaining wall of appropriate height with weep holes. Road side drain may be cleared.
Anthropogenic activities (unplanned cutting of slope). The failures have mostly formed due to loosening of Cooling joints within basalt rock or undercutting at the less competent interflow horizons. The cooling joints are of large dimensions and mostly o

Sinhagad
Bodas, M. S., Dhakate, M. V., Mishra, J. L., Kumar, H. and Shrivastava, R. K., 2006. Landslide Inventory along Ghat Roads in Maharashtra.
This is an old slide (MH/PUN/47F15/2006/169).
Differetial erosion & Formation of joints.

Kudje

Construction of retaining wall of appropriate height with weep holes and construction of road side water drain.

Construction of retaining wall of appropriate height for the road with filling. Plantation of fast-growing grass/plants on the loose material downslope of the road corridor.

Boundary wall constructed above the road corridor has collapsed. Netting has been only draped over the slope on the left flank of the landslide.

A 1.5 m high scarp has formed at the crown. Due to the presence of rock at the centre of the landslide body, the failure is suspended. It may be reactivated in the future in the form of single or multiple failures.

De-sloping and construction of retaining wall of appropriate height with weep holes and construction of road side water drain. Plantation of fast-growing grass/plants on the loose material.

The width of the crack in the road is 20 cm with strike towards 80°.
Construction of retaining wall of appropriate height with weep holes to strengthen the toe support to the road corridor along with well compacted filling at the road level.
Toe erosion by stream and reduction of strength on super-saturation

Pabe old-2
This is an old slide MH/PUN/47F11/2011/166. An interflow horizon is observed below the landslide scar.
Diversion of water away from the cutslope; Removal of failed debris from the slope; Plantation of deep rooted shrubs along the slide zone
Steep cutslope for road alignment/ construction; Excessive Saturation; Highly to completely altered rock mass; Daylighting of moderately roadward dipping interface between regolith and relatively sound bed rock at the top of the cutslope; Flow of water a

A number of small landslide incidences with bounding coordinates from N 18.335083 and E 73.677166 to N 18.335083and E 73.677166. The rocks/boulders are loosely positioned and probability of failure is high.
Anthropogenic activities (unplanned cutting of slope). Interflow horizon observed below the failed surface and rock failure observed only above the interflow horizon. The lava unit below the interflow horizon is less jointed while the lava flow unit abo

A number of small landslide incidences bounding coordinates from N 18.335055and E 73.6722 to N 18.335583and E 73.67266 are present. This incidence is also validation of an old slide, having slide no. MH/PUN/47F11/2011/164 which was reported as a single,

This is an old slide (MH/PUN/47F11/2011/163) and reactivated at some places.
Reduction of strength on super-saturation and anthropogenic activities (unplanned cutting of slope). There is presence of a red interflow horizon in the slope cut.

Pabe old-1
This is an old slide (MH/PUN/47F11/2011/167). The landslide scar appears to be enlarged over the years after it was last recorded. Though the landslide is not active presently, there is a high probability of failure in the near future. Possibility of fai
Diversion of water away from the cutslope; Removal of failed debris and fallen trees from the slope; Sealing of joint planes with cementing material
Steep cutslope for road alignment/ construction; Presence of completely altered slope forming material over a relatively sound bed rock; Excessive Saturation of debris; Steeply roadward dipping interface between the debris and the bed rock

There is presence of a red interflow horizon in the slope cut. The failed rock is of different sizes.
Reduction of strength on super-saturation and anthropogenic activities (unplanned cutting of slope). Spheroidal weathering of the rocks at this location giving rise to rounded blocks/boulders.

The slope on either sides of the landslide scar are vulnerable and prone to failure on saturation of material during monsoon.
Reduction of strength on super-saturation and anthropogenic activities (unplanned cutting of slope). Roughly formed columnar joints observed.

This is an old slide (MH/PUN/47F15/2014/02). The older landslide scars may have been obliterated during widening of the road corridor in the recent years.
Wide and close-spaced nets draped over the rock face. Bolting to be done of only large blocks rocks. Retaining wall of appropriate height may be constructed to contain sudden failure of blocks of rocks. Road side drain may be cleared.

Hanging boulders are present
Construction of Protection wall, Removal of large boulders. Road side drain may be cleared.
Anthropogenic activities-unplanned cutting of slope. Highly jointed and fractured rock present. The joints are both closely and widely spaced.

Construction of Retaining wall with proper drainage system. Road side drain may be cleared.
Anthropogenic activities-unplanned cutting of slope. Red interflow horizon present in the upper part of the landslide scar. In the lower part of the scar, the rocks are closely spaced and are more prone to weathering and erosion while the rock exposed in

At this location, two landslide incidences were merged together as they were next to each other and were of similar dimensions and styles. Loose boulders observed above the crown may fail in future on saturation of debris material of the landslide scar.

Slope cutting is under progress.
Easing out of slope, rock bolting and chainlink shotcrete. Road side drain may be cleared.

Nigade Bhudruk Khind
A number of small landslide incidences with bounding coordinates from N 18.316583 and E 73.806527 to N 18.31744 and E 73.808083. Rock fall with wedge failures observed in small dimensions.
Netting and bolting for jointed rocks. Construction of retaining wall of appropriate height with weep holes in front of overburden-covered/weathered rock. Road side drain may be cleared.
Anthropogenic activities (unplanned cutting of slope). Widely-spaced joints in the massive part of the lava flow unit gives rise to large-sized boulders.

837/22 Betul - Itarsi section
Wedge failure guided by two adversely dipping joint plains was the contributing factor of this landslide. Continuous rainfall and mechanical vibration due to continuous rail traffic were the other factors for this landslide.
Planar and wedge failure due to intersection of joints, continuous mechanical vibration caused by railway traffic and continuous rainfall triggered this landslide.
Obstruction of railway track by collapsed material
Geological mapping of vulnerable slopes, monitoring of rainfall, removal of overhanging rock.
Intresection of four sets of joints caused wedge failure assited by increase in pore pressure due to continuous rainfall.

Amagarh Slide, Transport Nagar
Streaky migmtitic gneiss and biotite+muscovite gneiss belonging to Kanchanjunga gneiss of CCGC (Central Crystalline Gneissic Complex) along with basic intrusives. The intrusives are at places showing concorda
J1 (BJ):N30┬░ES30┬░W/42┬░towards northwest, J2: E W/vertical and J3: N30┬░ES30┬░W/35┬░towards southeast.
Local residents should be advised to remain vigilant particularly during rainy season.
Erection of Catch Fencing & Rock Fall Barrier in the transit and impact zone. In addition, rock bolting is also recommended to stabilize slope.
It appears from the field investigation that the abandoned quarry at the site daylighted the slope surface. The rain water percolation along the bedding joint/plane had reduced the shear strength of strata along slope which resulted in rock fall/slide.

Clay, sandy clay, conglomerate with lignite
Singh, B. and Jungral, S., 2020. Remote sensing based macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in priority two areas in parts of NW Himalayas, Srigar, Budgam, Ganderbal, Poonch and Baramulla districts, Jammu and Kashmir. (Priority- II) (Pa
Retaining wall construction and draige maintenance

Clay, sandy clay, conglomerate with lignite
Singh, B. and Jungral, S., 2020. Remote sensing based macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in priority two areas in parts of NW Himalayas, Srigar, Budgam, Ganderbal, Poonch and Baramulla districts, Jammu and Kashmir. (Priority- II) (Pa

Slate with thin bands of siltstone and limestone
Singh, B. and Jungral, S., 2020. Remote sensing based macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in priority two areas in parts of NW Himalayas, Srigar, Budgam, Ganderbal, Poonch and Baramulla districts, Jammu and Kashmir. (Priority- II) (Pa
Retention wall and maintenance of drainage

Lubrication of overburden along the contact of overburden and underlying rock mass

Refilling of the excavated area and draige maintenance

Clay, sandy clay, conglomerate with lignite
Filling of the excavated material, iling and plantation along slopes

Phyllite, quartzite, diamictite and lava flows
Cleaning of la and maintenance of drainage

Proper draige maintenanceand construction of retaining wall

Retaining wall in continuation with the wall made earliar and maintenanceof drainage

Road cutting , oversaturation of water through weak joints

Phyllite, quartzite, diamictite and lava flows

Phyllite, quartzite, diamictite and lava flows
Filling of the excavated material and plantation along slopes

Oversaturation of soil due to snow and rainfall as the soil is containing more clayey material which holds has water

Slope easing, benching and retention wall
Toe cutting at base and oversaturation of water along weak planes

Avoiding toe cutting and draige maintinance

Bhat, A. A and Akram, W., 2017. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheet no 43K/16 and 43L/13 Jammu and Reasi Districts, Jammu and Kashmir; Unpubl. GSI Report 2016
Slope stabilisation by appropriate concrete measures
removal of toe support, fractured rock, differential erosion

Carboceous phyllite with marble and quartzite
Mandotra, V. and Khan, I., 2020. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of Toposheet nos. 43O/11, 43O/15, 43L/09, 43L14, 43K11 & 43K12 covering parts of Doda, Kishtwar, Jammu, Reasi & Kulgam districts, Jammu and Kashmir (J&K). U

Bhat, A. A and Akram, W., 2017. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheet no 43K/16 and 43L/13 Jammu and Reasi Districts, Jammu and Kashmir; Unpubl. GSI Report 2016
Slope stabilisation by appropriate concrete measures

Bhat, A. A and Akram, W., 2017. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheet no 43K/16 and 43L/13 Jammu and Reasi Districts, Jammu and Kashmir; Unpubl. GSI Report 2016
Slope stabilisation by appropriate concrete measures
Steepness of slope, fractured rock, road cutting

folding, faulting, fractured and sheared rock
structural disturbance, fractured and sheared rock, differential erosion, removal of toe support by road cutting

This slide should be taken for detailed study in future to findout the appropriate stabilisation measures for social point of veiw
Steepness of slope, fractured rock, road cutting, removal of toe support by water action

Barren surface, high steepness of slope, fractured rock

Incompetent rock having joints and fractures

this slide should be taken for detailed study in future to findout the appropriate stabilisation measures as this has occurred near settlement area
structural disturbance, fractured and sheared rock

incompetent rock, differential erosion, removal of toe support by water action

this slide should be give due care in future to findout the appropriate stabilisation measures as this has created high risk to properties at places
Removal of toe support by water action, steep slope, fractured rock

folding, faulting, fractured and sheared rock
this slide should be give due care in future to findout the appropriate stabilisation measures as this has created high risk to existing road
structural disturbance, fractured and sheared rock, differential erosion

Aijaj Ahmad et al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 43P/1 and 43P/5, Udhampur, Samba and Jammu districts, Jammu and Kashmir. GSI report of FS 2015-2016

Aijaj Ahmad et al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 43P/1 and 43P/5, Udhampur, Samba and Jammu districts, Jammu and Kashmir. GSI report of FS 2015-2016
srtuctural distubance, rainfall, unstability of rock slope, incompetency

Aijaj Ahmad et al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 43P/1 and 43P/5, Udhampur, Samba and Jammu districts, Jammu and Kashmir. GSI report of FS 2015-2016
srtuctural distubance, rainfall, steep slope, incompetency

srtuctural distubance, rainfall,toe erosion by nala

fracture, rainfall, folding, sructural disturbance (normal fault)

unconsolidation, fracture, brittlen nature,rainfall, low vegetation

unconsolidation, fracture, brittlen nature,rainfall,toe erosion by nala

srtuctural distubance, rainfall, unstability of rock slope

Pradeeep et al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 43O/4 and 43O/8, Udhampur and Doda districts, Jammu and Kashmir. GSI report of FS 2015-2016

Pradeeep et al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 43O/4 and 43O/8, Udhampur and Doda districts, Jammu and Kashmir. GSI report of FS 2015-2016
Plantation and suporting walls at the toe
Steep devoid of vegetation combined withy heavy rainfall and toe erosion

Sanjeev K Sharma and Vaseem Akaram., 2018.Macroscale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of Toposheet nos 43O/3 & 43O/07 covering parts of Ramban and Anantnag districts of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K).GSI report of FS 2018-19
Vulnerable slope condition, presence of soft material.

Sanjeev K Sharma and Vaseem Akaram., 2018.Macroscale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of Toposheet nos 43O/3 & 43O/07 covering parts of Ramban and Anantnag districts of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K).GSI report of FS 2018-19
Vulnerable slope condition, presence of soft material

Sanjeev K Sharma and Vaseem Akaram., 2018.Macroscale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of Toposheet nos 43O/3 & 43O/07 covering parts of Ramban and Anantnag districts of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K).GSI report of FS 2018-19
Vulnerable slope condition, presence of soft material, toe cut due to road

Vulnerable slope condition, presence of soft material, toe cut due to Nala

Vulnerable slope condition, presence of soft material, toe cut due to nala

Vaseem and M. Yousuf., 2017.Macroscale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of Toposheet nos. 43K/14, 43K/15 & 43O/02,Anantnag, Riasi, Shopian and Kulgam districts, Jammu and Kashmir (J&K). GSI report of FS 201718
Slope stabilisation by appropriate concrete measures, removal of overburden
Vulnerable slope condition, presence of soft material, toe cut due to erosion & removal of material

Vaseem and M. Yousuf., 2017.Macroscale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of Toposheet nos. 43K/14, 43K/15 & 43O/02,Anantnag, Riasi, Shopian and Kulgam districts, Jammu and Kashmir (J&K). GSI report of FS 201718
Toe cut due to construction of road construction

Vaseem and M. Yousuf., 2017.Macroscale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of Toposheet nos. 43K/14, 43K/15 & 43O/02,Anantnag, Riasi, Shopian and Kulgam districts, Jammu and Kashmir (J&K). GSI report of FS 201718
Slope stabilisation by appropriate concrete measures, removal of overburden

Toe cut due to construction of road, steep slope

Removal of overburden and retaining wall

Removal of overburden and retaining wall
Toe cut due to construction of road, steep slope

Construction of breast wall & retaining wall
Alterante hard & soft rock and toe cut due to construction of road

Removal of overburden and retaining wall
Toe cut due to construction of road, alternate hard & soft rock

Construction of breast wall & retaining wall
Toe cut due to construction of road construction

Construction of breast wall & retaining wall
Toe cut due to construction of road construction, alternate sost and hard rock

Toe cut due to construction of road construction and steep slope

Toe cut due to construction of road construction

Toe cut due to nala effect and road contruction

Removal of toe support by road widening, gravity factor

Incompetent rock having fractures, removal of toe support by water action, steepness of slope

Removal of toe support due to road cutting

Steep slope, toe erosion by Ans river and road

Already breast wall has been constructed

Detail mappinig is recommened
Slope stabilisation by appropriate concrete measures, removal of overburden
Vulnerable slope condition, presence of soft material, toe cut due to erosion & removal of material

Breast wall & retaining wall is recommended
Toe cut due to road construction and steep slope

Removal of overburden, breast wall and retaining wall
steep slope, loose material, toe cut due to road construction

Slope stabilization by appropriate concrete measure

Continuation of breast wall & retaining wall
Toe cut due to road construction and steep slope

Removal of overburden, breast wall and retaining wall

Extension of breast wall, at some places retaining wall is nedded

Toe cut due to road construction, strata dipping towards the road

Steep slope, toe cut due to road condtruction

Toe cut due to road construction & nala effect

Toe cut due to road construction and steep slope with fractures & joints in the rock

Nala effect, toe erosion due to road construction

Alternate hard & soft rock, dipping towards road side and steep slope

Breast wall and retaining wall is recommended

Removal of overburden, breast wall and retaining wall
Toe cut due to construction of road, strata dipping towards road, alternate hard & soft rock

Moderately jointed, fractured & massive rock

Strata dipping towards road side, alternate hard & soft rock

Steep slope, alterante hard & soft rock and toe cut due to construction of road

Toe cut due to road construction, alternate hard & soft rock

Carbonaceous phyllite with marble and quartzite
Vulnerable slope condition, presence of soft material, toe cut due to erosion & removal of material

Carbonaceous phyllite with marble and quartzite

Slope stabilization by appropriate concrete measures

Vulnerable slope condition, presence of soft material, toe cut due to erosion

Vulnerable slope condition, presence of soft material, toe cut due to Sream

Vulnerable slope condition, presence of soft material, toe cut due to road.

Vulnerable slope condition, presence of soft material, toe cut due to stream

Slope stabilisation by appropriate concrete measures, reataining wall

Slope stabilisation by appropriate concrete measures and step vegetation

High slope, soft material, toe cut due to erosion

Slope stabilisation by appropriate concrete measures, removal of overburden, retaining wall

Slope stabilisation by appropriate concrete measures, metallic mesh

Detail mappinig is recommened
high slope, fracturing and joints due to Aharbal fault

Detail mappinig is recommened

Basal gravel, calcareous loamy clay and silt

Diamictite, arenite with phyllite and ash beds

Carbonaceous & calcareous shale, slate & limestone

Mandotra, V. and Khan, I., 2020. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of Toposheet nos. 43O/11, 43O/15, 43L/09, 43L14, 43K11 & 43K12 covering parts of Doda, Kishtwar, Jammu, Reasi & Kulgam districts, Jammu and Kashmir (J&K). U

Filling of the excavated material, iling and plantation along slopes

Shale and limestone with calcareous bands
Oversaturation of over burden material with water

Oversaturation of over burden material with water

maintenanceof draige, iling and avoid toe cutting

Shale and limestone with calcareous bands
Percolation of water through weak joints

Shale and limestone with calcareous bands
maintenanceof draige and unloading/proper construction of retaining wall
Overloading of retaining wall leading to bulging and bursting

Road cutting and percolation of water along weak joint planes

Toe cutting and percolation of water along weak joint planes

Destablization of rock mass along weak joint planes

Bolting and construction of retention wall
Road cutting and percolation of water along weak joint planes

Retaining wall with proper holes and draige coverage on upper side
Oversaturation of soil due to snow and rainfall

Filling of the excavated material, iling and plantation along slopes
Improper mining activity, old abondaned quarry

Filling of the excavated material and plantation along slopes

Nandkumar, Y. S., and Sharma, R., 2020. Remote sensing based macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in priority two areas in parts of Northern Himalayas, Kishtwar, Anantnag, Kargil districts, Jammu and Kashmir. (Priority- II) (Party-4).

Sharma, K, S. and Akaram, V., 2020. Macroscale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of Toposheet nos 43O/06, 43O/10 & 43O/14 covering parts of Anantnag, Doda & Kishtwar, districts, Jammu and Kashmir (J&K). Unpublished GSI report.

Carboceous phyllite with marble and quartzite
Sharma, K, S. and Akaram, V., 2020. Macroscale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of Toposheet nos 43O/06, 43O/10 & 43O/14 covering parts of Anantnag, Doda & Kishtwar, districts, Jammu and Kashmir (J&K). Unpublished GSI report.
Slope stabilisation by appropriate concrete measures.

Carboceous shale, slate, quartzite & limestone
Mandotra, V. and Khan, I., 2020. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of Toposheet nos. 43O/11, 43O/15, 43L/09, 43L14, 43K11 & 43K12 covering parts of Doda, Kishtwar, Jammu, Reasi & Kulgam districts, Jammu and Kashmir (J&K). U
softer lithology water action steep slope

Phyllite, quartzite, limestone and lava flows

Carboceous shale, slate, quartzite & limestone
highly fractured rock, road cutting, vulnerable slope

Carboceous shale, slate, quartzite & limestone
fractured and sheared rock, water saturation, steep slope, road cutting

losse wathered material water action, toe cut

fractured rock , fragile rock, water action, vulnerable slope

loose boulder of granite, steep slope, anthropogenic activity

highly fractured rock steep slope water action

loose debris material saturation with water, steep slope

fractured rock, watherd material, water action

Vulnerable slope condition, presence of soft material, toe cut due to road

Vulnerable slope condition, presence of soft material

Slope stabilisation by appropriate concrete measures.
Vulnerable slope condition, presence of soft material.

Slope stabilisation by appropriate concrete measures.
Vulnerable slope condition, and competence contrast

Slope stabilisation by appropriate concrete measure

Carboceous phyllite with marble and quartzite
Vulnerable slope condition, toe cut due to road

Vulnerable slope condition, toe cut due to road cut.

Removal of overburden, Slope stabilisation by appropriate concrete measures
Vulnerable slope condition, presence of soft material, toe cut due to road

Vulnerable slope condition, Fractured rock mass, toe cut due to la

Vulnerable slope condition, toe cut due to road

Vulnerable slope condition, Fractured rock mass, toe cut due to river

Vulnerable slope condition, Fractured rock mass, presence of soft material, toe cut due to la

Vulnerable slope condition, Competence contrast, toe cut due to road

Presence of soft material, toe cut due to road

Vulnerable slope condition, Fractured rock mass, toe cut due to road

Sharma, K, S. and Akaram, V., 2020. Macroscale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of Toposheet nos 43O/06, 43O/10 & 43O/14 covering parts of Anantnag, Doda & Kishtwar, districts, Jammu and Kashmir (J&K). Unpublished GSI report.
Preparation of Retention wall with water outlet
Extensive road cut , gravitatiol failure of blocks due to joint space widening and water play key role. Road may damage when high water trigger.

Vulnerable slope condition, Fractured rock mass.

Vulnerable slope condition, toe cut due to stream

Vulnerable slope condition, Competence contarst, toe cut due to road cut

Slope stabilisation by appropriate concrete measures, removal of overburden, Breast wall.
Vulnerable slope condition, toe cut due to road cut

Vulnerable slope condition, weathered rock mass, toe cut due to road

Vulnerable slope condition, presence of soft material.

Vulnerable slope condition, Weathered rock mass, toe cut due to road

Vulnerable slope condition, Weathered rock mass

Vulnerable slope condition, presence of soft material, toe cut due to river

Vulnerable slope condition, Highlyl weathered rock mass, toe cut due to road

Vulnerable slope condition, toe cut due to road widening.

Vulnerable slope condition,competence contrast, toe cut due to road

Slope stabilization by appropriate concrete measure, Removal of overburden

Vulnerable slope condition,Competence contrast, toe cut due to road cutting

Vulnerable slope condition, presence of soft material, toe cut due to River

Vulnerable slope condition, toe cut due to road cutting.

The older retention wall is totally destroyed by slide movement. To avoid maximum damage retention wall with water dripping pipes and slope stabilization is required.
Preparation of Retention wall and slope stabilization.
The older retention wall is totally destroyed by slide movement.
Gravitatiol failure, Extensive road cut, loose material, morainic on top, water dripping causes flow of matrial.

Preparation of Retention wall and sink zone treatment.

The slide is located on right bank of la. Transportatiol mid slope is also present. No settlement is build. Extensive slope cut .
Debris cum rockfall due to la toe cutting and gravitatiol fall.

Retention wall may reduce the activity.
Preparation of Retention wall and sink zone treatment.
Extensive slope cut along the road and gravitatiol failure

Slighlty outside the northern boundary.
Preparation of Retention wall and slope stabilization
Plane failure, gravitatiol failure, Extensive slope cut and anthropogenic

Retention wall may reduce the activity.

Vulnerable slope condition, presence of soft material, toe cut due to la

Joint caused wedge failure. Nosettlement downslope. Dimension of rockfall is small and toe of it occuring at the closer proximity of Suru river, no infrastructure.
Joint/ wedge failure along valley dip joint.

Retentiol wall already given is partially destroyed.
Gravitatiol failure, Extensive road cut at hill toe.

It is stable by slope and wall treatment given by local authority

Yearly flow of material as per local residence people.
Gravitatiol failure, Extensive road cut, water dripping.

On the right side of the point hard rock is exposed along with Colluvial fan material.
Extensive slope cut along the road and gravitatiol failure

Removal of overburden, Slope stabilisation by appropriate concrete measures

Vulnerable slope condition, toe cut due to road.

Preparation of Retention wall and sink zone treatment.
Slide due to anthropogenic activity of road widening, Sinking zone, road sink

Retention wall may reduce the activity.
Preparation of Retention wall along the road cuttings.
Slide due to anthropogenic activity of road widening, gravity failure

Due to Toe Cutting at the time of road widening. But this is stable LS because of vegetation covered crown part.

Due to Toe Cutting at the time of road widening.

River terrace and morainic material. There is no hard rock exposure. On the right side of location Highly dissected hills are present.
Preparation of Retention wall, Slope treatment and slope stabilization.
Sinking of road, slide toe is river terrace and moraine.
Extensive slope cut along the road and gravitatiol failure

loose debris material, rilles deveoped , water action, vulnerable slope

Limestone, sandstone, shale & calcareous bands

High slope, structural discontinuity (fractures & joints)

Jointed rock & Fractured with high slope

unconsolidated river borne material saturation with water

Limestone with Sandstone and Shale partings
Slope stabilisation by appropriate concrete measures, Breast wall

Slope stabilisation by appropriate concrete measures, retaining wall

Quartzite, sandy shale and biomicritic limestone

Slope stabilisation by appropriate concrete measures, Breast wall & retaining wall

CARBONACEOUS PHYLLITE WITH MARBLE AND QUARTZITE
Varun Mandotra and Imran Khan., 2018. Macroscale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of Toposheet nos. 43O/12, 43O/16, 43P/03, 43P/07, 43P/11 and 43P/15 covering parts of Doda, Kishtwar and Kathua Districts of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K).

CARBONACEOUS PHYLLITE WITH MARBLE AND QUARTZITE
Varun Mandotra and Imran Khan., 2018. Macroscale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of Toposheet nos. 43O/12, 43O/16, 43P/03, 43P/07, 43P/11 and 43P/15 covering parts of Doda, Kishtwar and Kathua Districts of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K).
highly fractured rock and loose debris material

Varun Mandotra and Imran Khan., 2018. Macroscale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of Toposheet nos. 43O/12, 43O/16, 43P/03, 43P/07, 43P/11 and 43P/15 covering parts of Doda, Kishtwar and Kathua Districts of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K).

CARBONACEOUS PHYLLITE WITH MARBLE AND QUARTZITE

Pradeeep et al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 43O/4 and 43O/8, Udhampur and Doda districts, Jammu and Kashmir. GSI report of FS 2015-2016
Steep slope fractured rock and water action

Vulnerable slope condition, Highly jointed rock mass.

Vulnerable slope condition and highly jointed strata.

Vulnerable slope condition, presence of soft material, toe cut due to road cut

Plantation slope stabilization by triming and Concrete measures
steep slope devoid of vegetation toe erosion by Nalla, Rainfall and Trusted zone

Steep slope, highly sheared rocks and rainfall

Steep slope and fractured rocks and rainfall

Steep slope and fractured rocks and railfall

High slope gradient with sheared rock type

Steep slope and friable rockand thrust area

Reducing slope angle and retaining walls and plantation
High slope angle, moderate vegitation cover, road cutting and fractured rock type

Nala toe cutting, steep slope and Rainfall

Slope modification by benching and plantation aslo concrete retaining walls

Steep gradient and loose material got saturated with water

Rainfall and toe cutting by Nalla and loose debris

Plantation and benching with concrete retaining wall

Rainfall high slope gradient and fractured rocks

incompetency, rainfall, toe erosion by nala

road cutting, rainfall, structural disturbance, incompetency

Steep slope and extensive road cutting and rainfall

Loose debri got saturated with water and started flowing

highly fractured rock and vulerable slope

Diamictite, arenite with phyllite and ash beds
Vulnerable slope condition, presence of soft material, toe cut due to la

Due to highly fractured rock, Vulnerable slope condition

fractured and sheared rock, water saturation, steep slope, road cutting

loose debris material of granite gneiss, lla flow adjecent to slide

Carboceous & calcareous shale, slate & limestone

Planner failure, steep slope and wedge failure

Mandotra, V. and Khan, I., 2017. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheet no 43P/9 and 43P/10 Doda, Kathua and Udhampur Districts, Jammu and Kashmir; Unpubl. GSI Report 2016
highly fractured sheared rock and water action

Mandotra, V. and Khan, I., 2017. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheet no 43P/9 and 43P/10 Doda, Kathua and Udhampur Districts, Jammu and Kashmir; Unpubl. GSI Report 2016
highly fractured sheared rock, road cutting and water action

Slate, phyllite, quartzite, limestone & schist
Varun Mandotra and Imran Khan., 2017.Macroscale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of Toposheet nos. 43P/13 & 43P/14, Kathua and Doda districts, Jammu and Kashmir, Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh, Pathankot and Gurdaspur districts
Extensive slope modification due to road construction

Varun Mandotra and Imran Khan., 2017.Macroscale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of Toposheet nos. 43P/13 & 43P/14, Kathua and Doda districts, Jammu and Kashmir, Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh, Pathankot and Gurdaspur districts
Extensive slope modification due to road construction

Varun Mandotra and Imran Khan., 2017.Macroscale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of Toposheet nos. 43P/13 & 43P/14, Kathua and Doda districts, Jammu and Kashmir, Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh, Pathankot and Gurdaspur districts

Slate, phyllite, quartzite, limestone & schist

Extensive slope modification due to road construction

Mandotra, V. and Khan, I., 2017. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheet no 43P/9 and 43P/10 Doda, Kathua and Udhampur Districts, Jammu and Kashmir; Unpubl. GSI Report 2016
loose debris material toe cut and water action

Rainfall and landsliding in 14th mile
highly fractured sheared rock and water action

Dudu-Basantgarh road
highly fractured sheared rock and water action

Reactivation of 14th mile landslide due to heavy rain

Alternate bands of sandstone, mudstone and claystone
loose debris material toe cut and water action

Rainfall reduces cohesion of the material and day-lighting of joint sets resulted in slope failure.

Rainfall, cracks and weak geolocial condition

Excess vertical toe-cutting of hill slope for house construction i.e. 3 m without maintaining suitable slope results slope failure and adjacent cardamom cultivation.

rainfall and landsliding in 14th mile

Basantgarh

Alternate bands of sandstone, mudstone and claystone

Alternate bands of sandstone, mudstone and claystone
debris of murree formation recharge with waterlose its strength, softer lithogy and toe cutting

highly fractured sheared rock and gullies erosion

Nathi

Machedii-Chor road
highly fractured sheared rock and gullies erosion

debris of murree formation recharge with waterlose its strength, softer lithogy.

Barnoda

Barnoda
highly fractured sheared rock and gullies erosion

Bajnot

machedii road

Takound
higly jointed, high angle slope and water action

Machedii road

loose material of Muree rock, highly fractured rock and water action

Dat
loose material of Muree rock, highly fractured rock and water action

PMGYS road Gugund

Machedii-Chor road

highly sheared fractured rock due to Mundan thrust

highly jointedstrata, softer lithology mainly claystone

toe cutting and highly fractured & jointed starta

Kaug-Kalna

Takound

sukrala-machedi road

Simmi

paleno

Boulder conglomerate with sandstone and clay

Phyllite, slate, carbonaceous shale and limestone

The rock is highly fractured due to its close proximity to Fault/Thrust

The rock is highly fractured due to its close proximity to Thrust

Boulder conglomerate with sandstone and clay
The rock is highly weathered, fractured and crushed due to its close proximity to thrust

Renuka, K. and Tariq, Q. A., 2020. Macro-scale (1:50,000) National landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 52D/3, 43P/11, 12 , 15,16 and 44M/13, parts of Kangra , Una and Chamba districts, Himachal Pradesh. Unpublished GSI report.
Manual easing of slope at crown, filling of road and adjoining damaged zone wall with proper inclined weep holes.
Lack of proper drainage in the hill slope for water discharge, Domestic water flow from the affected slope.Link road cutting

Renuka, K. and Tariq, Q. A., 2020. Macro-scale (1:50,000) National landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 52D/3, 43P/11, 12 , 15,16 and 44M/13, parts of Kangra , Una and Chamba districts, Himachal Pradesh. Unpublished GSI report.
Proper toe support o as per site condition
Proper drainage diversion from affected area,Retaining wall with sufficient weep holes

near Uprali Haral village
Renuka, K. and Tariq, Q. A., 2020. Macro-scale (1:50,000) National landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 52D/3, 43P/11, 12 , 15,16 and 44M/13, parts of Kangra , Una and Chamba districts, Himachal Pradesh. Unpublished GSI report.

Haral uprali

Bhatoli

Proper drainage alignment along the road

Varun Mandotra et al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 43P/2 and 43P/6, Samba and Jammu districts, Jammu and Kashmir. GSI report of FS 2015-2016

Varun Mandotra et al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 43P/2 and 43P/6, Samba and Jammu districts, Jammu and Kashmir. GSI report of FS 2015-2016
softer lithology, water action, highly jointed and fractured

Varun Mandotra et al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 43P/2 and 43P/6, Samba and Jammu districts, Jammu and Kashmir. GSI report of FS 2015-2016
highly jointedstrata, softer lithology mainly claystone

Mandli

Mandli
toe cutting and highly fractured & jointed starta

Kalina

loose weathered material, gullies erosion, rainfall

debris of murree formation recharge with waterlose its strength, softer lithogy and toe cutting

highly crushed, sheared and fractured rock due to murree thrust

Dudu-Basantgarh road
loose debris material toe cut and water action

Dudu-mantalai road

road cutting, rainfall, Fracturing in sandstone, incompetency

toe erosion, slope unstability, incompetency, rainfall

removal of toe support, incompetent rock, differential erosion

loose unconsolidated material, water action, nalla erosion

Proper toe support as per site condition
Road cutting and Weathered rock on Steep slope

Easing of slope, proper lined drainage along road

Proper toe support & drainage

easing of slope, Proper drainage diversion from affected slope

Road cutting and saturation of Weathered rock

Drainage diversion from crown portion, easing of slope

Patti

Peh

Manisha B. et al., 2019. Macro-scale (1:50,000) National landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 52D/4, 53A/1, 2 , 3 and 44M/14, parts of Kangra , Una and Chamba districts,
Himachal Pradesh. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2018-2241
Highly weathered rock exposed on steep slope

Manisha B. et al., 2019. Macro-scale (1:50,000) National landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 52D/4, 53A/1, 2 , 3 and 44M/14, parts of Kangra , Una and Chamba districts,
Himachal Pradesh. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2018-2242

Manisha B. et al., 2019. Macro-scale (1:50,000) National landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 52D/4, 53A/1, 2 , 3 and 44M/14, parts of Kangra , Una and Chamba districts,
Himachal Pradesh. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2018-2193
Weathered rock exposed on steep slope, toe erosion by nala

Highly weathered rock exposed on steep slope

Loose boulders & weathered rock exposed on steep slope

Loose boulder , saturation by incessant rainfall

Loose boulder & weathered rock exposedbon steep slope

Weathered rock exposed on steep slope, saturation by rainfall

Weathered sandstone exposed on steep slope

Gagret Juice factory slide
Easing of slope, Proper drainage for water discharge to the stream flowing downslope, Toe support and foundation of appropriate design
Oversaturation of highly weathered mudstone due to incessant rainfall, blockage of drainage on the slope,

Reduction of strength of highly weathered mudstone by rainfall

Highly weathered mudstone exposed on steep slope

Removal of debris material from the slope

Retaining wall of suitable size along the road

Near Pong Dam

Proper drainage algnment,Removal of weathered material from slope

Ban Bilwan
Removal of weathered rock mass and plantation
Sheared rock mass, steep slope, rain fall and road cutting

Ban Bilwan
Removal of weathered rock mass and plantation
Sheared rock mass, steep slope, rainfall and road cutting

Dhanuna

Loose boulder conglomerate exposed on steep slope

Highly weathered shale exposed on road cut

Mandal, J., Lakshmanan K.,Renuka, 2019. Macro-scale (1:50,000) National landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 52D/8 and 53A/5, parts of Kangra, Chamba and Hamirpur districts, Himachal Pradesh. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2018-2019
STEEP ROCKY SLOPE FAILED DUE TO OVERSATURATION DURING RAINFALL

Loose debris exposed on road cut, debris saturation by rainfall

Loose boulder conglomerate exposed in nroad
Jwalamukhi Thrust passing nearby

Rasu Subsidence
Sandstone, shale, Nahan Formation, Lower Siwalik
Proximity to Jwalamukhi Thrust,
2 sets joints, SO 135┬░/50┬░->45┬░,J1 parallel S0, J2 200┬░ sub vertical (obsrved 200m above slide zone) moderately inclined slope with slope direction towards 160┬░
Detailed study required
Road blocked and damaged, The cumulative length of road affected by the incidence (as observed at 3 places along road bends) is about 570 m. while the cumulative surface width of the zone (along the slope) is about 100 m.
Removal of precarious boulders, lining of nana, unblocking of underlying drainage in the hill slope, filling of cracks by impervious material
Debris over saturation in anaclinal slope ,Toe erosion of hill slope by Baner khad, Lack of proper drainage in the hill slope for water discharge

Differential weathering of Sandstone and Shale

Jointed rock on road cut, debris saturation by rainfall

Jwalamukhi thrust passing nearby, 2 sets joints, 250-->vertical, 286/15-->196
Railway line passing down slope, orientation of cracks 83 degree, 30-40m of road stretch affected
shallow planar failure and shallow rotational failure
Proper toe support as per site condition, removal of precarious boulders
weathered & jointed rock mass exposed on road cut, Saturation of weathered rock mass and debris down slope

Loose debris saturated due to rainfall &exposed in road cut, weathered rock

Loose debris saturation by rainfalll,debris exposed in road cut

3 sets joints, SO 310/30->NE,J1 parallel S0, J2 50 vertical
Differential weathering of Sandstonne & Shale

3 sets joints, SO 310/30->NE,J1 parallel S0, J2 50 vertical
Proper toe support as per site condition
Differential weathering of sandstone & shale

3 sets joints, SO 310/30->NE,J1 parallel S0, J2 50 vertical

Jointed and weathered rock exposed on road cut

Loose debris saturation due to heavy down pour

Differential weathering of sandstone &Shale, Loose debris saturation due to precipitation

Debris saturation due to precipitation, weathered rock exposed on road cut

Highly weathered rock &loose debris saturation by rainfall

Loose debris saturation by rainfall, highly weathered rock

Proper toe support, retaining wall given
Weathered & Jointed rock on road cut, debris saturated by rainfall

proper toe support, retaining wall given
weathered & jointed rock on road cut, debris saturated by rainfall

Unscientific road cut without proper toe support in loose boulder conglomerate

Lack of toe support & loose boulder exposed on road cut

Loose boulder conglomerate exposed on road cut

Loose boulder conglomerate oversaturation and exposure on road cut

Loose bould├⌐r conglomerate exposed on road cut

Loose debris saturation by rainfall & exposure on road cut

Loose debris exposed on road cut & spur bend

Unscientific road cut without proper toe support

Highly weathered rock exposed on road cut

Extensive slope cut for road construction in weathered sandstone

Loose debris oversaturation, Toe erosion by nala

Weathered rock exposed on road cut, unscientific road cut, lack of toe support

Lack of toe support, road cut in weathered sandstone

Loose debris saturation by rainfall, debris exposure on road cut

Mandal, J., Lakshmanan K.,Renuka, 2019. Macro-scale (1:50,000) National landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 52D/8 and 53A/5, parts of Kangra, Chamba and Hamirpur districts, Himachal Pradesh. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2018-2019
UNSUPPORTED EXTENSIVE ROAD CUT SLOPE FAILED DUE TO SLOPE SATURATION DURING RAINFALL

Mandal, J., Lakshmanan K.,Renuka, 2019. Macro-scale (1:50,000) National landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 52D/8 and 53A/5, parts of Kangra, Chamba and Hamirpur districts, Himachal Pradesh. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2018-2019
DEBRIS SLOPE FAILED DUE TO SLOPE SATURATION DURING RAINFALL

STEEP DEBRIS SLOPE FAILED DUE TO SLOPE SATURATION

EXTENSIVE ROAD CUT ALONG HIGHLY JOINTED ROCKMASS

STEEP DEBRIS SLOPE FAILED DUE TO OVERSATURATION DURING RAINFALL

SBI GUEST HOUSE
UNSUPPORTED EXTENSIVE ROAD CUT SLOPE FAILED DUE TO SLOPE SATURATION DURING RAINFALL

DEBRIS SLOPE FAILED DUE TO OVERSATURATION DURING RAINFALL

INDRUNAG
UNSUPPORTED EXTENSIVE ROAD CUT ALONG HIGHLY JOINTED ROCKMASS FAILED DUE TO OVERSATURATION DURING RAINFALL

MANED
STEEP DEBRIS SLOPE FAILED DUE TO OVERSATURATION DURING RAINFALL

UNSUPPORTED EXTENSIVE ROAD CUT ALONG STEEP DEBRIS SLOPE FAILED DUE TO OVERSATURATION DURING RAINFALL

EXTENSIVE ROAD CUT ALONG STEEP DEBRIS SLOPE FAILED DUE TO OVERSATURATION DURING RAINFALL

SCALING OF LOOSE MATERIAL; LOADING OF TOE WITH GABION WALL
EXTENSIVE ROAD CUT ALONG HIGHLY FRACTURED ROCKMASS FAILED

UNSUPPORTED EXTENSIVE ROAD CUT ALONG STEEP DEBRIS SLOPE FAILED

KANDI
UNSUPPORTED EXTENSIVE ROAD CUT FAILED DUE TO OVERSATURATION DURING RAINFALL

SCALING OF LOOSE MATERIAL WITH BENCHES AT SUITABLE INTERVAL;CHANNELIZATION OF NALA
STEEP DEBRIS SLOPE FAILED DUE TO OVERSATURATION

SCALING OF LOOSE MATERIAL WITH BENCHES AT SUITABLE INTERVAL
EXTENSIVE ROAD CUT ALONG HIGHLY JOINTED ROCKMASS WITHOUT PROPER SUPPORT SYSTEM FAILED DUE TO OVERSATURATION DURING RAINFALL

EXTENSIVE ROAD CUT ALONG HIGHLY JOINTED ROCKMASS WITHOUT PROPER SUPPORT SYSTEM

UNSUPPORTED EXTENSIVE ROAD CUT ALONG STEEP DEBRIS SLOPE FAILED DUE TO SLOPE SATURATION DURING RAINFALL

JIHN
UNSUPPORTED EXTENSIVE ROAD CUT ALONG STEEP DEBRIS SLOPE FAILED DUE TO OVERSATURATION DURING RAINFALL

UNSUPPORTED EXTENSIVE ROAD CUT ALONG DEBRIS SLOPE FAILED DUE TO OVERSATURATION DURING RAINFALL

EXTENSIVE ROAD CUT ALONG STEEP DEBRIS SLOPE FAILED

STEEP DEBRIS SLOPE FAILED DUE TO SLOPE SATURATION DURING RAINFALL

BAREHAR
EXTENSIVE ROAD CUT ALONG STEEP DEBRIS SLOPE FAILED DUE TO SLOPE SATURATION DURING RAINFALL

UNSUPPORTED EXTENSIVE ROAD CUT ALONG DEBRIS SLOPE FAILED

RAJHAUN KHAS
DEBRIS SLOPE FAILED DUE TO SLOPE SATURATION DURING RAINFALL

NEAR STADIUM
UNSUPPORTED EXTENSIVE ROAD CUT ALONG STEEP DEBRIS SLOPE FAILED

SALAG
UNSUPPORTED EXTENSIVE ROAD CUT ALONG STEEP DEBRIS SLOPE FAILED DUE TO OVERSATURATION DURING RAINFALL

JAMULI
STEEP DEBRIS SLOPE FAILED DUE TO OVERSATURATION DURING RAINFALL

SCALING OF LOOSE MATERIAL WITH BENCHES AT SUITABLE INTERVAL; LOADING OF TOE WITH GABION WALL
EXTENSIVE ROAD CUT ALONG STEEP DEBRIS SLOPE

STEEP ROCK SLOPE FAILED DUE TO OVERSATURATION DURING RAINFALL

UPPER RAKKAR

SALAG
STEEP ROCK SLOPE FAILED DUE TO OVERSATURATION DURING RAINFALL; ENTIRE 200M STRETCH IS SLIDE PRONE DURING HEAVY RAINFALL

STEEP CUT SLOPE FAILED DUE TO OVERSATURATION DURING RAINFALL

SAROTRI
SCALING OF LOOSE MATERIAL; BENCHES AT SUITABLE INTERVAL; BREAST WALL
STEEP ROCK SLOPE FAILED DUE TO OVERSATURATION DURING RAINFALL

STEEP ROCK SLOPE FAILED DUE TO NALA BANK EROSION

BREAST WALL OF 2M HEIGHT UNDER CONSTRUCTION
UNSUPPORTED EXTENSIVE ROAD CUT ALONG STEEP DEBRIS SLOPE FAILED

STEEP DEBRIS SLOPE FAILED DUE TO OVERSATURATION DURING RAINFALL;

STEEP DEBRIS CUT SLOPE FAILED DUE TO OVERSATURATION DURING RAINFALL

ARMY CANTONMENT

NADDI

SCALING OF LOOSE MATERIAL; LOADING OF TOE WITH GABION WALL
EXTENSIVE ROAD CUT ALONG STEEP DEBRIS SLOPE FAILED DUE TO OVERSATURATION DURING RAINFALL

HIGHLY JOINTED ROCKMASS FAILED DUE TO OVERSATURATION DURING RAINFALL

KHAROTA
EXTENSIVE ROAD CUT ALONG STEEP DEBRIS SLOPE FAILED DUE TO OVERSATURATION DURING RAINFALL
SLIDES ALONG 100M STRETCH DUE TO SLOPE SATURATION

KHAROTA

BAGIYARA

Soft gravely sandstone, sandrock & loosely cemented conglomerate
Kumar, R., Athira, S.G., Vadakkedath, R., Rangari, K., 2019. Macro-scale (1:50,000) National landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 53A/9 and 53A/10, parts of Hamirpur, Bilaspur, Mandi and kangra districts, Himachal Pradesh. Unpub.
Toe support required, gabions/stone wall may be provided
extensive slope cut, no toe support, anthropogenic/rainfall, loose rock/boulders

Soft gravely sandstone, sandrock & loosely cemented conglomerate
Kumar, R., Athira, S.G., Vadakkedath, R., Rangari, K., 2019. Macro-scale (1:50,000) National landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 53A/9 and 53A/10, parts of Hamirpur, Bilaspur, Mandi and kangra districts, Himachal Pradesh. Unpub.
Toe support required, gabions/stone wall may be provided
extensive slope cut, no toe support, anthropogenic/rainfall, loose conglomerates

Soft gravely sandstone, sandrock & loosely cemented conglomerate
Kumar, R., Athira, S.G., Vadakkedath, R., Rangari, K., 2019. Macro-scale (1:50,000) National landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 53A/9 and 53A/10, parts of Hamirpur, Bilaspur, Mandi and kangra districts, Himachal Pradesh. Unpub.
Drainage channelization,Toe support required, gabions/stone wall may be provided
extensive slope cut, no toe support, anthropogenic/rainfall

GHAROH
ROAD CUT ALONG STEEP DEBRIS SLOPE FAILED DUE TO OVERSATURATION DURING RAINFALL
SLIDES ALONG 100M STRETCH DUE TO SLOPE SATURATION

ROAD CUT ALONG STEEP SLOPE FAILED DUE TO OVERSATURATION DURING RAINFALL

TIHRI
ROAD CUT ALONG STEEP DEBRIS SLOPE FAILED DUE TO OVERSATURATION DURING RAINFALL

SCALING OF LOOSE MATERIAL WITH BENCHES AT SUITABLE INTERVAL; LOADING OF TOE WITH BREAST WALL
EXTENSIVE ROAD CUT ALONG HIGHLY JOINTED ROCKMASS WITHOUT PROPER SUPPORT SYSTEM

SCALING OF LOOSE MATERIAL; LOADING OF TOE WITH GABION WALL

EXTENSIVE ROAD CUT ALONG HIGHLY JOINTED ROCKMASS FAILED DUE TO OVERSATURATION DURING RAINFALL

SCALING OF LOOSE MATERIAL; LOADING OF TOE WITH BREAST WALL

DARNOO
HIGHLY FRACTURED STEEP SLOPE FAILED DUE TO OVERSATURATION DURING RAINFALL

Streaky augen and banded gneiss with minor quartzite band
Mandal, J. and Kumar, R., 2020. Macroscale (1: 50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheet Nos. 52D/11, 52D/12, and 52D/03 (Part), parts of Kangra, Chamba and Mandi Districts, Himachal Pradesh. Unpublished GSI report.
Scaling of loose material; Gabion/breast wall

Toe support required, gabions/stone wall may be provided
Fractured / highly jointed mass, extensive slope cut, no toe support, anthropogenic/rainfall.

Rainfall/ Anthropogenic, Toe erossion by nala
extensive slope cut, no toe support, anthropogenic/rainfall, loose rock/boulders

Grey micaceous sand, silt and loose gravel
extensive slope cut, no toe support, anthropogenic/rainfall, loose rock/boulders

UNSUPPORTED EXTENSIVE ROAD CUT ALONG HIGHLY JOINTED ROCKMASS

UNSUPPORTED EXTENSIVE ROAD CUT ALONG HIGHLY JOINTED ROCKMASS FAILED

CHOLA

EXTENSIVE ROAD CUT ALONG HIGHLY FRACTURED ROCKMASS FAILED

DHARAMKOT
DEBRIS SLOPE FAILED DUE TO OVERSATURATION DURING RAINFALL

Nabiyal, V., Ganguly, S., 2019. Macro-scale (1:50,000) National landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 53A/6, 7 and 53A/11, parts of Kangra , Hamirpur, Una and Bilaspur districts, Himachal Pradesh. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2018-2019

Nabiyal, V., Ganguly, S., 2019. Macro-scale (1:50,000) National landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 53A/6, 7 and 53A/11, parts of Kangra , Hamirpur, Una and Bilaspur districts, Himachal Pradesh. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2018-2019
Scaling off losse material and retaining wall of suitable height for toe support.
Rainfall leading to stauration of material along the steep slope.

Sandstone & interbedded clays of red sand chocolate brown colour
Fractured / highly jointed mass, extensive slope cut, no toe support, anthropogenic/rainfall.

Sandstone & interbedded clays of red sand chocolate brown colour

Nabiyal, V., Ganguly, S., 2019. Macro-scale (1:50,000) National landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 53A/6, 7 and 53A/11, parts of Kangra , Hamirpur, Una and Bilaspur districts, Himachal Pradesh. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2018-2019
Toe loading by providing retaining wall in benches.
Oversaturation of material due to high rainfall.

Loading of toe by installing retaining wall of sufficient height.
Oversaturation of material due to rainfall.

Scaling off loose material and proper toe support by Gabbion wall.
Oversaturated material along the steep slope slides down trigerred by rainfall.

Installation of gabbion wall in benches.
Oversaturated material along the steep slope slides down trigerred by rainfall.

Toe loading by providing retaining wall of sufficient height in benches.
Oversaturation of material due to rainfall along the slope.

Installation of retaining wall in benches.
Oversaturation of material due to rainfall.

Toe loading by providing retaining wall of sufficient height in benches.
Oversatutaion of debri material due to rainfall.

Toe loading by providing Gabbion wall of sufficient height.
Oversaturation of material due to rainfall.

Toe loading by providing retaining wall in benches.
Oversaturation of material along the slope due to heavy rainfall.

Toe support by providing Gabbion wall of sufficient height.
Oversaturation of material along the slope due to rainfall.

To increase the height of the retaining wall already provided.
Highly shattered rocks failed along steep extensive slope cut trigerred by rainfall.

Scaling off loose material and toe loading by providing retaining wall in benches.
Failure along the steep extensive road cut trigeered by rainfall.

To increase th height of retaining wall and lined drainage at upslope.
Heavy rainfall leading to slope saturation and failure.

Toe support by providng retainng wall of sufficient height.
Highly shattered rocks along the extensive slope cut trigerred by rainfall.

Toe loading by providing retaining wall in benches of sufficient height
Oversaturation of material due to rainfall along the steep slope

Scaling off loose material and loading toe by providing Gabion wall in benches.
Saturation of material along the steep slope due to rainfall

Toe erosion by Nala, aggreavated during Monsson due to heavy rainfall.

Scaling off loose material and installation of retaining wall of sufficient height.
Oversaturation of material along the unsupported extensive road cut duee to rainfall.

To increase the height of retaining wall, which has already been given.
slope saturation along the unsupported extensive road cut due to rainfall and spur failure also.

Scaling off loose material and to increase the height of retaining wall, which has already been given.
Oversaturation of debris material along the unsupported extensive road cut.

To increase the height of retaining wall, which has already been given.
Unsupported extensive road cut and oversaturation of material due to rainfall.

To increase the height the retaining wall, which has already been given.
Saturation of material due to high rainfall

Scaling off loose material and toe loading by installing retaining wall of sufficient height in benches.
Oversaturation of material due to heavy rainfall.

Scaling off loose material and toe loading by providing retaining wall.
Slope saturation of material due to rainfall.

Toe loading by providing retaining wall.
Overstauration of material due to rainfall.

Scaling off loose material and toe loading by providing retaining wall.
Failure of pulverized and shattered rock mass along steep extensive slope cut trigerred by rainfall.

Installation of retaining wall of sufficient height.
Oversaturated material along the steep slope slides down trigerred by rainfall.

Toe loading by providing retaining wall of sufficient height in benches.

Toe loading by providing gabbion wall of sufficient height.

High rise toe support along to contain the 1/3 of slide height (5 mts) rock mass
Obsequent slope of low NE dipping micaceous sandstone, highly weathred located at road spur

Scaling off loose material and retaining wall.
Highly shattered rocks in the steep slope saturates and slides down.

Scaling of loose material and installation of wire net.
Highly shattered rocks in the steep slope saturates and slides down.

Scaling off loose material and installation of wire net.
Highly shattered rocks in the steep slope saturates and slides down.

Installation of gabbion wall of sufficient height.
Oversaturation of material along the steep slope due to high rainfall.

Toe loading by providing retaining wall of sufficient height.
Highly shattered rocks along the extensive slope cut trigerred by rainfall.

Toe support by providing retaining wall of sufficient height.
Oversaturation of material along the slope due to rainfall.

Crate wall with suitable height and toe support
Rainfall within the highly sheared rocks

Cratewall construction with proper toe support.

Crate wall construction with proper toe support

Cratewall construction with proper toe support
Rainfall within the highly fractured rocks.

Loading of toe by installing retaining wall of suffiecient height and by providng channelised drainage system.
Saturation of material along the steep slope due to rainfall.

Loading of toe by installing retaining wall of suffiecient height and by providng channelised drainage system.

Sacling of loose material and loading of toe part.

Scaling off loose material and toe support with RCC wall
Unsupported Extensive road cut and rainfall

Ramesh Kumar et al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 53A/15, E/03, Mandi, Bisaspur and Solan districts, Himachal Pradesh. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2015-2016

Ramesh Kumar et al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 53A/15, E/03, Mandi, Bisaspur and Solan districts, Himachal Pradesh. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2015-2016
Inaccessible area, measured away from 1km

Ramesh Kumar et al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 53A/15, E/03, Mandi, Bisaspur and Solan districts, Himachal Pradesh. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2015-2016
near to thrust
loose debris ,hanging boulders, highly fractured and closely jointedrock

near to thrust

loose scaling,retaining wall with weep hole
highly fractured ,weathered , closely jointed sandstone,rainfall

slope modification above the wall

12 m away 31A
weathered rock,lack of toe support, rainfall, steep slope

Loading of toe with RCC wall of suitable height.

Loading of toe with Breast wall of sufficient height.

RCC wall of suitable height with weep holes which has already been given

Scaling off loose material and installation of retaining wall of sufficient height.
Rainfall leading to oversaturation of material.

Scaling off loose material and installation of retaining wall of sufficient height.
Scaling off loose material and installation of retaining wall of sufficient height and spur failure also.

Oversaturation of material due to rainfall and spur failure also.

Highly weathered and fractured rock, Unplanned roadcut

gabbion wall provided got damaged, transverse cracks observed inside the slide area
Gabbion wall with wire mesh, slope modification

highly fractured closly jounted shale ,steep slope cut

main scarp 2m deep

Loose weathered shale mixed with rainwater

Hanging blocks has to be removed, 0.6m thick shear band (dextral sense)
Slope modification, retaining structure for 20m stretch

slide 23B same as 23 slide encountered within 50m
Unplanned roadcut, weathered rock and rainfall

highly fractured closly jounted sandstone ,steep slope cut

Scaling off loose material and retaining wall of sufficient height.

Due to quarrying activity, slide has trigerred

Rainfall leading to stauration of material along the steep slope.

To increase the height of Gabbion wall, already provided.
Rainfall leading to stauration of material along the steep slope.

Loading of Toe by providing retaining wall of suitable height.

Installation of channleised drainage sysytem and increase in height of retaining wall.

Oversaturation of material along the steep slope due to rainfall.

Highly shattered rocks of Sirmur near thrust, slided down due to rainfall and steep slope.

Scaling off loose materia, claening of hill side drain and increase in height of retaining wall.
Rainfall leading to planar failure on right portion of landslide.

Loading of toe by installation of Gabion wall of sufficient height.
Heavy rainfall leading to oversaturation of material.

Toe loading by providing retaining wall of suitable height in benches.
Oversaturation of material due to high rainfall.

Installation of Gabbion wall in benches of suitable height.
Oversaturation of material along the steep slope due to high rainfall.

Scaling off loose material and loading of toe by providing Gabbion wall in benches.
Oversaturation of material due to high rainfall.

Loading of toe with installation of retaining wall of sufficient height

Loading of toe by installing retaining wall of suffiecient height and by providng channelised drainage system.
Oversaturation of material due to rainfall

Toe support with retaining wall of suitable height
Rainfall in highly fractured, sheared rocks.

Toe support with retaining wall of suitable height

Red clay, purple siltstone, sandstone and intraformational conglomerate
Fractured / highly jointed mass, extensive slope cut, no toe support, anthropogenic/rainfall.

Rahul V. et al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 53A/13, 14, Kullu and Mandi districts, Himachal Pradesh. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2015-2016

Rahul V. et al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 53A/13, 14, Kullu and Mandi districts, Himachal Pradesh. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2015-2016
weathered and jointed rock on steep slope

Rahul V. et al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 53A/13, 14, Kullu and Mandi districts, Himachal Pradesh. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2015-2016
exposeure of weathered rock on steep slope

highly weathered sandstone and shale exposed on steep slope

gabion wall given partly.it should be given throughout the slide
weathered rock and loose debris on steep slope,road cut

highly weathered rock and loose debris on steep slope

highly weathered and jointed rock on steep slope became unstable due to road cut

highly weathered shale in between sandstone bands

Red clay, purple siltstone, sandstone and intraformational conglomerate

thrust passing nearby

highly weathered and jointed rock on steep slope

highly weathered rock on steep slope, toe erosion by nala

loose debris on steep slope, toe erosion

weathered rock on steep slope, human activity

slope cut for hotel building, weathered shale

loose debris and weathered rock on steep slope

Mandlog,Near milestone 8 of SH 32, river bank

retaining wall given and partly destroyed
weathered rock on road cut, human activity

differential weathering of sandstone and shale

slope cut for building of house, weathered rock

retaining wall given, it should be given throughout the slide

Vrindavani
Intermittent fall of the loose rock blocks causing inconvenience
to passing traffic.
Sporadic/intermittent rock falls cannot be ruled out in the future.
206/130Km to 206/160Km on NH-21 (Along Pandoh - Mandi Stretch)
Damp to Wet, as on the day of field observation
i) Erection of Landslide warning sign board; ii) Surface drainage management on crown portion of hill slope as well as for hill side drains; iii) Manual removal of precarious rock blocks, if any, after proper identification.
Loss to civil structures viz. road, retention structures as informed by HPPWD authorities
Jointed rock mass as observed in hill side accessible portion of cut slope. Formation of rock blocks formed by root-wedging, jointing and rock weathering/alteration. Subvertical cut-slope

steep slope and highly jointed lithology

highly jointed and weathered rock on steep slope

Extensisve slopecut without toe support, loose material

crown cracks are visible from the bottom/negative slope
rotational/multiple slide main scarp with 15m dept

retaining wall provided with 35m. Which got damaged by slide.
steep slope cuts with negative slope and toe erosion by nala

Extensive slope cut for road cut, Highly fractured jointed rock

Loose debris distributed by nala erosion

retaining wall given which is insufficient

thrust passing
lightly deformed and weak lithology exposed due to road cut

Crumbled rock cover, ESC without toe support

close proximity to thrust,valleyward slope, steep slope cut, wet condition

loose quarternary sediments, nala erosion, wet condition

loose quarternary sediments, nala erosion, wet condition, steep slope cut

highly folded/deformed rock
Runout material sliding inside the reservoir area

continiuosly slide debris material flowing inside the reservoir
Runout material sliding inside the reservoir area
Steep slope cut, closely jointed,highly weathered rock

1m wide 3m length crown cracks odserved, road completely damaged, run out material sliding inside the reservoir area
Runout material sliding inside the reservoir area
Highly weathered and fractured rock,steep slope,toe erosion

Loose debris,weathered Rock, toe cutting (road)

Nala erosion and extensive slope cut for road

close proximity of thrust
Evacuation of families, cracks in the upper part of the slope of Jaksing village
Extensive slope cut and jointed rockmass

Rainfall
extensive slope cut & highly jointed rock mass

Inaccessible area
Breast wall /gabbions has to be given in an interval
Nala erosion, ESC for road, crumbled rock

Highly weathered crumbled rock, ESC for road, close proximity to Thrust

Extensive slope cut for road and crumbled/fractured rock

Road cut without toe support, extremely disturbed area with crumbled rock mass

local stone quarrying in progress
Extensive slope cut without toe support, highly weathered rockmass

Extensive slope cut without toe support, Highly jointed rockmass with 1m weathered rock cover

Slope modifications with Gabbion wall, Shallow rooted trees should be uprooted inside the slide
Extensive slope cut, Closely jointed rock mass, Debris

Measured from distance/ Inaccessible area
Loose debris cover triggered by nala erosion

Agricultual land ,5-15 wide crack with a subsidence of 10-15 cm
Extensisve slopecut without toe support, loose material

Slip plane (70/48NW) = valley dipping - rainwater slope failure

extensive slope cut of highly jointed rockmass

Plaeoslide reactivated
extensive slope cut of highly jointed rockmass

Extensive road cut in highly weatyred rock

Extensive road cut in highly jointed rock

Highly Jointed/weathred rock extensive slope cut

entire road stretch of ~100m as tobe provided with slope modification and retaining structures
extensive slope cut of highly jointed rockmass

close proximity of thrust

Extensive slope cut, Highly fractured rock mass

Extensive slope cut and Rainfall,Highly fractured rock

Palaeoslide got reactivated due to extensive slope cut for road and rainfall induced

Extensive slope cut for road and fracture rock

Highly crumbled rock reactivated by extensive slope cut for road and rain fall

Highly crumbled rock trigged by road cut and rain fall

rainfall, weathered Rock mass and extensive slope cut

Palaeoslide debris got rectivated during rainfall along the road cut

retaining wall and loose scaling for overhanging blocks

main scarp 7m deep

Already provided retaining wall is not enough. It has to be given for entire stretch about 50-60m.
Extensive slope cut and highly joined rock

Extensive slope cut for road without toe support, debris cover with precarious boulders in 3m dia

Extensive slope cut, stabilized slided material got reactivated, porewater pressure increased by railfall

J1=060/vertical, J2=N-S/65W, J3=100/45NE (Valleyward dipping)hillward dipping
Extensive slope cut and highly fractured rock mass

Extensive slope cut and highly jointed rock mass

Extensive slope cut and highly joined rock

Slope has to be protected for 20m stretch .
Palaeoslide got reactivated due to extensive slope cut for road and rainfall induced

Slope modifications and retaining wall with weepholes

Wedge failure,ESC and highly jointed rock mass

Extensive slope cut, Rainfall triggered along roadcut, Fractured rockmass

Rainfall and steep slope.

road subsidence along nala

drainage to be channalized, retaining walls with weepholes, shallow rooted trees inside the slide to be uprooted
Extensive slope cut, Soil & debris cover >3m, rainfall triggered

Palaeoslide
Extensive slope cut without toe support, top- soil sliding along the slip plane

Palaeoslide reactivated due to ESC and rainfall

Rainfall triggered, loose debris, Toe cutting for road construction

Extensive slope cut without toe support, loose debris cover/weathered rock with precarious boulders

Extensive slope cut for road cutting, weathered rocks sliding inside the nala

Extensive slope cut, Highly jointed rock

Extensive slope cut, weathered rock mass

Extensive slope cut, Loose debris(weathered rock) , Main scarp 2m measured, Rainfall triggered

Extensive slope cut for road cut, weathered rock above the rock

Highly loose crumbled rock, Nala erosion and road cut

Loose debris with boulders, ESC for road cut

J3 &J4 FORMING WEDGE FAILURE, cut slope, CLOSELY JOINTED ROCK

Extensive slope cut without toe support for road, Rainfall triggered

Measured from distance/ Inaccessible area

Extensive slope cut for road cut and weathered rock

Roadcut without toe support, highly jointed rock

Toe support needed and precarious boulders to be removed from slide area
Extensive slope cut for road, loose debris cover over the bed rock

kumar ramesh. et al., 2017. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 53E/7 & 11,Shimla,Kullu & Mandi districts, Himachal Pradesh. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2016-2017
Gabbion for entire stretch of slide, Toe support
Extensive slope cut, Highly jointed rock, Toe support absent

kumar ramesh. et al., 2017. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 53E/7 & 11,Shimla,Kullu & Mandi districts, Himachal Pradesh. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2016-2017
RC wall with weepholes , Toe support for entire slide stretch, Toe portion to be loaded
Colluvium alluvium mixed material, Rainfall triggered the road cut area

kumar ramesh. et al., 2017. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 53E/7 & 11,Shimla,Kullu & Mandi districts, Himachal Pradesh. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2016-2017
Extensive slope cut, Highly jointed rock, Rainfall triggered.

Toe erosion by Nala, Loose weathered rock

Gabbion wall/RC wall , Toe support for entire slide stretch
Extensive slope cut for road cut, Approx 40m stretch Highly fractured jointed rock

Road bend, Extensive slope cut for road without toe support, Highly fractured

Extensive slope cut and Rainfall,Highly fractured rock,

Provided gabbion wall got damaged, RC wall with weep holes to be provided. Slope modification with bench cutting
Extensisve slopecut without toe support, Crumbled rock mass, rainfall

Extensive slope cut for road, weathered rock mass along the Nala

Since 2011 reactivated, highly weathered rock

Lakshmanan et al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 53E/1, 2, Kullu and Mandi districts, Himachal Pradesh. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2015-2016
Extensive road cut all along the road stretch

Lakshmanan et al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 53E/1, 2, Kullu and Mandi districts, Himachal Pradesh. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2015-2016
three slides side by side along road stretch due to road cut

Lakshmanan et al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 53E/1, 2, Kullu and Mandi districts, Himachal Pradesh. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2015-2016

Unsupported road-cut along steep rocky slope

Rahul V. et al., 2017. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 53E/6, 10 & 14, Kullu, Mandi, Shimla and Kinnaur districts, Himachal Pradesh. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2016-2017
Toe erosion by Tirthan river,steep slope

J1 350 DEGREE/37 DEGREE-->NE, J2 320 DEGREE/47 DEGREE-->NE,
Rahul V. et al., 2017. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 53E/6, 10 & 14, Kullu, Mandi, Shimla and Kinnaur districts, Himachal Pradesh. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2016-2017

Rahul V. et al., 2019. Macro scale (1:50,000) PGRS based landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of toposheet nos. 52H/13,14,15 & 16; 52L/2,3,4,6,7,8,11,12; 53e/13; 3I/1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15 & 16 and 53M/4 in parts of Kinnaur, Kullu a
Highly weathered material on steep slope

Rahul V. et al., 2017. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 53E/6, 10 & 14, Kullu, Mandi, Shimla and Kinnaur districts, Himachal Pradesh. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2016-2017
Weathered and jointed rock on steep slope

Highly jointed and weathered phyllite on steep slope

Highly weathered phyllite on steep slope, saturation of weathered rock

hockey stick bending of trees

Saturation of weathered rock material and debris, toe erosion

J1 35 DEGREE/37 DEGREE-->SE, J2 320 DEGREE/47 DEGREE-->NE,

Weathered rock and loose debris on steep slope

Weathered and jointed rock exposed on road cut

Toe erosion by river, debris saturation by nala

Toe erosion by river, debris saturation in the upslope by agricultural activities

Sheared and jointe drock exposed on road cut

J1 290 DEGREE/45 DEGREE-->SE, J2 140 DEGREE/47 DEGREE-->SW,

Over saturation of debris, toe erosion by river

Steep slope, toe erosion by river, jointed rock

Toe erosion by Tirthan river, steep slope

Intensely foliated mica schist + granite gneiss
unstable slope along rock-debris contact due to unsupported road-cut

Rahul V. et al., 2017. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in partSouth of toposheets no. 53E/6, 10 & 14, Kullu, Mandi, Shimla and Kinnaur districts, Himachal Pradesh. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2016-2017

Intensely foliated mica schist + granite gneiss

Unsupported road-cut induced small slides all along the road

10m length tension cracks along the road
Retaining wall with weep holes along failed stretch

Unstable

Gneissic rock with garnetiferous mica schist
Extensive road cut along saturated overburden

Slide along rock-debris contact
unstable slope along rock-debris contact due to unsupported road-cut during road widening

Dwada landslide Dwada [231/370 to Km 231/480Km]
Unstable (in cut slope portions; the situation may change, however, especially during rainy seasons due to widening of joints, especially in middle and upper reaches of escarpment slope).
NH-21 (Along Deod - Hanogi - Dwada Stretch)
Damp/Wet to Dripping at select places, as on the day of field observation
PWD authorities have been requested for the topographic survey of the area especially for observed L sections of the problem area
Loss to civil structures viz. valley side girders and road, as informed by HPPWD authorities
Formation of rock blocks (of few centimetres to about 2 x 2m, in general) due to wedges.

already dislodged rockmass slided due to road cut

Unsupported road-cut on colluvial material disturbing toe

Deod-Jogini stretch of NH-21
Moderately weathered and jointed Phyllitic quartzites of Chamba Formation
The rock fall incidence has occurred along Chandigarh-Mandi-
Manali National Highway-21 [in Pandoh Dam-Aut Section on
the right bank slope (N1800) of Beas river]
Unstable slope, especially in rainy seasons (Due to opening/widening of joints and wedge formation)
NH-21 (Along Deod-Jogini stretch of Pandoh-Aut Section)
Damp to wet as observed on the day(s) of field work.
Road, Barren in most part of steep rock slope.
Traffic was halted for about 5hrs and could be re-opened (after 22:00hrs) after clearing of fallen rock blocks and rock debris, by deploying three excavators (as informed by HPPWD, Pandoh)
Removal of precariously standing and overhang rock blocks (manual removal, without blasting, by adopting suitable precautionary measures); Long term remedial measures can be planned only after detailed site specific studies.
Damage to Steel railing on valley side, parapet wall and road
The rock fall took place due to wedges formed in jointed and moderately weathered rock mass; the upper up-slope portion is not at all visible from road level due to inaccessibility; As on day(s) of field observation damp to wet hydrological condition ob

Deod slide
Phyllitic quartzite belonging to Chamba Formation
Rainfall; Anthropogenic activity viz. manual excavation of rock (in areas close to upper portion of slide complex) for preparing traditional roof-top blocks, as informed by PWD authorities.
1) The slide is in active state as on day of field observation (29/07/17 and 01/08/17), as evidenced by re-activation/ re-occurrence of slope failure on 01/08/17 (morning). Debris clearing 2 Nos. of JCBs were on way on 01/08/17 by giving intermittent sho
NH-21 (Near Deod Village): Tehsil: Aut, District Mandi
Sealing of ground cracks, 2) Better water diversion measures by providing suitably planned and designed contour drains at select levels, 3) Providing retention support on hill side with suitably designed outlets for water, 4) Removal of precariously sta
Loss to Boulder crate wall constructed for slope stabilization
Development of ground/tension cracks up-slope; Ingress of water through cracks as well as loose/weak rock mass followed by likely scouring of weak rock mass and debris material; The permeability contrast of two different media i.e. the overlying debris/

Extensive road cut approximately along 200m along the road
Unsupported road-cut along steep rocky slope

Extensive road cut induced small debris slides all along 300m road stretch

three slides side by side along road stretch due to road cut
Unsupported road-cut along steep rocky slope

Slides due to excavation during project construction work
Rock+thin overburden slided due to anthropogenic excavation

Unsupported road-cut along steep rocky slope at the sharp U bend of the road

Unsupported road-cut along steep rocky slope at the U bend of the road

Two slides side by side along road stretch due to road cut

slide at the nala junction at the bend of the road due to no proper support system

Extensive road cut all along the newly constructed road stretch
Scaling of loose material; toe loading by providing breast wall

Scaling of loose material; toe loading by providing breast wall

Extensive road cut all along the newly constructed road stretch

two slides side by side along road stretch due to road cut

Four slides side by side along road stretch due to road cut

Existing retaining wall failed due to overloading of above retaining wall structure
Unsupported road-cut on steep colluvial foot slope

Unstable negetive slope created due to road-cut failed

Highly jointed rock slope with foliation dipping towards valley got daylighted during road construction causing planar failure

Tilted poles and hocky stick bends in trees indicating creep action
Slope with rock-debris contact disturbed during road-cut

Highly jointed rockmass failed due to saturation and freezing thawing action

Thick debris resting over unsupported cut-slope; freezing thawing action lead to failure

Highly shattered steep rockmass

Unsupported extensive road-cut; freezing thawing action

Highly disturbed area; rock is intensely foliated with foliation dip vertical to subvertical; during further reactivation road will be damaged

Active slide along ~100 m stretch of road
Saturated overburdeb slide due to unsupported road-cut

Damp overburden; saturated due to rainfall/snowfall
slide occured during to freezing and thawing action along unsupported steep road-cut

Detached boulders resting over the slide may fall during heavy snowfall/rainfall

presence of tension cracks along road

Old slide reactivated
Scaling of loose material; 3 m retaining wall structure with weep holes
Steep natural slope disturbed due to unsupported road-cut

Already supported with gabion walls which failed during reativation
Scaling of loose material; Gabion wall of suitable height
Highly jointed rockmass; steep natural slope; Unsupported road-cut

Vertical cut-slope with agricultural terrace lead to saturation resulted in rotational failure

Gabion wall below road broken due to over saturation

Old slide scar present above active zone
Old slide reactivated due to freezing and thawing action along unsupported road-cut

Retaining wall support along road with weep holes for suitable height
Natural slope disturbed due to road cut without support at nala junction

Unsupported extensive road-cut all along the newly constructed road

Unsupported road-cut; sharp U turn in semi saturated morainic material without proper support system

Small slide at road bend

Initiated due to unsupported road cut in rock-debris contact

Houses/settlements, bridge near river bank has been washed away during July, 2014 due to debris slide at higher reaches.
Gabion walls in upstream; Ht increase bridge at 10-15 m; retaining wall ; toe drain needed foot slope ensuring drainage should not get chocked.

Saturated morinic soil slide with freezing/thawing action during summer and winter

a stretch of 600 m road show sinking; tilted trees, tilting and subsidence of transformers and road side divider/side wall

Presence of wide open tension cracks at the crown portion may trigger future slide
Berms at regular interval; nala channelization; interconnected toe drains
Thick claye saturated in-situ soil, water stagnation, climatic variation with freezing and thawing action

Gabion wall broken due to slide

Initiated due to unsupported road-cut

Extensive road cut approximately along 250m along the road

Slide along rock-debris contact
RCC wall (2m) followed by gabion wall (1+1+1m) upslope already provided

Failed gabion
Road-cut along steep debris slope; slide crown at rock-debris contact.

Extensive road-cut along 500 m stretch
Scaling of loose material; toe loading with retaining wall with suitable dimension
Natural slope disturbed due to road cut without support

Failed gabion
Breast wall at the toe; slope dressing with intermediate berms
Natural slope disturbed due to road cut without support

Highly crushed rockmass
Unsupported road cut without support at nala junction

Khunnopari Village
Phyllitic quartzite belonging to Katarigali Formation
A complex slope failure involving slide and subsidence. The
slope as such is assessed to be unstable subjecting a part of the
settlement, agricultural land & orchards, electrical poles at risk.
The slope is assessed to be unstable. Detailed mapping and
survey is in progress.
Hanogi-Bandi Link road (Off NH-21: Near Hanogi, HP)
Sparsely vegetated [1) Orchards and agricultural terraces: Upslope Khunnopari Village: at least 4-5 level of terraces behind the Settlement; Downslope village: On failure affected slopes; 2) Settlement: Khunnopari Settlement; 3) Road: Hanogi-Bandi link r
Cracks observed in a few homes in Khunnopari village settlement upslope, Orchard and agricultural land destroyed.
1. Vigil is required by concerned local authorities for the affected
slope;
2. Villagers of Khunnopari village should also be vigilant
regarding further retrograding of the slide upslope towards
village and should inform the local authorities about the s
Retrograding slope failure that may cause slope instability to PKTCL Electric Transmission Tower and Electric Poles
Anthropogenic activities (viz. road cut slope cutting on hill side
causing loss to toe support of hill side slope); Extremely poor
surface drainage system (No outlet mechanism/system in
agricultural terraces and orchards on the slope as well as
domestic

Extensive road-cut all along Lag valley road due to road widening

Initiated due to unsupported road-cut along steep rocky slope

Highly jointed and crushed Dolomitic limestone
Dislodged rocks are hanging at places where it forms half tunnels
Initiated due to unsupported road-cut along steep rocky slope

Scaling of loose material; toe loading with RCC wall with suitable dimension; channelise drainage in upslope
Unsupported cut-slope due to road-cut failed under saturated condition

Natural slope disturbed due to road cut without support

~1m thick scree or slope wash cover over rock slided

Slide at the hinge of a local fold
unsupported cut-slope on highly crushed rockmass failed in due course

Rainfall, steep slope, weathering of rock

Old slide initiated during NH 21 construction
Toe protection at river level by RCC wall; Toe protection at road level by dry stone masonry retaining wall
Natural slope profile and equilibrium disturbed during road construction

Old slide initiated during NH 21 construction
RCC toe wall at road level with wire mesh and fence to catch rock fall
Steep rock slope with highly jointed rockmass left unprotected after road-cut

Batha to Julah slide zone
Rock along with 1 m thick debris cover slided

Near to nala

Old slide initiated during NH 21 construction
Toe protect at NH-21 road level with 3 m retaining wall structure
Thick pile of RBM terrace slope cut through for NH-21 failed during rain due to lack of support

unsupported cut-slope on highly crushed rockmass

Toe protection at river level by RCC wall; Toe protection at road level by retaining wall
Natural slope profile and equilibrium disturbed during road construction

Ill constructed support system failed
Scaling of loose material; dressing of slope by providing bench at suitable interval
Road-cut; Presence of highly jointed rockmass with shears

Removal of material; dressing up of slope by cut slope; nala channelisation by providing step gabion along nala course

Chaubey RS et al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 52D/16, 52H/4, Mandi, Kullu, Chamba and Kangra districts, Himachal Pradesh. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2015-2016

Chaubey RS et al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 52D/16, 52H/4, Mandi, Kullu, Chamba and Kangra districts, Himachal Pradesh. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2015-2016
Slope destabalization due to extensive cut slopes for road widening and rainfall

Chaubey RS et al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 52D/16, 52H/4, Mandi, Kullu, Chamba and Kangra districts, Himachal Pradesh. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2015-2016
Slope destabalization due to rainfall and slope cut for road

Slope destabalization due to rainfall and improper agricultural practices

Slope destabalization due to rainfall and unplanned agricultural practices

Slope destabalization due to rainfall and toe cut by river

Slope destabalization due to slope cutting for road widening

Road taking turn make rock joint daylight along slope face causing planar failure; earlier provided gabion wall failed
Foliation is dipping upstream and cross-cut joint dipping downstream combined to form wedge

Slide along nala
Slide on 1-2 m debris cover over steep rocky slope during rainfall

Major rock slide along Chail Chawk-Jhanjheli road; presently inactive
unsupported cut-slope on highly crushed rockmass

RCC retaining wall of suitable dimension with weep holes
Unprotected cutslope at road level trigger slide during rainfall

Scaling of loose material; toe protection by proving breast wall
Highly jointed phyllitic rockmass dipping towards slope failed due to rainfall

Scaling of loose material; toe protection by proving breast wall

Retaining wall support along road with weep holes for suitable height
Steep natural rock slope with debris cover as talus got slided along the road when toe is disturbed

Scaling of loose material; toe loading with retaining wall with suitable dimension
Over saturation of steep debris slope resulted in rotational failure

Sinking zone
Toe protection at river level by RCC wall; Toe protection at road level by retaining wall
Unsupported road-cut; slope toe is unprotected at river level casing toe erosion and sinking of road located above

Presence of old slide zone, presently inactive

nala channelization; toe support with 2m gabion wall
Initiated due to unsupported road-cut; continuous saturation due to agricultural practice above slide

Slide along nala at the U bend of road; Initiated due to unsupported road-cut at nala junction

at the side of S76 due to advancement to S76

Extensive road-cut observed at the nala junction due to new road construction; Nala side slope erosion
slide at the nala junction at the bend of the road due to no proper support system

Creep action; trees with hocky stick bending
Over saturation of debris lying over steep slope during rainfall

Village and apple orchards downslope at moderate risk
Steep debris slope falling in shadow zone failed during heavy rainfall due to over saturation

Shadow zone
Scaling of loose material; toe protection by providing retaining wall
Steep natural rock slope with debris cover resulted in overloading during rain lead to slope failure

Unloading of crown; scaling of loose material and loading of toe with retaining wall

Retaining wall with invert filter; Channelization of uphill slope
Unsupported road-cut on thick debris slope and agricultural activity upslope lead to over saturation and slope failure

Extensive road-cut without support along 200 m stretch

~1 m scree/debris cover over rock slided due to saturation

Slope destabalization due to toe cut by river

Slope destabalization due to road widening and nala cutting

Slope destabalization due to rainfall and toe cutting by nala

Slope destabalization due to rainfall and nala cutting

Slope destabalization due to rainfall and road cutting

Slope destabalization due to road cutting

highly weathered shale, removal of toe support for road widening

Very old, reactivation every year monsoon

loose debris, road cut, water percolation through sediments

saturation of loose debris, removal of toe support

retaining wall has to be provided all along the road wherever debris is exposed along the road
loose nature of sediments,water percolation,road cut

debris saturartion, removal of toe support

steep slope, road cut, highly weathered lithology

loose debris on road cut,weathered shale, road turning

weathered rock on steep slope and road cut

Padhar,NH 20,30m from S195 towards joginder nagar

Narla, NH 20, 30m from S191 towards Joginder nagar

retaining wall given which is insufficient,proper toe support
jointed and weathered rock on steep slope exposed due to road cut

nala cut,weathered rock,steep slope,lack of toe support

highly weathered rock on steep slope exposed due to road cut

retaining wall given partly.it should be given throughout the slide

highly jointed rock exposed due to road cut,steep slope

small retaining wall is given which is insufficient,slope modification is required

jointed and weathered rock on steep slope exposed due to road cut

weathered rock on steep slope, toe erosion

weathered rock on steep slope,human activity

retaining wall given and destroyed,proper retaining wall should be given

slide happened while a heavy loaded truck was going on the road
back fill with materials, provide retaining wall

jointed sandstone and loose debris on steep slope

weathered and jointed rock exposed due to road cut

gabion wall already given and partly spoiled.Gabion is bulging because of reactivation of slide

retaining wall gicen,it should be given throughout the slide

area susceptible to slides

weathered and jointed phyllite exposed in road cut

differential weathering in sandstone and shale

weathered rock on steep slope, toe erosion by river

Tuna,beas river and rana khad confluence
loose debris, weathered rock,toe erosion by Beas river

loose debris on steep slope, toe erosion by Beas river

loose debris on steep slope,weathered rock

Kotrupi Landslide
Greenish Shale, Purple Mudstone belonging to Dhramshala Group Sheared rock mass (deep grey in colour) in the upper inaccessible reaches of main slide body, as observed from lower part of left fringe of slide complex.
Prima facie, rainfall of current monsoon season
1. The tragic slide of 13/08/17 early hours is a 3rd reactivation incidence of Debris flow – the site has witnessed similar incidences in the past (Details given above); 2) Till the evening of 13/08/2017, administration was engaged in arranging for cle
Near Padhar (towards Joginder Nagar); Mandi - Joginder Nagar - Pathankot NH - 154, Tehsil Padhar, Dist. Mandi
Damp/wet to flowing (oozed out springs along weathered and thrusted rock in the upper portion of main slide body were observed on the day of field visit)
Sparse to moderately vegetated natural slopes including sporadic agricultural terraces
A) About 40+ passengers of Chamba - Manali HRTC Bus; About 6 passengers of Manali - Katra HRTC Bus: As per first interaction with SDM, Padhar, Police personnel deployed at the site and Local residents of nearby villagers. B) No information about any othe
Several cattle got buried (nos. not known)
Loss to civil structures: At Road Level: Road stretch of about 350 m; Bridge (25 to 30 m in length); 2 Nos. HRTC Buses; A few bikes and vegetable vehicles (As per local residents); In Kotropi Village Settlement Upslope: Hutments (All: About 3-4 in nos. a
1. Clearing off the debris that are accumulated here and there within slide complex; 2) Debris that are accumulated above the lower portion of ‘ridge line’ needs to be cleared off as there are few hutments of Badond village; Similarly protection meas
Prima facie it appears that the slide has occurred due to few or combination of following geo-scientific causes: Sheared/ Thrusted rock mass; Old slide debris; Poorly drained slope – Possibly no surface drainage system was there: Ingress of water and d

above road rock,below road debris

road widening, differential erosion of sandstone and shale

detailed study required, all along the road rock slide
road cutting, steep slope, 1set of joint is facing towards valley/road

highly weathered shale in between sandstone, differential weathering

Red clay, purple siltstone, sandstone and intraformational conglomerate
Drainage channelization, precarious boulders inside slide to be removed,Toe support required, gabions/stone wall may be provided

Existing RC wall to be extended for 100m, Stone wall/gabions along the slopes may be provided
extensive slope cut, no toe support, anthropogenic/rainfall

Drainage channelization, precarious boulders inside slide to be removed, Toe support required, gabions/stone wall may be provided

Toe support required, RCC/gabions/stone wall may be provided,Slope modification.
extensive slope cut, no toe support, anthropogenic/rainfall, Close proximity of MBF.

Drainage channelization,Toe support required, gabions/stone wall may be provided
extensive slope cut, no toe support, anthropogenic/rainfall, Close proximity of MBF.

Drainage channelization,Toe support required, gabions/stone wall may be provided

extensive slope cut, no toe support,Nala toe erosion/rainfall, loose rock

extensive slope cut, no toe support,Nala toe erosion/rainfall, loose rock/boulders

Drainage channelization, Toe support required, gabions/stone wall may be provided

Grey micaceous sand, silt and loose gravel
Temp measures box culvert, Nala channelization, Inside the slide houses to be relocated to the safer zone.
Boulder conglomerate with with water, saturated, flash flood induced debris fow and changed course of nala

Temporary remedial measure:Toe support required, Scaling of loose rock mass on the slope, deep anchorage of rock mass with wire mesh shotcrete and adequate toe support. Houses in vulnerable zone to be relocate to safer zone.
Located 50m from MBF contact, rock mass is highly altered and weathered

defferential weathering in snadstone and shale

retaining wall given,should be given all along the road

differential weathering od rocks in road cut

shale devoid of toe support and saturation of water

highly friable shale devoid of toe support

fribale nature of shale,lack of proper toe support

retaining wall damagaed,higher wall required,loose scaling

2m retatining wall given.height should be increased

highly friable rock exposed due to road cut

loose rock,lack of toe support due to road cut

loose debris,shale oversaturated by nearby cultivated land

differential weathering in sandstone and shale,faulting and shearing,steep slope

differential weathering in sandstone and shale,highly jointed,road cut

debris oversaturated and devoid of toe support

loose debris,shale oversaturated,lack of toe support by road cut

the provided gabions are insufficient,proper toe support to be given

highly jointed sandstone,overburden exposed in road cut

vulnerable area
jointed sandstone exposed in a sharp bend as spur

highly jointed sandstone lacking toe support due to road cut

remove shallow roote dtrees and some materials from the head load,retaining wall
thick bed of shale between two sandtone layers got oversaturated and slumped

differential erosion of sandstone and shale,jointed rock

throughout the road stretch landslides occuring
bedidng dipping towards valley /road, differential weathering

differential erosion of competent sandstone and incompetent shale

bolting of sandstone in one area,breast wall in the other side of the spur
sandstone dipping towards the road,highly jointed,road taking bend

bedding and slope in same direction,jointed rock

sharp bend of road,competent and incompetent sandstone and shale,highly jointed sandstone

debris along steep slope,removal of toe support

Chirchakha,SH 19,5m from S240 towards Mandi

Chirchakha,SH 19,50m from S239 towards Mandi

weak lithology,slope cut resulted removal of toe support and subsequent failure

bedding slope towards the road,differential weathering in sandstone and shale,jointed rock

provide gabions at the toe of the slide to prevent erosion

highly weathered shale between sandstone layers

Rainfall/ Anthropogenic, Toe erossion by nala

Bluish grey micaceous sa ndstone and interbedded greenish grey and purple shale

loose debris on steep slope,lack of toe support,road cutting,toe erosion by river

retaining wall given which is insufficient,proper toe support
weathered rock on steep slope,lack of toe support,road cut

thrust??
highly weathered shale,may be thrusting,lack of toe support

loose debris on steep slope,lack of toe support

loose debris on road cut,weathered shale, road cut

weathered rock,differemtisl westhering,lack of toe support

loose debris and highly weathered rock on steep s lope

weathered lithology,road cut,nala flowing through slide

Thrust passing nearby
highly jointed and weathered rock on steep slope,lack of toe support

thrust passing
thrusting,weathered shale and sandstone,lack of toe support

Grey micaceous sand, silt and loose gravel

extensive slope cut, no toe support, anthropogenic/rainfall, loose rock

At road bench level RCC wall with drain holes,Toe support required, gabions/stone wall may be provided

incompetent debris, road turning and cutting

Slope destabalization due to wedge failure

Fine grained sst with thinly bedded siltstone
highly weathered and jointed lithology, road cut

Slope destabalization due to anthropogenic activity

Streaky augen and banded gneiss with minor quartzite band
Mandal, J. and Kumar, R., 2020. Macroscale (1: 50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheet Nos. 52D/11, 52D/12, and 52D/03 (Part), parts of Kangra, Chamba and Mandi Districts, Himachal Pradesh. Unpublished GSI report.
RCC wall of suitable height with weep holes; 3 m height benches at suitable interval
Unsupported extensive road cut; Rainfall; Slope saturation

Streaky augen and banded gneiss with minor quartzite band
Mandal, J. and Kumar, R., 2020. Macroscale (1: 50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheet Nos. 52D/11, 52D/12, and 52D/03 (Part), parts of Kangra, Chamba and Mandi Districts, Himachal Pradesh. Unpublished GSI report.
Scaling of loose material; Unloading crown
Unsupported extensive road cut; Rainfall; Slope saturation

Loading of toe; breast wall; 3 m height benches at suitable interval

3 m height benches at suitable interval, Gabion/breast wall.

Debris; Overburden thickness; Rainfall; Slope saturation

Unsupported extensive road cut; Rainfall; Slope saturation

Debris; Unsupported extensive slope cut; Rainfall; Slope saturation

Scaling of loose material; Gabion/breast wall
Steep slope; Debris; Unsupported extensive slope cut; Rainfall; Slope saturation

Garnetiferous biotite schist, phyllite, metasiltstone and greywacke
Gabion/2 m height benches suitable interval; Channelization of nala

Garnetiferous biotite schist, phyllite, metasiltstone and greywacke
Slope modification by removal of precarious boulders, Gabion/breast wall/RCC according to the site condition.

Greenish phyllite, quartz-sericite schist and minor quartzite
Scaling of loose material; RCC wall of suitable height with weep holes;

Greenish phyllite, quartz-sericite schist and minor quartzite
Scaling of loose material; Gabion/breast wall
Unsupported extensive road cut; Slope saturation

Greenish phyllite, quartz-sericite schist and minor quartzite
Scaling of loose material; Gabion/breast wall; RCC wall of suitable height with weep holes
Steep slope; Debris; Unsupported extensive slope cut; Rainfall

Steep slope; Unsupported extensive slope cut; Rainfall; Slope saturation

Overburden thickness; Unsupported extensive road cut; Rainfall; Slope saturation

Unloading crown; Loading of toe; Gabion/breast wall
Overburden thickness; Unsupported extensive road cut; Rainfall; Slope saturation

Scaling of loose material; Loading of toe; Gabion/breast wall
Steep slope; Unsupported extensive slope cut; Rainfall; Slope saturation

Channelization of nala, River toe protection structures.

Steep slope; Unsupported extensive slope cut; Rainfall

Scaling of loose material; Channelization of nala
Steep slope; Debris; Rainfall; Slope saturation

Scaling of loose material; Loading of toe; Gabion/breast wall

Scaling of loose material, Unloading crown, Loading of toe; Gabion/breast wall/RCC wall of suitable height with weep holes.
Steep slope and highly jointed/ fragile rockmass, Extensive roadcut

Scaling of loose material, Unloading crown, Loading of toe; Gabion/breast wall/RCC wall of suitable height with weep holes.
Steep slope and highly jointed/ fragile rockmass

Scaling of loose material, Unloading crown, Loading of toe; Gabion/breast wall/RCC wall of suitable height with weep holes.

Slope modification by removal of precarious boulders, Gabion/breast wall/RCC according to the site condition.

Gabion/breast wall; RCC wall of suitable height with weep holes
Steep slop; Overburden thickness; Rainfall; Slope saturation

Scaling of loose material; Loading of toe; Gabion/breast wall
Overburden thickness; Unsupported extensive road-cut; Rainfall; Slope saturation

Debris; Unsupported extensive road-cut; Slope saturation

Debris; Overburden thickness; Unsupported extensive road cut; Slope saturation

Gabion/breast wall; 3 m height benches at suitable interval
Debris; Overburden thickness; Unsupported extensive road cut; Slope saturation

Gabion/breast wall; 2.5 m height benches at suitable interval

Unsupported extensive road cut; Slope saturation

Steep slope; Unsupported extensive slope cut

Overburden thickness; Unsupported extensive road cut

Debris; Overburden thickness; Unsupported extensive road cut; Rainfall; Slope saturation

Steep slope; Debris; Unsupported extensive road- cut

Slope destabalization due to saturation fom rainfall

Slope destabalization due to saturation fom rainfall and improper agricultural practice

Slope destabalization due to saturation fom rainfall and slope cutting for road

Slope destabalization due to rainfall of sheared and fractured material

Slope destabalization due to slope cut for road

Slope destabalization due to saturation fom toe erosion due to nala cutting and improper agriculture practice

Slope destabalization due to rainfall and improper agriculture

Slope destabalization due to saturation fom rainfall and slope cutting for road and toe cutting by nala

Slope destabalization due to saturation fom rainfall and toe cutting by nala

Slope destabalization due to saturation fom rainfall and agricultural practices

Slope destabalization due to saturation fom rainfall and head load besides slope cut for road widening

Slope destabalization due to saturation fom rainfall and nala cutting besides road widening

Slope destabalization due to saturation forming a sinking zone on the road

Slope destabalization due to saturation fom rainfall and spring conditions on the slope

Slope destabalization due to poor drainage and slope cut for road widening and rainfall forming a sinking zone

Glaco-fluvial debris subsides due to oversaturation

Concrete retaining wall with weep holes required
Glaco-fluvial debris subsides due to oversaturation

Slope destabalization due to road widening and fall of rock boulders

Slope destabalization due to road widening

Rock fall zone
Slope destabalization due to road widening and fall of rock boulders

Proper Toe Support required with proper channelization of drainage
Slope destabalization due to road widening and fall of rock boulders

Proper Toe Support required with proper channelization of drainage
Slope destabalization due to extensive cut slopes for road widening and rainfall

Glaco-fluvial debris subsides due to oversaturation and nala cutting

Slope destabalization due to extensive cut slopes for road widening

Debris flow slide from higher reaches damming the River Chandra

Debris on slope destabalised during rainfall

Colluvium debris on slope destabalised during rainfall

Blockage to Solang nala and endangering the solang village
Slope destabalization due to saturation fom rainfall and domestic water usage

Blockage to approach road towards the South portal of Rohtang Tunnel
Slope destabalization due to saturation fom rainfall and slope cutting for road

Slope destabalization due to saturation fom rainfall and toe cutting by Beas River

Area properly treated with shotcreting and bolting

Endengering the upslope settlement and blockage to Seri nala
Slope destabalization due to saturation fom rainfall and toe cutting by nala

Nabiyal, V. and Krome, W., 2020. Macroscale (1: 50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheet Nos. 52D/06 and 52D/07), covering parts of Kangra, Chamba and Lahaul & Spiti districts, Himachal Pradesh. Unpublished GSI report.
Oversaturation of debris material, highly jointed rock and toe erosion by nala

Nabiyal, V. and Krome, W., 2020. Macroscale (1: 50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheet Nos. 52D/06 and 52D/07), covering parts of Kangra, Chamba and Lahaul & Spiti districts, Himachal Pradesh. Unpublished GSI report.
Scaling of loose debris and provide retaining wall at the toe of the slide.

Nabiyal, V. and Krome, W., 2020. Macroscale (1: 50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheet Nos. 52D/06 and 52D/07), covering parts of Kangra, Chamba and Lahaul & Spiti districts, Himachal Pradesh. Unpublished GSI report.
Removal of loose material and provide retaining wall at the toe of the slide.

Removal of precarious boulders and provide retaining wall at the toe along with netting will prevent shooting stone along the road.
Oversaturation of debris material, highly jointed rock and toe erosion by nala

Scaling of loose debris material and provide retaining wall at the toe of the slide.
Highly jointed rock, steep slope, toe erosion by nala

Removal of loose material and provide retaining wall at the toe of the slide.
Highly jointed and fractured rock, steep slope

Removal of loose debris and provide retaining wall at the toe of the slide.
Highly jointed rock, steep slope, toe erosion by nala

Scaling of loose material and provide adequate retaining wall at the toe of the slide.

Scaling of loose material and provide concrete retaining wall at the toe of the slide along with proper drainage, as the provided retaining wall is partly damaged.
Highly jointed and fractured rock, thin debris cover, moderately steep slope

Scaling of loose material and provide retaining wall at the toe of the slide.
Saturation of water within highly fractured rock and steep slope.

Scaling of loose material and provide reatining wall at the toe of the slide.
Saturation of water within highly fractured rock and steep slope.

Scaling of loose rocks and provide adequate retaining wall at the toe of the slide.
Highly jointed rock, toe erosion by nala

Scaling of loose debris and provide adequate retaining wall at the toe of the slide.

Scaling of loose debris and provide adequate retaining wall at the toe of the slide.
Oversaturation of debris material, highly jointed rock and toe erosion by nala

Provide retaining wall at the toe to prevent erosion.

Scaling of loose debris and provide retaining wall at the toe .
Highly jointed rock, steep slope, toe erosion by nala

Scaling of loose debris and provide retaining wall at the toe .

Removal of loose material and provide retaining wall at the toe of the slide.

Scaling of loose debris and provide reataining wall at the toe of the slide.

Scaling of loose debris and provide retaining wall at the toe.

Removal of loose debris material and provide retaining wall at the toe of slide.
Saturation of water within highly fractured rock and toe erosion by nala.

Highly fractured rock and toe erosion by nala

Removal of debris and provide adequate retaining wall at the toe of the slide.
Oversaturation of debris, highly jointed rock. Road cut along loose debris material

Scaling of loose material and provide retaining wall at the toe of the slide.

Scaling of loose material and provide reatining wall at the toe of the slide.

Scaling of loose material and provide adequate retaining wall at the toe of the slide.
Highly jointed and fractured rock, steep slope

provide proper drainage for surface runoff water.
Saturation of loose debris during incessant rainfall and toe erosion by nala.

Removal of loose debris and provide retaining wall at the toe of the slide .
Highly jointed rock exposed on steep slope

Adequate measures to prevent toe erosion by water from TRT
Toe erosion by water released from TRT , Saturation of water during rainfall

Scaling of loose debris material and provide adequate retaining wall.

Removal of loose debris and provide adequate retaining wall at the toe of the slide.

Saturation of overburden material, Highly fractured rock, Frost action.

Overburden thicknesss; Unsupported extensive road-cut; Slope saturation

Overburden thickness; Unsupported extensive road-cut; Rainfall

Scaling of loose material; Gabion/breast wall/Channelization of nala
Overburden thickness; Unsupported extensive road-cut; Slope saturation

Channelization of nala, Precarious boulders inside the nala path has to be removed
Steep slope; highly jointed rock mass, Rainfall

Scaling of loose material; Gabion/breast wall; Channelization of nala

Steep slop; Overburden thickness; Rainfall; Slope saturation

Scaling of loose material; Loading of toe; Gabion/breast wall; Channelization of nala
Debris; Overburden thickness; Rainfall; Slope saturation

Loading of toe; breast wall; 5 m height benches at suitable interval; Channelization of nala
Debris; Overburden thickness; Rainfall; Slope saturation

Gabion/breast wall; 3m height benches at suitable interval; Channelization of nala
Debris; Unsupported extensive road-cut; Slope saturation

Scaling of loose material; Gabion/breast wall.

Scaling of loose material; 3m height benches at suitable interval

Steep slope; Overburden thickness; Unsupported extensive road- cut

Unloading crown; Loading of toe; Gabion/breast wall
Overburden thickness; Unsupported extensive road-cut; Rainfall; Slope saturation

Overburden thickness; Unsupported extensive road-cut; Rainfall; Slope saturation

Steep slope; Unsupported extensive road-cut; Rainfall; Slope saturation

Steep slope; Debris; Unsupported extensive road-cut; Rainfall; Slope saturation

Loading of toe; 3m height benches at suitable interval; Channelization of nala
Debris; Rainfall; Slope saturation; Nala toe erosion

Scaling of loose material; Loading of toe; 3m height benches at suitable interval
Debris; Unsupported extensive road-cut; Rainfall; Slope saturation

Pebbly quartzite, slate, phyllite with nongritty slate, quartzite
Steep slope; Debris; Unsupported extensive road-cut; Rainfall; Slope saturation

Pebbly quartzite, slate, phyllite with nongritty slate, quartzite
Steep slope; Unsupported extensive road-cut; Rainfall; Slope saturation

Pebbly quartzite, slate, phyllite with nongritty slate, quartzite

Scaling of loose material; Loading of toe
Steep slope; Unsupported extensive road-cut; Rainfall; Slope saturation

Scaling of loose material and provide retaining wall at the toe of the slide.
Saturation of debris, toe erosion by nala

Saturation of water within highly fractured rock and steep slope .Scaling of loose material and provide adequate retaining wall at the toe of the slide.

Scaling of loose material and provide adequate retaining wall at the toe of the slide.
Highly jointed and fractured rock, thin debris cover, moderately steep slope

Scaling of loose material and provide adequate retaining wall at the toe of the slide with netting to prevent direct rock shooting.
Highly jointed rock, steep slope, toe cutting

Highly jointed rock, steep slope, toe cutting

Loose debris over highly jointed rock and steep slope

Scaling of loose material and provide retaining wall at the toe based on site selection.

Scaling of loose debris material followed by providing adequate retaining wall at the toe.

Scaling of loose materials and provide toe support.

Provide reataining wall at the toe of the slide.
Perolation of water along the joint plane during rainfall and steep slope caused the slide.

Scaling of the loose overhanged rockmass and provide netting to prevent direct rock shooting to the commuters passing along the road.
Highly jointed rock exposed on steep slope

Scaling of precarious rock boulders and rock bolting.
Highly jointed rock exposed on steep slope

Removed loose material and provide concrete retaining wall at the toe of the slide.

Scaling of loose material and provide netting and retaining wall at the toe of the slide.

Steep slope; Debris; Unsupported extensive road-cut; Rainfall

Loading of toe; RCC wall of suitable height with weep holes

Loading of toe; RCC wall of suitable height with weep holes.

Scaling of loose material, Gabion/breast wall.

Slope modification, Gabion/breast wall, RCC wall of suitable height with weep holes
Steep slope; Overburden thickness; Unsupported extensive road-cut

Scaling of loose material; Loading of toe; Gabion/breast wall/RCC wall of suitable height with weep holes
Steep slope; Overburden thickness; Unsupported extensive road-cut; Rainfall; Slope saturation

Slope modification, Gabion/breast wall, RCC wall of suitable height with weep holes

Scaling of loose material; Unloading crown; Loading of toe; Gabion/RCC wall of suitable height with weep holes upto road bench level
Unsupported extensive road-cut; Rainfall; Slope saturation

Scaling of loose material, Gabion/breast wall.
Steep slope; Debris; Unsupported extensive road-cut

Steep slope; Debris; Unsupported extensive road-cut

Unloading crown; Loading of toe; Gabion/breast wall.

Unloading crown; Loading of toe; Gabion/breast wall/RCC wall of suitable height with weep holes; Channelization of nala.
Overburden thickness; Unsupported extensive road-cut; Rainfall

Unsupported extensive road-cut; Rainfall; Slope saturation

Unloading crown; Loading of toe; Gabion/breast wall/RCC wall of suitable height with weep holes; Channelization of nala

Scaling of loose material; Gabion/breast wall.
Steep slope; Debris; Unsupported extensive road- cut

Unloading crown; Loading of toe; Gabion/breast wall/RCC wall of suitable height with weep holes

Scaling of loose material, Gabion/breast wall.
Steep slope; Debris; Unsupported extensive road-cut; Rainfall; Slope saturation

Scaling of loose material; Channelization of nala

Scaling of loose material; Loading of toe

Unloading crown; Loading of toe; Gabion/breast wall/RCC wall of suitable height with weep holes
Overburden thickness; Unsupported extensive road-cut; Slope saturation

Overburden thickness; Unsupported extensive road-cut; Slope saturation

Scaling of loose material, Gabion/breast wall

Unloading crown; Loading of toe; Gabion/breast wall/RCC wall of suitable height with weep holes
Steep slop; Debris; Overburden thickness; Unsupported extensive road-cut; Slope saturation

Scaling of loose material; RCC wall of suitable height with weep holes

Scaling of loose material, Loading of toe

Inaccessible
Slope modification by removal of precarious boulders, Gabion/breast wall/RCC according to the site condition.
Steep slope and highly jointed/ fragile rockmass

Slope modification by removal of precarious boulders, Gabion/breast wall.

Saturation of loose debris and toe erosion by nala.

Scaling of loose hanging boulders and netting.
Highly jointed and fractured rock, steep slope

Highly jointed and fractured rock, thin debris cover, moderately steep slope

Scaling of loose hanging boulders and provide rock netting to prevent direct shooting stone to downslope.

Scaling of loose material, Gabion/breast wall/RCC wall of suitable height with weep holes.

Steep slope and highly jointed/ fragile rockmass

Steep slope and highly jointed/ fragile rockmass, Extensive roadcut

Scaling of loose material, Unloading crown, Loading of toe, RCC wall, Gabion/breast wall/RCC wall of suitable height with weep holes.

Gabion/breast wall/RCC wall of suitable height with weep holes according to the site condition.

Temporary huts located at right bank of Dhancho Nala placed in toe portion of the slide and it is advised to relocate to the safer place as the area is prone for rock fall/ shooting stones.
Steep slope; highly jointed rock mass, Rainfall

Steep slope; Debris; Overburden thickness; Rainfall; Slope saturation

SCALING OF LOOSE MATERIAL; RCC WALL OF SUITABLE HEIGHT

RAJHAUN

EXTENSIVE CUT SLOPE FAILED DUE TO OVERSATURATION DURING RAINFALL

LOADING OF TOE; TOE PROTECTION WITH GABION

EXTENSIVE ROAD CUT ALONG HIGHLY JOINTED ROCKMASS WITHOUT PROPER SUPPORT SYSTEM FAILED DUE TO OVERSATURATION DURING RAINFALL

SCALING OF LOOSE MATERIAL ; LOADING OF TOE WITH GABION WALL
EXTENSIVE ROAD CUT ALONG HIGHLY JOINTED ROCKMASS FAILED DUE TO OVERSATURATION DURING RAINFALL

SCALING OF LOOSE MATERIAL; LOADING OF TOE; TOE PROTECTION WITH GABION
STEEP DEBRIS CUT SLOPE FAILED DURING RAINFALL

SCALING OF LOOSE MATERIAL; CHANNELIZATION OF NALA

STEEP DEBRIS SLOPE FAILED DUE TO OVERSATURATION DURING RAINFALL; RIVER TOE EROSION

RAJHAUN
STEEP DEBRIS SLOPE FAILED DUE TO RIVER TOE EROSION DURING RAINFALL

THICK OVERBURDEN SLOPE GOT SATURATED DURING RAINFALL

RECOMMENDED FOR DETAILED SITE SPECIFIC STUDIES
STEEP ROCK AND DEBRIS SLOPE WITH AGRICULTURE LAND FAILED DUE TO OVERSATURATION DURING RAINFALL

STEEP ROCK AND DEBRIS SLOPE WITH AGRICULTURE LAND FAILED DUE TO OVERSATURATION DURING RAINFALL

KAND
BULGING IN ALREADY PROVIDED GABION INDICATES SLOPES ARE UNDER ACTIVE CREEP

SANDSTONE WITH ALTERNATE LAYER OF BROWN CLAYST
CHANNELIZATION OF NALA; TOE PROTECTION BY GABION

STEEP ROCK AND DEBRIS SLOPE FAILS DUE TO OVERSATURATION DURING EVERY MONSOONAL RAINFALL

EXTENSIVE ROAD CUT ALONG STEEP DEBRIS SLOPE

STEEP DEBRIS SLOPE FAILED DUE TO OVERSATURATION DURING RAINFALL; RIVER TOE EROSION; SEWAGE TANKS OF SETTLEMENTS ARE LOCATED AT THE CROWN OF SLIDE

TOE PROTECTION WITH GABION WALL WITH SPUR

SCALING OF LOOSE MATERIAL; GABION WALL WITH SPUR
RECOMMENDED FOR DETAILED SITE-SPECIFIC STUDIES
STEEP DEBRIS SLOPE FAILED DUE TO OVERSATURATION DURING RAINFALL; RIVER TOE EROSION

CHANNELIZATION OF NALA
RECOMMENDED FOR DETAILED SITE-SPECIFIC STUDIES
STEEP DEBRIS SLOPE FAILED DUE TO OVERSATURATION DURING RAINFALL; RIVER TOE EROSION

KALESWAR
RCC OF 2 M HEIGHT WITH WEEP HOLES ALREADY PROVIDED

NEAR STADIUM

MENJHA UPARLA
SCALING OF LOOSE MATERIAL WITH BENCHES AT SUITABLE INTERVAL; LOADING OF TOE WITH GABION WALL

TILLU

KHARTI

STEEP DEBRIS SLOPE FAILED DUE TO OVERSATURATION DURING RAINFALL; NALA SIDE SLOPE EROSION

SCALING OF LOOSE MATERIAL WITH BENCHES AT SUITABLE INTERVAL

SCALING OF LOOSE MATERIAL WITH BENCHES AT SUITABLE INTERVAL; LOADING OF TOE WITH GABION WALL
EXTENSIVE ROAD CUT FAILED DUE TO OVERSATURATION DURING RAINFALL

STEEP DEBRIS SLOPE; OVERSATURATION DUE TO RAINFALL

SCALING OF LOOSE MATERIAL WITH BENCHES AT SUITABLE INTERVAL; LOADING OF TOE WITH GABION/BREAST WALL

KACHHIARI KHAS

UNSUPPORTED EXTENSIVE ROAD CUT ALONG STEEP DEBRIS SLOPE FAILED DUE TO OVERSATURATION DURING RAINFALL; VULNERABLE ZONE
ENTIRE 250M ROAD STRATCH FROM AIRPORT TO BRIDGE HAVING CUT SLOPE FAILURE

STEEP DEBRIS SLOPE FAILED ALONG 15-16M STRETCH DUE TO OVERSATURATION DURING RAINFALL

Rakkar
SLOPE SATURATION DURING RAINFALL; MULTIPLE SLIDES DUE TO HEAVY RAIN

Jatehr

STEEP DEBRIS SLOPE FAILED DUE TO RIVER BANK EROSION DURING RAINFALL, EXTENSIVE RILL EROSION

BAROL

BREAST WALL OF SUITABLE HEIGHT WITH WEEP HOLES

Oversaturation of debris material and highly jointed rock mass

EXTENSIVE ROAD CUT SLOPE FAILED DUE TO OVERSATURATION DURING RAINFALL

ARMY CANTONMENT
STEEP DEBRIS SLOPE BOUNDED BY 2 FLOWING NALA FAILED DUE TO OVERSATURATION DURING RAINFALL; NALA SIDE SLOPE EROSION

SCALING OF LOOSE MATERIAL; PERIPHERAL DRAIN TO DIVERT SURFACE WATER TO ADJOINING NALAS; APPROPRIATELY DESIGNED CRATE WALLS/BOULDER CRATES ON VALLEY SIDE
HIGHLY JOINTED ROCKMASS WITH 1-2M DEBRIS COVER FAILED DUE TO WATER SEEPAGE IN JOINT PLANES REDUCED SHEAR STRENGTH OF ROCK

SCALING OF LOOSE MATERIAL; BENCHES AT SUITABLE INTERVAL; CHANNELIZATION OF NALA
HIGHLY JOINTED ROCKMASS WITH 1-2M DEBRIS COVER FAILED DUE TO SATURATION

SCALING OF LOOSE MATERIAL; GABION WALL OF 2 M HEIGHT; FENCING ALREADY PROVIDED
CREEP ZONE; 100M STRETCH SINKING ZONE

ROAD CUT ALONG STEEP DEBRIS SLOPE FAILED DUE TO OVERSATURATION DURING RAINFALL; NALA BANK EROSION

SCALING OF LOOSE MATERIAL; CHANNELIZATION OF NALA
STEEP DEBRIS SLOPE BOUNDED BY 2 FLOWING NALA FAILED DUE TO OVERSATURATION DURING RAINFALL; NALA SIDE SLOPE EROSION

ROAD AND ARMY INFRASTRUCTURE ABOVE SLIDE ARE AT RISKVEALISE ARE AT RISK
STEEP DEBRIS SLOPE FAILED DUE TO OVERSATURATION DURING RAINFALL; NALA BANK EROSION

JOL

UNSUPPORTED ROAD CUT ALONG STEEP DEBRIS SLOPE FAILED

FENCING ALREADY PROVIDED TO RETAIN TILTED TREES
STEEP SATURATED DEBRIS SLOPE ; ACTIVE CREEP ZONE

RAILFALL; NALA BANK EROSION
ROAD SUBSIDENCE; GABION FAILED

DHARAMSHALA-SHAHPUR ROAD
RAILFALL; SLOPE SATURATION; NALA BANK EROSION

BANDI
10-15M STRETCH OF ROAD SINKING ZONE; NALA FLOWING IN MIDDLE OF SINKING ZONE

NATIONAL HIGHWAY CONNECTING DHARAMSHALA MCLEODGANJ PASSING THROUGH 2 DIFFERENT LEVELS; STEEP DEBRIS SLOPE FAILED DUE TO OVERSATURATION DURING RAINFALL; LOADING OF VEHICLE

SCALING OF LOOSE MATERIAL; RETAINING WALL UNDER CONSTRUCTION

RAINFALL; STEEP DEBRIS SLOPE FAILED DUE TO NALA SIDE SLOPE EROSION

UNSUPPORTED ROAD CUT ALONG STEEP DEBRIS SLOPE FAILED DUE TO OVERSATURATION DURING RAINFALL

RAJHAUN
5M HEIGHT BENCHES AT SUITABLE INTERVAL; CHANNELIZATION OF NALA
EXTENSIVE ROAD CUT ALONG STEEP SLOPE; WEDGE PLANE AT STEEP ANGLES DAYLIGHTING SLOPE

DHARAMSHALA EDUCATION BOARD BUILDING

UNSUPPORTED ROAD CUT AT 2 DIFFERENT LEVELSMAKING INTERMEDIATE SLOPE SLIDE PRONE; ALREADY PROVIDED GABION SUPPORT FAILED

SCALING OF LOOSE MATERIAL; BENCHES AT SUITABLE INTERVAL

SCALING OF LOOSE MATERIAL; LOADING OF TOE
EXTENSIVE ROAD CUT ALONG STEEP DEBRIS SLOPE FAILED DUE TO OVERSATURATION DURING RAINFALL; GABION SUPPORT FAILED

SCALING OF LOOSE MATERIAL; LOADING OF TOE; GABION WALL

KHARTI
SCALING OF LOOSE MATERIAL; LOADING OF TOE; GABION WALL

SCALING OF LOOSE MATERIAL; TOE PROTECTION WITH GABION

SCALING OF LOOSE MATERIAL; LOADING OF TOE; BREAST WALL OF SUITABLE HEIGHT

ROAD CUT ALONG STEEP DEBRIS SLOPE FAILED DUE TO OVERSATURATION DURING RAINFALL

GAROH KHAS
STEEP DEBRIS SLOPE BOUNDED BY NALAS WITH ACTIVE CREEP ZONE ; RAINFALL TRIGGEREING SLOPE SATURATION

STEEP EXTENSIVE CUT SLOPE FAILED DUE TO OVERSATURATION DURING RAINFALL

GAROH KHAS

Scaling of loose and overhanged material and provide netting to prevent direct rock shooting .
Highly jointed rock, steep slope, toe cutting

Removal of loose debris and provide adequate retaining wall.

Provide adequate retaining wall at the toe of the slide with proper drainage.
Saturation of loose debris, lack of toe support

Saturation of water during rainfall and agricultural activities, and steep slope.

Removal of loose debris and construct retaining wall at the toe of the slide.

Scaling of debris material and provide retaining wall at the toe of the slide.

Provide adequte retaining wall at the toe of the slide.

Scaling of loose debris material and provide adequate retaining wall at the toe of the slide.

Scaling of loose debris material and provide retaining wall at the toe of the slide.

Removal of loose debris material and provide retaining wall at the toe of the slide.

Provide adequate retaining wall at the toe of the slide.

Provide retaining wall at the toe of the slide.
Oversaturation of debris material, toe erosion by nala

Removal of loose material , provide proprer drainage and retaining wall at the toe of the slide.

Removal of hanging boulders and provide netting to prevent direct down shooting.

Removal of hanging boulders and provide netting to prevent direct shooting stone.

Removal of hanging boulders and provide netting to prevent direct down shooting .

Removal of loose debris material and retaining wall at the toe .

Highly fractured rock and steep slope, road cutting

Removal of loose debris material and provide adequate retaining wall at the toe of the slide.

Removal of loose debris material along with proper drainage and provide retaining wall at the toe of the slide.
Highly jointed and fractured rock, thin debris cover, toe erosion by Ravi river

Scaling of loose debris material and provide adequate retaining wall at the toe of the slide.
Oversaturation of loose debris material. Highly fissile rock and toe erosion by ravi river.

Scaling of loose debris material and provide adequate retaining wall at the toe of the slide.
Saturation of loose debris material and toe erosion by Ravi river triggered the slide.

Scaling of loose debris material and provide retaining wall at the of the slide.
Saturation of water within loose debris material. Highly fractured rock and toe erosion by Ravi river triggered the slide.

Concreat retaining wall has been constructed at the toe of the slide.

Scaling of loose debris material and provide retaining wall at the toe of the slide.
Highly jointed rock and toe erosion by Ravi river.

Toe erosion by Ravi river triggered the slide.

Scaling of debris material and provide retaining wall as per site condition.

Removal of loose debris and provide retaining wall at the toe of the slide.

Construction of retaining wall at the toe of the slide is under progress.

Saturation of water and construction of link road within highly fissile rock .

Scaling of loose debris and provide retaining wall at the toe of the slide.
Saturation of debris material, highly jointed rockmass

Scaling of loose debris material, road to be constructed within insitu rock and provide retaining wall at the toe of the slide.

Road cutting in highly fractured rock and steep slope triggered the slide.

Improper planning of road cutting within highly jointed rock along steep slope .

Saturation of loose debris, lack of toe support

Retaining already constructed at the toe of the slide.

Retainig wall has been constructed at the toe of the slide.

Highly jointed rock , steep slope and toe erosion by ravi river.

Scaling of loose debris and boulders and provide proper retaining wall at the toe of the slide.

Scaling of loose debris and boulders with netting to prevent direct rock shooting of downslope settlement.
Due to unscientific road cutting activities along the steep slope.

Scaling of loose debris and provide retaining wall at the toe of the slide.

Road to be constructed over insitu rock material providing adequate retaining wall at the toe of the slide to prevent toe erosion.
Saturation of debris material , toe erosion by Ravi river and construction of road over loose debris .

Scaling of loose debris provide proper retaining wall at the toe of the slide.

Provide proper drainage and retaining wall .

Adequate retaining wall at the toe of the slide.

Removal of loose debris and construct adequate retaining wall at the toe of the slide.

highly weathered rock and loose debris exposed on steep slope

Scaling of loose debris and construct retaining wall at the toe of the slide.

Oversaturation of overlying debris material, highly jointed rock and toe erosion by nala

Scaling of loose debris and boulders and provide proper retaining wall.

Scaling of loose debris and boulders and provide adequate retaining wall at the toe of the slide.

Scaling of precarious boulders and provide proper retaining wal at the toe of the slide.
Highly fragile and jointed rock and road cutting activities triggered the slide.

Scaling of loose debris and provide proper retaining wall at the toe of the slide.

Removal of loose debris and boulders and provide adequate retaining wall at the toe of slide.

Scaling of loose debris and boulders and provide rock bolting.
Highly jointed rock along steep slope. Loose overburden

Biswal. M, and Ozukum, W., 2020. Macroscale (1: 50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheet Nos. 52D/01, 52D/02, and 52D/03 (Part), parts of Chamba District, Himachal Pradesh. Unpublished GSI report.
Oversaturation of debris material. toe cutting by Ravi river.

Biswal. M, and Ozukum, W., 2020. Macroscale (1: 50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheet Nos. 52D/01, 52D/02, and 52D/03 (Part), parts of Chamba District, Himachal Pradesh. Unpublished GSI report.
Oversaturated debris material along nala course on steep slope.

Biswal. M, and Ozukum, W., 2020. Macroscale (1: 50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheet Nos. 52D/01, 52D/02, and 52D/03 (Part), parts of Chamba District, Himachal Pradesh. Unpublished GSI report.
checks shhould be placed at different levels
Debris material flowing along the nala course

rock fall zone along road cut (100m)
Highly jointed quartzite and phyllite causing rockfall along the road cut.

Highly weathered phyllite exposed along steep slope .

provision of full proper drainage. retaining wall to be constructed behind the house.
oversaturation of debris material on hillslope due to continuous rain.lack of proper drainage.

Oversaturation of debris material on steep slope.

Oversaturation of debris material on hillslope. toe cutting by nala.

Oversaturation of debris material on hillslope.

Retaining wall with weep holes both upslope and downslope.
Highly jointed and weathered granite exposed on road section.

Oversaturation of debris material on steep slope

Weathered rockmass on steep slope and road cut. Loose debris saturation.

Provision for drainage throughout the zone above ground areas. Unchoking of weep holes and lining of nala.
Highly weathered phyllite exposed along road cut. Oversaturation of debris material due to lack of proper drainage. Choking of weep holes.

Highly jointed phyllite exposed along road cut.

Oversaturation of debris material exposed along road cut.

Oversaturation of debris material along steep slope and road cut.

Oversaturation of debris material exposed on steep slope and road cut.

Highly weathered phyllite and quartzite exposed along steep slope and road cut.

NHPC power house located in debris flow path.Due care to be taken during heavy rainfall
Checks should be placed at different levels of the nala course. Unchoking of culvert.
Debris flow along nala course during rainy season.

Highly jointed phyllite along road cut . road widening activity.

Road cut in debris exposed slope without toe support. Oversaturation of debris material.

Oversaturation of debris material and toe erosion by Ravi River.

Highly weathered and jointed granite exposed along road cut.

Samot

Diversion of water from crown portion, no cultivation to be allowed near crown portion. Shifting of settlement nearby crown portion
Oversaturation of mudstone and debris material, Toe erosion by nala

Narwar

Kanol

Part of Road wash away from crown portion. Shifting of settlement from nearby crown portion

Lahri village

Lahariri

Bhaled

Darini
Houses near crown portion under danger
Cultivated land near crown portion affected

Boh

Proper toe support.

Darini

Darini
slope saturation and loose debris material

removal of loose material and plantation

Khariri

Khariri
Removal of debris material from the slope

Loose boulder conglomerate on steep slope

Loose boulder conglomerate over saturated on steep slope

Loose de boulder conglomerate exposed on steep slope, over saturated by rainfall

Loose boulder conglomerate exposed on steep slope, toe erosion by Khuli Khad

Toe erosion , Loose boulder conglomerate exposed on steep slope

Bhaler

Khariri
Toe cutting by nala, Weathered rock on steep slope

Loose boulder conglomerate oversaturated by rainfall

Loose boulder exposed on steep slope, boulder saturation by rainfall

Loose boulder conglomerate exposed on steep slope, over saturation by rainfall

Loose boulder conglomerate oversaturation by rainfall

Loose debris exposed & saturated by rainfall, toe erosion by Chambi Khad

Rait slide
Proper toe support as per site condition
Oversaturation of the loose debris material, unscientific slope cut

Bherun slide
Boulder conglomerate, Kalar Formation, Upper Siwalik
Bherun village, Nerti Panchayat, Shahpur Tehsil
easing of slope, proper lined drainage along road, toe support of appropriate design
Oversaturation of loose debris by incessant rainfall, lack of drainage, improper toe support, lack of foundation in the given wall

Differential weathering of sandstone & shale

Weathered sandstone & shale exposed on road cut

Weathered sandstone & shale expsed on road cut

Trilokpur Slide
Sandstone, shale, Nahan Formation, Lower Siwalik
Nala lining near road, wall in two levels,nala diversion from crown area to both sides of the slide affected zone, appropriately designed concrete blocks all along the right bank of the river in slide affected zone, repair and continuation of the old sur
Loose debris saturation by rainfall & lack of toe support and lack of water discharge in the hill slope

Differential ┬┐eathering of sandstone & shale

Loose debris saturation & weathered shale exposed on road

Differential erosion of sandstone & shale

Loose debris saturation by nala & rainfall

Differential weathering of sandstone &shale, toe erosion by Brahl Khad

Jointed & weathered rock exposed on road cut

Niangal
Removal of damaged trees. Benching of slope. Plantation
Differential weathering of sandstone and mudstone

Niangal
Detailed study required
Removal of precarious boulders, lining of nana, unblocking of underlying drainage in the hill slope, filling of cracks by impervious material
Three houses buried under slide material
Debris over saturation on slope , Lack of proper drainage in the hill slope for water discharge

Bhalli rock slide
Sandstone, shale, Nahan Formation, Lower Siwalik
easing of slope, removal of precarious boulders, drainage diversion above crown area away from the left and right flank of the slide, rock bolting in the right flank of the slide upto nala.

Bhalli slide
Sandstone and clay, Dewal Formation, Middle Siwalik
Manual easing of slope at crown, filling of road and adjoining damaged zone, wall with proper inclined weep holes.
Oversaturation of clay and debris material, Lack of proper toe support,

Weathered shale & loose boulder exposed on road cut

Proper toe support o as per site condition
Highly weathered shale, Loose boulder conglomerate & debris exposed on road cut

Weathered Shale & Boulder conglomerate on road cut

Highly weathered shale exposed on road cut, Toe erosion by Brahl khad

Loose boulder & highly weathered shale on road cut

Loose Shale & weathered boulder conglomerate exposed on road cut

Weathered sandston & boulder conglomerate exposed on road cut, toe erosion by Brahl khad

Highly weathered sandstone, clay & boulder conglomerate exposed on road cut, Toe erosion by Brahl khad

Bhangian

Khilan village

Ladhar ghar

Rehal Ban Jangal

Rehal Ban Jangal
Toe erosion by deep nala, Weathered rock on steep slope

Rihal ban Jangal
toe support ,terracing of slope and water management.

Bhiora saini

Proper toe support

Retaing wall as per site condition

slope easing, Retaining wall of suitable size

Adhwar

Adhwar
Retaining wall

Adhawar
Weathered rock exposed on steep slope, toe erosion by nala

Sihunta

Chyur village

Chyur

Near Chyur

Kut village
Aggricultural land on crown portion will be affected

Chyur Village

Daintha

Weathered rock & loose boulder exposed on steep slope

Loose boulder conglomerate saturation by rainfall

Differential weathering o f shale & sandstone

Differential weathering of shale & sandstone

Highly weathered shale exposed on steep slope

Weathered rock exposed on road cut, lack of toe support

Weathered rock exposed on steep slope, close proximity to local thrust

Toe erosion by nala, weathered rock exposed on nala cut

Gabian given & damaged, Repair of gabian wall required

Lack of toe support & unscientific road cut

Loose quaternary deposit exposed on road cut

Proper drainage diversion from affected area.easing of slope

Oversaturation of the loose debris material, unscientific slope cut

Kalera

One building above crown portion is in danger
Proper retaining wall with sufficient weep holes

Down slope settlement may slightly get damage during incessant rainfall

Retaining wall at road level with Culvert

Suliali

Nera

Baduni
Toe cutting by nala, loose material on steep slope

Toe cutting by nala, loose material on slope and steep slope

Retaining wall of suitable size along the road and toe
due to slide earlier temple was completely demaged

Culvert is required at road

Manual easing of slope at crown, filling of road and adjoining damaged zone wall with proper inclined weep holes.
Removal of Weathered material from slope

Removal of loose material from affected slope.Retaining wall required with sufficient weep holes

Barian
Benching of slope and drainage allignment

Cultivation should be stop at near portion
Retaining wall at road level, Mitigation of river erosion

Retaining wall of suitable size and dimension with sufficient weep holes

easing of slope, proper lined drainage along road

Barian bridge

Taragarh
Retaining wall of suitable size and dimension required

Retaining wall of suitable size and dimension required

Toe cutting by nala and incessant rainfall

Removal of loose material from steep slope

Retaining wall of suitable size and dimension with sufficient weep holes
Toe cutting by nala and incessant rainfall

Barian
Unscientific road cut without proper toe support

Barian bridge
Benching of slope and drainage allignment

Barrian

Barian

Ghatasani pul
Proper toe support

Ghatasani pul
Incessant rainfall.Slope cutting for road widening

Proper toe support
Loose conglomerate & mudstone got over saturated, Toe cutting by nala

Danni
Retaining wall as per site condition

Mundi

Patka

Godra village

Godra

Kunjar Mahadev
Slope trimming and retaining wall

Kunjar Mahadev

Bhajan village

Kut village
Few houses at crown portion will affected

Bharari village

Guma Siyun
New link road construction by cutting of steep slope

Binna village

Gumu

Highly crushed and weathered rock along hillslope and road section.

Jatroon
Removal of debris material and retaining wall

Jatroon
Retaining wall

Jatroon

Flarh

Toe cutting by nala, loose material on steep slope

Proper toe support, removal of loose material
Loose debris saturation by rainfall, debris exposure on road cut

Loose boulder & weathered rock exposed on steep slope, removal of loose boulder

Along Chakki river

Sahla

easing of slope. Retaining wall with sufficient inclined weep holes
Weathered rock exposed on road cut, unscientific road cut, lack of toe support

Weathered sandstone exposed near road
Lack of toe support, Toe erosion by nala

Proper Toe support is urgently required because Road and settlement at crown portion may get affected during rainy season

Near Phina Singh Dam
Calcareous Conglomerate with lenses of Sandstone
1. Toe cutting of retaining wall during heavy rainfall

easing of slope. Retaining wall with sufficient inclined weep holes at road level
Weathered rock exposed on road cut, unscientific road cut, lack of toe support

Culvert is required

Near Phina Singh Canal
Calcareous Conglomerate with lenses of Sandstone

Toe erosion by Chakki River and road widening

Kalidhar
Gabian wall at toe portion, benching of slope

Kalidhar
Easing of slope, , Toe support and foundation of appropriate design

Kalidhar

Removal of debris material from the slope. Retaining wall of suitable size and dimension.
Road cutting through Weathered rock mass. Toe cutting by River

Easing of slope, Proper drainage for water discharge to the stream flowing downslope, Toe support and foundation of appropriate design

Retaining wall of suitable size and dimension required with sufficient weep holes,Proper drainage alignement from crown portion
Toe erosion by Chakki River and road widening

retaining wall given downslope.
Highly weathered quartzite exposed on road section

Highly weathered phyllite exposed on hillslope.

Highly weathered phyllite exposed on hillslope

Highly weathered rock exposed on hillslope.

Highly weathered phyllite exposed on hillslope. toe cutting by nala.

Highly weathered phyllite exposed on hillslope. Toe cutting by nala.

Highly weathered granite exposed on road section.

Weathered quartzite exposed on road section.

Highly weathered and jointed granite exposed on road section

Weathered and jointed granite exposed along and road cut. Steep slope gradient

Berian
Loose boulder conglomerate over saturated on steep slope

Hathola

Culvert recommended
Benching of slope, Retaining wall of suitable size and dimension

Taragarh
Weather rock exposedon steep slope and toe erosion by nala

Retaining wall of suitable size and dimension required with sufficient weep holes,Proper drainage alignement from crown portion

Retaining wall of suitable size and dimension

Retaining wall with sufficient weep holes

Barrian nala
Anthropogenic activities: Unplanned cutting of slope for construction of road.

Removal of loose exposed material from slope
Weathered rock exposed on steep slope, road cut

Proper toe support as per site condition, removal of precarious boulders
Retaining wall with sufficient weep holes
Weathered rock exposed on slope, road cut

Bindgi

Kakira
proper toe support required
Loose debris saturation by rainfalll,debris exposed in road cut

Kakira taxi stand
gabion given & damaged, Repair of gabion wall required

Kumlari
removal of loose debris, drainage allignment and retaining wall
Road cutting and loose debris on the slope

The rock is highly weathered, fractured and crushed due to its close proximity to thrust

SThe rock is highly weathered, fractured and crushed due to its close proximity to thrust

Extensive slope modification due to road construction and Fault/thrust passing adjacent to slide

Augen and banded granite gneiss and schist

Toe cutting by nala. Highly weathered phyllite exposed on steep slope.

Highly weathered phyllite on steep slope. Toe cutting by nala.

Highly weathered phyllite along road cut section.

Highly weathered phyllite exposed along steep slope and road cut section.

Highly weathered phyllite on steep slope.

Oversaturation of debris exposed along road cut.

Highly weathered and jointed rock . Toe erosion by nala.

Weathered and jointed phyllite exposed on steep slope and road cut section.

Weathered and jointed phyllite exposed along steep slope and road cut section. Planar failure along valley dipping joint.it is a slide zone.

Highly weathered phyllite exposed along road cut

Highly weathered and jointed phyllite exposed along road cut.

Highly weathered phyllite exposed along road cut.

Retaining wall with weep holes given.
Highly weathered and jointed phyllite exposed along road cut.

Highly weathered phyllite and debris material exposed along road cut.

Highly weathered and jointed phyllite exposed along road cut

Toe erosion by nala. Weathered phylite exposed along steep slope and road cut section.

Weathered phyllite exposed along steep slope and road cut section.

Planar failure along valley dipping joint in phyllite.

Weathered phyllite along road cut section.

Weathered and jointed phyllite on steep slope.

Weathered and jointed rock exposed on steep slope.

Weathered and jointed quartzite along road cut.

Highly jointed quartzite along road cut. Planar failure along valley facing joint.

Highly weathered and jointed granite exposed along road cut section.

Weathering and toe erosion caused by nala which flows along the slide zone.

Highly weathered and jointed granite along steep slope. Failure along valley facing joints. Toe cutting by Nala flowing inside the slide zone. Toe erosion by Ravi River.

Highly weathered and jointed granite along steep slope and road cut.

Toe cutting by Ravi river and nalas flowing within the slide zone. Planar failure along valley facing joints in granite.

Highly weathered granite along steep slope.

Highly weathered granite along road cut.

highly weathered and jointed granite along road cut. planer failure along valley facing joints .

Highly jointed granite along road cut section.

Highly weathered granite and oversaturation of debris material along road cut.

Highly jointed and weathered granite along road cut

Toe cutting by Ravi River. highly jointed and weathered granite along nala.

Toe cutting by Ravi River. Weathered quartzite exposed in steep slope.

retaining walls with weep holes given .
Highly weathered and jointed phyllite and schist exposed along road cut.

Highly weathered phyllite exposed on steep slope and road cut.

Highly weathered phyllite with valley dipping joint exposed along road cut.

Highly weathered schist exposed along road cut.

road subsidence in down slope
Highly weathered phyllite and valley facing joint exposed along road cut.

Highly weathered and crushed rock mass in proximity to Vailkrita thrust.

about 500m road stretched affected by boulders falling from the hillslope.
Weathered and jointed granite falling along the steep slopes.

Highly jointed granite along road section.

Planar failure along valley facing joint .

Mangla slide
Provision for drainage above crown area, easing of slope, concrete gabion wall.
Oversaturation of debris material due to lack of drainage and continuous rainfall. Exposure of debris due to road widening activity.

Oversaturation of debris material. Highly weathered and jointed granite exposed along road cut section.

Oversaturation of debris material. Highly jointed and weathered granite exposed on road cut section.

Oversaturation of debris material. Rill erosion along the slide zone. Highly weathered granite exposed on road cut section.

Oversaturation of debris material. Highly weathered and jointed quartzite exposed along road cut section.

Highly weathered and jointed quartzite exposed along steep slope and road cut.

Highly jointed and weathered quartzite exposed on road cut section.

Oversaturation of debris material on steep slope and road cut section.

Highly weathered and jointed phyllite on road cut.

About 100m road stretched affected.subsidence in downslope
Highly weathered and jointed granite along steep slope along with oversaturation of debris material. nala flowing along the slide. slide in upslope and subsidence in downslope.

Chambi slide
Two nalas flowing in the middle of slide zone causes erosion and weathering of phyllite and quartzite along road cut.One valley facing joint causing planar failure.

Chambi subsidence

Highly weathered and jointed phyllite exposed along steep slope and road cut.

Oversaturation of debris material along road cut and lack of toe support.

Highly weathered and jointed phyllite along steep slope and road cut.

Exposure of saturated debris along steep slope and road cut.

retaining wall with culvert given in downslope
Planar failure along valley facing joint in phyllite. Oversaturation of debris material on steep slope.

Oversaturation of debris material. highly jointed and weathered phyllite exposed on road section.

Oversaturation of debris material on road section. Highly weathered and jointed phyllite exposed on road section.

Highly weathered phyllite exposed on hillslope. Oversaturation of debris material on hillslope.

Retention wall with weep holes given in downslope. About 150m road stretched affected.
Weathered and highly jointed phyllite along steep slope and road cut. planar and wedge failure along the joints observed.

Rathangarh slide
Easing of slope,Lining of nala flowing in the middle of the slide and adjoining areas. Geojute and wire mesh on sliding slope. Wall in bedrock in down slope side and then filling it up by filter material.
Toe erosion by Ravi River. Oversaturation of debris and rock material by rainfall and flowing nala.

Chamba, Near suspension bridge, Saho Nala road
Weathered and jointed quartzite along steep slope and road cut. Wedge failure observed along joints.

Chamba bridge subsidence

Chamba bus stand subsidence
The road was repaired and walls were given in the down slope area in the month of October 2019
Multilevel concrete wall on bedrock with sufficient weep holes.
Toe cutting by Ravi river during the monsoon of 2019. Lack of proper drainage in the area and.

Planar failure along valley facing joint in road cut.

Highly weathered and jointed phyllite along road cut.

Scaling of loose bouldary material and provide proper outlet for drainage.

plantation of trees has been established and retaining wall was provided at the toe of the slide.
Saturation of water during excessive rainfall along with steep slope.

Oversaturated debris material along steep slope .

Oversaturation of debris material along road cut.

Highly weathered and jointed rock. Loose debris material in steep slope.

highly weathered phyllite exposed along road cut.

Highly weathered phyllite with debris material exposed along road cut.

oversaturation of debris material along steep slope.

Oversaturation of debris material along nala.

Oversaturation of debris material along road cut

Highly weathered phyllite and oversaturation of debris material exposed along road cut.

Oversaturated debris material exposed along road cut.

Oversaturation of debris material along steep slope.

Subsidence in downslope side of the slide . Gabion wall given.
Oversaturation of debris material along nala.

Highly weathered phyllite exposed on steep slope.

Highly weathered phyllite bexposed on steep slope and road cut.

Pukhri slide
Retaining wall to be provided. Lining of nala. Cleaning and maintenance of weep holes. 500m road stretch vulnerable to landslide.
Highly weathered phyllite exposed on steep slope. Oversaturation of weathered material by nala flowing in the middle of the slide zone. Lack of toe support.

Highly weathered phyllite exposed on steep slope and road cut section.

Highly weathered phyllite exposed on road cut section.

Loose debris material exposed on hillslope and road cut section

Weathered phyllite exposed on road cut section.

Highly weathered and jointed rock exposed on road cut and steep slope.

Weathered rock and loose debris on steep slope. Toe erosion by nala

Toe erosion by nala. Weathered rock exposed on steep slope

Highly weathered slate and debris material along steep slope and road cut section.

Appropriate measures to be taken for water discharge .lining of nala. Removal of boulders to avoid possible slip of boulder at the time of gushing of water, small checks can be given at nala course at 3-4 levels.
Oversaturation of debris material by nala. Lack of proper drainage.

Maintenance and clearing of weep holes. Lining of nala along the road.
Lack of proper drainage. Failure along valley dipping plane.

Weathered and jointed slate and debris material along steep slope and road cut section. Planar failure along valley dipping joint

Weathered and jointed slate exposed along steep slope and road cut section.

Weathered and jointed slate exposed along steep slope and road cut.

Highly weathered and jointed rock exposed along steep slope.

Highly weathered slate along steep slope and road cut section.

Oversaturation of debris material on road cut section.

Highly jointed and weathered phyllite exposed on road cut section.

retaining wall with weep holes given downslope
Highly jointed and weathered phyllite exposed on road cut section.

Multi level gabion wall given, rock slide in upslope and debris subsidence in downslope
Lack of drainage. Lack of toe support. Oversaturation of debris material on hillslope.

Oversaturation of debris material. Highly jointed and weathered phyllite exposed on road cut section.

Toe cutting by nala. Oversaturation of debris material on hillslope. highly weathered phyllite exposed on road cut section.

weep holes of retaining wall blocked
Oversaturation of debris material on hillslope. Highly jointed and weathered phyllite exposed on road cut.

Oversaturation of debris material on hillslope. Highly weathered phyllite exposed on road cut section.

Kaliyas slide
Detailed study
Agricultural lands of Kaliyas Village were damaged
No further extension of settlement/ agriculture in and around crown and detailed study required for the slide
Construction of Baira dam was delayed for 2 years due to the incidence
Highly weathered and jointed phyllite and slate exposed along steep slope. Toe erosion by Baira Nala.

Highly weathered phyllite exposed on hillslope. Oversaturation of debris materials.

Highly weathered and jointed phyllite exposed on steep slope.

Highly weathered phyllite exposed on hillslope. Oversaturation of debris material.

Highly jointed phyllite exposed on road cut section.

Challa slide
Located at the meeting point of Baira Nala and Chanju Nala
Toe erosion by Baira Nala. highly weathered and jointed phyllite exposed on steep slope.

Highly weathered phyllite exposed on hillslope. Toe cutting by river.

Oversaturation of debris material and highly jointed and weathered phyllite exposed on road cut section.

Oversaturation of debris material and highly weathered phyllite exposed on hillslope. Toe cutting by Baira Nala.

Oversaturation of debris material. Nala flowing within the slide zone.

Highly jointed and weathered phyllite exposed on road cut section. Planar failure along valley facing joint.

Highly jointed and weathered quartzite and slate exposed on road cut. Planar failure along valley dipping joint.

Highly jointed phyllite exposed on road cut. slide initiated due to road widening activities in the jointed rock causing inconvenience to vehicular movements. Planar Failure along valley facing joint.

Highly jointed quartzite exposed on road cut section.

Highly jointed rock exposed along road cut section.

Naredh rock slide
Detailed study
Highly jointed and weathered quartz arenite exposed on road cut section.

Oversaturation of debris material along road cut section.

Oversaturation of debris material and highly weathered phyllite exposed on hillslope.

Oversaturation of debris material on road cut.

Oversaturation of debris material and highly weathered phyllite exposed on hill slope.

retaining wall given and damaged upslope.
Oversaturation of debris material along road cut section. Toe erosion by nala

Oversaturation of debris material on steep slope. Toe cutting by nala.

slide in upslope and subsidnece in downslope,
Gabion wall given, the damaged section of the wall should be repaired.
Oversaturation of overburden material on road cut section.

Oversaturation of debris material. Toe cutting by nala flowing within the slide zone. Highly weathered phyllite exposed on road cut section.

Gudesh nala slide
Retaining wall with weep holes to be given.
Oversaturation of debris material on steep slope. highly weathered and jointed phyllite exposed on hillslope.

Oversaturation of debris material. highly jointed and weathered phyllite exposed on road cut section.

95m road stretch affected. Both rock fall and slide observed in the location.
Highly weathered and jointed phyllite exposed on road cut section.

Bairagarh slide
Detailed study
Removal of precarious boulders, lining of nala, Cleaning and maintenance of weep holes, Filling of cracks with impervious material, Detailed study required for long term stabilisation
Toe cutting by nala. Debris material falling from both side of nala.

retaining wall with weep holes given downslope
Oversaturation of debris material on hillslope

oversaturation of debris material on hillslope. toe erosion by nala.

Oversaturation of debris material on hillslope

Oversaturation of debris material on road cut section

Toe cutting by nala. Oversaturation of debris material on hillslope.

Oversaturation of debris material on hillslope. Toe cutting by nala.

Kiora village above the crown area at risk
Toe cutting by river. Oversaturation of debris material on hillslope.

Gabion wall given upslope.
Oversaturation of debris material on road cut section.

Sukriala nala slide
Oversaturation of debris material, deep nala erosion within slide zone. highly weathered phyllite exposed in the nala course.

Gudesh slide
Toe erosion by nala flowing within the slide zone. Oversaturation of debris material along road cut section.

Jukwani subsidence
gabion wall given upslope damaged. Creepping of trees observed.
Oversaturation of debris material on road cut section.

Jukwani slide
Highly weathered phyllite. Toe erosion by nala.

Highly weathered phyllite exposed on steep slope. Toe erosion by nala.

Highly jointed and weathered phyllite exposed on steep slope.

Toe cutting by river. highly jointed and weathered phyllite exposed on hillslope.

Highly jointed and weathered phyllite and slate exposed on road cut section.

gabion wall on upslope damaged.
Oversaturation of debris material on hillslope. highly weathered and jointed phyllite exposed on road cut section.

Kundolu slide
No further extension of settlement/ agriculture in and around crown, appropriately designed peripheral drainage, toe support and checks
Oversaturation of debris material on steep slope. Toe erosion by Makkan Nala, erosion caused by nala flowing within the slide zone. Weathering and erosion of phylite near the crown area.

Oversaturation of debris material. highly weathered phyllite exposed on road cut section.

Loose glacial debris exposed on steep slope. erosion by nala.

Loose glacial debris exposed on steep slope. weathering and erosion by nala.

Loose glacial debris exposed on steep slope. Weathering and erosion by nala.

Oversaturation of debris material on hillslope. Highly weathered phyllite exposed on hillslope.

Highly weathered and jointed phyllite exposed on road section

Highly weathered and jointed phyllite exposed on road and nala section.

Highly jointed and weathered phyllite and slate falling from hillslope.

Highly jointed and weathered phyllite exposed on hillslope.

Oversaturation of debris material along road section.

Highly jointed and weathered quartzite and slate exposed on road section. Toe cutting by nala.

highly jointed and weathered quartzite & slate exposed on road section.

gabion wall given downslope.
oversaturation of debris material on road and nala section.

Nandkumar, Y. S., and Sharma, R., 2020. Remote sensing based macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in priority two areas in parts of Northern Himalayas, Kishtwar, Anantnag, Kargil districts, Jammu and Kashmir. (Priority- II) (Party-4).
loose debris, gulliesdevelop, fractured rock, locsl fault also observed

Nandkumar, Y. S., and Sharma, R., 2020. Remote sensing based macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in priority two areas in parts of Northern Himalayas, Kishtwar, Anantnag, Kargil districts, Jammu and Kashmir. (Priority- II) (Party-4).
On the way to Parkachik-Rangdum Road, NH 301
fragile rock, water action , vulnurable slope

loose debris material water action and steep slope

Highly Jointed (140/50/Vertical, NS/80/Vertical & 50/40/SE), fractured and bedded

fractured rock, toe cutting by ll and steep slope

The rocks are highly fractured and sheared in ture due to the presence of Panjal thrust. During the heavy rainfall, the material is saturated with water, that reduces the shear strength of the rock mass and makes slope unstable

highly weatherd fractured and sheared rock, toe cutting by lla, tectonically active due presence to Muree thrust at the toe of slide, water action, deep gullies and craks developed

loose debris and fracetured rock, toe cut

loose debris material gets saturated with water, steep slope

highly fractured and sheared rock, water action, road cutting

due to road cutting stope gets destablized

loose debris material saturation with water losses shear strenth

weathered rock with loose debris saturation with water

Kumar, P. and Kumar, D., 2020. Remote sensing based macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in priority two areas in parts of Northern Himalayas, Kargil and Leh district, Jammu and Kashmir. (Priority-II) (Party-3). Unpublished GSI report.
highly fractured rock steep slope water action

Kumar, P. and Kumar, D., 2020. Remote sensing based macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in priority two areas in parts of Northern Himalayas, Kargil and Leh district, Jammu and Kashmir. (Priority-II) (Party-3). Unpublished GSI report.
retaining wall with benches at different level
loose debris material of phyllite and fractured rock, toe cut by lla, gullies erosion

Kumar, P. and Kumar, D., 2020. Remote sensing based macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in priority two areas in parts of Northern Himalayas, Kargil and Leh district, Jammu and Kashmir. (Priority-II) (Party-3). Unpublished GSI report.

the material is very fragile in ture water saturation

loose debris material of fracrured rock saturation with water

loose debris and fractured rock material gets saturtated with water

the material is loose softer saturated with water

Hb-bio grnt, grandiort, tolite, gabbro, diort, lmpro
loose debris material water action and steep slope

loose debris and boulder of granite , sttep slope, water action

highly weathered material, gullies developed, steep slope

loose debris and rock saturation with water,vulneable slope

loose debris material gets saturation with water, steep slope

Hb-bio grnt, grandiort, tolite, gabbro, diort, lmpro
Dass, G. and Singh, P. P., 2020. Remote sensing based macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in priority two areas in parts of NW Himalayas, South of Leh district, Jammu and Kashmir. (Priority-II) (Party-1). Unpublished GSI report.

Hb-bio grnt, grandiort, tolite, gabbro, diort, lmpro
Dass, G. and Singh, P. P., 2020. Remote sensing based macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in priority two areas in parts of NW Himalayas, South of Leh district, Jammu and Kashmir. (Priority-II) (Party-1). Unpublished GSI report.
loose material water action and road cutting

Dass, G. and Singh, P. P., 2020. Remote sensing based macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in priority two areas in parts of NW Himalayas, South of Leh district, Jammu and Kashmir. (Priority-II) (Party-1). Unpublished GSI report.

loose boulder of quartzite, steep slope, anthropogenic activity

Para/augen gneiss, granite, quartzite & marble
loose boulder sttep slope wayet saturation

Vulnerable slope condition, presence of soft material,

Para/augen gneiss, granite, quartzite & marble
loose boulder of quartzite, steep slope, anthropogenic activity

loose debris material saturation with water

wedge failure, one joiny is vallley dipping

Highly jointed rock, one joint valley dipping, wedge failure

Kumar, N. and Yadav, K. H., 2020. Remote sensing based macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in priority two areas in parts of NW Himalayas, South of Leh district, Jammu and Kashmir. (Priority-II) (Party-2). Unpublished GSI report.
loose debris material of granite gneiss, lla flow adjecent to slide

Kumar, N. and Yadav, K. H., 2020. Remote sensing based macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in priority two areas in parts of NW Himalayas, South of Leh district, Jammu and Kashmir. (Priority-II) (Party-2). Unpublished GSI report.
wedge failure, one joiny is vallley dipping

Kumar, N. and Yadav, K. H., 2020. Remote sensing based macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in priority two areas in parts of NW Himalayas, South of Leh district, Jammu and Kashmir. (Priority-II) (Party-2). Unpublished GSI report.

highly jointed, one joiny valley dipping

Rahul V. et al., 2019. Macro scale (1:50,000) PGRS based landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of toposheet nos. 52H/13,14,15 & 16; 52L/2,3,4,6,7,8,11,12; 53e/13; 3I/1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15 & 16 and 53M/4 in parts of Kinnaur, Kullu a

#REF!

#REF!
Debris on steep slope, toe erosion by nala

#REF!
Extensive slope cut, jointed quartzite on steep slope

Highly jointed and weathered rock on road cut

Toe erosion by Kurpan Gad, debris saturation by adjoining nala and agriculture

Quartzite with basic flows, pyrite crystals

J1 340 DEGREE/37 DEGREE-->NE, J2 30 DEGREE/47 DEGREE-->SE,

Highly jointed and weathered rock on steep slope

Loose debris on steep slope, debris saturation by adjoining nala

Retaining wall may be provided throughout the slide
Retaining wall is given which is insufficient
Loose debris on steep slope, debris saturation by adjoining nala

Gabion wall provided
Proper retaining wall as per site condition

Retaining wall as per the site condition

Water saturation by adjoining nalas, weathered lithology

Over saturation of weathered rock and debris by nalas

Debris saturation by nala, highly weathered phyllite

Slide zone, detailed study suggested
Debris saturation by nalas, toe erosion by river, lack of toe support

Retaining/gabion wall to prevent toe erosion as per site condition

Shahi gad
Detailed site specific study
Proper arrangement of drainage, retaining wall as per site condition
Loose debris oversaturation by nala, weathered rock, toe erosion

Shahi gad
Loose debris oversaturation by nala, toe erosion

Shahi gad
Loose debris saturation by nala, toe erosion

Toe erosion by Palachan gad,anaclinals lope,jointed rock

Already provided RC wall to be extended for entire stretch
Extensive slope cut without toe support, Highly fractured rock mass

Nala erosion, Highly fractured and crumbled rockmass

Detailed study needed
Extensive slope cut for road and Nala erosion, Loose debris cover >3m

Already support sytem provided, Gabbion wall may extend upto full stretch
Extensive slope cut, Rainfall and highly fractured rock mass

Highly weathered and fractured rock, Unplanned roadcut,local quarry

Toe portion to be loaded, slope modification, gabbion/RC wall
Extensive slope cut for road , Loose debris cover &rainfall

Loose scaling of disturbed materials, masonary support on the toe.
Extensive slope cut stretch road widening and fractured rock mass

Slope modifications and retaining wall with weepholes
Extensive slope cut and highly joined rock, Moderate weathering

Palaeoslide reactivated
Gabbion wall provided, Nala has to be channelised
Extensive slope cut and Rainfall triggered, spring inside the slide

Gabbion wall may be provided, slope modification
Extensive slope cut for road , Loose debris cover

Kumar ramesh. et al., 2017. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 53E/7 & 11,Shimla,Kullu & Mandi districts, Himachal Pradesh. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2016-2002
Slope modifications and retaining wall with weepholes
Extensive slope cut and highly joined rock, Rainfall

Kumar ramesh. et al., 2017. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 53E/7 & 11,Shimla,Kullu & Mandi districts, Himachal Pradesh. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2016-1984
Removal of overhanging and negative slopes with toe support
Highly distressed rock mass, crumbled rock, Nala and road bend

Detailed study needed
Toe portion to be loaded, breast wall in an interval, RC wall above and below road
Extensive slope cut,Nala erosion, Highly fractured and crumbled rockmass

Rainfall, weathered rock mass and extensive slope cut

Extensive slope cut, weathered Rockmass, Plaeoslide reactivated

Rainfall, Highly jointed rock mass, Extensive slope cut for road

Toe portion may protected with Gabbion wall

Already 8*1.5 m retaining wall provided, given wall should be extended upto whole width of the slide
Road cut induced, loose crumbled rock overburden with precarious boulders

100 m from F1 negetive slope, over hanging blocks and jointed rockmass observed
Retaining wall already provided, Along the toe cutting of road retaining structure may be constructed
Highly crumbled rock mass, Road cut induced slide

Detail study may needed for appropriate remedial measure
Extensive slope cut for road cut and nala toe erosion, debris /colluvium subsidence taking place presently

Toe portion to be protected with appropriate support system

Paleoslide reactivated due to road cut, slumped rockmass. Slope flanks along colluvium material appears to highly distressed

Precarious boulders to be removed, Slope modification, RC wall
Extensive slope cut for road and destressed rock, moderate weathered condition

Extensive slope cut for road and crumbled/fractured rock, overburden thickness >5m

Slope modification required, Local quarry must be stop along road side
Extensive slope cut for road cut and nala toe erosion, debris /colluvium subsidence taking place presently

Trees inside the slide to be uprooted, Retaining wall for entire stretch
Highly weathered and fractured rock, Unplanned roadcut

Already provided retaining wall to be extended, slope modification

Slope modification, Precarious boulders to be removed from inside slided area
Highly weathered and fractured rock, Unplanned roadcut

Stabilised presently , slope modification required

Retaining wall, Already provided damaged 15m
Highly fractured & crumbled rock mass, Rainfall triggered

Already provided RC wall have to be extend for entire stretch
Palaeoslide debris got rectivated during rainfall along the road cut

Gabbion for entire stretch of slide, Toe support
Extensive slope cut, Highly jointed rock, Close proximity to Thrust

Extensive slope cut for road and crumbled / fractured rock, Rainfall triggered

Extensive slope cut without toe support for road, Loose debris cover >3m

Precarious boulders to be removed, RC wall

Extensive slope cut without toe support,

Extensive slope cut for road cutting, weathered rock

Removal of loose blocks and provision of RC wall
Large jointed blocks, Extensive slope cut/road cut without toe support, frost wedging at spur

Kumar ramesh. et al., 2017. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 53E/7 & 11,Shimla,Kullu & Mandi districts, Himachal Pradesh. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2016-1927
Weathered rock, lack of toe support, rainfall, steep slope

Gabbion wall / retaining wall, already RC wall provided, uproot he trees inside slided area
Loose glacial materials, rainfall triggered and extensive slope cut

Entire 30m stretch to be given toe support, RC wall/Gabbion

Highly fractured closly jounted shale ,steep slope cut

Extensive slope cut, Highly fractured rockmass

Extensive slope cut and rainfall, crumbled rockmass

Extensive slope cut of highly jointed rockmass

Local quarry, Extensive road cut, Highly crumbled rock

Unloading of upslope,loading at downslope, Breastwall & RC wall provided already, Toe support need to avoid toe erosion.
Toe erosion by Satluj river, Loose debris mixed with rock

Already retaining wall got damaged, precarious boulders to be removed from slide area
Extensive slope cut for road cut, Nala erosion

RC wall/ Gabbion wall for entire stretch, Toe portion to be loaded by material, Toe support needed
Toe erosion by River Parachu lake burst, Loose colluvial debris

Already provided1.5x60m above roadcut and below roadcut gabbion wall present. Toe portion of river to be protected
Toe cutting by Sutlej river-nala erosion

Extensive slope cut without toe support, Stabilized slide got activated due to road cut.

Extensive slope cut for road cut, colluvium toe cutting by road cut

RC wall height to be increased as per site condition, negative slope overhanging blocks to be avoided
Extensive slope cut for road cut, colluvium toe cutting by road cut

RC wall, Slope modification, Toe support
Extensive slope cut, Highly crumbled rockmass and weathered.

Satluj right bank, Toe erosion, Slump mass removal, Toe preservation from erosion, adequate anchoring.
Slumped rockmass, Negative slope, Toe erosion

Retaining wall given which is insufficient

Extensive slope cut stretch road widening and river toe erosion,

Breast wall in an interval/ Gabbion/RC wall, Nala to be channelised
Rill/Nala erosion, Highly fractured & weathered rock mass, Rainfall triggered

Extensive slope cut for road along debris cover,toe cutting without support

Extensive slope cut stretch road widening and fractured rock mass

Unloading of upslope,loading at downslope, Breastwall & RC wall provided already, Toe support need to avoid toe erosion.
Extensive slope cut for road, Parachu lake burst triggered

RC wall/ Gabbion wall for entire stretch, Toe portion to be loaded by material, Toe support needed
Extensive slope cut for road cut, Nala erosion

Drainge should be channelised, proper sewage system should be established
Soil mixes with spring water/sewage water

Extensive road cut, weathered rock, local quarrying

Precarious boulders to be removed, Slope modification, RC wall
Extensive slope cut for road and fracture rock, Precarious boulders and rainfall

Slope modification required, Local quarry must be stop along road side
Extensive slope cut without toe support, Highly fractured crumbled rock

Extensive slope cut without toe support, Highly fractured crumbled rock

Extensive slope cut for road cut, loose debris

Extensive slope cut for road cut and weathered crumbled rock

Already provided gabbion must replaced with RC wall with weepholes
Extensive slope cut for road, loose debris cover over the bed rock

Road cut without toe support, loose debris with precarious boulders

Loose debris cover, Toe cutting by nala, Extensive slope cut

Extensive slope cut for road, crumbled rock

Nala erosion, Extensive slope cut for road, crumbled rock

Highly weathered crumbled rock, Nala erosion, Fractured rockmass

Loose scaling, catch net province and bottom cut of road cut is close proximity of TRT -Jakhri outlet
Highly fractured rock mass, Water tripping in right flank

RC wall for entire stretch with weep hole,drainage to be channelized, slope modifiication
Extensisve slopecut without toe support, Crumbled rock mass, provided gabbion damaged

RC wall for entire stretch with weep hole,drainage to be channelized, toe portion to be loaded
Extensisve slopecut without toe support, Crumbled rock mass, provided gabbion damaged

Breast wall /gabbions with slope modification
Extensisve slopecut without toe support, Crumbled rock mass

Safe proper nala channelise with culvert, check dam at upstream nala.
Nala toe erosion, Fractured quartzites in upstream

Extensive road cut, Loose debris overburden

Extensisve slopecut without toe support, Crumbled rock mass

Above road gabbion/RC wall to be provided, slope modification

Extensive road cut,wedge failure,Slope is less than the plunge of the wedge and highly fractured

Extensisve slopecut , Crumbled rock mass, rainfall

Extensive slope cut, Crumbled rock, Nala erosion

Toe erosion by Nogli khad, Colluvial fan getting eroded by nala

Gabbion wall/RC wall , Toe support for entire slide stretch
Adjoining part of dyke, Contact fractured rock shattered

Retaining wall with weepholes & back filling, slope modification, trees near crown to be removed
Extensisve slopecut without toe support,Highly Jointed/weathred rock

Extensisve slopecut and crumbled rock, rainfall

Nabiyal V, et al., Macro scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheet nos. 53E/15, 16, parts of 53E/14 and 53F/13 in parts of Kinnaur and Shimla district, Himachal Pradesh. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2016-2017
Oversaturation during peak rainy season exagerates the rock material to slidedown
Crown portion of the slide to be treated with proper toe support and retaining wall
Oversaturation of debris material on steep slope

Nabiyal V, et al., Macro scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheet nos. 53E/15, 16, parts of 53E/14 and 53F/13 in parts of Kinnaur and Shimla district, Himachal Pradesh. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2016-2017
Road cutting has lead to wedge failure in highly jointed quartzite terrain due to which the rolling down rock boulders are possing danger to the daily commuters.
Crown portion of the slide to be treated with proper toe support with retaining wall and rock bolting at places

Nabiyal V, et al., Macro scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheet nos. 53E/15, 16, parts of 53E/14 and 53F/13 in parts of Kinnaur and Shimla district, Himachal Pradesh. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2016-2017
Road cutting has lead to wedge failure in highly jointed quartzite terrain.
Crown portion of the slide to be treated with proper toe support with retaining wall and rock bolting at places

Oversaturation during peak rainy season and road cutting activity exagerrates the danger of slide.
Crown portion of the slide to be treated with proper toe support with retaining wall
Oversaturation of debris material and toe cut erosion by nala during rainy season

Oversaturation during peak rainy season.
Darkali village, Darkali - Taklech link road
Crown portion of the slide to be treated with proper toe support with retaining wall

Highly jointed nature of rocks lead to wedge failure
The whole zone needs to be treated with proper toe support with retaining wall and rock bolting at places

Jointed nature of rocks resulted in wedge and plane failure during construction of road
Removal of precarious boulders, wire mesh and rock bolting at places
Unscientific foot track construction leading to wedge and planar failure

Jointed nature of rocks resulted in wedge and plane failure during construction of road
Removal of precarious boulders, wire mesh and rock bolting at places
Unscientific road construction leading to wedge and planar failure

Oversaturation during peak rainy season exagerates the rock material to slidedown
The whole zone needs to be treated with proper toe support with retaining wall and installation of proper drain out system
Oversaturation of debris material on steep slope

Oversaturation during peak rainy season exagerates the debri material to slide which are exposed due to road cutting activity.
Retaining wall and toe support, removal of precarious boulders with rock bolting at places

Highly jointed nature of rocks lead to wedge failure and destressed overhang boulders possing danger of rock fall.
Retaining wall and toe support, removal of precarious boulders with rock bolting at places

Oversaturation during peak rainy season.
Crown portion of the slide to be treated with proper toe support with retaining wall on both sides

Wedge failure occurred due to highly jointed nature of rocks and may occur in sheared rocks also
Removal of precarious boulders, retaining wall and rock bolting at places
Saturation of fractured sheared rock mass

Oversaturation during peak rainy season.
Crown portion of the slide to be treated with proper toe support with retaining wall

Wedge failure may occur in sheared rock
Removal of precarious boulders, retaining wall and rock bolting at places

ItΓÇÖs a palaeo slide which can be trigger back any time during rainfall.
Near Hingori, right bank NH-72-Rohal Link Road
Crown portion of the slide to be treated with proper toe support with retaining wall on both sides

Wedge failure occurred due to highly jointed nature of rocks and may occur in sheared rocks also
Near Rohal, river channel( Andhra Khad) NH-72- Rohal Link road
Removal of precarious boulders, retaining wall and rock bolting at places

Unscientific agriculture practice causes saturation of debri material and benches of agriculture land are subsiding down due to heavy downpour of water.
Installation of proper channelised water drainage system and the slide to be treated with proper toe support and retaining wall
Oversaturation of debris material due to unscientific water management and dripping water through debris material

Ooversaturation of debris material and unscientific road cutting

During peak rainy season exagerates the rock material to slide down
The whole zone needs to be treated with proper toe support with retaining wall and installation of proper drain out system
Oversaturation of debris material exposed in steep slope

Road cutting activity and oversaturation during peak rainy season exagerates the rock material to slidedown
The whole zone needs to be treated with proper toe support with retaining wall and rock bolting at places
Unscientific road cutting and rainfall leading to oversaturation of debris material exposed

Wedge failure occurred due to highly jointed nature of rocks and may occur in sheared rocks also
Removal of precarious boulders and rock bolting at places

Road cutting activity and oversaturation during peak rainy season exagerates the rock material to slidedown
The whole zone needs to be treated with proper toe support with retaining wall

Oversaturation during peak rainy season exagerates the rock material to slidedown
Oversaturation of debris material on steep slope and unscientific road cutting

Oversaturation during peak rainy season exagerates the rock material to slidedow.
Crown portion of the slide to be treated with proper toe support and retaining wall

During rainy season the water influx increases the intensity of erosion possing risk to settlement.
Installation of retaining wall and toe support

Near Bhajawa village- Rampur -Mishnu road

Oversaturation during peak rainy season and toe cut erosion by overflodded nala.
Darang village, Mashnu - Darang ghati road

Oversaturation during peak rainy season brings down the slide material.
The whole zone needs to be treated with proper toe support with retaining wall
Unscientific road cutting and rainfall leading to oversaturation of debris material exposed

The whole zone needs to be treated with proper toe support with retaining wall and installation of proper drain out system
Unscientific road cutting and rainfall leading to oversaturation of debris material exposed

Wedge failure may occur in sheared rock
Darang Ghatimashni - Darang Ghati roadOAD
Wire mesh, removal of suspended boulders

Oversaturation during peak rainy season further brings down the slide material.
Crown portion of the slide to be treated with proper toe support with retaining wall and rock bolting at places

Sinking zone due to subsidence in village
Near Majehwali - Funjamajehwali - Funja road
The slide to be treated with proper toe support with retaining wall on both sides of nala
Toe cut erosion by nala during high rainfall

Oversaturation during peak rainy season exagerates the debri material to slide which are exposed due to road cutting activity.

Toe cut erosion of the glacial material on steep escarpment during high rainfall

Oversaturation during peak rainy season brings down the slide material.and evidence of subsidence observed.
The whole zone needs to be treated with proper toe support with retaining wall on both sides
Unscientific road cutting and rainfall leading to oversaturation of debris material exposed and toe cut erosion by nala

Oversaturation during peak rainy season brings down the slide material.and evidence of subsidence observed.
The whole zone needs to be treated with proper toe support with retaining wall and installation of channelised drainage system

Oversaturation during peak rainy season brings down the slide material.and evidence of subsidence observed.
Near Majehwali, Left bank of Manglad Khad
The whole zone needs to be treated with proper toe support with retaining wall and installation of channelised drainage system

Oversaturation of debris material on steep slope and unscientific road cutting

Oversaturation during peak rainy season brings down the slide material.
The whole zone needs to be treated with proper toe support with retaining wall on both sides
Oversaturation of debris material in response to heavy rainfall

Extensive slope cut for road, weathered rock mass overburden thickness >5m

Gabion wall provided and destroyed by rectivation of slide

Proper retaining wall with sufficient weep holes to be provided

Jointed nature of rocks resulted in wedge and plane failure during construction of road
Near Garsugarsu - Chota Kamba foot track
Removal of precarious boulders, wire mesh and rock bolting at places
Unscientific road construction leading to wedge and planar failure

Oversaturation during peak rainy season brings down the slide material and blocks the river flow.
Near Garsu village, Garsu- Chota Kamba foot track
The whole zone needs to be treated with proper toe support with retaining wall and removal of debris
Toe cut erosion of the debris material on steep slope and oversaturation of material during high rainfall

Oversaturation during peak rainy season brings down the slide material and blocks the river flow.
Near Garsu village, Garsu- Chota Kamba foot track
The whole zone needs to be treated with proper toe support with retaining wall and installation of rock bolting at places

Wedge failure may occur in sheared rock
Retaining wall and toe support, removal of precarious boulders

Shear induced folds observed here and wedge failure in sheared rock mass
Proper support of overhang boulders by rock bolting and wire mesh
Fractured and jointed rock mass is traversed by shear and is deformed. During road cutting, due to wedge failure, it fall down

Wedge failure in sheared rock mass
Proper support of overhang boulders by rock bolting and wire mesh
Fractured and jointed rock mass is traversed by shear and is deformed. During road cutting, due to wedge failure, it fall down

Oversaturation of colluvium material

The whole zone needs to be treated with proper toe support with retaining wall and rock bolting at places

Nabiyal V, et al., Macro scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of
toposheet nos. 53E/15, 16, parts of 53E/14 and 53F/13 in parts of Kinnaur and Shimla
districts, Himachal Pradesh.
toposheet nos. 53E/15, 16, parts of 53E/14 and 53F/1
Wedge failure occurred due to highly jointed nature of rocks
Retaining wall and toe support, removal of precarious boulders

Nabiyal V, et al., Macro scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of
toposheet nos. 53E/15, 16, parts of 53E/14 and 53F/13 in parts of Kinnaur and Shimla
districts, Himachal Pradesh.
toposheet nos. 53E/15, 16, parts of 53E/14 and 53F/1
Wedge failure occurred due to highly jointed nature of rocks and excavation of drift
Retaining wall and toe support with rock bolting at places

Nabiyal V, et al., Macro scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of
toposheet nos. 53E/15, 16, parts of 53E/14 and 53F/13 in parts of Kinnaur and Shimla
districts, Himachal Pradesh.
toposheet nos. 53E/15, 16, parts of 53E/14 and 53F/1
Retaining wall and toe support with rock bolting at places

Wedge failure occurred due to highly jointed nature of rocks
Retaining wall and toe support with rock bolting at places

Recommended for site specific study and monitoring, affecting road communication

Proper retaining wall and slope modification according to site condition

Steep slope, jointed rock, toe erosion by river

Loose scree on steep slope, toe erosion by nala

Jointed rock on steep slope, toe erosion by nala

Oversaturation during peak rainy season brings down the slide material.
The whole zone needs to be treated with proper toe support with retaining wall on both sides
Oversaturation of debris material in response to heavy rainfall and toe cut erosion by nala

Retaining wall and toe support, removal of precarious boulders with rock bolting at places
Oversaturation of debris material in response to heavy rainfall

Crown portion of the slide to be treated with proper toe support and retaining wall
Oversaturation of debris material on steep slope and side wall erosion by nala

1st to 3rd order nalas are making the toe cut erosion in the Talus cone
Near Bari village, Left bank of Solding Khad
Toe cut erosion in Talus cone of the glacial material during high rainfall

Blockage of Khad
Right bank of Solding Khad( Near Solding bridge) Pilingi - Bari road

1nd to 3rd order nalas are making the toe cut erosion in the Talus cone
Near Bari village, Left bank of Solding Khad
Toe cut erosion in Talus cone of the glacial material during high rainfall

Oversaturation of debris material
Oversaturation of debris material due to rainfall

Oversaturation during peak rainy season exagerates the rock material to slide down.
Oversaturation of glacial material along the steep slope following glacial chute

During peak rainy season the intensity of gully erosion increases
Near Chout Kanda village, Nichar- Chout Kanda foot track
Retaining wall on both flanks and toe support

Oversaturation during peak rainy season exagerates the debri material to slide down.
Right bank of Panchot Khad near Nichar forest
Toe cut erosion of the glacial material on steep slope during high rainfall

Oversaturation of debris material
Nichar forest, Nichar - Chout Kanda foot track
Oversaturation of debris material due to rainfall

Over saturation of galacial debris

Nichar forest, Nichar - Chout Kanda foot track
Retaining wall and toe support, removal of precarious boulders

Nichar Chot, Nichar - Chout Kanda foot track
Unscientific track cutting and rainfall leading to oversaturation of debris material exposed

Highly jointed nature of rocks, during foot track construction lead to wedge failure

Big settlement and construction activity has increased the favourability of slide

The overhang destressed boulders are posing danger to settlement and road blockage
Removal of overhang boulders and rock bolting at places
The distressed overhang boulders along the slope has formed due to frost wedging action

Since the crown is near to Sunagri village. the further encroachment towards slide will effect the agriculture land and settlement. Suggested for site-specific study.
Crown portion of the slide to be treated with Geojute and shortcreting and proper toe support with retaining wall
Colluvial footslope gets disturbed due to road cutting and oversaturation of material due to unscientific agriculture practice

Road subsidence also observed and glacio-fluviual material on colluvial foot slope
Crown portion of the slide to be treated with Geojute and shortcreting and proper toe support with retaining wall
Colluvial footslope gets disturbed due to road cutting and oversaturation of material due to unscientific agriculture practice

To avoid oversaturation during peak rainy season retaining wall on both sides of nala
Crown portion of the slide to be treated with proper toe support with retaining wall and drainage system to be channelised
Toe cut erosion by nala and oversaturation of debris material

The whole zone needs to be treated with proper toe support with retaining wall

Oversaturation during peak rainy season exagerates the rock material to slidedown in to the reservoir.

Proper support on both sides of crown
Near Nathpa dam, NH-22/ Right bank of Satluj river

Feldspar rich granite comprises brittle fracture and shear with gliding cracks
Near Naptha Damnh - 22/ Right bank of Satluj

Oversaturation during peak rainy season exagerates the rock material to slidedown and possibility of rock fall incidence cant be ignored.
Crown portion of the slide to be treated with proper toe support with retaining wall on both sides

On escarpment glacial material is deposited which is slided down.
Near Naptha Damnh - 22/ Right bank of Satluj
Proper toe support and retaining wall, both end should be in rock portion
Accumulated glacial debris in Nala gets disturbed due to road cutting

The whole debri of glacial origin is possing danger to settlements.
Toe cut erosion of the glacial material on steep escarpment during high rainfall

Road cutting activity and oversaturation during peak rainy season exagerates the rock material to slidedown
Nathpa - Kachrangathpa - Kachrang foot track

Oversaturation during peak rainy season exagerates the rock material to slide down in to the khad.
Oversaturation of debris material on steep slope and unscientific road cutting

Nathpa - Kachrangathpa - Kachrang foot track

Possibility of boulders rolling down to village

Near forst RH, Kachrang, Left bank of Solaring Khad

Near Kacharng village, Left bank of Solaring Khad
Toe cut erosion of the glacial material on steep escarpment during high rainfall

The whole debri of glacial origin is in the form of cone shaped debri slopeon steep escarpment.

Due to wedge failure the big boulders have slided down and damaged houses. The villagers have evacuated the village and settled in Bryang

Rahul V. et al., 2019. Macro scale (1:50,000) PGRS based landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of toposheet nos. 52H/13,14,15 & 16; 52L/2,3,4,6,7,8,11,12; 53e/13; 3I/1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15 & 16 and 53M/4 in parts of Kinnaur, Kullu a
Glaciofluvial material exposed along river bank has been subject to toe erosion by river
Highly weathered material on steep slope

Road has been realigned due to the slide
People with cultivable land in the slide zone affected
Thick debris on steep slope; oversaturation of the material

Road damaged dur to the slide.

No habitations affected

Gajbhiye PK., and Rajkumar M., 2015. A report on macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheet nos. 53J/6, 53J/9, 53I/12 and 53I/16, Tehri-Garhwal and Uttarkashi districts, Uttarakhand. GSI report of FS 2014-2015 (Acc. No.
Not feasible considering huge volume and width along nala.

Gneissic and garnetiferous mica schist of Central crystalline
The Jyoti slide of Uttarkashi was triggered due to heavy rainfall. Failure of slope wash material resting over steep slope occurred due to oversaturation by continuous rains resulting in road subsidence upto 8m and damaging of 192m stretch of NH. Electri
Interim Report on Preliminary Slope Stability assessment of the recent disaster affected areas of Uttarkashi district, Uttarakhand by D.P.Dangwal, Sr.Geol., Neetu Chauhan, Mayukhee & T. Ghosh, Geologists, M-IV, NR, Dehradun, (LHZ/NR/UPUK/2013/053)
The elements at risk are NH, forest land and electric transmission pole is at risk.
Constructing breast wall, retaining wall with adequate number of weep holes, lined toe drain, Toe protection by constructing gabion/ crate wall with spurs, geojute followed by plantation

Gajbhiye PK., and Rajkumar M., 2015. A report on macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheet nos. 53J/6, 53J/9, 53I/12 and 53I/16, Tehri-Garhwal and Uttarkashi districts, Uttarakhand. GSI report of FS 2014-2015 (Acc. No.
Retaining walls vallyside, reprofiling and stabilization by geo-Jute, plantation

Gajbhiye PK., and Rajkumar M., 2015. A report on macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheet nos. 53J/6, 53J/9, 53I/12 and 53I/16, Tehri-Garhwal and Uttarkashi districts, Uttarakhand. GSI report of FS 2014-2015 (Acc. No.
Reprofiling of slopes, Retaining walls at diiferent levels, proper drainage
Steep slope, weathered rock, gully erosion

Gneissic and garnetiferous mica schist of Central crystalline
The Gangnani slide of Uttarkashi was triggered due to heavy rainfall. The loose unconsolidated overburden material/ highly jointed and weathered rockmass resting over steep slope failed due to over saturation by rains and toe erosion/cutting by Bhagirat
Interim Report on Preliminary Slope Stability assessment of the recent disaster affected areas of Uttarkashi district, Uttarakhand by D.P.Dangwal, Sr.Geol., Neetu Chauhan, Mayukhee & T. Ghosh, Geologists, M-IV, NR, Dehradun, (LHZ/NR/UPUK/2013/053)
Constructing breast wall, retaining wall with adequate number of weep holes, lined toe drain, Toe protection by constructing gabion/ crate wall with spurs, geojute followed by plantation
2 forest houses, one private house damaged
Reduction in shear strength, Steep slope angle, planar and wedge failure, presence of clayey material along foliation plane

Flattening of slopes, stabil;ization by geo-jute, Plantation, flood Protection wall

Retaining walls vallyside, training of nala through culvert
Steep slope, jointed rock, gully erosion

Loose material, reduction in shear strength

Gneissic and schistose rock of Central Crystalline
The Sukhi Top slide of Uttarkashi was triggered due to heavy rainfall. Continuous heavy rains increases discharge and velocity of the nala bringing huge boulders, debris material. This nala damages road at five levels damaging 50-60m stretch of road at e
Interim Report on Preliminary Slope Stability assessment of the recent disaster affected areas of Uttarkashi district, Uttarakhand by D.P.Dangwal, Sr.Geol., Neetu Chauhan, Mayukhee & T. Ghosh, Geologists, M-IV, NR, Dehradun, (LHZ/NR/UPUK/2013/053)
50-60m stretch of NH108 damaged at five levels
Construction of well designed retaining wall with adequate number of weepholes/ perforated pipes, construction of culvert, .breast wall with provision of toe drain with proper gradient.
Reduction in shear strength, increase in pore water pressure

Wankhade, H. L. and Sharma, S. K., 2020. Remote sensing based macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Pithoragarh, Chamoli, Rudraprayag, Bageshwar, Tehri Garhwal and Uttarkashi districts of Uttarakhand.
In forest area, no habitation.
Concrete wall along affected zone, line drainage.

Wankhade, H. L. and Sharma, S. K., 2020. Remote sensing based macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Pithoragarh, Chamoli, Rudraprayag, Bageshwar, Tehri Garhwal and Uttarkashi districts of Uttarakhand.
In forest area, no habitation.
Line drainage, gabion wall with weep holes, slope modification.
Poor lithology, damp soil, flowing stream, rainfall

Wankhade, H. L. and Sharma, S. K., 2020. Remote sensing based macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Pithoragarh, Chamoli, Rudraprayag, Bageshwar, Tehri Garhwal and Uttarkashi districts of Uttarakhand.
In forest area, no habitation.
Gabion wall at toe, and benches upslope to dissiminate energy of rock fall.
poor lithology, steep slope, seasonal stream flow throgh slide zone.

Sachin R., and Vinay, 2015. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in Parts of toposheet nos. 53J/1 and 53J/5, Dehradun and Uttarkashi districts, Uttarakhand. GSI report of FS 2014-2015 (Acc. No. NRO-22156).

Porphyritic gneissPorphyritic gneissPorphyritic gneissPorphyritic gneissPorphyritic gneissPorphyritic gneissPorphyritic gneissPorphyritic gneissPorphyritic gneiss
Sachin R., and Vinay, 2015. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in Parts of toposheet nos. 53J/1 and 53J/5, Dehradun and Uttarkashi districts, Uttarakhand. GSI report of FS 2014-2015 (Acc. No. NRO-22156).

Flood Protection wall, reprofiling with benches, stabilisation of slopes, retaining walls
Preexisting slide, reduction in shear strength

Flood Protection wall, reprofiling with benches, proper drainage arrangements
Steep slope, reduction in shear strength, pore pressure

Steep slope, reduction in shear strength, pore pressure

Flood Protection wall, removal of debris
Preexisting slide, reduction in shear strength

Flood Protection wall, reprofiling with benches, well designed retaining walls
Steep slope, reduction in shear strength, pore pressure

Slide morphology for rock cum debris is given in the report for this slide.
Rock bolting, Chain link followed by shortcreting, construction of breast wall with weep holes, lined toe drain, slope modification by benching, Bank protection by constructing RCC wall, plantation
Reduction in shear strength, Steep slope angle, Wedge/planar failure discontinuity planes, over saturation overburden material

Quartzite,phyllite and basic rock of Uttarkashi formation
Few housed located downstream of the slide are at risk.
Toe protection at road level by constructing breast wall with adequate number of weep holes and lined toe drain. Bank protection by constructing RCC wall with spurs. Geojute, afforestation
Reduction in shear strength, Steep slope angle, wedge failure, oversaturation of Debris/overburden material

UK_UTT_NH108_ L6
Quartzites of Uttarkashi formation ( Garhwal Group
265m stretch of national high way damaged
Crate wall near the confluence with deflectors. Construction of retaining structure/breast wall with adequate number of weep holes. Lined toe drain
Toe cutting, Pore water pressure, bank erosion, heavy discharge in Shyalam gad, Steep slope angle, road widening activity

UK_UTT_NH108_ L7
Quartzites & carbonates of Uttarkashi formation ( Garhwal Group
NH-108 and Great Ganga hotel are at risk
Construction of retaining wall, lined toe drain parallel to hill side be given with proper gradient.
Bank erosion, toe cutting, reduction of shear strength, Steep slope angle

Construction of breast wall with weep holes, retaining wall, lined toe drain.
Reduction in shear strength, increase in pore water pressure

Slide morphology for rock cum debris is given in the report for this slide.
Rock bolting, Chain link followed by shortcreting, construction of breast wall with weep holes, lined toe drain, slope modification by benching, Bank protection by constructing RCC wall, plantation
Reduction in shear strength, Steep slope angle, Wedge/planar failure, over saturation overburden material

Chlorite phyllite, carbonateous shale and few patches of quartzite
Toe protection at road level by constructing breast wall with adequate number of weep holes and lined toe drain, bank protection by constructing RCC wall with spurs., slope modification by benching
Iron Bridge 500m breached away, 1 house collapsed
Reduction in shear strength, Steep slope angle, oversaturation of Debris/overburden material

Chlorite phyllite, carbonateous shale and few patches of quartzite
Channelizing the water by constructing contour drains and linned toe drain, unloading of crown portion, Breast wall in two levels, Use of biodegradable Geojute followed by plantation
Reduction in shear strength, Steep slope angle, Presence of highly jointed rocks with adverse discontinuity planes

Quartzites & phyllites of Uttarkashi formation ( Garhwal Group
Toe protection by constructing breast wall along with weep holes and lined toe drain, slope protection by means afforestation
Reduction in shear strength, steep slope angle, oversaturation of unconsolidated river borne material

Sinking of unconsolidated fluvioglacial material due to oversaturation & piping. Risk for National highway
Construction of breast wall with weep holes, retaining wall, lined toe drain.
Reduction in shear strength, increase in pore water pressure

Risk for agricultural land & NH
Construction of breast wall with weep holes, retaining wall, lined toe drain, channel link with nailing
Reduction in shear strength,Sliding of unconsolidated fluvioglacial material

UK_UTT_NH108_ L2
Phyllitic quartzite-weathering grade W2 (Jaunsar Group),quartzite, crushed rock and soil.
NH may block during winter/ monsoon rain
Stable slope angle followed by wiremesh and shotcreting. Retaining/ breast wall with weep holes at suitable interval. Drain along the affected area.
Toe cutting during road widening activities, Oversaturation of overburden material

Quartzite of Uttarkashi formation (Garhwal Group).Boulder, pebbles sand silt and feebly clay.
275m stretch of NH has been damaged, cracks on road
Constructing RCC retaining wall for bank protection. River channel should be diverted towards left side by constructing two or three rows of crate / gabion structures
Toe cutting during road widening activities, Oversaturation of overburden material

Quartzites of Uttarkashi formation (Garhwali Group) and overburden
National Highway
Constructing crate wall/ gabion structure, retaining/breast wall with adequate number of weep holes. Lined toe drain with sufficient gradient away from the affected zone.
Toe cutting during road widening activities, Oversaturation of overburden material

Quartzites & phyllites of Uttarkashi formation ( Garhwal Group
Construction of breast wall along with weepholes and toe drain, construction of causeway, chanelization of the nalas and making the slope gentle
Over saturation of unconsolidated RBM, heavy discharge along nalas, Bank erosion, toe cutting, Steep slope angle

Gneissic and schistose rock of Central Crystalline
Old slide, the area is under sinking zone
Detailed investigations for Bhatwari has already been carried out during FS: 2010-12 by GSI and recommendations suggested by GSI should be implemented accordingly
4 houses have been tilted and gapping cracks observed
Reduction of shear strength, steep slope angle, toe cutting, Oversaturation of debris material, Thinly foliated and puckered mica schist

Quartzite belonging to Garhwal Gp., fluvioglacial material
Construction of breast wall with weep holes, retaining wall, lined toe drain, channelisation of nala
Reduction in shear strength,Sinking of unconsolidated fluvioglacial material due to oversaturation

Quartzites & phyllites of Uttarkashi formation ( Garhwal Group
Construction of deflectors/spurs in front of RCC wall, Construction of breast wall with weep holes and lined toe drain all along the zone
Bank erosion, toe cutting, reduction of shear strength, Steep slope angle

Quartzites of Garhwal Group (Uttarkashi formation
Paddy fields damaged, tree trunks uprooted
Construction of breast wall,retaining wall with deflectors, biodegradable treatment.
Toe cutting during road widening activities, Oversaturation,wedge failure

Flood Protection wall, well designed retaining walls
Preexisting slide, steep slope, reduction in shear strength

The Narad Chatti slide-1, 250m u/s of confluence of Sauri gad with Yamuna river inUttarkashi was triggered due to heavy rainfall. Heavy brought huge debris material with it, damaging national highway. Restoration work in form of construction breast wall
Risk to National Highway
Construction of retaining wall upto road level with weep holes/perforated pipes, dredging of debris

The Hanuman Chatti slide of Uttarkashi was triggered due to heavy rainfall. Due to continuous rains the overburden covered steep slope got saturated and failed down and blocked 124m stretchof NH-134. Remedial measured includes construction of breast wall
Risk to National Highway
Construction of breast wall with some slope along with weep holes/perforated pipes and lined toe drain, Constructing gabion/crate wall
Reduction in shear strength, Steep slope angle.

Quartzite, gneisses and schist of Central Crystalline
The Yamnotri slide located 300m upstream of Yamnotri temple of Uttarkashi triggered due to heavy rainfall. It¿s an old slide that reactivated on June 2013 causing threat to Yamnotri Shrine. The slide first initiated in year 2004 and since then it gets r
Interim Report on Preliminary Slope Stability Assessment of the recent disaster affected areas of Uttarkashi district, Uttarakhand by D.P.Dangwal, Sr.Geol., Neetu Chauhan, Mayukhee & T. Ghosh, Geologists, M-IV, NR, Dehradun, (LHZ/NR/UPUK/2013/053)
Damage Yamnotri shrine
Construction of RCC wall upto 5m height,,Wiremesh with deep nailing above the temple, construction of check bund, dredging of debris from Triveni point
Reduction in shear strength; Planar/wedge failure, steep slope angle

Gneisses and schistose rock of Central Crystalline
The Wariya slide of Uttarkashi was triggered due to heavy rainfall. Due to insistent rain the overburden covered steep slope got saturated and failed down. Remedial measured includes construction of retaining/ breast wall along with weep holes, lined toe
Wariya village located just above the slide is at risk
Construction of breast wall with some slope along with weep holes/perforated pipes and lined toe drain, Constructing gabion/crate wall, Geotextiling/Geojute followed by plantation
Reduction in shear strength, Steep slope angle, oversaturation of material

Gneisses and schist of Central Crystalline
The Narad Chatti slide-2 located 600m SE of Banas village of Uttarkashi was triggered due to heavy rainfall. Heavy discharge in seasonal nala brought huge debris material with it, damaging 75m stretch of national highway and road subsidence by 2m. Remedi
Construction of retaining wall upto road level with perforated pipes, dredging of debris material, construction of the causeway to carry discharge

The Asnol slide located 750m NE of Banas village of Uttarkashi was triggered due to heavy rainfall. the discharge and velocity of Asnol gad was so high that it eroded its bank and brought along with it huge boulders, debris material and uprooted trees, c
NH and electric transmission line are at risk
90m stretch of NH damaged, electric transmission line tilted
Construction of RCC wall upto road level,construction of check bund, dredging of debris material

Sachin R., and Vinay, 2015. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in Parts of toposheet nos. 53J/1 and 53J/5, Dehradun and Uttarkashi districts, Uttarakhand. GSI report of FS 2014-2015 (Acc. No. NRO-22156).
Toe removal along with gully erosion by nala

Toe removal for road cutting+wedge failure

Shukla K., and Gogoi D., 2015. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in Parts of toposheet nos. 53J/2 and 53J/3, Tehri Garhwal, Dehradun and Uttarkashi districts, Uttarakhand. GSI report of FS 2014-2015 (Acc. No. NRO-22183).
Retaining wall & Plantation of fast growing grass/cactus
Natural slope failure due to road cutting

Not possible as Agriculture fields are overlying, flood protection wall may not work due to high sediment load
Steep slope, reduction in shear strength

Shukla K., and Gogoi D., 2015. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in Parts of toposheet nos. 53J/2 and 53J/3, Tehri Garhwal, Dehradun and Uttarkashi districts, Uttarakhand. GSI report of FS 2014-2015 (Acc. No. NRO-22183).

Shukla K., and Gogoi D., 2015. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in Parts of toposheet nos. 53J/2 and 53J/3, Tehri Garhwal, Dehradun and Uttarkashi districts, Uttarakhand. GSI report of FS 2014-2015 (Acc. No. NRO-22183).
Retaining wall & Plantation of fast growing grass/cactus
Natural slope failure along So & J2 due to road cut distublization

Retaining wall & Plantation of fast growing grass/cactus
Shearing, accompanied with rainfall which looses the shearing strengh of rock results landsliding

Natural slope failure + road cut failure

Sheared & folded rock strata, and both road cutting & nalna cutting fovoured landsliding

Natural slope Failure and nala cut failure

Both road cutting & nalna cutting fovoured landsliding

Retaining walls, strengthening of rock by rock bolts & shotcrete and proper drainage arrangements
Steep slope, planar/wedge failure, reduction in shear strength

Steep slope preexisting slide, reduction in shear strength

Re-profiling of slopes to gentle angle, stabilization of rocks by rock bolts & shotcrete, proper drainage arrangements
Steep slope preexisting slide, reduction in shear strength

Rishikesh-Gangotri road, R/b of Malogi gad
Removal of debris, strengthening of rock by rock bolts & shotcrete, retaining wall hillide

Rishikesh-Gangotri road, L/b of Malogi gad
Removal of debris, strengthening of rock by rock bolts & shotcrete, retaining wall hillide

Rishikesh-Gangotri road, L/b of Gair gad
Removal of debris, strengthening of rock by rock bolts & shotcrete, retaining wall hillide

Stabilization of rock by rock bolts & shotcrete, retaining walls
Steep slope , reduction in shear strength

The Chinyalisaur slide of Uttarkashi was triggered due to heavy rainfall. The area is occupied by unconsolidated RBM/ slope wash material which has failed down due to oversaturation and toe cutting by mighty river during flash flood and changing of its c
Risk for National Highway
Construction of retaining wall in steps with weep holes, breast wall, Toe protection,. Immediate filling of the existing cracks on road.
Steep slope angle, toe cutting of T-2 terrace, Oversaturation, reduction in shear strength, pore water pressure.

The Pipalmandi slide of Uttarkashi was triggered due to heavy rainfall. An ephemeral nala which is laden by slope wash material and jointed/fractured rock mass exposed in the catchment. The heavy rain dislodged the jointed rock mass and slope wash materi
7 houses nearthe nala are in danger
Nala bank protection by providing concrete wall, construction of check dams at different levels along nala in the upstream side, Provision of sizeable culvert Repair of damaged retaining wall and construction of breast wall with weep holes.
4 shops,1 house destroyed;2 houses partially damaged
Jointed and fractured rock mass, cohesion and friction resulting failure of the slope

Rishikesh-Gangotri road, L/b of Nagun gad
Steep slope preexisting slide, reduction in shear strength

At Junction of Nagun gad with Chamar gad
Steep slope, preexisting slide, reduction in shear strength

Reprofiling of slopes, suitably designed retainiing walls on both sides, proper drainage arrangements
Steep slope, preexisting slide, jointed rock

Removal of debris, flood protection wall may not work due to high sediment load
Steep slope, reduction in shear strength

Removal of debris, strengthening of rock by rock bolts & shotcrete, long span- high deck bRidge on nala
Steep slope, preexisting slide, reduction in shear strength

Re-profiling of slopes , stabilization of rocks by rock bolts & shotcrete, proper drainage, retaining walls
Steep slope , reduction in shear strength, loose rock

Chlorite phyllite & slates of Jaunsar Group
The Dharasu powerhouse slide of Uttarkashi was triggered due to heavy rainfall. The overburden covered slope has been distablize during road cutting. The disturbed slopes after getting saturate moved downward and the rate of movement increased due to toe
Construction of retaining/breast wall, lined toe drain
Toe cutting, steep slope, oversaturation of material, pore water pressure, reduced its shear strength

Chlorite phyllite & slates of Jaunsar Group
The Badethi slide of Dharasu village in Uttarkashi got reactivated on 16th June 2013 due to heavy rainfall. The slope is occupied with slope wash material which failed down due to road widening activities which in turn disturbed the natural equilibri
Construction of breast wall with perforated pipes, retaining wall, lined toe drain, placing of biodegradable geojute
Reduction of shear strength, Steep slope angle, toe cutting, Over saturation of debris material, Steep slope

Rishikesh-Gangotri road, R/b of river Bhagirathi
Steep slope, preexisting slide, planar/wedge failure

Phyllite, chloritic phyllite of Jaunsar Group
The Dharasu bridge slide of Uttarkashi was triggered due to heavy rainfall. The overburden/ rock covered steep slope during road widening operation got disturbed. The already disturbed slope aggravated due to prolonged heavy rain in the month of June and
Houses and shops located at the confluence of the river and nala are at risk
Unloading of the debris, construction of steady retaining wall. Lined toe drain all along the affected areas, constructing gabions/crate walls structure with spurs.
Wedge failure, oversaturation of material, pore water pressure, reduction in shear strength

Loose material, pore pressure, reduction in shear strength

Phyllite, chloritic phyllite of Jaunsar Group
The Dharasu slide of Uttarkashi was triggered due to heavy rainfall. Prolonged rain in the area and catchment increases discharge of Bhagirathi river resulting flash flood. Although in-situ rock is exposed at the river bed level but the high discharge of
Construction of one row of crate wall in front of RCC wall with spars/ deflector to divert the flow of water, provision of weep holes to release the pore water pressure
Thinly foliated/ puckered rock mass, Pore water pressure, reduction in shear strength

Flattening of slopes, retaining walls and proper drainage arrangements

Phyllitic quartzite having weathering grade W2 (Jaunsar Group)
Chronic slide and frequently block the NH leading to Gangotri temple
NH partially damaged & blocked due to debris
Construction of retaining wall with weep holes, breast wall, wiremesh and shotcreting. Divert the flow of surface run off from the crown away from affected zone
Toe cutting during, road widening activity,Jointed and fractured rock mass, Steep slope angle, Oversaturation of overburden material

Reprofiling of slopes, Plantation, Retaining walls, proper drainage.
Steep slope, reduction in shear strength

Re-profiling of slopes , suitably designed retaining walls and proper drainage
Loose material, pore pressure, reduction in shear strength

The Pheri slide of Uttarkashi was triggered due to heavy rainfall. Due to insistent rain the jointed rock mass & overburden covered steep slope got saturated and the already disturbed toe of the slope during road widening operation failed down. Although
National Highway at risk
Construction of retaining and breast wall with weep holes, lined toe drain, bio degradable treatment like geo jute/geo textile
Wedge failure, oversaturation of material, steep slope, reduction in shear strength

Regrading of slopes, flood protection wall
Steep slope, preexisting slide, reduction in shear strength

Re-profiling of slopes , suitably designed retaining walls and proper drainage

The Kalyani slide of Uttarkashi was triggered due to heavy rainfall. The overburden covered slope got saturated due to prolonged rain and failed down resulting blocked road. Road is through but channelization of the nalas, construction of breast wall, cu
Damage of cultivated land at crown level.
Channelization of the nalas, construction of breast wall with culvert, modification of the steep slopes by giving 2-3 berms in between, Lined toe drain with proper gradient
Slide initiate due to anthropogenic activity, wedge failure, saturation of overburden material

Regrading of slopes, flood protection wall
Steep slope,preexisting slide, reduction in shear strength

Flood Protection wall, well designed retaining walls, proper drainage arrangements

Re-profiling, stabilization by rock bolts & shotcrete, retaining walls, proper drainage arrangements
Steep slope, reduction in shear strength, jointed rock

Training of nala at bottom, retaining walls at upper leels, proper drainage arrangements

Suitably designed retaining walls, proper drainage arrangements
Pre-existing slide, reduction in shear strength

Re-profiling, stabilization by geo-grid, Suitably designed retaining walls, proper drainage arrangements
Steep slope, reduction in shear strength, jointed rock

Suitably designed retaining walls, proper drainage arrangements

Re-profiling, stabilization by geo-grid, Suitably designed retaining walls, proper drainage arrangements

Vinay et al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 53J/4, 10, 14, Uttarkashi, Tehri, Dehradun and Haridwar districts, Uttarakhand. GSI report of FS 2015-2016.

Lambgaon-Bhetla khal road, R/b of Jalkhur gad
Reprofiling of slopes, Plantation, Retaining walls, proper drainage.

Lambgaon-Kandiyalgaon road, R/b of Jalkhur gad
Reprofiling of slopes, Plantation, Retaining walls, proper drainage.

Thapliyal P., and Kumar T., 2015. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets no. 53 J/11 and 53 J/12, Tehri and Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand. GSI report of FS 2014-2015 (Acc. No. NRO-22158).

Vinay et al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 53J/4, 10, 14, Uttarkashi, Tehri, Dehradun and Haridwar districts, Uttarakhand. GSI report of FS 2015-2016.
Risk to Binakkhal road

Vinay et al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 53J/4, 10, 14, Uttarkashi, Tehri, Dehradun and Haridwar districts, Uttarakhand. GSI report of FS 2015-2016.
Risk to road to Ayarkhal

Water pipe line and road has been damaged

Flood Protection wall, reprofiling with benches, stabilisation of slopes, proper drainage, retaining walls
Preexisting slide, reduction in shear strength

Flood Protection wall, reprofiling with benches, stabilisation of slopes

Removal of debris, protection wall along side of Shiva temple

No remedial measures feasible considering huge sediment load, BRidge over nala at road junction

Flattening of slope, suitably designed retaining walls.
Sttep slope, preexisting slide, loose material

Flattening of slopes, retaining walls on both side and proper drainage arrangements

Flattening of slopes, retaining walls on both side and proper drainage arrangements
Steep slope, preexisting slide, loose material

Flood Protection wall, reprofiling, stabilisation of slopes by geojute, proper drainage
Preexisting slide, reduction in shear strength, steep slope

Retaining walls, reprofiling of slopes, plantation and proper drainage.
Seep slope, gully erosion, preexisting slide

Gneissic and schistose rock of Central Crystalline
Constructing breastwall with adequate number of weep holes, lined toe drain, construction of retaining wall
Reduction in shear strength, oversaturation of loose material

Constructing breastwall with weep holes, rerouting of surface run-off, construction of retaining wall
Reduction in shear strength, oversaturation of loose material

Retaining walls valleyside, training of nala through culvert
Steep slope, preexisting slide, loose material

Training of nala thorugh culvert or high deck bRidge

Constructing breastwall with weep holes and lined toe drain, channelisation of nala flow, Rerouting of surface run-off
Reduction in shear strength, increase in pore water pressure, steep slope

Protection by geo-grid walls, retaining walls, flood protection walls, training of nala by culvert

Stasbilization by geojute, retaining walls proper drainage arrangements

Training of nala, stabilisation of slope, diversion of water, rehabilitation of families close to crown,
Preexisting slide, reduction in shear strength, steep slope

Flood Protection wall, reprofiling, stabilisation of slopes by geo-grid, proper drainage, rehabilitation of village
Preexisting slide, reduction in shear strength, steep slope

1.5km stretch of NH-108 is subsided from Chadethi upto Papar gad
Constructing retaining wall with weep holes, provision of lined toe drain, constructing well designed retaining wall
Toe cutting/erosion by the river, reduction in shear strength, steep slope angle, jointed rockmass

Flood Protection wall, reprofiling, stabilisation of slopes, proper drainage

Flood Protection wall, reprofiling with plantation, stabilisation of slopes, proper drainage, retaining walls

Bhela Tipri-Silla road, L/b of Pilang gad
Reprofiling with benches, stabilisation of slopes, proper drainage, retaining walls with weep holes

Reprofiling with benches, stabilisation of slopes, proper drainage, retaining walls, trining of stream

Malla to Saura road, L/b of Bhagirathi river
Flood Protection wall, reprofiling with benches, stabilisation of slopes, proper drainage, retaining walls

Slide just downstream of Mamilpani bridge, National highway at risk
Constructing breastwall with adequate number of weep holes, lined toe drain

Constructing breastwall with adequate number of weep holes, lined toe drain, toe protection by constructing gabion with spurs. Biodegradable treatment on hill slope
Toe cutting, reduction in shear strength, steep slope angle, wedge/planar failure

Retaining wall valleyside, training of nala through culvert, Check walls up to certain height

In 2014 village Toli is subsided due to rain

due to road cut and rainfall due to nala erosion

Due to cutting of slope by Power Plant

due to toe erosion of left bank by river

Kumar P., and Balaji P., 2015. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping In parts of toposheet nos. 53J/15 and 53J/16, Tehri Garhwal, Pauri Garhwal and Rudraprayag districts, Uttarakhand. GSI report of FS 2014-2015 (Acc. No. NRO-22161).

Kumar P., and Balaji P., 2015. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping In parts of toposheet nos. 53J/15 and 53J/16, Tehri Garhwal, Pauri Garhwal and Rudraprayag districts, Uttarakhand. GSI report of FS 2014-2015 (Acc. No. NRO-22161).
Failure along joint plane/ planner failure

Kumar P., and Balaji P., 2015. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping In parts of toposheet nos. 53J/15 and 53J/16, Tehri Garhwal, Pauri Garhwal and Rudraprayag districts, Uttarakhand. GSI report of FS 2014-2015 (Acc. No. NRO-22161).
Highly jointed and sheared rock/ wedge failure

Thapliyal P., and Kumar T., 2015. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets no. 53 J/11 and 53 J/12, Tehri and Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand. GSI report of FS 2014-2015 (Acc. No. NRO-22158).
Retaining wall with proper drainage arrangement

Thapliyal P., and Kumar T., 2015. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets no. 53 J/11 and 53 J/12, Tehri and Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand. GSI report of FS 2014-2015 (Acc. No. NRO-22158).
Retaining wall with proper drainage arrangement
Failure of the weathered rock mass during rainfall

Failure of rock blocks (Planar failure) Alluvial flood plainter road cutting.

Retaining wall with proper drainage arrangement
Toppling of foliation plane and rill erosion

Creep/subsidence/Failure of debris material due to road cutting

Washing out of weathered slope rock mass particularly during rains

Slope failure due to oversaturation during rainfall

Failure of debris material due to road cutting

Failure of the weathered rock mass during rainfall

Retaining wall along road with drainage arrangement and culvert

Retaining wall/Pitching of stone up to 30m height from road bench.
Formation of Deep Gullies. Rill and gully erosion

Retaining wall all along the side Alluvial flood plainfected area

Retaining wall to be reparied. New bench support may be given.

Retaining wall /drainage arrangement /support to HT line tower

Retaining wall along road and support to HT line tower.

Check dam at regular interval along nala course and culvert on raod

Wedge and Planar failure Alluvial flood plainter blasting for road cutting.

Retaining wall with proper drainage arrangement.

Retaining wall along road in the slide Alluvial flood plainfected area

Retaining wall with proper drainage arrangement.
Gully formation/failure of weathered rock mass during rainfall

Retaining wall with proper drainage arrangement.
Intensive gully formation/failure of weathered rock mass during rainfall

Failure of weathered rock mass during rainfall due to oversaturation.

Failure of highly distressed rock blocks due to road cutting.

Retaining wall along road in the slide Alluvial flood plainfected area/drainage/culvert

Toe protection by retaining and breast wall
Natural slope failure due to Toe erosion/gully erosion

Benches and put wire mesh to catch big boulders.
Wedge failure & toppling with nala erosion

Benches with catch and contour drainage and breast wall with weep holes

Steep Slope, Road Cut & weathered material

Breast wall with weep holes and Alluvial flood plainforestation

Breast wall with weep holes and Retention wall for sAlluvial flood plainety of road
Loose wathered material on steep slope trigerred by road cut

Retaining wall for sAlluvial flood plainety of road

Loose wathered material on steep slope/ Planner failure on top

The Jangla slide-2 of Uttarkashi was triggered due to heavy rainfall. Increased discharge and velocity in seasonal nala due to continuous heavy rains brought along with it huge boulders, debris material and damaged 50m stretch of NH. Constructing well de
50m stretch of NH108 got blocked and damaged.
Construction of breast wall with adequate number of weep holes, lined toe drain, Construction retaining wall with weep holes, dredging of the debris material along the nala .

The Jangla slide-1 of Uttarkashi was triggered due to heavy rainfall. Increased discharge and velocity in seasonal nala due to continuous heavy rains brought along with it huge boulders, debris material and damaged 50m stretch of NH. Constructing well de
Construction of breast wall with adequate number of weep holes, lined toe drain, Construction retaining wall with weep holes, dredging of the debris material along the nala .

Loose wathered material on steep slope trigerred by road cut

Loose wathered & sheared material on steep slope

Breast wall and retaining wall with weep holes
Loose wathered & sheared material on steep slope

Breast wall and retaining wall with weep holes

Chauhan, R., and Mehrotra, R. 2017. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in Pauri Gharwal District of Uttarakhand covering Toposheet nos. 53K13, 14 and 53K15. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2016-2017.

Breast wall with weep holes/ remove overhang

Benches with catch and contour drainage and breast wall with weep holes
Loose wathered material on steep slope/ Planner failure on top

Loose wathered & sheared material on steep slope/ planner failure

The Sartia slide of Uttarkashi was triggered due to heavy rainfall. Increased discharge and velocity in seasonal nala due brought huge boulders, debris material and damaged 80m stretch of NH. As a remedy, constructing road over hum pipes to raise its hei
Construction of road over hum pipes to raise its height by half a meter and for carrying seasonal discharge downstream through hum pipes of adequate diameter, construction of check bunds along the nala section and retaining wall

Breast wall and retaining wall with weep holes
Loose wathered material on steep slope trigerred by road cut

Das, S., Rajkumar, M., Sharma, S. 2017. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in Haridwar, Deheradun and Pauri Gharwal Districts of Uttarakhand covering Toposheet nos. 53K1, 5, 9 and 53K10. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2016-2017.
No Habitation
Highly fractured rock, due to high rainfall, Pore water pressure

Das, S., Rajkumar, M., Sharma, S. 2017. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in Haridwar, Deheradun and Pauri Gharwal Districts of Uttarakhand covering Toposheet nos. 53K1, 5, 9 and 53K10. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2016-2017.
No Habitation
Rainfall and extensive cut slope, Highly joited and dislodged rock bolders due to road cutting

Das, S., Rajkumar, M., Sharma, S. 2017. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in Haridwar, Deheradun and Pauri Gharwal Districts of Uttarakhand covering Toposheet nos. 53K1, 5, 9 and 53K10. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2016-2017.
Localised sheer zone was observed.
Concrete wall already provided and the slide has been stabilized

No Habitation

N20W of Urmal
agriculture and settlements

Baunsal
Highly fractured and weathered rock mass, Pore water pressure

Poor lithology, Highly fractured and Highly weathered, Pore water pressure

Highly weathered rock mass ,Due to Pore water pressure increased, Slide occurred

No settlements and agriculture land

slide is getting stabilized
Retaining wall, Gabbion wall already provided at different levels.
Extansive slope cut, Highly fractured and jointed rock mass,

Due to high rainfall, Pore water pressure increased

Road erosion
Retaining wall with well drainage development
Debris flowing along the nala causing deep gully erosion.

Rock fall due to road cut along joint plain

No Habitation and agriculture
Highly weathered and fructured material,failure occurred due to pore water pressure

Highly jointed, fractured and weathered rock and extensive cut slope

highly weathered and fractured rock, ECS, failure occurred due to pore water pressure increased.

Highly weathered and fractured rock mass, Pore water pressure

Planar and wedge failure due to extension joints

Gumkhal ( Lansdown Road)

wire crate gabion wall all along the affected stretch
Rock slide occured due to highly jointed rock ,small pieces of rock block dislodge along the weak plane.

Highly dissected hills morphology,steep slope, highly weathered material

Highly fractured and weathered rock mass, porewater pressure, ECS

No Settlements and Road on down slope
Highly fractured and weathered terrace material (Alluviam) slided due to heavy rainfall

Satpuli Malli
Highly fractured and weathered rock mass, ECS, Dislodged due to heavy rainfall.

Rock fall along the weak plane,Rocks are folded and rock fall observed at the hinge of the fold ,Shear zone is present at the hinge of the fold

Satpuli
No habitation, Road on down slope

Poor lithology, Highly fractured and Highly weathered rock mass, Pore water pressure

Dhanda
Trees are uprooted
Highly fractured and weathered rock mass

No habitation
Slope Stabilaztion , Dredging without blasting

Settlements on down slope
Retaining wall and Gabbion wall already provided
Highly weathered material, colluvium erosion due to rill erosion

Chauhan, R., and Mehrotra, R. 2017. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in Pauri Gharwal District of Uttarakhand covering Toposheet nos. 53K13, 14 and 53K15. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2016-2017.
Restoration of Vegetation
Retaining wall can be constructed.

highly weathered and fractured rock mass, Poor lithology pore water pressure

Highly weathered rock mass, pore water pressure

Deep gully erosion, Highly weathered rock mass

Highly fractured and weathered rock mass, porewater pressuer

Chameta
Poor lithology, Highly weathered rock mass

Agriculture Land

highly jointed and fructured, planer failure slide occurred due to removel of lower support

Road on downslope
Highly weathered rock mass, poor Lithology, Planar failure

Road on downslope
Highly weathered rock mass, Pore water pressure

Steep slope,Highly fractured and weathered rock mass, porewater pressuer

Highly fractured and weathered rock mass, valley facing joints, joints are subvertical to vertical, planar failure, ECS

Gairgaddu
Highly fractured and weathered rock mass, valley facing joints, planar failure

Highly fractured and weathered rock mass, valley facing joints, planar failure

Lansdowne
Damage occurred down Slope of road, damage and Retaining wall
Deep gully erosion, Highly weathered rock mass

No habitation
Highly jointed and Fractured rock, Pore water Pressure

Highly weathered rock mass,Poor lithology, pore water pressure

Jhatri
No habitation

Highly fractured and weathered rock mass,Poor lithology, pore water pressure

Balsog
Highly fractured rock mass, pore water pressure, Trees are uproated

ECS, Highly fractured and weathered, Poor lithology, Pore water pressure

Highly fractured and weathered rock mass, pore water pressure

Highly fractured and Jointed rock mass, pore water pressure

Highly weathered rock mass, pore water pressure and toe erosion by Nala

Toe Erosion by Nala & River, Planar failure

Highly fractured and jointed rocks, hanging

Godi
Road damage
Deep gully erosion poor lathology, erosion along the nala, cutting acrose the road

Downslope road and nala
Rock are highly jointed and fractured, due to ECS Slope failure is occurred

Dugadda
Highly weathered rock mass, pore water pressure

Dugadda
Highly fractured and weathered rock mass, pore water pressure

Retaining wall at the base and Gabion wall at the top
Rill erosion and heavy rainfall initiated the slide

Road on the downslope

Dugadda

MariaKhal
Poor lithology, Highly weatherd rock mass

Highly jointed rock mass, Vertical Escarpment

No road, No Habitation

Highly jointed, fractured and weathered rock mass

Highly Jointed and fractured rock mass, Pore water pressure

Kotdwar
No Settlements and cultivated land, Roads on down Slope
Highly jointed rock mass, fractured and weathered

Plantation

Highly jointed and fractured rock mass, Pore water pressure,ECS

Highly fractured and weathered rock mass, Pore water pressure

Highly fractured and weathered rock mass, Pore water pressure,ECS

Pulinda
Highly jointed and fractured rock , ECS, Pore water pressure

Deep Gully erosion

Pulinda

Road cutting, rock slide along joint plane

Settlements and Cultivated Land on down slope
Highly weathered rock mass, ECS, Pore water pressure

Ramni
Road on upslope and down slope
Highly Jointed dn fractured rock mass, Pore water pressure

ECS, Highly jointed and weathered rock mass

Highly jointed , fractured and weathered Poor Lithology, Deep Gully erosion

Balli
Road and Cultivated Land on down slope
ECS, Highly weathered rock mass, Pore water pressure, anthropogenic activity, Denudational zone

Cultivated Land
Highly fractured and weathered rock mass

No habitation, Road on the down Slope
Highly Jointed, Fractured and weathered rock mass, Slide due to pore water pressure and ECS,

Dundeka

Bagi
settlements and cultivated land at risk
Highly jointed &fractured rock mass,failure occurred along the valley dipping joint planes

Hiyunlag
Highly jointed and fractured and weathered rock mass, deep gulley erosion, pore water pressure, rainfall, highly denudational zone, valley dipping joint planes.

Trees are uprooted
Highly jointed and fractured rock mass, slide occurred due to increase of pore water pressure during rainfall

Bissi
Settelements and cultivated land on down slope
Highly fractured and weathered rock mass, slide occurred due to havy rainfall and pore water pressure, Planar failure

Chobra
Highly shuttered and weathered rock mass, failure occurred due to ECS

Highly shuttered and weathered rock mass, failure occurred due to ECS

Paranda
Highly shuttered and weathered rock mass, failure occurred due to ECS

Debris flow along the nala during the rain

Road on down slope

Valley dipping joints, planar failure along the penetrative joint plain

No Settlement and agriculture land
Highly jointed fractured and weathered rock mass, due to pore water pressure, slide occurred

Deep gully erosion. Highly jointed and fractured and weathered rock mass

No Settlement and agriculture, Road on down slope

Highly fractured and weathered rock mass, slide occurred due to havy rainfall and pore water pressure

Highly fractured and weathered rock mass, slide occurred due to havy rainfall and pore water pressure, Planar failure

Banchuri
Highly fractured and weathered rock mass, slide occurred due to havy rainfall and pore water pressure, Planar failure

Mandalu
Due to ECS rock boulders are rolled down, pore water pressure

Gorla
Highly jointed and fractured rock mass, slide occurred due to ECS

No habitaion

Failure occurred along vertical to sub vertical joint planes

Subsidence occurred along the vertical joint planes

Mandalu

Mandalu
Road blocked
Highly jointed and fractured rock mass, slide occurred due to increase of pore water pressure during rainfall

Retaining wall provided and college has taken place
Deep Gully erosion, Thickly jointed and fractured rock mass

no settlement
highly jointed and fructured and highly weathered rock mass, pore water pressure and removel of lower support

Hatnur
Retaining wall, Breast wall are provided
ECS, Highly fractured and weathered rock mass

Plantation
Poor lithology, Highly fractured and weathered

Subvertical to vertical joint planes, planar failure along joint planes

highly jointed and fractured rock mass,Debris flow along the nala during the rain

S of Kunti village
Debris flow along the nala during the rain

road damage
highly jointed and fructured rock mass, toe erosion by nala

highly jointed and fructured rock mass, slide occurred due to removal of lower support (ECS)

Kritikal
Road, subsidence occurred

down slope of the road
Road constructed on the transported material of nala, subsidance ocurred due to poor water presure and erosion by nala

Highly wethered and fractured rock mass, subsidance occurred due nala erosion, poor water presure, slide occurred due to poor presure and

Kalauri

Resoing wall & road damage
poor water presure encreage, decrease in share strenth as a result snide occured

Highly fractured weather rock mass, tancinal cracks are develoved, rainfall & prewater pressure

Dwarikal
Upslope, Settlements, agriculture land

Baloni
Highly fractured and jointed rock, Valley dipping Joints

poor lithology, highly jointed and fractured rock mass,Deep gulley erosion,'V' pointing towards upslope,

Highly fissile rock, jointed and fractured, planar failure, ECS

Highly jointed and fractured rock mass, gulley erosion, poor lithology

Rock bolders are rolling down slope due to heavy rainfall

Highly jointed and fractured rock mass, pore water pressure

no settelment
highly jointed and fructured rock mass, oberburden thickness high water pressure and removel of lower support

Satpuli Vyas ghat Road (SH-49)

Satpuli Vyast Road (SH-49)

Satpuli Vyast Road (SH-49)
Already Retaining wall provided but broken,Concrete wall should be given

Satpuli Vyast Road (SH-49)
Slope stabilization and provide breast wall of same height 1m buffer zone should be given

joint plains are subvertical to vertical,Planar failure

Trees are uprooted
Highly jointed and fractured rock mass, ECS

Tree are uprooted
Poor lithology, Highly fractured and weathered

No Habitations
Highly fractured and weathered ,Poor lithology, pore water pressure

Toe protection wall along river in the Alluvial flood plainfected area

Highly wearthed rock mass, Pore water pressure, Poor Lithology

No Habitations
Poor lithology, Highly fractured and weathered

Highly Jointed and fractured rock mass, 3 Set of joint, wedge failure

Valley Facing Joints, Planar Failure,Two joints are prominants

Highly fractured and Jointed rock mass, Joint planar failure

Valley Facing Joints, Planar Failure,3-sets of prominants joint, Rock slide Occurred along valley facing joint.

Dormant slide,Slide occurred due to Rill Erosion,Poor lithology along the joint plane ,pore water pressure,

Highly weathered , Jointed, Fractured Poor lithology, Planar failure

Near Ramjiwala

kimsar

Not required

Aggriculture land on down slope
Highly weathered jointed and fractured rock mass, pore water pressure, failure occurred along joint surface

Pore water pressure, highly weathered rock mass older well compacted deris

Highly jointed and fractured rock,Planar and wedge failure

Highly fractured and weathered rock mass

Highly jointed and fractured rock mass, Slide occurred along valley dipping joint.

Highly fractured and weathered Poor lithology

Highly jointed rock mass, Planar failure along Valley facing joint, Joint with High angle

Highly Jointed and fractured rock mass flowing along the nala in Rainy season

Highly Jointed and fractured rock mass, Pore water pressure, Tree are uprooted

Rampur Rao

Haridwar town on down slope, and Mansa Devi temple on upslope
Highly jointed, fractured and weathered rockmass, Gully erosion,pore pressure

River on down slope

Highly weathered rock mass, Highly dissected hills area, Pore water pressure

Natural slope failure in phyllite which is jointed. Slip plane is J2 mainly which initiate with rainfall every year.

Road cut failure and failure of extensively jointed limestone tiggered by rainfall

Due to highly jointed rocks, it topples & nala cutting enhances the sliding during rains

shearing observed and failure due to road cut initiation (old land slide)

Nala cut erosion & natural slope failure

Shearing results to loosing of the strengh rock & accompained with nala cut at toe

Toe cutting of river results failure along plane (joint plane )

Slope is opposite direction of dip so toppeling & fall of rock pieces occur.

Song river cut erosion at toe result failure

Increase hight of retaining wall with proper benches/ cladding is better alternative
Rock slide tiggered by rainfall & topplling

Retaining wall required /with shotcrest/Plantation of fast growing grass/cactus
Rock type is Shared Quartzites in powdery wite form, constiuting the of the natural Hill slope, which is destabilised by Road cutting.

Due to Road cut failure which disturb natural slope, earlier nala course was present at the site

Road cut failure results destabilization of slope

Road cut failure with natural slope failure

Toe cut by nala, structurally controlled

Shate & limestone alteration weathered, which got destablised due to road cut

Retaining Wall & Plantation of fast growing grass/cactus
road cut failure activated the landslide

Failure along S1 plane accopained with J1 & J2

Nala cut resulted failure of tallus material

Nala cut with road cut and disturbence due to road above crown

Nala cut failure & Natural slope failure

Road cut failure which destabilised the hill slope

Highly jointed & fractured quartzite constitute the natural slope which is destablised by road cut

Plantation of fast growing grass/cactus and proper drainnage arrangements to keep the area dry as much as possible

Heavy rainfall at the time of Aapda/cloudbrust causes oversaturation, resulted loosing of shearing strenth of overburden material, thus causes landslide

Road cut & Rainfall enhances failure due to loosing of shearing strength

Road cutting caused failure of moderately weathered limestone/ dolomite which was tiggered by rainfall

Slip along phyllitie layer initiated by road cut which enhance the slide

Raad cut failure & rock os highly jointed

Limestone is highly sheared and phyllite is weathered which become unstable by road cut

Natural slope failure accompained with sharing

Natural slope failure by oversaturation due to continuous rain & road cut destabilise the natural slope.

Natural slope failure due to shearing , weathering & slope destabilised due to road cut

Toe cutting by nala & rainfall activated landslides

Road cut failure & natural slope failure

Slope Destablized due to road cut and rainfall, also rock/soil is loose

Old slide scar triggering factor not pridictible

Road cut failure & rainfall tiggering landslide and due to steep slope cutting for house building purpose without proper bench and toe support

Natural slope failure & Rainfall enhances failure due to loosing of shearing strength

Brown silt, clay sand with pebbles and boulders
Wankhade HL et al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 53F/9, F/10, F/11, F/13, F/14, F/15, F/16 and 53I/8, Uttarkashi, Tehri, Dehradun and Haridwar districts, Uttarakhand. GSI report of FS 2015-2016.
no habitation

Brown silt, clay sand with pebbles and boulders
Wankhade HL et al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 53F/9, F/10, F/11, F/13, F/14, F/15, F/16 and 53I/8, Uttarkashi, Tehri, Dehradun and Haridwar districts, Uttarakhand. GSI report of FS 2015-2016.

Brown silt, clay sand with pebbles and boulders
Wankhade HL et al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 53F/9, F/10, F/11, F/13, F/14, F/15, F/16 and 53I/8, Uttarkashi, Tehri, Dehradun and Haridwar districts, Uttarakhand. GSI report of FS 2015-2016.
slide are not in no mans land area
highly weathered rock mass, pore water pressure

no habitation
highly weathered rock mass, seasonal nala erosion

pore water pressure, debris sliding due to nala flow

Phyllite, qtz, shale,dolomite, tuff with dolerite
highly weathered rock mass, pore water pressure, debris sliding due to nala flow

no habitation

Phyllite, qtz, shale,dolomite, tuff with dolerite

Phyllite, qtz, shale,dolomite, tuff with dolerite
highly weathered rock mass, pore water pressure

highly weathered rock mass, pore water pressure

Conglomerate with friable sandstone and clay

Lakshmanan K et.al.,Macroscale (1: 50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheet nos. 53F05 & 53 F/09, parts of Sirmaur & Shimla districts, Himachal Pradesh. Unpub. GSI report of FS 20172018
Scaling out toe material, breast wall of suitable height
River toe cut(palaeoslide) , new slide within this due to roadcut

Rahul V. et al., 2018. Macroscale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 53F06, 7, 10, 11 & 14, parts of Sirmur district, HimachalPradesh.Unpub. GSI report of FS 20172018
weathered rock in steep slope, loose debris saturation

RamaDon slide
Rahul V. et al., 2018. Macroscale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 53F06, 7, 10, 11 & 14, parts of Sirmur district, HimachalPradesh.Unpub. GSI report of FS 20172018
detailed study required
proper retaining wall and slope
modification as per site condition
jointed, structurally disturbed and weathered
rock exposed on road cut, toe erosion by nala

Rahul V. et al., 2018. Macroscale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 53F06, 7, 10, 11 & 14, parts of Sirmur district, HimachalPradesh.Unpub. GSI report of FS 20172018
jointed and weathered rock exposed on road cut

jointed and weathered rock along with
loose debris exposed on road cut

shale of Subathu Formation, Sirmur Group
tow erosion by nala, weathered rock on steep slope

weathered and jointed rock exposed on steep slope

jointed and weathered rock exposed on steep slope

Chandni Slide
Big slide zone
affecting communication
weathered and jointed shale on steep slope, toe erosion

jointed and weathered rock
exposed on steep slope

milestones 8.5 to 10.5 slide
zone, DadahuSataun road
jointed and weathered rock exposed on steep slope, road cut

road cut in highly jointed and weathered shale

jointed and weathered rock exposed on steep slope, road cut

loose debris and weathered rock
on steep slope

toe erosion by river and steep slope
with jointed shale

3 sets joints, SO 75/50>NW,J1 parallel S0,

3 sets joints, SO 75/50>NW,
toe erosion of nala, highly jointed shale

3 sets joints, SO 75/50>NW,
dense vegetation converted
to sparse vegetation

Khadkali
Slates, quartzites, limestone and carb. slate of Blaini and Infra Krol Group of rocks
S0/J1:EW/45º due N; J2:N70ºE-S70ºW 55º due S20ºE; J3:N30ºE-S30ºW 65º due N60ºW
After the receiving of request letter received from SE, PWD, Nahan, the slide problem was undertaken. The construction of road is being done by PWD personnel at present. The slide is in carbonaceous slate. Apart from slide dumped excavated material on sl
It was observed that during the construction of road only, the slide took place. The nature of carbonaceous slate is also very weak and fragile due to geological conditions. Proper construction methodology needs to be followed.
Khadkali to Unar Kango road link road, Dist. Sirmaur, Himachal Pradesh on Dadhau to Sangra road observed on 27.7.17
LU: road passing through debris covered slope LC: moderate to dense vegetation
Slide affected and adjoining area is forest land
No further slope cutting. Removal of muck dumped on slope between two level of road cut. Half cutting/half filling during the construction of road. Provision of retention structures along hill side in slide area. Traffic should be halted on the main dist
Shallow failure. The failure seemed to be taken place due to a) construction of road, and b) nature of rock

toe erosion, weathered rock on steep slope

South of Pharuwala Falls,
DadahuSataun road
jointed and weathered rock exposed on steep slope, road cut

jointed and weathered rock exposed on
steep slope, lack of toe support

Detailed study required
7 shops and few vehicles
washed away by the slide
highly jointed carbonaceous shale on steep slope
exposed in road cut, saturation of weathered
rock material, toe erosion by Giri river

shale of Subathu Formation, Sirmur Group
Dadahu sinking zone

slide zone
road cut in highly jointed and weathered shale

unscientific road cut without proper toe support

shale of Dagshai Formation, Sirmur Group
road cut in weathered shale and jointed shale
and sandstone without proper toe support

shale and sandstone of Subathu Formation
road cut in weathered shale and jointed shale
and sandstone without proper toe support

road cut in weathered shale and jointed shale
and sandstone without proper toe support

shale and sandstone of Subathu Formation
road is barred from
communication

shale and sandstone of Subathu Formation

shale and sandstone of Dagshai Formation, Sirmur Group
loose debris and weathered rock exposed
on steep slope, lack of toe support

jointed and weathered rock on steep slope

weathered and highly jointed rock on steep slope, toe erosion by nala

shale of Subathu Formation, Sirmur Group

Lakshmanan K et.al.,Macroscale (1: 50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheet nos. 53F05 & 53 F/09, parts of Sirmaur & Shimla districts, Himachal Pradesh. Unpub. GSI report of FS 20172018
Scaling of loose material and supporting of toe

Lakshmanan K et.al.,Macroscale (1: 50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheet nos. 53F05 & 53 F/09, parts of Sirmaur & Shimla districts, Himachal Pradesh. Unpub. GSI report of FS 20172018
Site specific study
Scaling of loose material and supporting of toe

Scaling of loose material and loading of toe, Bench at suitable height, Breast wall at toe

Scaling of loose material and toe wall protection by Gabbion

Support of retaining wall already provided for downslope that indicated that the road was sinking
Scaling ΓÇôtoe loadingbreast wall of 2msupport with gabbions
Unsupported road cut lead to exposure of fresh colluvial slope cut at steep angle, further during rain leads to oversaturation

Scaling of loose material and toe wall protection by Gabbion
Unsupported toe cut during road construction

Strech of 300m
Scaling of loose material and supporting of toe

jointed and weathered rock exposed on steep
slope, toe erosion

entire hill slope is highly
vulnerable affecting 500m road
stretch, detailed study required
weathered and highly jointed rock on steep slope

close proximity to MBF,S120 degree strike,
dip 45 degree towards 30 egree, J1 parallel to SO,
J2100 degree, dip 60 degree towards 190 degree,
J3 220 degree, dip 70 degree towards 130 degree,
J4 20 degree, dip 45 degree towards 290 degree
entire hill slope is highly
vulnerable affecting 500m road
stretch, detailed study required
weathered and highly jointed rock on steep slope

jointed and weathered rock exposed on
road cut, loose debris saturation

weathered and jointed rock on
steep slope, toe erosion

weathered and jointed rock on steep slope, toe erosion

loose debris saturation, jointed and
weathered rock on steep slope

jointed and weathered rock exposed in road cut

weathered rock on steep slope, road cut without proper toe support

weathered and jointed shale on steep slope, toe erosion

jointed and weathered shale on steep slope,

loose debris and weathered rock exposed in road cut

slide zone
loose debris and weathered rock exposed in road cut

Highly jointed and weathered rock exposed on steep slope

Abra Slide
bedding EW, DIP 22 degree towards north,
J1 parallel to S0,J2 345 degree,
dip 45 degree towards SE,
J3305 degreevertical
Big slide zone
affecting communication
weathered and jointed shale on steep slope, toe erosion

slide zone
weathered and jointed shale on steep slope

Sadiyar landslide
loose debris and weathered rock exposed on
steep slope, MBF passing by

weathered rock and loose debris on steep slope

Sadiyar landslide
loose debris and weathered rock exposed on steep slope

jointed and weathered rock exposed on road
cut, lack of toe support

Denudational hill slope

Slate quartzite, dolomite with cherty limestone

rainfall, extensive slope cut, toe erosion by nala

plantation, retaining wall along affeced zone

Quartzite, shale, slate with basic volcanics

toe protection at river

no habiaion in along affeced zone

plantation, retaining wall along affeced zone, line drainage

toe erosion by nala,rainfall,poor lithology,pore water pressure

Toe cutting by nala, which daylighted slip plane

Retaining wall with micropiling & Plantation of fast growing grass/cactus

Diamictite, quartzite, slate and boulder beds

Carbonaceous shale, slate and boulder bed
toe erosion by nala,rainfall,poor lithology,pore water pressure

Natural slope failure along J1 & due to day light of slope,

Retaining wall & wire mesch & Plantation of fast growing grass/cactus

Retaining wall & wire mesch & Plantation of fast growing grass/cactus
This is multiple slide due to roadcut and nala cut of 1st order, also failure along S0 & J1 shows wedge planer failure

Retaining wall and wire-mesh shotcrete with micropiling & Plantation of fast growing grass/cactus
Nala cutting destabilised natural slope and failure along So & J1 which iswedge planer failure reslted landsloding. Also cloud-outbrust result loosing shearing strength which enhances the failure.

Moderately weathered limestone became unstable by road cut & slide occurred Alluvial flood plainter rainfall due to loosing of shearing strenth of soil by oversaturation

Road cut & Rainfall enhances failure due to loosing of shearing strength, resulted landslide

Toe erosion by nala & natural slope failure

Retaining wall/Shotcret & Plantation of fast growing grass/cactus
Sheared phyllite which looses its shearing strength during monsoon, Failure along So & J1,

Plantation of fast growing grass/cactus and micropiling with retaining wall
Unfavourable disposition of bedding planes, mild shearing & weathering results lowering shearing strength. Also piping along this shear zone

Toe cutting by nala resulted translational failure of failure plane

Retaining wall & wire mesch & Plantation of fast growing grass/cactus
Slope failure along So and J1 i.e. is wedge planer

Slope failure along So and J1 i.e. is wedge planer

Road cut failure due to daylight of failure plane

Landslide on limbs of fold, which daylighted the slope due to road cuting, failure plane along So

Road cut failure, due to Widening of road having double crown due to multiple road cut at different Relative levels, Slip plane is So &J2

2nd order stream nearby & older scree depoists present at site, which looses its shearing strength during monsoon

Natural slope failure, slip lane is J2 & So

Mild shearing & weathering results lowering shearing strength, this cases failure

Wedge planer failure due to so & J1 for L58

extensive slope cut

highly weathered rock mass, extensive slope cut

The Kharadi slide of Uttarkashi was triggered due to heavy rainfall. The steep RBM occupied slope failed downward due to toe cutting during flash flood in Yamuna river. The course of river was diverted towards left and eroded its bank. The terrace materi
Old slide. In 2010 damaged road, 2012 damaged 10-15 houses
Constructing gabion/crate wall with deflectors at the toe, construction of wall designed RCC wall, dredging of the material to divert and channelize the flow of Yamuna river
Bhupendra hotel with 60 rooms & 50-60 houses collapsed
Reduction in shear strength, Steep slope angle.

Nabiyal V. et al., 2017. Macroscale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 53B13, 53 F/01, 02 and 53F03, in parts of Shimla, Solan and Sirmur districts, Himachal Pradesh. Unpub. GSI report of FS 20162017
Highly fractured rocks and possibility of shooting stone
Road cutting in highly crushed rock and material saturation by rain water

highly weathered rock mass,PORE WATER PRESSURE, ROAD CUTTING

Quartzite, Shale, slate with basic volcanics
highly weathered rock mass,PORE WATER PRESSURE

Quartzite, Shale, slate with basic volcanics

Quartzite, Shale, slate with basic volcanics
highly weathered rock mass,PORE WATER PRESSURE, ROAD CUTTING,Debris flow along the nala

road cutting, pore water pressure, poor lithology

extensive slope cut
younger loose debris sliding during mansoon

extensive road cutting, porewater pressure, poor lithology

debris sliding due to seasonal nala flowing

Slate, quartzite, dolomite with cherty limestone
younger loose debris sliding due to road cutting and pore water pressure

Slate, quartzite, dolomite with cherty limestone

younger loose debris,nala erosion, highly fractured rock maas

Slate, quartzite, dolomite with cherty limestone
highly fractured rock maas, pore water pressure

Oversaturation during peak rainy season exagerates the rock material to slidedown.

Near Choinyan
Nabiyal V and Rangiri KD, 2017. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 53E/14, E/15, E/16, and 53F/13 Shimla and Kinnaur districts, Himachal Pradesh. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2016-2017
Oversaturation during peak rainy season exagerates the rock material to slidedown.

Near Choinyan
Nabiyal V and Rangiri KD, 2017. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 53E/14, E/15, E/16, and 53F/13 Shimla and Kinnaur districts, Himachal Pradesh. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2016-2017
Oversaturation during peak rainy season exagerates the rock material to slidedown to gad.

Oversaturation during peak rainy season exagerates the rock material to slidedown to gad.

Near Choinyan
Nabiyal V and Rangiri KD, 2017. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 53E/14, E/15, E/16, and 53F/13 Shimla and Kinnaur districts, Himachal Pradesh. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2016-2017

Oversaturation of debris material on steep slope and side wall erosion by nala

Near Gumma
Road cutting has lead to wedge failure in highly jointed nature of rocks.

Road cutting has lead to wedge failure in highly jointed nature of rocks.

Antrouli-Gumma road

Antrouli-Gumma road
Oversaturation during peak rainy season further brings down the slide material.

pore water pressure, toe cutting by river

Nabiyal V. et al., 2017. Macroscale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 53B13, 53 F/01, 02 and 53F03, in parts of Shimla, Solan and Sirmur districts, Himachal Pradesh. Unpub. GSI report of FS 20162017
Highly fractured rocks and the rolling boulder pose danger to buiding at downslope
Installation of crate wall with increased height and wiremesh treatment
Road cutting in highly crushed rock and material saturation by rain water

The whole zone needs to be treated with proper toe support with retaining wall and installation of proper channelised drain out system
Oversaturation of debris material due to rainfall

Highly jointed nature of rocks lead to wedge failure
Crown portion of the slide to be treated with proper toe support with retaining wall and rock bolting

Highly jointed nature of rocks lead to wedge failure

Crown portion of the slide to be treated with proper toe support with retaining wall and installation of channelised drainage system

Oversaturation during peak rainy season exagerates the rock material to slidedown.
Crown portion of the slide to be treated with proper toe support with retaining wall and rock bolting

younger loose debris sliding due to pore water pressure, rill erosion during monsoon

younger loose debris sliding due to pore water pressure

Lakshmanan. K. et al., 2017. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets nos 53 E/8 & 12, parts of Shimla & Sirmour districts, Himachal Pradesh.Unpub. GSI report of FS 2016-2017

Road cutting has lead to wedge failure in highly jointed quartzite terrain due to which the rolling down rock boulders are possing danger.

Sheared and fractured rock mass slided due to road cutting.
Removal of precarious boulders and retaining wall with rock bolting at places

Channelisation of nala to drain out water and removal of precarious boulders
Perennial nala cutting fractured and sheared rock mass

Scree material is sliding down to road

Retaining wall and toe support, removal of scree with rock bolting at places
Wedge failure due to unscientific road cutting and scree material sliding down

Crown portion of the slide to be treated with proper toe support with retaining wall, rock bolting at places and installation of channelised drainage system

Oversaturation during peak rainy season exagerates the debri material to slide which are exposed due to road cutting activity.
Crown portion of the slide to be treated with proper toe support with retaining wall on both sides with installation of channelised drainage system

Wedge failure due to unscientific road cutting

Toe cut erosion of the debris material on steep slope during high rainfall

Oversaturation during peak rainy season and fractured rock maas fall down due to gravity.

Oversaturation during peak rainy season exagerates the rock material to slidedow in to the nala.

Highly weahered rock mass,pore water pressure,,road cutting,

slope failure along weak plane pore water pressure, rill erosion during monsoon

no habiaion in along affeced zone
toe cutting by river,slope and planar failure

highly weathered rock mass, poor lithology

toe cutting by nala, pore water pressure,

road cutting,highly weathered rock mass failure due to pore water pressure

road cutting,unconsolidated mass failure due to pore water pressure

unconsolidaed mass failure due o pore waer pressure

The road cutting activity has formed extensive slope cuts along the road.
Unscientific track cutting and rainfall leading to oversaturation of debris material exposed

Sheared and fractured rock maas slided due to road cutting.
Removal of precarious boulders and retaining wall

Road cutting activity has formed extensive slope cuts which are prone to slide further in future.
Unscientific road construction leading to sliding of loosely consolidated glacial deposits

Precarious boulders may roll down the slope to village.
Wire mesh, removal of suspended boulders

Ramai village, Ramai - NH - 72 - Link road

Road cutting activity has formed extensive slope cuts whichnare prone to slide further in future.
Unscientific road construction leading to sliding of loosely consolidated glacial deposits

Crown portion of the slide to be treated with proper toe support with retaining wall and drainage system to be channelised

Scree material is sliding down to road
Wire mesh, removal of suspended boulders

Oversaturation during peak rainy season and also shows the signature of creep.
Near Pyana village Chirgaon - Rohal road

Installation of proper channelised water drainage system and the slide to be treated with proper toe support and retaining wall

It may lead to creep anddebri slide.
Removal of precarious boulders and rock bolting at places

Oversaturation during peak rainy season exagerates the debri to slide

Oversaturation during peak rainy season and road cutting activity exagerrates the danger of slide.

Distressed rock boulders may fall off, if slope is further excavated

Slide is present on downslope of village and right bank of nala.

Unscientific agriculture practice causes saturation of debri material and benches of agriculture land are subsiding down due to heavy downpour of water.
Installation of proper channelised water drainage system and the slide to be treated with proper toe support and retaining wall
Oversaturation of debris material due to unscientific agriculture pratice

Oversaturation during peak rainy season and road cutting activity exagerrates the danger of slide.
Near Andhra Power house Chiragaon - Rohal road

Oversaturation of debris material due to unscientific agriculture pratice

Multiple subsidence observed along road strech
Installation of proper channelised water drainage system and the slide to be treated with proper toe support and retaining wall at regular intervals
Oversaturation of debris material due to heavy rainfall and poor drainage system

Crate walls are broken and bulging out
Near Bhatwari village - NH72-Bhatwari link road

Lakshmanan. K. et al., 2017. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets nos 53 E/8 & 12, parts of Shimla & Sirmour districts, Himachal Pradesh

Crown portion of the slide to be treated with proper toe support with retaining wall on both sides, installation of channelised drainage system
Oversaturation of debris material on steep slope and side wall erosion by nala

Possibility of flash floods in pakhal khad

Wedge failure due to unscientic road cutting
Wedge failure due to unscientific road cutting

Sheared and fractured rock maas slided due to road cutting condition further deteriote during rainy season.
Removal of precarious boulders and retaining wall

Overhang precarious big boulder possing danger to fall down

Road subsidence also observed and slide gets active during rainfall.
Removal of precarious boulders and retaining wall

NH-72 -JAGTAN LINK ROADNH-72 -JAGTAN LINK ROAD
Unscientific road cutting and wedge failure

J1= E-W/32/N J2= E-W/32/N J3= N-S/VERTICAL
Removal of precarious boulders and rock bolting at places

Road subsidence also observed and slide gets active during rainfall.
SARASWATINAGAR 6 KMS MILESTONENH-72 -JAGTAN LINK ROAD

Oversaturation during peak rainy season exagerates the rock material to slide down.

Lakshmanan. K. et al., 2017. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets nos 53 E/8 & 12, parts of Shimla & Sirmour districts, Himachal Pradesh.Unpub. GSI report of FS 2016-2017
RCC wall (2m) followed by gabion wall (1+1+1m) upslope already provided
Road cut along steep rock-debris contact.

Lakshmanan. K. et al., 2017. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets nos 53 E/8 & 12, parts of Shimla & Sirmour districts, Himachal Pradesh.Unpub. GSI report of FS 2016-2017
~1m thick scree or slope wash cover over rock slided

J1= N-S/24/W J2= N-S/26/W J3= N-S/VERTICAL
Oversaturation of rock mass by flowing nala

Road cutting activity has lead to failure of the rock material to slidedown.

Lakshmanan. K. et al., 2017. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets nos 53 E/8 & 12, parts of Shimla & Sirmour districts, Himachal Pradesh
Scaling of loose material; toe protection by proving breast wall
Highly jointed phyllitic rockmass dipping towards slope failed due to rainfall

Multiple subsidence observed along road strech
Oversaturation of debris material due to heavy rainfall

Wedge failure due to unscientic road cutting. tensional cracks also observed.
Wedge failure due to unscientific road cutting

Road subsidence also observed

Road subsidence also observed
Crown portion of the slide to be treated with proper toe support with retaining wall and drainage system to be channelised

Retaining wall and toe support, removal of precarious boulders and rock bolting at places

Multiple subsidence observed along road strech and agriculture land
Oversaturation of debris material due to heavy rainfall

Oversaturation during peak rainy season exagerates the debri to slid exposed due to road cutting activity.
Crown portion of the slide to be treated with proper toe support with retaining wall on both sides with installation of channelised drainage system
Rainfall leading to oversaturation of debris material exposed

Debris material also consisting of big boulders
Near Devidhar NH-72 - Devidhar Link road
Crown portion of the slide to be treated with proper toe support with retaining wall on both sides with installation of channelised drainage system

Near Devidhar NH-72 - Devidhar Link road

Oversaturation during peak rainy season exagerates the debri material to slide which are exposed due to road cutting activity. the material is sliding down to settlement.
Near Banoti village- NH-72 - Devidhar Link road

Highly jointed nature of rocks lead to wedge failure which which are sliding down to settlement.

Oversaturation during peak rainy season exagerates the debri material to slide which are exposed due to road cutting activity. the material is sliding down to settlement.
Near Nigala village - NH-72 - Devidhar Link road

Extensive slope cut of highly jointed rockmass, wedge failure

Road widening under progress
Extensive slope cut of highly jointed rockmass, wedge failure

Kumar Ramesh. et al., 2017. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 53E/7 & 11,Shimla,Kullu & Mandi districts, Himachal Pradesh. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2016-2017
Vertical slope cut for road, Extensive slope cut, fractured rock mass

Kumar Ramesh. et al., 2017. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 53E/7 & 11,Shimla,Kullu & Mandi districts, Himachal Pradesh. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2016-2018
Road widening under progress
RC wall, Gabbion, precarious boilders to e removed from slide area
Vertical slope cut for road, Extensive slope cut, fractured rock mass

Extensive road cut in highly weathered rock

RC wall, slope modification, Toe support

RC wall, slope modification, Toe support, Already provided RC wall height to be increased
Extensive slope cut, Toe support absent, crumbled rockmass

RC wall, slope modification, Toe support
Extensive slope cut, Toe support absent, crumbled rockmass

Scaling; benching; breast wall with weep holes

Unsupported slope toe cut during widening of SH-10

Unsupported slope toe cut during widening of SH-11

Scaling; breast wall of suitable height with weep holes
Unsupported road cut during road widening

Scaling; benching with gabion wall; toe loading with RCC; nala channelization
Unsupported road cut during road widening

Scaling; benching with gabion toe wall of 3m RCC wall with weep holes; draining of water by channel

Scaling; benching; water draining; toe wall of atleast 3m with weep holes

Scaling; benching with gabion wall; toe loading

Nala channelization; toe loading by breast wall of 3m

Scaling; benching; toe wall support by breast wall

Unsupported slope toe cut at nala junction

Scaling; benching; toe loading; nala channelization
Unprotected cutslope at steep saturated slope trigger slide; nala junction

Scaling; benching; toe loading; nala channelization
Unsupported road cut along steep debris slope; increase of pore water pressure due to flowing nala

Scaling of loose material; Breast wall of suitable height with weep holes
Unsupported road cut along nala junction

Scaling of loose material and outward projecting rockmass; systematic rock anchoring along with installation of wire mesh and shot creet
Steep highly jointed hanging rockmass on negetive slope

Unsupported road cut triggered joints forming wedge failure condition

Scaling; benching at regular interval with gabion wall; toe loading by RCC breast wall with weep holes
Initiated duing 2014 due to unsupported road cut; Reactivated during 2015 railfall

Recommended for site specific study
Scaling of loose material and toe wall protection by Gabbion
Mainly palaeoslide caused by river toe erosion, triggered by unsupported toe cut during road construction

Recommended for site specific study
Thic overbburden Unsupported road cutSaturation of slope due to plantation

Lakshmanan. K. et al., 2017. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets nos 53 E/8 & 12, parts of Shimla & Sirmour districts, Himachal Pradesh
50m stretch of highly distressed rockmass at SH-8 road bend

Scaling; benches at suitable interval; breast wall at toe
Unsupported steep vertical road cut; highly jointed rock mass

Scaling of loose material upslope; benchng; toe loading by breast wall; plantation

Breast wall; benches at suitable interval

Scaling of loose material; Breast wall of suitable height
Unsupported road cut during road widening

Scaling of loose material; loading of toe; gabion wall
Steep natural slope disturbed during road construction and left without support

Scaling of loose material; bench at suitable interval; toe loading with gabion wall of suitable height
Highly fractured steep rocky mass failed during road construction

Scaling of loose material; bench at suitable interval

Scaling of loose material; bench at suitable interval
J1 daylight with cut slope forming planar failure

Steep slope toe cut during road construction

Scaling of loose material; bench of 2.5m height & 0.5m width at suitable interval
Steep natural slope with steep foliation joint dipping towards valley form favorable conditions for plane failure; slope toe cut also triggered

Light green to dark grey phyllitic slate
Scaling of loose material; bench at suitable interval
S1 daylight with cut slope forming planar failure condition

J1 daylight with cut slope forming planar failure condition; Combination of J1+J2 form wedge failure

Unsupported road cut; steep dipping J1 daylight with slope forming plane failure condition

Scaling of loose material; loading of toe; gabion wall at toe

Scaling of loose material; breast wall at toe for 3m length and 1.5m height
Unsupported toe cut during road construction/widening

Scaling of loose material; loading of toe
Steep vertical unsupported debris cut slope failed during rainfall due to saturation

S1 daylight with slope forming planar failure condition

Steep vertical cut slope at toe of slope resulted in failure

Slope toe cut resulted in sliding of above lying material

Scaling of loose material; loading of toe

Intensely foliated and sheared phyllitic slate
Scaling of loose material; loading of toe; breast wall
J1 daylight with vertical unsupported cut slope forming planar failure

Scaling of loose material; breast wall with weep holes
S1 daylight with slope forming planar failure condition

Breast wall already provided; geo-jute with plantation

Scaling; gabion wall of 2.5m height for 10m stretch
Unsupported vertical road cut at steep debris slope

Slope excavated without proper support system failed during excessive rainfall

Phyllite Quartzite massive with Quartz veins
Gabion wall already provided; scaling and benching required

Steep natural slope withmajor structural discontinuity dipping towards valley disturbed causing planar failure

Scaling of loose material; loading of toe; gabion wall

Unsupported road cut along steep debris slope at road bend

Unsupported road cut along steep over saturated debris slope

Scaling; benching; toe protection by retaining wall

Colluvium/slope wash cover of 0-1m thick overhighly fractured and shattered rockmass slided due to further toe cut without proper support system

Loose debris materials, extensive slope cut, rainfall

Extensive slope cut, Toe support absent, close proximity to thrust

Precarious boulders to be removed from slide area, Toe support
Extensive slope cut, highly fractured and closely jointed rock

Highly fractured and weathered, Extensive slope cut, Local quarry

Highly fractured and weathered rock extensive slope cut

Rainfall, Highly jointed rock mass, Extensive slope cut for road, valleyward dipping joint is vulnerable

Retaining wall provided already, uproot the trees inside the slide

Loose materials mixed with water, steep slope cut, rainfall

Gabbion wall / retaining wall, already RC wall provided, uproot he trees inside slided area
Loose materials mixed with water, steep slope cut, rainfall

Extensive slope cut loose debris and biological weathering

Extensive slope cut, Highly weathered rockmass

Wedge failure, Extensive slope cut, Highly shattered rockmass

Highly jointed rock, Extensive slope cut

Highly jointed rock mass, Extensive road cuts

Along 20m road stretch gabbions and slope modification
Extensive slope cut for road and Nala erosion, Loose debris cover

Retaining wall should be provided, trees should be uprooted
Rainfall, precarious boulderss and extensive slope cut

Extensive road cut in highly weathered rock, rainfall triggered

Entire stretch to be protected with RC wall
Loose debris, Extensive slope cut and rainfall

Already provided gabbion wall damaged, Retaining wall may be given for entire stretch of slide.
Loose debris cover, Extensive slope cut,

1km from Matiyana towards Narkanda, NH-22
Scaling of loose material; retaining wall

Retaining wall at road to protect over fall and damage to road
Highly jointed rockmass on denudational hill slope failed due to saturation

Phyllite Quartzite schist with Quartz veins
Scaling of loose material; bench at suitable height
Unsupported steep vertical road cut; rainfall/over saturation may lead to increase in pore pressure

Phyllite Quartzite schist with Quartz veins

Scaling of loose material; Breast wall with weep holes

Gabbion wall, RC wall for entire stretch
Loose colluvial debris toe cut done without support

Kumar Ramesh. et al., 2017. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 53E/7 & 11,Shimla,Kullu & Mandi districts, Himachal Pradesh. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2016-2019
Vertical slope cut for road, Extensive slope cut, fractured rock mass

Rainfall, weathered loose debris mass and extensive slope cut along road -local quarry

Rainfall, weathered loose debris mass and extensive slope cut

Scaling of loose material; bench at suitable interval; breast wall of suitable height

Breast wall already provided; Scaling of loose material; bench at suitable interval

Unsupported vertical road cut on highly jointed rockmass

Shale,siltstone, quartzite and greywacke.sandstone and coglomerate
Athirs S.G et.al 2017.,Macro scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheet nos. 53A/6, 7 & 53A/11, parts of Kangra, Hamirpur, Una & Bilaspur districts, Himachal Pradesh.Unpub. GSI report of FS 2016
extensive slope cut, no toe support, anthropogenic activity

Scaling; benches at suitable height; retaining wall of 2.5m height for entire stretch
Highly fractured-jointed steep rockmass failed due to toe cut during NH widening

Slope material adjoining nala are affected during rain by nala toe cut

Scaling of loose material upslope; bench at suitable height; toe wall protection with weep holes of atleast 2m for the entire stretch
Steep natural slope with steeply dipping S1 towards slope face; slope was disturbed during unsupported road widening

2km towards Fagu from Nangal Devi temple, NH-22
Scaling of loose material; Breast wall at toe of suitable height
Unsupported steep vertical road cut; S1 daylighting withslope forming pane failure condition

Athirs S.G et.al 2017.,Macro scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheet nos. 53A/6, 7 & 53A/11, parts of Kangra, Hamirpur, Una & Bilaspur districts, Himachal Pradesh.Unpub. GSI report of FS 2016
RC/ Gabbion wall required with slope modification
extensive slope cut, no toe support, anthropogenic activity

Athirs S.G et.al 2017.,Macro scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheet nos. 53A/6, 7 & 53A/11, parts of Kangra, Hamirpur, Una & Bilaspur districts, Himachal Pradesh.Unpub. GSI report of FS 2016
RC wall provided and height and length of the wall to be increased
extensive slope cut, no toe support, anthropogenic activity

RC wall with weep holes for entire stretch . trees to be uprooted
spur & road bend,existing stone wall is not appropriate

extensive slope cut, no toe support,road bend,highly crumbled rock mass

loose scaling,Rc wall along the vulnerable stretch
extensive slope cut, no toe support,negetive slope.crumbled rock mass

one house damaged completely at the crown
extensive slope cut, no toe support,road bend,highly crumbled rock mass

Shale, Phyllite,garnetiferous schist, staurolite quartzite, dolomite and amphiboloite

RC wall with weep holes for entire stretch . slope modification
extensive slope cut, no toe support,road bend,highly crumbled rock mass

RC wall with weep holes for entire stretch . trees to be uprooted

loose scaling,Rc wall along the vulnerable stretch
extensive slope cut, highly crumbled rock mass.stone wall damaged

RC wall provided and height of the wall to be increased

extensive slope cut, no toe support,highly crumbled rock mass

loose scaling,Rc wall along the vulnerable stretch
highly jointed rock mass.,wedge failure,extensive slope cut

Pale white to grey quartzite, amphibolite and carbonaceous schist
RC wall with weep holes for entire stretch . slope modification
extensive slope cut, no toe support,highly crumbled rock mass

extensive slope cut, highly crumbled rock mass.down cutting by stream

Shale,siltstone, quartzite and greywacke.sandstone and coglomerate
destressed mass still overhanging.
temple in the opposite side partially collapsed. 6 vehicles damaged

Shale,siltstone, quartzite and greywacke.sandstone and coglomerate
destressed mass should be removed. toe support needed
extensive slope cut, no toe support,highly crumbled rock mass

RC wall >3 m height & entire stretch to be protected. precarious boulders to be removed.
highly jointed rock mass.,wedge failure, precarious boulders are over hanging

Dhalli landslide.
Bedded & flaggy shale (Sanjhauli Formation, Simla Group).
S0/S1- 330°/35° SW (10-20 cm spacing, continuity >10m); J2-55°/75-80°NW (long continuity); J3 285°/ 80° NE) (Spacing 0.5m , long continuity).
Heavy monsoon rainfall triggered a massive rock slide
(reactivated) on NH-5 near Dhalli area, Shimla district,
Himachal Pradesh on 2nd September, 2017 which resulted
complete damage of few parked vehicles, blockage and
damage of National Highway and part
The slide is active and the settlements situated in the
downslope are at risk and the dwellers should stay away till
the remedial measures are applied. Local inhabitants and the
appropriate authorities should be cautioned (also cautioned
at the site). Th
Scaling of loose rock mass on the slope, deep anchorage of
rock mass with wire mesh shotcrete and adequate toe
support.
The cause of the rock slide is due to the presence of closely
jointed weathered & distressed shale exposed on steep spur
and road cut was made and left without any toe support. The
presence of high relief, dripping scarp slope, proximity to
nala have add

Carbonaceous slate, phyllite, schist with limestone and marble
RC/Masonry/Gabbion wall required for toe support.

Carbonaceous slate, phyllite, schist with limestone and marble

RC/ Gabbion wall required with slope modification
extensive slope cut, fractured rock, no toe support, anthropogenic activity

SWANKYAR SLIDE Detail study needed for appropriate remedial measure
Already concreted retaining wall has been provided and damaged by reactivation, local quarrying must be stopped inside the slide.
extensive slope cut, fractured rock, no toe support, anthropogenic activity

Purle pale greenish and grey shale,slate,quartzite and cherty dolomite"

RC wall, precarious boulders to be removed

pink and grey limestone and sporadic shale

pink and grey dolomite and phyllitised shale

Carbonaceous slate, phyllite, schist with limestone and marble
Sun facing slope
RC/ Gabbion wall required, Slope modification
Spur failure, extensive slope cut, no toe support, anthropogenic activity

extensive slope cut, Debris cover >2m, no toe support, anthropogenic activity

Pale white to grey quartzite, schist, carboaceous dolomite

Gabbion/RC wall, precarious boulders to be removed
extensive slope cut, Debris cover 5m, no toe support, anthropogenic activity

Gabbion/RC wall, inside slide area treas to be uprooted

RC wall, precarious boulders to be removed
extensive slope cut, Valleyward dipping vulnerableno toe support, anthropogenic activity

Extensive slope cut for road and highly weathered rock mass

Nala has to be channelised, Toe portion to be loaded with material to protect
Extensive slope cut without toe support, Highly fractured crumbled rock

RC wall provided may be extended for full stretch

RC/ Gabbion wall required for full stretch

RC/ Gabbion wall required for full stretch
Weathered rockmass, extensive slope cut, no toe support, anthropogenic activity

Loose scaling, slope modification, RC/Masonry wall

Weathered rockmass, extensive slope cut, no toe support, anthropogenic activity

RC/ Gabbion wall required for full stretch, Precarious boulders inside the slide to be removed

spur & road bend,existing stone wall is not appropriate

RC/Masonry/Gabbion wall required for toe support.

RC/Masonry wall provided and height of the wall to be increased

80/240 Valley word dipping (Vulnerable), 50/140, 47/245

pink and grey limestone and sporadic shale
Colluvium deposit, extensive slope cut, no toe support, anthropogenic activity

slope modification. RC wall.overhanging blockes to be removed

destressed rockmass and over hanging blockes. highly jointed and fractured rock mass

Initiated due to road cut(Unmetalled road)
Toe erosion by Nala, ESC, Loose debris >5m thick

Loose debris/Quarzite, Slate and basic flows
Loose debris not well compacted, cut slope without toe support

Loose weathered rock debris cover, ESC without toe support

Inaccessible area
Nala erosion, ESC for road, crumbled rock

Toe support needed, RC/Gabbion wall required

Gabbion wall required with weep hole for drainage

Removal of overhanging blocks required, No further cutting hillward side.

Already provided masonry wall damaged and to be extended full stretch, precarious boulders to be removed

Pale white to grey quartzite, schist, carboaceous dolomite
RC wall provided with slope modification.

Wedge failures

Already provided Gabbion wall damaged and to be extended full stretch.

RC/Gabbion wall required and loose scaling and removal of overhanging blocks

Pale white to grey quartzite, amphibolite and carbonaceous schist
RC wall provided and height and length of the wall to be increased

Pale white to grey quartzite, amphibolite and carbonaceous schist
RC/ Gabbion wall required for full stretch, Precarious boulders inside the slide to be removed

Carb. phyllite, garnetkyanitestaurolitre schist amphibolite, limestone and quartzite

Shale, Phyllite,garnetiferous schist, staurolite quartzite, dolomite and amphiboloite
buildings are in danger at the top
RC wall for entire height with back fill

Carb. phyllite, garnetkyanitestaurolitre schist amphibolite, limestone and quartzite
RC/Masonry/Gabbion wall required for full stretch,

RC/Masonry/Gabbion wall required for full stretch,

RC/Masonry wall with weep holes for entire slide

Rockfall zone
Toe support needed, RC/Gabbion wall required

RC/Gabbion wall required with weep hole for drainage

Nabiyal V. et al., 2017. Macroscale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 53B13, 53 F/01, 02 and 53F03, in parts of Shimla, Solan and Sirmur districts, Himachal Pradesh. Unpub. GSI report of FS 20162017
Highly fractured rocks and possibility of shooting stone
Installation of crate wall with proper toe support
Road cutting in highly jointed, crushed rock and material saturation by rain water

Highly fractured rocks and possibility of shooting stone and highly vulnerable
Installation of crate wall with proper toe support and wiremesh treatment
Road cutting in highly jointed, crushed rock and material saturation by rain water

Highly fractured, jointed rocks and possibility of shooting stone and highly vulnerable
Installation of crate wall with proper toe support, bolting at places and wiremesh treatment
Road cutting in highly jointed, crushed rock and material saturation by rain water

Highly fractured, jointed rocks and possibility of shooting stone and highly vulnerable
Installation of crate wall with proper toe support and wiremesh treatment

Fractured rocks and possibility of shooting stone
Saturation of material by rain water and road cutting in highly fractured rocks
Installation of crate wall with break in slope with proper toe support

Highly fractured, jointed rocks and possibility of shooting stone and highly vulnerable
Rock bolting and wiremesh treatment with toe support

Installation of crate wall with proper toe support and wiremesh treatment
Quarrying in highly jointed, crushed rock and material saturation by rain water

Quarrying activity for construction
Installation of crate wall with break in slope with proper toe support
Quarrying in highly fractured rocks and saturation of material by rain water

Highly fractured rocks and possibility of shooting stone
Installation of crate wall with increased height and wiremesh treatment
Road cutting in highly crushed rock and material saturation by rain water

Highly fractured rocks, Settlement in danger and possibility of shooting stone
Installation of crate wall with increased height and wiremesh treatment

Within Dharmpur, disrupts traffics with Highly fractured rocks and possibility of shooting stone

Highly Fractured rocks
Installation of crate wall with proper retaining wall
Quarrying in highly jointed, crushed rock for construction

Highly Fractured rocks
Installation of crate wall with proper retaining wall
saturation by rain water along steep slope

Rock bolting at places and wiremesh treatment

Highly fractured rocks and possibility of shooting stone and highly vulnerable
Rock Bolting with Installation of crate wall with proper toe support and wiremesh treatment

Quarrying and Road cutting in highly jointed, crushed rock and material saturation by rain water

Installation of crate wall with proper toe support, bolting at places and wiremesh treatment
Road cutting in highly jointed, crushed rock and Quarrying actiivity

Installation of crate wall with break in slope with proper toe support

Failure along road spurs. Highly fractured rocks and vulnerable

Highly fractured rocks and possibility of shooting stone.
Quarrying activity for construction and material saturation by rain water

Highly fractured, jointed rocks and possibility of shooting stone
Quarryying activiy in highly crushed rock and material saturation by rain water

Settlement in danger in highly fractured, jointed rocks and possibility of shooting stone
Slope cutting for constructing building and road

Highly fractured, jointed rocks and possibility of shooting stone
Removal of scree , Installation of crate wall with increased height and wiremesh treatment

Failure along dip slope with highly fractured, jointed rocks and possibility of shooting stone
Rock bolting, Installation of crate wall with increased height and wiremesh treatment

Highly fractured, jointed rocks and possibility of shooting stone
Rock bolting, Installation of crate wall with increased height and wiremesh treatment

Wedge Failure

Installation of crate wall with proper toe support
Quarrying in highly jointed, crushed rock and material saturation by rain water

Constructed crate wall needs to be raised

Road cutting in highly fractured rocks and possibility of shooting stone.
Saturation of material by rain water and road cutting in highly fractured rocks

Crate wall to be constructed up to crown

Highly Fractured rocks
Installation of crate wall with proper retaining wall

Quarrying Activity stopped in 2014.
Quarrying activityin highly crushed rock and material saturation by rain water

Quarrying activityin highly crushed rock and material saturation by rain water

Highly Steep barren rocky slope and very vulnerable.
Toe erosion by Giri River along steep slope and saturation of debri material

Installation of crate wall with proper toe support

Uprooted trees, Active and constructed crate wall needs to be raised

construction under progress

RC wall with weep holes for entire stretch . slope modification

extensive slope cut, no toe support,road bend

Scaling of loose material upslope; benchng; gabion wall at toe of suitable height

Scaling of loose material; bench of suitable height at suitable interval
Slope toe cut during unsupported road construction

Thana JubbarSH-5; 500m ahead towards Sainj
Scaling of loose material upslope; toe loading with breast wall of 2m with weep holes

Thana JubbarSH-5; 300m ahead towards Sainj
Scaling of loose material upslope; toe loading by gabion wall

Scaling of loose material upslope; benchng; toe loading by gabion wall
Steep unsupported toe cut at Steep natural debris slope with dense vegetation

Scaling of loose material upslope; benchng; toe loading by gabion wall

Alternate lamination of slate & quartzite
Recommended for site specific study
Scaling of loose material & loading of the toe with retaining wall
Unsupported road cutslope failed during rain due to oversaturation

Scaling of loose material and loading of toe, Bench at suitable interval
Due to unsupported road cut slope. Loose jointed rock mass exposed with rainfall caused failure of lower lying rock

Scaling of loose material and loadingof toe

Slide developed along NWSE fracture zone(vulnerable zone)

Scaling of loose rockmass & loading of the toe by 2.5 m high retaining wall,bench with Gabbion wall
Unsupported road cut with toe over burden(slope wash + highly jointed quartzite )saturated during rainfall, the presence of S0 with slope angle favoured for planar failure condition

Scaling out toe material, breast wall of suitable height
Unsupported Slope cut due to road construction

Steep angle debris slope unsupported
Unsupported road cut ΓÇôdebris slope failed during rain due to over saturation

Highly Vulnerable
Installation of crate wall by break in slope with proper toe support

Removal of precarious boulders. Highly fractured rocks and possibility of shooting stone and highly vulnerable

Near Ashram, highly fractured rocks and possibility of shooting stone.
Installation of crate wall by break in slope with proper toe support

Highly fractured, jointed rocks and possibility of shooting stone.

Highly Vulnerable
Installation of crate wall by break in slope with proper toe support
Saturation of material along steep slope

Dip slope Failure

Installation of crate wall with proper toe support, bolting at places and wiremesh treatment

Removal of precarious boulders. Highly fractured rocks and possibility of shooting stone and highly vulnerable
Rock Bolting with proper toe support and wiremesh treatment

Removal of precarious boulders. Highly fractured rocks and possibility of shooting stone.
Rock Bolting with proper toe support and wiremesh treatment

Removal of precarious boulders. Highly fractured rocks and possibility of shooting stone.

.Unmettaled road. Highly fractured rocks and possibility of shooting stone.

Highly fractured Infra Krol Shale

Highly fractured rocks and possibility of shooting stone and highly vulnerable
Rock Bolting with proper toe support and wiremesh treatment

Provide diversion structure at slope toe with structure to divert the river course

Steep debris unsupported cut slope failed due to oversaturation

Multiple deep rotational slide on debris, The slide follows the debris and rock contact(Reccommended for site specific)
Recommended for detail site specific study, Bench at suitable interval, Toe protecting Gabbion Wall to divert river course
Initiated due to col. Slope cut by Giri River, due course it widened to the limit of col. + rock contact

Active during monsoon
Installation of crate wall on both side with proper toe support and wiremesh treatment

Subsidece also observed

Highly Fractured rocksa and Forest area effected
Unscientific road cutting and saturation of loose debri

Toe erosion by River.
Toe erosion by River and saturation of material by rainwater

Deep Gully erosion of loose boulfery material

Toe protection with breast wall of suitable height

Bench at suitable heighttoe support of suitable height
Old slide in thick debrisunsupported further slide during rainfall due to oversaturation of water

shale and sandstone of Dagshai Formation, Sirmur Group
loose debris and weathered rock on steep slope

shale and sandstone of Dagshai Formation, Sirmur Group

Toe erosion by River on left bank of River
Toe erosion by River and saturation of material by rainwater

Road cutting in highly fractured rocks and possibility of shooting stone.

Subsidence also observed

Deep Gully erosion of fragile rocks
Deep gully erosion by Nala and saturation of material

Deep Gully erosion of loose bouldery material

Toe erosion by River due to which subsidence in village Andheri
Toe erosion by River and saturation of material by rainwater

Toe erosion by Nala.
Toe cut erosion by Nala and saturation of material

Wedge and planar failure

Failure along spur in highly fractured rocks and possibility of shooting stone

Faiure of material along steep slope

Gully erosion by River on right bank of Kandiwala khad
Gully erosion and saturation of material by rain water

Forest area effected

Retaining wall damaged and possibility of shooting stone
Road cutting in highly crushed and jointed rock

Wedge failure

Bouldery material, Highly vulnerable``

Bank erosion by Matar khad

Road cutting in highly crushed and jointed rock

Toe erosion by River on right bank near confluence of Kandiwala khad and Majhar ki nadi
Toe erosion and saturation of material by rain water

Highly Fractured rocks.

Toe erosion by Nala.
Deep gully erosion by Nala and saturation of material

Highly fractured,wide open joints and possibility of shooting stone and highly vulnerable

Trees uprooted and damaged cratw wall

Wedge Failue

Rock bolting with proper toe support and wiremesh treatment

For Site specific

Highly fractured, jointed rocks

Toe erosion by River

Unsupported road-cut with highly shattered rockmass under saturated condition failed

Slide along nala due to unprotected road-cut along nala-road junction

Houses in danger, Highly fractured, jointed rocks and possibility of shooting stone

Houses built downslope in danger, Highly fractured, jointed rocks and possibility of shooting stone

Highly fractured rocks and possibility of shooting stone.

Planar failure along dip slope and possibility of shooting stone

Obsequent slope and highly suceptible.

Saturation of material by rain water and road cutting in highly fractured rocks

Kuwari rock slide
Mainly rock slide occurred at time interval trees forest are engulfed under debris

Wedge Failue
Rock bolting with proper toe support and wiremesh treatment

Apple orchards; shadow zone
Talus slide along rock-debris contact due to surface run-off

Subsidsence observed and Highly fractured rocks and possibility of shooting stone.

Highly jointed rocks and possibility of shooting stone

Blockage of River flow
Saturation of material by rain water and toe ersosion

Kuwari rockslide 4
Mainly rock slide occurred at different time interval in phases and engulfed trees.
Retrogressive but may get stable when it reaches up to the ridge

Kuwari rock cum debris slide
Mainly rock slide occurred at time interval trees forest are gulfed under debris
Reduction of strength on super saturation/ toe erosion by stream/ gully erosion/ Anthropogenic activities (unplanned Agriculture)

Kuwari rock slide (very less debris)
Due to toe erosion and shallow to moderate rotational failure plane this slope may not be stable
Forest and Upslope Agriculture and Kuwari village (old)
Reduction of strength on super saturation/ toe erosion by stream/ gully erosion/ Anthropogenic activities (unplanned Agriculture)

Saturation of material by rain water and road cutting

Highly fractured rocks and Buildings in danger

Highly Vulnerable. Highly fractured rocks and possibility of shooting stone

Highly fractured rocks and possibility of shooting stone.Highly Vulnerable

Deep Gully erosion by Nala

Highly fractured rocks, uprooted trees and possibility of shooting stone

Highly fractured rocks, tilted trees and possibility of shooting stone

Quarrying activity for construction

Crate wall damaged by debri material
Saturation of material by rain water and road cutting

Dip slope failure and Crate wall damaged by debri material
Saturation of material by rain water and road cutting

Damaged crate wall
Saturation of debri by rain water and road cutting
Installation of crate wall with increased height

Possibilty of Shooting stones
Treatment with wiremesh and crate wall construction

Seepage between overburden and rock interface observed

Crate wall damaged by debri material

Highly Jointed, Presence of gliding cracks, slickensides and small scale normal faults, shooting stone

Failure along steep slope

Toe erosion on right bank of Nala

Toe erosion by Nala

Settlement in danger in highly fractured, jointed rocks and possibility of shooting stone

Grey, purple, red sandstone, shale, limestone

Grey micaceous sandstone, gravel beds, shale, clay

Trigerred along newly constructed road. Highly fractured

Failure along steep slope and toe erosion

Toe erosion by River Khadiar

Failure along highly fractured rocks and vulnerable

The slope is steep and vulnerable. Boulders rolling down.

Saturation by rain water along steep slope

Adjacent flowing nala does gully erosion too
Saturation of debri material by rainwater

Trees tilted

For Site specific study
Saturation of debri by water discharged from Buildings and rainwater
Installation of channelised drainage system with proper toe support

saturation by rain water along steep slope

Downslope building construction endangered.
Saturation of debri material by rainwater

Trees uprooted and runout up to Kuthad Nala

Highly Fratured zone representing the basal part of thrusred block. Subsidence also observed

Highly Fratured rocks and vulnerable

Dip slope failure

Fractured rocks and possibility of shooting stone

Above the road slide protected with RC wall. Toe support required
RC/Gabbion wall required with weep hole for drainage

Brown sandstone, red clay, purple chocolate shale
RC wall provided may be extended for full stretch

Brown sandstone, red clay, purple chocolate shale
Already provided RC wall to be extend for full stretch

Already provided gabbion wall damaged & to be replaced with RC wall.

RC wall provided with slope modification.

Rainfall triggered, extensive slope cut, no toe support, anthropogenic activity

Toe support needed, RC/Gabbion wall required and precarious boulders to be removed if present inside the slide area

Brown sandstone, red clay, purple chocolate shale

Palaeoslide reactivated
Already provided wall damaged, RC wall needed, nala should be channelized

Highly jointed &nfoliated rock mass. major joint set dip towards valley. rainfall

Weathered siltstone and shale.Highly jointed and foliated rock mass

Already concreted retaining wall has been provided with weep holes below road.
Highly jointed &nfoliated rock mass. major joint set dip towards valley. extensive road cut

Highly jointed &nfoliated rock mass. extensive road cut. toe support is absent. river toe erosion

Colluvium, extensive slope cut, no toe support, anthropogenic activity

RC/Gabbion with slope modification, overhanging boulders to be removed

Gabbion wall/Masonry wall, Precarious boulders to be removed from inside the slide

Gabbion wall/Masonry wall, Precarious boulders to be removed from inside the slide, Toe portion to be loaded

Nala erosion, ESC, existing nala blocked by slide debris

Extensive slope cut for road almost vertical, debris cover >4m

50m stretch road affected by slide

from muhyan bridge 150m stretch prone to landslide
Due to rainfall, loose debris mixed with rainwater

1.5m retaining wall got damaged by slide

Near to muhyan bridge

Coarse sandstone, boulder conglomerate,clay & grit

Coarse sandstone, boulder conglomerate,clay & grit
Toe support needed, RC/Gabbion wall required and precarious boulders to be removed if present inside the slide area

close proximity to the thrust, retaining wall damaged by slide

Coarse sandstone, boulder conglomerate,clay & grit
Already provided masonry wall to be extended full stretch, precarious boulders to be removed

Provided masonry wall damaged, RC wall with weep holes needed.

Toe support needed, RC should be replaced already provided masonry wall.

Colluvial debris, extensive slope cut, no toe support, anthropogenic activity

CHALLIANI SLIDE for site specific studies
Detailed study needed for appropriate remedial measures

RC/Masonry wall for entire stretch needed.

Palaeoslide reactivated

Spur failure, extensive slope cut, no toe support, anthropogenic activity

Cratewall construction with proper toe support

Crate wall construction with proper toe support
High rainfall in the highly fractured rocks.

High Rainfall in highly fractured, jointed rocks.

Failure along steep slope
Saturation by rain water along steep slope

Toe erosion, highly weathered rock in close
proximity to structural disturbance like HFT

Chauhan, R., and Mehrotra, R. 2017. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in Pauri Gharwal District of Uttarakhand covering Toposheet nos. 53K13, 14 and 53K15. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2016-2017.
Chunk boulders are risky to road must be removed benching can be done

Wankhade et al., 2018. MACROSCALE (1: 50,000) LANDSLIDE SUSCEPTIBILITY MAPPING IN PARTS OF PAURI GARHWAL, ALMORA AND NAINITAL DISTRICTS OF UTTARAKHAND STATE COVERING TOPOSHEET NOS. 53O/2, 53O/3 AND 53O/6. Unpub. GSI report of FS 20172018.
Removal of debris, line drainage, reataining wall along afected zone.

Slate, quartzite dolomite with basic intrusives
Wankhade et al., 2018. MACROSCALE (1: 50,000) LANDSLIDE SUSCEPTIBILITY MAPPING IN PARTS OF PAURI GARHWAL, ALMORA AND NAINITAL DISTRICTS OF UTTARAKHAND STATE COVERING TOPOSHEET NOS. 53O/2, 53O/3 AND 53O/6. Unpub. GSI report of FS 20172018.
Removal of debris, line drainage, reataining wall along afected zone.

Slate, quartzite dolomite with basic intrusives
Wankhade et al., 2018. MACROSCALE (1: 50,000) LANDSLIDE SUSCEPTIBILITY MAPPING IN PARTS OF PAURI GARHWAL, ALMORA AND NAINITAL DISTRICTS OF UTTARAKHAND STATE COVERING TOPOSHEET NOS. 53O/2, 53O/3 AND 53O/6. Unpub. GSI report of FS 20172018.
Removal of debris, Toe protection wall along affected zone, shortcrete to the affected part.

Slate, quartzite dolomite with basic intrusives
Remove debris, toe protection wall from river flood, plantation along affected zone.

Removal of slided debris, Line drainage, create channel for debris flow, shortcrete to the affected part on the hill slope.

Removal of debris, retaining wall along affected zone, line drainage.

Removal of debris, check benches at downslope.

Removal of debris, line drainage, rock bolting, reataining wall along afected zone.

Remove slided debris, slope modification, retaining wall along affected zone.

Remove slided debris, rock bolting perpendcular to the bedding plane, wire crates.

Removal of debris, building retaining wall with weep holes along affected zone.

Removal of debris flown in nala meets to the Kosi River, Build channel to channelise debris flows to avoide affect to the road passes at toe.

Remove slided debris, shortcrete to the affected part, retaining wall at the toe portion.

Removal of debris, pantation of shrubs on slope and treas along toe portion.

Realignment of road on safer side of hill, building of roof alon road to avoide shooting stone/debris.

Bhandari A., and Wankhade HL., 2015. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 53O/7 and 53O/11, Nainital and Almora districts, Uttarakhand. GSI report of FS 2014-2015 (Acc. No. NRO-22160).

Bhandari A., and Wankhade HL., 2015. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 53O/7 and 53O/11, Nainital and Almora districts, Uttarakhand. GSI report of FS 2014-2015 (Acc. No. NRO-22160).
Easing or proper maintenance of slope, Retaining Wall, Plantation, Diversion of Water

Bhandari A., and Wankhade HL., 2015. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 53O/7 and 53O/11, Nainital and Almora districts, Uttarakhand. GSI report of FS 2014-2015 (Acc. No. NRO-22160).
Toe Erosion by River, Unconsolidated Sediments

Highly Weathered Rock, Toe Erosion by River

Easing or proper maintenance of slope, Plantation, Diversion of Water

Easing or proper maintenance of slope, Sealing of Cracks, Diversion of Water

Easing or proper maintenance of slope, Retaining Wall, Plantation

Easing or proper maintenance of slope, Diversion of Water, Plantation

Toe Erosion by River, Highly Weathered Rock

Remove debris, toe protection wall from river flood, plantation along affected zone.

Removal of debris, retaining wall along affected zone, line drainage above crown part.

Removal of debris, line drainage, shortcret to the affected zone, reataining wall along afected zone.

Removal of debris, slope modification, line drainage, reataining wall along afected zone.

Road alignment towards hill side, plantation and crate wall at downslope.

Gravel,boulder embedded in oxidised sandy matrix
Removal of debris, line drainage, reataining wall along afected zone.

Remove debris, slope modification, retaining wall along loos debris segment.

Remove debris, shortcret to the affected area, channelisze debris flow by creating concrete channel at downslope.

Quartzite, phyllite with bands of flaggy quartzite
Removal of debris, line drainage, slope modification, reataining wall along afected zone.

Gravel,pebble and boulder in oxidised sandy matrix

Remove debris from hill slope, shortcrete to the affected and surrounding area, retaining wall at road side along affected zone.

Penecontemp.basic lava flow,dyke & dolerite sill
Removal of debris, retaining wall along affected zone, line drainage.

Proper line drainage above slide crown, create reataining wall at slide toe portion with plantation.

proper line drainage to move water flow outside debris zone, suggestion to relocate the town at elsewhere due to development of wide crevaces in debris.

Phyllite & quartzite few bands of flaggy quartzite
Removal of debris, retaining wall along affected zone, line drainage.

Phyllite & quartzite few bands of flaggy quartzite

Roy A., and Kumar H., 2015. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets no. 53O/10, 53O/14 and 53O/15, Nainital, Almora, Champawat, Pithoragarh and Bageshwar Districts, Uttarakhand. GSI report of FS 2014-2015 (Acc. No.
HIGHLY FRACTURED ROCK, WEATHERING BY NALA

Roy A., and Kumar H., 2015. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets no. 53O/10, 53O/14 and 53O/15, Nainital, Almora, Champawat, Pithoragarh and Bageshwar Districts, Uttarakhand. GSI report of FS 2014-2015 (Acc. No.
DOMINANT FOLIATION DIPPING TOWARDS TOPOGRAPHIC SLOPE

Roy A., and Kumar H., 2015. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets no. 53O/10, 53O/14 and 53O/15, Nainital, Almora, Champawat, Pithoragarh and Bageshwar Districts, Uttarakhand. GSI report of FS 2014-2015 (Acc. No.

HIGHLY WEATHERED ROCK, DOMINANT FOLIATION DIPPING ALONG TOPOGRAPHIC SLOPE

Reetha
Tahir Mushtaq and Sandeep Kumar Sharma, 2019. Macro scale (1: 50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in part of toposheet nos. 53N/12 and 53 O/9 in Chamoli, Bageshwas, and Almora districts Uttarakhand. Unpub. GSI report FS 2018-58

STEEP SLOPE, LOOSE UNCONSOLIDATED MATERIAL, ROAD Widening

HIGHLY FRACTURED SCHIST ROCK, HIGH GRADIENT OF NALA

REMOVAL OF OREVBURDEN & CONSTRUCTION OF RETAINING WALL
DUE TO SATURATION OF HIGHLY WEATHERED ROCK

DUE TO SATURATION OF UNCONSOLIDATED COLLUVIAL MATERIAL

REMOVAL OF OREVBURDEN & CONSTRUCTION OF RETAINING WALL

STEEP SLOPE, LOOSE UNCONSOLIDATED Terrace MATERIAL

REMOVAL OF OREVBURDEN, ALREADY TREATED WITH WIRE BASKETS

GEOJUTE, RETAINING STRUCTURE, SHORTCRETE IN CROWN PORTION

Easing or proper maintenance of slope, Retaining Wall, Plantation, Diversion of Water
Toe Erosion by Nala, Highly Weathered Rock

Easing or proper maintenance of slope, Plantation, Diversion of Water
Highly Weathered Rock, Toe Erosion by River, Structural Discontinuity

Plantation, Diversion of Water, Removal of Settlements
Highly Weathered Rock, Toe Erosion by Nala, Structural Discontinuity

Highly Jointed Rock, Toe Erosion by Nala

Easing or proper maintenance of slope, Plantation, Diversion of Water
Toe Erosion by Nala, Highly Weathered Rock

Toe Erosion by Nala, Highly Weathered Rock, Structural Discontinuity

Toe Erosion by River, Higly Weathered Rock, Structural Discontinuity

Toe Erosion by River, Highly Weathered Rock, Structural Discontinuity

Toe Erosion by Nala, Highly Weathered Rock

Toe Erosion by Nala, Unconsolidated Material

Asera
Wankhade et al., 2017. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in Champawat and Nainital Districts of Uttarakhand covering Toposheet nos. 53O15 and 62C03. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2016-2017.
Removal of debris and build retaining wall with weep holes along affected zone.

Bhat Pinana
Wankhade et al., 2017. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in Champawat and Nainital Districts of Uttarakhand covering Toposheet nos. 53O15 and 62C03. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2016-2017.
Removal of debris and build retaining wall with weep holes along affected zone.

Retaining wall already provided. Slope modification is required.

Highly Weathered Rock & Toe Erosion by River

Kotli
Wankhade et al., 2017. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in Champawat and Nainital Districts of Uttarakhand covering Toposheet nos. 53O15 and 62C03. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2016-2017.
Removal of debris and build retaining wall with weep holes along affected zone.

Steep Slope, Highly Weathered & Jointed Rock

CONSTRUCTION OF RETAINING WALL & BENCHES

ALREADY TREATED, REMOVAL OF DEBRIS REQUIRED AS & WHEN NEEDED

HIGHLY WEATHERED GRANITE GNEISS, ROAD Widening

REMOVAL OF OVERBURDEN, CONSTRUCTION OF RETAINING WALL
HIGHLY WEATHERED GRANITE GNEISS, ROAD Widening

ANTHROPOGENIC, HIGHLY WEATHERED GRANITE, STEEP SLOPE

REMOVAL OF OREVBURDEN & CONSTRUCTION OF RETAINING WALL
STEEP SLOPE, HIGHLY WEATHERED, SHEARED ROCK

STEEP SLOPE, HIGHLY FOLIATED, WEATHERED AND SHEARED ROCK

STEEP SLOPE, HIGHLY WEATHERED & FRACTURED

HIGHLY WEATHERED GRANITE, DUE TO ROAD Widening

REMOVAL OF DEBRIS & CONSTRUCTION OF RETAINING WALL

REMOVAL OF THE UNSTABLE PORTION OF THE SLIDE

FORMATION OF SPLINTERS ALONG JOINT PLANE

BENCHING ALONG NALA & CONSTRUCTION OF RETAINING WALL
STEEP SLOPE, HIGHLY FRACTURED ROCK, NALA CAUSING DAMAGE

DOMINANT FOLIATION DIPPING ALONG TOPOGRAPHIC SLOPE, HIGHLY WEATHERED ROCK

Removal of slided material and construction of retaing wall
Due to saturation of Highly weathered rock

Borgao

Chinouriya

Choura Gurith

Punauli

Pati

Pati
Weathered rock mass or Dripping water or

Dungra

Timla Gunth

Rithakhal

Marnaula

Devidhura

Kanda

Bhadrakot

Kaudiyar

Gadyura

Chautra

Kanyura

Gadyura
flowing spring within the core of landslide

Kanyura
Retaining wall already built along affected zone.

Sipti

Jatkola

Swala

Palson

Banlek

Bastiya

Bastiya
Highly Jointed rock mars moderate weathering of rock

Panthyuara

Sayali

Sayali
Removal debris, retaining wall , line drainge

Maneshwar

Chyurikhark

Raikot

Bantoli

Barakot

Pawa

Jhirkunj

Jhirkunj
Weak road connectivity to village

Nadera

Surkot

Raigaon
Road cutting along Nala, Nala erossion in

Syuri

Dungri Phartyal

Sirtoli

Kamlekh

Chatri

Raigaon

Dagduwa

Badiyari

Bishwapriya A., and Chakraborty D., 2015. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of Toposheets no. 62 C/02 and 62 C/05, Pithoragarh district, Uttarakhand. GSI report of FS 2014-2015 (Acc. No. NRO-22185).
toe erosion; loose incompetent rock mass; steep slope (~60-Γö¼┬¼)

Bishwapriya A., and Chakraborty D., 2015. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of Toposheets no. 62 C/02 and 62 C/05, Pithoragarh district, Uttarakhand. GSI report of FS 2014-2015 (Acc. No. NRO-22185).

Bishwapriya A., and Chakraborty D., 2015. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of Toposheets no. 62 C/02 and 62 C/05, Pithoragarh district, Uttarakhand. GSI report of FS 2014-2015 (Acc. No. NRO-22185).
loose soil on steep slope;slope saturation; toe erosion

systematic benching with toe protection and Alluvial flood plainforestation
Weathered rock & overburden resting over modertaely steep slope (40-Γö¼┬¼-45-Γö¼┬¼); toe erosion; slope saturation due to Agriculture practice

systematic benching; toe protection; drainage measures
loose soil on steep slope;slope saturation; toe cutting

Dasaula

fractured and incompetent rock mass; steep slope; toe erosion

Badiyari
OLowly dissected hills hill slope Debris, Reactivated

Toe protection by retaining and breast wall
overburden and weathered rockmass over steep slope; toe erosion

loose overburden on steep slope;slope saturation; toe erosion

systematic benching/ scaling of loose mass; retaining wall with drainage measures at road level
toe cutting of steep slope (~60-Γö¼┬¼); saturation of overburden mass

toe cutting of steep slope (~60-Γö¼┬¼); loose overburden mass

Systematic benching and scaling of loose mass; retaining wall with drainage measures at road level
toe cutting of loose overburden on steep slope;slope saturation

toe cutting of weathered rockmass & loose overburden on steep slope;slope saturation

Very steep slope/ Escarpmentment hosting weathered rockmass having dilatant joints; slope saturation

Systematic benching and scaling of loose mass; retaining wall with drainage measures at road level
toe cutting of steep slope (~60-Γö¼┬¼); saturation of overburden mass

rock anchoring; retaining wall (with drainage measures) at road level

shotcreting; bolting/ scaling of loose rockmass; toe protection
Very steep slope; steep & closely jointed rockmass; toe erosion

systematic benching/ removal of loose mass; toe protection with drainage measures
Shallow translational failure overburden (loose) mass resting over steep slope (~60-Γö¼┬¼); toe cutting

Quartzite (thinly bedded) with schist & phyllite
systematic benching/ scaling of loose mass; toe protection with drainage measures
folded, incompetent rockmass; toe cutting of steep slope (~60-Γö¼┬¼)

shotcreting; bolting/ scaling of loose rockmass
Very steep slope; steep & closely jointed rockmass; toe erosion (?)

systematic benching; toe protection; Alluvial flood plainforestation
overburden and weathered rockmass over steep slope; toe erosion

mass failure along nala; slope saturation; steep slope (~60-Γö¼┬¼); toe cutting

systematic benching near crown; retaining wall with drainage measures at road level
loose soil on steep slope;slope saturation; toe cutting

rock bolting/ shotcreting; benching of crown
loose soil on steep slope;slope saturation; toe cutting

systematic benching near crown; retaining wall with drainage measures at road level
overburden and incompetent rockmass; toe cutting

loose overburden on steep slope;slope saturation; toe cutting

failure of incompetent & weathered rockmass with overburden resting over dip slope (foliation); slope saturation due to nala course as well as rainfall

thin overburden over steep slope; slope saturation; toe erosion

failure of overburden resting over dip slope (foliation); slope saturation; steep slope

Toe protection by retaining and breast wall

Weathered, folded rock sequence & overburden resting over modertaely steep slope (40-Γö¼┬¼-45-Γö¼┬¼); toe cutting;

benching; drainage measures; retaining wall at road level
Weathered & incompetent rock mass on steep slope; toe cutting

benching; drainage measures; retaining wall at road level

multi level retaining wall; channeling of surface drainage
Weathered & incompetent rock mass on steep slope; slope saturation

benching; drainage measures; retaining wall at road level
toe cutting; overburden resting over steep slope (~40-Γö¼┬¼)

benching; drainage measures; multilevel retaining wall
steep slope; weathered rockmass; toe cutting

nala with adjoining gullies; loose mass (soil & weathered rock); steep slope

systematic benching and scaling of loose mass
folded & fractured (incompetent) rockmass; steeply dipping beds; slope saturation

systematic benching; retaining wall with drainage provisions at toe
toe and gully erosion; slope saturation; overburden resting on steep slope

systematic benching and scaling of loose mass; toe protection at river bend
toe erosion & toe cutting; failure of overburden resting on steep slope; slope saturation

systematic benching; drainage measures; toe protection; Alluvial flood plainforestation
toe erosion along river bend; steep slope (~40-Γö¼┬¼) hosting colluvium; poor rockmass condition due to effect of regional thrusting (NAT?)

dilatant & jointed rockmass; steep slope angle (~60-Γö¼┬¼)

Systematic benching and scaling of loose mass; retaining wall with drainage measures at road level
toe cutting of weathered rockmass & loose overburden on steep slope

Shallow translational failure overburden resting over steep slope; highly jointed & weathered (incompetent) rock mass

removal of loose debris; shotcreting & rock bolting

loose colluvium resting over steep slope

loose colluvium resting over steep slope; slope saturation; toe cutting

toe cutting of weathered rockmass & loose overburden on steep slope;slope saturation; rill erosion

mica schist, gneiss with quartzite bands
scaling of loose mass; drainage provision
toe cutting of loose overburden on steep slope;slope saturation

Jamreri

Ghat

toe cutting; failure of overburden mass; slope saturation

Dakura

Chalmora

Bera

Deothala

systematic benching and scaling of loose mass
toe erosion; failure of overburden resting on steep slope; slope saturation

Folded & incompetent rockmass; steep valley dipping joint; toe cutting

Weathered rockmass and overburden resting over steep slope (~60-Γö¼┬¼); toe erosion; rills causing slope saturation

overburden resting over steep slope (~50-Γö¼┬¼); toe erosion

Shallow translational failure overburden pile resting over steep slope; slope saturation; toe cutting

incompetent & jointed rockmass; toe cutting

sealing of open ground cracks with impervious material; retaining wall with drainage holes at toe
improper compaction of road sub-grade; Shallow translational failure overburden column resting over steep slope

Salta

Laddang

Baruri

Chanchri

Pokhri

Dakla

Raul

Lojani

Mauntala

Gurna

Bairikhal

Bhuni

Suli

BREAST WALL AND PLANTATION ALONG THE UPSLOPE OF THE SLIDE

Retaining wall may be provided accordingly road width may be achieved. slope cut for the road may be avoided. Concrete cladding wall at the upper part with slope developing.

UK/Pith/ Jauljibi-Didihat/LS/0059
The landslide took place during rainy season due to anthropogenic activity i.e. unscientific road cutting at a place where slope was vulnerable to slide due to wedge failure.
An interim report on Preliminary slope stability assessment of recent disaster affected areas of Pithoragarh District, Uttarakhand by A Bishwapriya, Suptg. Geologist, M V Dhakate and P K Gajbaiye, Sr Geologist, M IV, NR,Dehradun (LHZ/NR/UPUK/2013/056)
Manmade causes like unscientific road cutting and blasting in steep rocky slope.
Anthropogenic activity
Removal of debris. Protection of rocky face by rock bolting, wire mesh, shotcrete to stop further erosion, suitably designed retaining wall with weep holes and toe drain.
Presence of jointed and weathered rock mass, detachment of planes/wedge failure due to intersection of prominent joints and cutting of toe. Also the development of pore water pressure along joints and reduction of shear strength of the joints and gully e

UK/Pith/ Jauljibi-Didihat/LS/0060
The landslide took place during rainy season due to anthropogenic activity i.e. unscientific road cutting at a place where slope was vulnerable to slide due to wedge failure.
An interim report on Preliminary slope stability assessment of recent disaster affected areas of Pithoragarh District, Uttarakhand by A Bishwapriya, Suptg. Geologist, M V Dhakate and P K Gajbaiye, Sr Geologist, M IV, NR,Dehradun (LHZ/NR/UPUK/2013/056)
Manmade causes like unscientific road cutting and blasting in steep rocky slope.
Anthropogenic activity
Removal of debris. Protection of rocky face by rock bolting, wire mesh, shotcrete to stop further erosion, suitably designed retaining wall with weep holes and toe drain.
Presence of jointed and weathered rock mass, detachment of planes/wedge failure due to intersection of prominent joints and cutting of toe. Also the development of pore water pressure along joints and reduction of shear strength of the joints and gully e

UK/Pith/ Munsyari-Jauljibi/ LS/0042
Heavy rainfall on steep natural slope covered with unconsolidated material aggravated with toe erosion by the river current led to this landslide
Heavy rainfall and toe erosion by the river current
River course shifted towards left bank thus directly hitting against the present hill.
Flood protection wall, regarding/easing out of the slope to mild angle and retaining wall towards river side

UK/Pith/ Munsyari- Jauljibi/Vil/BE/0040
3-4 days heavy rainfall and human activity were the triggering factor which led to landslide caused by toe cutting by river with high current and huge RBM
An interim report on Preliminary slope stability assessment of recent disaster affected areas of Pithoragarh District, Uttarakhand by A Bishwapriya, Suptg. Geologist, M V Dhakate and P K Gajbaiye, Sr Geologist, M IV, NR,Dehradun (LHZ/NR/UPUK/2013/056)
High risk zone. River shifted towards left.
Dredging of the river from original course, Flood Protection walls, retaining structures
36 houses affected along the river course
Presence of loose and unconsolidated material, flooding of the river with high current and toe erosion in soil. Also the development of the pore pressure and reduction of the shear strength of the material due to saturation by water percolation, gully er

UK/Pith/ Tawaghat-Jauljibi/Vil/BE/0057
Heavy rainfall caused river flooding and toe erosion by high river current in steep natural slope that led to reduction of shear strength
River course shifted towards right bank, similar cutting is observed on the right bank of the river in the Nepal territory
100 m stretch of metalled motorable road destroyed.
Flood protection wall (crate wall construction is going on), river dredging on left side of the river, retaining wall in road section.
The major geological causes are presence of loose/unconsolidated material, toe erosion in soil/debris due to heavy flash flood and gully erosion. Also the development of pore water pressure and reduction of shear strength due to water percolation added t

UK/Pith/Tawaghat-Jauljibi/ Vil/BE/0053
Toe erosion of natural slope caused by high river current rich in sediment load as triggered by continuous heavy rainflall in the upstream caused this landslide.
High risk zone. River shifted towards right bank
150- 200 nali land lost from Nigalpani to Kalika village on right bank.
Flood protection wall, dredging of the river, Retaining structures
Four barracks of SSB, 27 houses in Gothi village, 35 buildings GREF, ITBP buildings
The major geological causes are presence of loose/unconsolidated material, toe erosion in soil/debris due to heavy flash flood and gully erosion. Also the development of pore water pressure and reduction of shear strength due to water percolation added t

Concrete retaining wall with weep holes along affected zone, Slope modification, trailing wall along river, line drainage.

UK/Pith/ Tawaghat- Jauljibi/Vil/BE/0054
Heavy rainfall and cloud brusting caused the river flooding with huge sediment load, which was followed by toe erosion. Also, the reduction in shear strength of slope material due to development of pore pressure was the other contributing factors to this
The flat terrace of Joshikhet identified for court and annex houses. Suitable only when protection measures as suggested are adhered to.
Flood protection wall, dredging of the river, re-grading of the terrace slope and provision of retaining structures
Four barracks of SSB, 27 houses in Gothi village, 35 buildings GREF, ITBP buildings
The major geological causes are presence of loose/unconsolidated material, toe erosion in soil/debris due to heavy flash flood and gully erosion. Also the development of pore water pressure and reduction of shear strength due to water percolation added t

UK/Pith/ Tawaghat-Jauljibi/Vil/BE/0049
Foliated phyllite/phyllitic slates and bands of chlorite mica schist
Heavy flash flood and gully erosion. Development of pore pressure and reduction in shear strength and the toe erosion by high current river due to unusual flooding and manmade causes were the factors responsible for this landslide.
Toe cutting/erosion by high current of the river
High risk. River shifted towards right bank
Removal of debris, retaining wall with weep holes, training of nala and flood protection wall
Presence of loose/unconsolidated material, toe erosion in soil/debris due to heavy flash flood and gully erosion. Also the development of pore water pressure and reduction of shear strength due to water percolation added to the process

UK/Pith/ Tawaghat-Jauljibi/Vil/BE/0052
Heavy rainfall for 3 days caused the toe erosion of natural slope on which loose and unconsolidated sediments were present caused this landslide.
High risk zone. The village Banga bagar (Nepal) on opposite bank is also affected
40 nali land washed away, in 500m d/s about 30 nali agriculture land lost
Flood protection wall, dredging of the river

UK/Pith/ Tawaghat- Jauljibi/Vil/BE/0051
Heavy rainfall for 3 days caused the toe erosion of natural slope on which loose and unconsolidated sediments were present caused this landslide.
High risk zone. The village Banga bagar (Nepal) on opposite bank is also affected
Flood protection wall, dredging of the river

Mica schist and phyllitic slates with bands of limestone
Continuous heavy rainfall caused the toe cutting of natural slope and its gully erosion, which led to the landslide
River course shifted to the right bank of the river. : Contact of limestone downstream with phyllitic slate upstream passing nearby Tapovan village
Flood protection wall, dredging of the river
11 houses & store of NHPC colony damaged and washed away
Presence of loose/unconsolidated material, toe erosion in soil/debris due to heavy flash flood and gully erosion. Also the development of pore water pressure and reduction of shear strength due to water percolation added to the process.

Concrete retaining wall with weep holes along affected zone, Slope modification, trailing wall along river, line drainage.
Road widening activity without proper protection measures, Toe erosion by River, rainfall

Concrete retaining wall with weep holes along affected zone, line drainage.
Road widening activity without proper protection measures, rainfall

High risk zone due to confluence of two major rivers in the event of high discharge due to flash floods. SSB establishment slightly upstream of this location is not affected but in danger zone. From Tawaghat to 1 km downstream motor road to Dharchula on
Heavy rainfall on slope covered with unconsolidated sediments, development of pore pressure, gully erosion, toe cutting by river led to this landslide
360 m stretch of road washed away completely
Presence of loose/unconsolidated material, gully erosion, toe erosion in soil/debris due to heavy flash flood. Also the development of pore water pressure and reduction of shear strength due to water percolation added to the process.

UK/Pith/ Tawaghat-Jauljibi/LS/0044
Steep Natural slope comprisiong of jointed rock fragments, failure of potential wedges, continuous rainfall causing gulley erosion and toe cutting by construction of the road were the causuative factors for this landslide
Hill wash cone. Similar event observed 300- 400m d/s.
Removal of debris, provision of flood protection wall, breast wall hill side, retaining wall valley side and proper drainage arrangement.
Presence of jointed, blocky rock mass, failure of potential wedges due to intersection of joints, gully erosion during rains and toe cutting by construction of the road

UK/Pith/ Tawaghat-Jauljibi/LS/0046
Toe erosion by high current of river and the human activity related to road construction were the main factors responsible for this landslide
Toe cutting/erosion by high current of the river
Similar kind of slide is noticed on other bank also. Hence risk of blocking of river due to debris run off into the river is possible.
Regrading of the slide material; Protection by geo-jute and plantation. Retaining structure towards valley side and flood protection wall
The major geological causes are presence of loose/unconsolidated material, toe erosion in soil/debris due to heavy flash flood and gully erosion . Also the development of pore water pressure and reduction of shear strength due to water percolation added

UK/Pith/ Tawaghat-Jauljibi/LS/0047
Toe erosion by high current of river due to heavy flash flood and gully erosion led to development of pore pressure and reduction of shear strength due to water percolation led to this landslide
Lithological contact of gneiss and schist with phyllitic slate passing immediately downstream of the area.
Flood protection wall, retaining wall towards hill side with weep holes and toe drains

Continuous heavy rainfall for 3-4 days led to toe erosion due to heavy flash flood and gully erosion. Toe cutting by river led to landslide.
High risk. River shifted towards right bank
Dredging of the river, flood protection wall

Concrete retaining wall with weep holes along affected zone, trailing wall along river, line drainage.
Road widening activity without proper protection measures, rainfall

Concrete retaining wall with weep holes along affected zone, line drainage.
Nala debris accumulation on road, rainfall over steep slope

Concrete retaining wall with weep holes along affected zone.
Road widening activity without proper protection measures, rainfall

Relocation of Khet village to the safer site.
Concrete retaining wall with weep holes along affected zone, Slope modification, trailing wall along river, line drainage.
Road widening activity without proper protection measures, Toe erosion by River, rainfall

Concrete retaining wall with weep holes along affected zone, trailing wall along river, line drainage.
Steep slope, highly weathered rock mass, toe erosion by river

Incidence occurred in the Glacier valley.
Concrete retaining wall with weep holes along affected zone, line drainage.

Concrete retaining wall along affected zone, Line dranage

Concrete retaining wall along affected zone, roof shade to avoide shooting stone

Concrete retaining wall along affected zone, slope modification

UK_CHA_SH_ 055
Quartzites and gneisses of Central Crystalline.
Continuous and heavy rainfall in the catchment area resulted in significant increase in the discharge of Bhuindar Ganga. This led to toe erosion by the Bhuindar Ganga and saturated debris mass fell downslope.
An Interim Report on Preliminary Geological Slope Stability Assessment of the Recent Disaster Affected Areas in Parts of Chamoli District, Uttarakhand by Bhupendra Singh, Bhupender Singh, Ajay Kumar and Arindam Roy, Senior Geologists, M-IV, NR GSI Dehr
Removal of overhangs, toe protection upto HFL, slope dressing by benches, training of perennial nala, realignment of the track through forest area.
Heavy rainfall in catchment of Bhuindar River caused flash flood and toe erosion on right bank. Heavy rainfall also saturated the terrace and colluvial material causing loss of shear atrength.

Tapowan
Raju kumar.M,Sunil K.Yadav, Prathvi singh., 2019. Macro scale (1: 50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in part of toposheet nos. 53N/11, 53N/16 AND 62B/4, 56N/8 in Chamoli, Bageshwas, Pithoragarh and Pauri Garhwal districts Uttarakhand. Unpub. GSI r
Slide material falling on road

Talodan
Schist, gneiss, marble and basic intrusives
Raju kumar.M,Sunil K.Yadav, Prathvi singh., 2019. Macro scale (1: 50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in part of toposheet nos. 53N/11, 53N/16 AND 62B/4, 56N/8 in Chamoli, Bageshwas, Pithoragarh and Pauri Garhwal districts Uttarakhand. Unpub. GSI r
Slide material falling on road

UK_CHA_NH_ 018
Sheared gneiss with biotite schist bands of Central crystalline.
From AT nala to Tapovan, sinking and subsidence recorded at number of places. Prima facie recharge of the area appears from the Auli top. Heavy rainfall in the area in June 2013 triggered the slide by saturation and reduction in shear strength parameters
An Interim Report on Preliminary Geological Slope Stability Assessment of the Recent Disaster Affected Areas in Parts of Chamoli District, Uttarakhand by Bhupendra Singh, Bhupender Singh, Ajay Kumar and Arindam Roy, Senior Geologists, M-IV, NR GSI Dehr
Wet and water flowing through the slided mass.
Breast wall with weep holes and reverse filter along affected road length, lined toe drain, small check bunds along mud flow gullies, geo-membrane with mulchcing of suitable plants.
2-3 houses partly damaged in Kathadhar village.
Heavy precipitation resulted in reduction in shear strength of the slope mass.

Raju kumar.M,Sunil K.Yadav, Prathvi singh., 2019. Macro scale (1: 50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in part of toposheet nos. 53N/11, 53N/16 AND 62B/4, 56N/8 in Chamoli, Bageshwas, Pithoragarh and Pauri Garhwal districts Uttarakhand. Unpub. GSI r
Slide material falling on road

Schist, gneiss, marble and basic intrusives

UK_CHA_SH_ 017
Gneisses and quartzites of Central Crystallines.
Continuous and heavy rainfall had saturated the slope mass which led to reduction in shear strength and ultimate failure of the slope.
An Interim Report on Preliminary Geological Slope Stability Assessment of the Recent Disaster Affected Areas in Parts of Chamoli District, Uttarakhand by Bhupendra Singh, Bhupender Singh, Ajay Kumar and Arindam Roy, Senior Geologists, M-IV, NR GSI Dehr
Slope dressing and unlolading of slope material, channelisation of water, breast wall with weep holes and lined toe drain.
Heavy precipitation resulting in saturation of debris mass and reduction in shear strength of the slope mass.

UK_CHA_SH_ 016
Sheared gneiss with bands of mica schist of Central Crystalline.
Due to heavy rain in the area, debris mass got saturated. Plane of weakness formed at the interface of in-situ rock and overburden mass which aggravated due to the hill cutting at steeper angle for road formation. Downward movement recorded along the joi
Breast wall with lined toe drain, improvement of drainage network, geo-jute with mulching of suitable plants.
Heavy precipitation resulting in saturation of overburden, plain of weakness developed at the interface of in-situ rock and overburden.

UK_CHA_NH_ 015
Due to heavy rain in the area, the slope wash/slope debris mass got saturated. Saturation of the porous material led to loss of cohesion and inter friction angle of slide mass causing sliding and differential settlement.
Moderately vegetated area, agricultural land at lower part.
Concrete retaining wall 25-30 m below road level, filling and compaction of sinking zone, breast wall at inner side.
Heavy precipitation resulting in saturation of overburden, toe cutting by Dhuli Ganga River.

UK_CHA_NH_ 014
Medium to coarse grained gneiss with thin mica schist bands.
Due to heavy rain in the area, the slope wash/slope debris mass got saturated. Saturation of the porous material led to loss of cohesion and inter friction angle of slide mass causing sliding and debris flow.
Breast wall along the road, channelization of water at higher elevation, slope modification by providing benches.
Heavy precipitation, toe cutting at steeper angle during road widening, satutration of overburden mass.

Gneiss, kyanite schist, quartzite calc silicate

Gneisses with schist bands of Central Crystallines
It is an old slide cone. Heavy rain and percolation of surface run-off through the cracks saturated the porous overburden mass and removal of fines through piping action caused differential settlement.
Lined drains for surface run off, training of small nala from higher elevation, road to be levelled by proper compaction.
Heavy precipitation and percolation of surface run-off into the cracks, saturation of the overburden mass.

Rock bolting at affected zone, line drainage, wire crated with rock nailing.
Steep slope, Rainfall, road cutting activity.

Quartzite with thin schist bands which is sheared and pulverized at places.
Heavy rain in the area caused reduction in the shear strength of the overburden mass. Heavy discharge in the Dhauliganga river had eroded the toe leading to failure of the slope.
Concrete retaining wall suppoted by boulder cratre wall, gabbion wall above concrete wall.
Heavy precipitation, saturation of overburden mass resulting in reduction of shear strength.

Sheared banded gneiss of Central Crystallines.
Due to heavy rainfall in the catchment area there was a significant increase in the discharge of Dhauli Ganga river. Swollen river had cut the toe of the slide. Heavy precipitation caused saturation of the overburden mass leading to reduction in shear s
Concrete retaining wall, breast wall, benches for slope modification, providing lined drains for surface run off.
Heavy precipitation, toe cutting by Alakananda River, cutting of hill slope at higher angle during road widening.

UK_CHA_NH_ 002 (Kamera slide)
Sheared, jointed and stained quartzite with chlorite phyllite of Garhwal Group.
Heavy rain caused increase of pore water pressure and mobilization of debris material. Valley dipping joint plane facilitating the downslope movement. Wedge failure occurred in the sheared/ jointed rockmass by the intersection of different joint sets.
Road was breached and subsidence caused hindrance in communication network
Removal of overhangs, provision of benches, sausage wall towards hill and valley side, shotcrete and soil nailing at crown.
Heavy precipitation, valley dipping joint planes, wedge failure in sheared and jointed quartzite.

Due to heavy rainfall the fluvio-glacial material got over saturated and the rock debris flow moved downhill towards the Pindar River
Interim report on Preliminary Slope Stability Assessment of Recent Disaster Affected Areas of Bageshwar District, Uttarakhand by Manoj Kumar Kaistha, Sr. Geologist; Ravi Negi & Sebabrata Das, Geologists and P.V.S. Rawat, Superintending Geologist, M-IV, N
5 km from Khati on Khati Dwali trek route on left bank of Pindar River
Around 1 km of Dwali- Khati trek route completely washed off due to slide
Trek route should be reconstructed with proper arrangement of drainage at the nala crossings
Deep gully erosion in the highly surcharged thick fluvio-glacial deposits located on the left bank of the river coupled with the toe erosion

Due to heavy rainfall the fluvio-glacial material got over saturated and the rock debris flow moved downhill towards the Pindar River
Interim report on Preliminary Slope Stability Assessment of Recent Disaster Affected Areas of Bageshwar District, Uttarakhand by Manoj Kumar Kaistha, Sr. Geologist; Ravi Negi & Sebabrata Das, Geologists and P.V.S. Rawat, Superintending Geologist, M-IV, N
Around 300 m of Dwali-Khati trek route completely washed off due to slide
Trek route should be reconstructed with proper arrangement of drainage at the nala crossings
Deep gully erosion in the highly surcharged thick fluvio-glacial deposits located on the left bank of the river coupled with the toe erosion

UK/Pith/ Munsyari-Milam/LS/0015
This landslide was result of continuous rainfall on loose material on a steep natural slope. The construction of a road in such material was also a contributing factor for the landslide.
Active slide and presently road to Milam is blocked because of the slide.
Re-grading of slopes to mild angle, suitably designed retaining walls with weep holes on either side of road and grass plantation on loose material
Major geological causes for landslide are presence of loose/weak material, development of pore water pressure, reduction of shear strength of material due to saturation by surface and subsurface water, gully erosion during rainy season and toe cutting fo

UK/Pith/ Munsyari-Milam/LS/0015
This landslide was result of continuous rainfall on loose material on a steep natural slope. The construction of a road in such material was also a contributing factor for the landslide.
Active slide and presently road to Milam is blocked because of the slide.
Re-grading of slopes to mild angle, suitably designed retaining walls with weep holes on either side of road and grass plantation on loose material
Major geological causes for this landslide are presence of loose/weak material, development of pore water pressure, reduction of shear strength of material due to saturation by surface and subsurface water, gully erosion during rainy season and toe cutti

Benches in the affected zone to dissiminate debris/water energy, not reccomended any kind of habitation.
Highly weathered rock eroded along joint and nala on steep slope

Concrete retaining wall with weep holes along affected zone, Rock bolting, line drainage.
Road widening activity without proper protection measures, Toe erosion by River, rainfall

Augen gneiss with garnet and biotite schist

Piping due to surface and subsurface water caused development of pore pressure leading to subsidence of the ground. Gully erosion also played an important role.
High subsidence catalyzed by recent heavy downpour .Adjoining nala contributing significantly to the saturation of the slope mass
The slope bearing settlements is subsiding at a brisk rate and therefore the people need to be rehabilitated at a safer location without delay.
6 houses partially or significantly damaged
The major triggering factors are subsidence/creeping of the ground due to saturation of loose and unconsolidated mass and piping due to surface and subsurface water under continuous heavy rainfall for 3-4 days (130 mm/day and gully erosion

UK/Pith/ Munsyari-Milam/LS/0012
The road cutting in steep slope accompanied with development of pore pressure in the loose material due to water seepage were resposible for this slide.
Active in rainy season. rock exposure below road
Nala training by hume pipes or aqueduct and construction of road over it, removal of loose material and suitably designed retaining structures on hillside and valley side
Presence of loose/weak & unconsolidated material, development of pore water pressure due to water seepage, reduction of shear strength of material due to saturation by surface and subsurface water and gully erosion during rainy season and toe erosion in

Poor lithology, rainfall, road cutting activity without proper protection measures.

Quartz mica chlorite hornblende schist and gneiss

This landslide occurred after contiuous heavy rainfall in an areas where a road was being built on the loose unconsolidated material the moist condition led to development of pore pressure and reduction of shear strength that ultimately resulted in the f
Road widening/construction causing slide due to toe cutting
Removal of loose material, systematic regarding of slope to mild angle, suitable designed retaining walls and toe drain
Presence of loose/weak material, development of pore water pressure, reduction of shear strength of material due to saturation by surface and subsurface water, gully erosion during rainy season and toe erosion in loose soil/debris for road construction/w

Heavy rainfall for 3-4 days caused flooding of river and thus cutting of river banks accentuated with development of pore pressure in the unconsolidated loose pebbles, cobbles material on the slope adjacent to river bank
River cutting incidences were also occurred in the years 1995, 2005 and 2008.
About 350 m stretch of state highway washed away
Agricultural land downstream of the nala washed away
Dredging of the river and diverting to original course, Flood protection wall all along the affected area. No construction may be allowed on the river edge and at least 20m area from river edge to be kept as buffer zone.
The major geological causes for the incidence are presence of loose and unconsolidated material, flooding of the river with high current, development of the pore pressure and reduction of the shear strength of the material due to saturation by water perc

benches at the affected zone, trailing wall at the base to divert channel flow, line drainage.

Highly weathered rock eroded along joint and eroded during rainfall

UK/Pith/ Munsyari- Jauljibi/Vil/BE/0024
Heavy rainfall for 3-4 days caused flooding of river and thus toe cutting of river banks accentuated with development of pore pressure in the unconsolidated loose pebbles, cobbles material on the slope adjacent to river bank
River course shifted towards left side.
Dredging of the river and diverting to original course, Flood protection wall all along the affected area. No further construction in between present river bank and road.
Presence of loose and unconsolidated material, flooding of the river with high current, development of the pore pressure and reduction of the shear strength of the material due to saturation by water percolation, gully erosion and toe erosion in soil.

Causway for road, line drainage, gabion wall along affected zone.
Highly weathered rock eroded along joint and eroded during rainfall

Realignment of the road, wire mesh on the affected zone, line drainage, gabian wall along affecte zone.
Gully erosion by seasonal stream in highly weatherd rock

UK/Pith/ Munsyari-Jauljibi/Vil/BE/0026
Continuous heavy rainfall caused high current of river laden with debris leading to bank erosion, which was accentuted by the reduction of shear strength caused by increase in pore pressure.
River course shifted towards left.
Dredging of the river from original course, Flood Protection walls, Retaining structures.
Presence of loose and unconsolidated material, flooding of the river with high current, development of the pore pressure and reduction of the shear strength of the material due to saturation by water percolation, gully erosion and toe erosion in soil.

UK/Pith/ Munsyari- Jauljibi/LS/0025
Steep slope and toe erosion by river flooding and road construction activity led to development of pore pressure and reduction in shear strength due to water percolation in rainy season has added to the process of landslide
Steep natural slope with pre-existing slide, toe erosion by high current of the river during flooding and manmade causes like cutting and blasting for road construction.
Risk of road and river blockade. During rains the blockade
Regarding of slope to mild angle with slopes and bench development. Stepped retaining wall with weep holes, covering the slope with geo-grid and flood protection wall all along the affected area.
Toe erosion in soil/debris due to river flooding, gully erosion by surface water during rains. Also development of pore water pressure and reduction in shear strength of the material due to water percolation in rainy season has added to the process.

UK/Pith/ Munsyari-Jauljibi/LS/0028
Contiunuous rainfall causing built up of pore pressure, river flooding leading to toe erosion caused this landslide
Huge slide mass , Active slide, risk zone
Dredging of the river, flood protection walls, suitably designed retaining structures, nala training. Development of the slopes and benches in slide zone to curb the movement and reduce the angle.
Presence of loose and unconsolidated material, flooding of the river with high current, development of the pore pressure and reduction of the shear strength of the material due to saturation by water percolation, gully erosion and toe erosion in soil.

UK/Pith/ Munsyari-Jauljibi/LS/0027
Contiunuous rainfall causing built up of pore pressure, river flooding leading to toe erosion caused this landslide
Regrading of slope to mild angle with slopes and bench development. Retaining/breast walls and covering of the slope with geo-grid and plantation
Geological causes for the incidence are presence of loose and unconsolidated material, flooding of the river with high current, development of the pore pressure and reduction of the shear strength of the material due to saturation by water percolation, g

Dark grey calcareous slate and limestone

UK/Pith/ Thal-Munsyari/SZ/0010
Continuous heavy rainfall caused excessive saturation of loose mass leading to development of pore pressure and gully erosion in soil/debris during rainy seasons.
Suitably designed retaining walls with proper drainage arrangements
The major geological causes are presence of loose/unconsolidated mass, excessive saturation of loose mass by surface and subsurface water, development of pore water pressure ultimately resulting in reduction of shear strength of the material and gully er

Ratapani
Dark grey calcareous slate and limestone

Chaura
Dark grey calcareous slate and limestone

Magar

Gini
Slide material falling in nala, bocking nal flow

UK/Pith/ Thal-Munsyari/LS/0009
This land slide occurred due to development of pore water pressure after continuous heavy rainfall in the area
Sliding is due to combined effect of excessive saturation of loose mass by surface and subsurface water, development of pore water pressure ultimately resulting in reduction of shear strength of the material and gully erosion in soil/debris during rainy

Calcareous Quartzite, Sericitic Quartzite and Limestone bands
This slide was triggered by continuous rainfall on steep slope causing excessive saturation and lubrication of loose rock mass.
Steep natural slope, continuous heavy rainfall (2-3 days) causing excessive saturation/lubrication of loose rock mass and toe cutting by natural drainage
Removal of entire volume of debris and regrading of slope to mild angle
The major geological causes are excessive saturation of loose mass by surface and subsurface water, development of pore water pressure ultimately resulting in shear strength of the material and gully erosion in soil/debris during rainy season.

Dor

Kwiti

Tholi

highly deformed ,crushed strata, toe cut, shear zone

highly deformed ,crushed strata, toe cut, shear zone, gullies erosion

highly fractured, crushed strata, water action

The heavy rainfall led to the saturation and surcharging of the slope material and the joints in the calcrete and moved entire slope material downslope. The debris contains calcrete rock blocks of up to 3 m dimension. Toe cutting due to bank erosion furt
Interim report on Preliminary Slope Stability Assessment of Recent Disaster Affected Areas of Bageshwar District, Uttarakhand by Manoj Kumar Kaistha, Sr. Geologist; Ravi Negi & Sebabrata Das, Geologists and P.V.S. Rawat, Superintending Geologist, M-IV, N
Calcrete rock blocks of 3m dimension and debris
Wire crate spurs all along the toe cut zone.
Increase in pore water pressure of the slope material and reduction in its shear strength.

highly fractured and thinnly beded strata.

Heavy rainfall led to toe cutting of river terrace by the flooded river with RBM, also the increase of pore pressure led to the landslide
High risk zone, river course shifted towards the left bank
Dredging of the river and flood protection. Wall/structures all along the affected area
Presence of loose and unconsolidated material, flooding of the river with high current and toe erosion in soil. Also the development of the pore pressure and reduction of the shear strength of the material due to saturation by water percolation, gully er

UK/Pith/ Munsyari-Jauljibi/LS/0032
Heavy rainfall caused river flooding and toe erosion by high river current in steep natural slope that led to reduction of shear strength
Flood protection walls, removal of the loose material and suitably designed retaining structures with weep holes and toe drains
Cause for the incident are presence of loose and unconsolidated material, flooding of the river with high current, development of the pore pressure and reduction of the shear strength of the material due to saturation by water percolation, gully erosion

UK/Pith/ Munsyari-Jauljibi/Vil/BE/0033
Heavy rainfall loose material on natural slope and toe cutting by river caused the landslide
Water level rose up to 10-12m i.e. up to suspension bridge. New slide developed just U/S of suspension bridge which has damaged retaining wall and the main road connecting Madkot.
Dredging of the river from original course, Flood Protection walls, Retaining structures and repairing

UK/Pith/ Munsiyari-Jauljibi/Vil/BE/0029
Contiunuous rainfall causing built up of pore pressure, river flooding leading to toe erosion caused this landslide
River flooding led to toe cutting of river terrace, this accentuted with pore pressure development due to excessive rainfall
Dredging of the river from original course, Flood Protection walls
8 houses completely and 4 houses partially damaged

River flooding causing toe erosion, steep slope, human activity for road construction caused landslide in jointed rock slope on which loose and unconsolidated material was present.
River course changed from right to left.
Training of nala depression, Repairing of road, Retaining structures and flood protection wall
Presence of jointed rock, loose and unconsolidated material, flooding of the river with high current, development of the pore pressure and reduction of the shear strength by water percolation, gully erosion and toe erosion in soil.

Steep Natual slope and continuous rainfall led to toe erosion by high river current. Human activity was also the other factor for the landslide
Active slide
Flood protection wall, re-grading of the profile to mild angle in the form of slopes and benches, protection of slopes by geo-jute/geo-grid, stepped retaining walls with weep holes towards hill side, training of the nala and proper drainage arrangements
Presence of loose and unconsolidated material, flooding of the river with high current and toe erosion in soil. Also the development of the pore pressure and reduction of the shear strength of the material due to saturation by water percolation, gully er

UK/Pith/ Munsyari-Jauljibi/Vil/BE/0036
Heavy rains followed by river flooding with sediment load led to toe cutting of river terrace, this accentuated with development of pore pressure and reduction in shear strength led to the landslide
High risk zone, river course changed towards left bank. Deposition of 3-4m thick sand/silt layer on right side of the river bed
Flood protection wall, dredging of silt in the river section on right bank.

UK/Pith/ Munsayri-Jauljibi/LS/0035
Steep natural slope of highly weathered jointed rock was further weaken by toe erosion by the river led to landslide
Toe erosion by high river current during flood
Risk zone for road blockade and shooting stone
Proper cutting of the slope/ easing of the slope from crown, slope protection by providing rock bolts and wire mesh shotcrete, self draining breast wall/toe wall and flood protection wall all along the river side in affected area.
Presence of weak/highly weathered rock, planar failure along valley dipping joint/foliation and toe erosion by road construction and flooding.

River laden with huge sedimentary load caused toe cutting and this accentuated with development of pore pressure and reduction in shear strength due to heavy rainfall led to the landslide
High risk to existing settlements. Shifting of the river channel from right to left bank
Flood protection wall, dredging of the river silt.
6 houses completely lost. Three houses at high risk.

3-4 days heavy rainfall led to river full of RBM which caused the toe cutting of the river bank, also the increase of pore pressure in unconsolidated sediments on the natural steep slope led to landslide
High risk to road. Construction of new bridge is under process but the u/ s abutment is in RBM which is under risk due to toe cutting and erosion
Flood protection wall, proper dressing of the hill side slope to mild angle, retaining wall towards river side

training of gully; retaining wall with drainage measures at road level

folded & crumpled (incompetent) rockmass; sub-vertical slope with overhangs; dilatant joints

folded & incompetent rockmass; toe cutting

systematic benching; drainage measures; toe protection
debris pile resting over steep slope; gully erosion

debris removal; benching; toe drain; lining of nala
slope saturation; incompetent rockmass; steep slope angle (~80-Γö¼┬¼)

slope saturation; incompetent rockmass; steep slope angle (~45-Γö¼┬¼)

UK/Pith/ Seraghat- Thal/LS/0004
This slide is result of the combined effect of the multiple factors like saturation of loose mass, development of pore water pressure by subsurface water, piping action ultimately resulting into reduction of shear strength of mass. Also road cutting in s
The zone extends up to slide no-3 on the upper curve of the road
Training of water flow by aqueduct and hume pipe below the road. Construction of cement concrete road. Retaining walls on both edges of the road
Development of Pore water pressure by subsurface water, piping action and road cutting led to the occurrence of slide.

road cut, water action , high angle slope

UK/Pith/ Seraghat- Thal/SZ/0003
The slide was triggered by road cutting and mass loading at crown position follwed by saturation with water and building of pore pressure.
Training of water flow by providing hume pipe or aqueduct below the road and construction of road over it. Proper drainage arrangements by keeping the subsidence area free from surface water. Repairing of the retaining walls.
Combined effect of the multiple factors like saturation of loose mass and development of pore water pressure by subsurface water led to reduction of shear strength of mass. Also other factors were loading at crown portion and road cutting.

Shallow translational failure overburden mass resting over steep slope (~55-Γö¼┬¼); toe cutting

fractured and incompetent rock mass; quarry site

Shallow translational failure overburden mass resting over steep slope (~60-Γö¼┬¼); toe cutting

Weathered, cavernous limestone (incompetent rockmass); Shallow translational failure overburden over steep slope (~40-Γö¼┬¼); slope saturation

toe cutting; translational failure; slope saturation

systematic benching and scaling of loose mass
toe erosion; translational failure of highly jointed rockmass; slope saturation

shotcreting; rock bolting; scaling of loose mass near crown
toe cutting; translational failure of highly jointed rockmass; slope saturation

Bhat A. A., and Mandotra V., 2015. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of Toposheets no. 53O/13 and 62C/01, Pithoragarh and Bageshwar districts, Uttarakhand. GSI report of FS 2014-2015 (Acc. No. NRO-22184).
softer lithology, gullies erosion and water action

Bhat A. A., and Mandotra V., 2015. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of Toposheets no. 53O/13 and 62C/01, Pithoragarh and Bageshwar districts, Uttarakhand. GSI report of FS 2014-2015 (Acc. No. NRO-22184).
highly fractured, softer lithology, gullies erosion and water action

Bhat A. A., and Mandotra V., 2015. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of Toposheets no. 53O/13 and 62C/01, Pithoragarh and Bageshwar districts, Uttarakhand. GSI report of FS 2014-2015 (Acc. No. NRO-22184).
higly jointed and fractured rock, high slope and water action

highly sheared fractured rock, water action

plannar failue, dipping towards the hill slope

toe cut, highly fractured, sheared rock and high angle slope

soft rock, high angle slope, water action

Removal of protruding blocks and shot creting
Kanda 12 km milestone and Kameridevi 1 km
Periodic partial blockade of Road network

jointed rock, loose unconsolidated, water action

The road cutting has loosened the rock blocks which on saturation have slided down along with the overburden material. The dip slopes are getting exposed due to sliding down of the overburden material.
Jalmani bridge over Pungar River near Uttardug village
A steel barricading over the exposed rock slope is required to arrest the falling rock blocks towards the road.
The gradual failure of the rockmass along the joint planes which is probably weakened by the blasting effect for road cutting.

Instability of the slope caused due to road cutting.

Heavy precipitation and ingress of water in the fractures of the calcrete caused the detachment of large blocks at places along with the trees
Heavy precipitation resulted in increased water pressure in the fractured calcrete causing abrupt decrease in the shear strength parameters

higly fractured and shread rock. Higly deformed strata

Active landslide triggered due to saturation of slope wash material during monsoon period. Sinking/subsidence of road section and bulging/displacement in wire crates has been observed
Dislodged wire crates need to be restored, breast wall should be provided on road side, lined contour drains are required
Heavy precipitation has surcharged the slope wash material causing abrupt reduction in shear strength parameters

UK_BAG_PMGSY_ 19
Dolomite and shale (thinly bedded) of splintery nature
Heavy precipitation formed rills and gullies on the steep slope and carried away the splintery rock mass downslope
Wire crate spurs on the left bank of the nala
Splintery nature of the rock mass and toe erosion

The blasting for road cutting has distressed the dolomitic blocks resting on the dip slope and in the event of heavy rainfall the blocks slided downslope and blocked the road.
Part unloading of the loose rock blocks from the dip slope.
The gradual sliding of the rock blocks along the dip slope probably weakened by the blasting effect for road cutting.

The road cutting has loosened the rock blocks which on saturation have slid down along with the overburden material with the local patches of vegetation.
A 2 m high breast wall with weep holes. A stepped Retaining wall on valley side of the road upto 4-5 m down the road level. Nala require catch drain and subsurface drainage below the road. A pucca contour drain is required along the road.
Increase in pore water pressure and reduction in the shear trength of the slope material.

Deep green coloured weathered metabasic rockmass
The heavy rainfall oversaturated the slope material and triggered the movement of weathered rock mass and 2 m thick debris cover downslope. Fallen blocks of up to 1 m thick dimension often block the road.
A 2 m high breast wall with weep holes is required all along the slope.
Reduction in shear strength of the road consequent gradual failure of the rockmass along the joint planes which is probably weakened by the blasting effect for road cutting.

The heavy rainfall oversaturated the slope material and triggered the movement of weathered rock mass and 2 m thick debris cover downslope. Fallen blocks of up to 1 m thick dimension often block the road.
Damp slope and flowing nala near its base
A 2 m high breast wall is required. The water of the nala flowing in the vicinity of the slide need to be trained through a catch drain and should be conveyed below the road through suitable dia drain pipe.
Reduction in shear strength of the road consequent gradual failure of the rockmass along the joint planes which is probably weakened by the blasting effect for road cutting.

The road has been cut with steep rock-cut face towards hill side. The blasting impact resulted into de-stressed rock mass with open joints. The heavy rainfall lubricated the joints reducing the shear strength parameters and facilitated the toppling of ro
Stone masonry breast wall of 2 m height and retaining wall on the valley side should be provided. A wire mesh net pinned to the affected part of the hill slope upto 10 m height should be provided preferably with 25 mm shot crete to prevent fall of loose
Steep slope and de-stressed rock mass due to blasting.

The heavy rainfall event has washed down the hill wash debris resting on the slope due to their oversaturation and reduction in the shear strength parameters and formed a debris fan near the river.
Sukhchauna on left bank of the Mehar Gad
Forest cover on the hill slopes and barren land in slide area
A steeped wire crate wall is required at the toe of the slide so that accumulated debris can attain a stability by attaining suitable angle of repose.

Erosive action along nala and road cutting has augmented the potential vulnerability of slope failure. The slide was triggered as a result of the heavy rainfall which saturated the hill slope material constituted by boulders and cobbles in silty matrix.
Retaining wall below road and breast wall along the toe of slope above the road cutting is required. Adequate drainage arrangement has to be made.

The heavy rainfall triggered the slide and the shear parameters of the unconsolidated saturated debris decreased abruptly leading to slope failure.
SSE of Bhalori and SW of Kheti villages.
Stone masonry breast wall with weep holes along the road to be provided since the gabion wall already provided has been damaged.
Increase in pore water pressure and reduction in shear parameters of the slope material and splintery dolomites.

The heavy rainfall led to the formation of rills and gullies in the slightly-moderately weathered dolomite, removing the softer rock as debris and driving them downhill.
Wire crates are required along the left bank of the Mehar Gad to prevent bank erosion.

The heavy precipitation saturated the slope material and jointed rockmass which led to the formation of rills and gullies and sliding down of the material removed from the gullies. The road cutting led to the de-stressing of the rock mass. The ground cra
Along the road section downslope of Kismila-Machhera village
The ground cracks need to be covered or filled with some impervious material to prevent percolation. A gabion breast wall is required all along the road affected by landslide zone.

The heavy rainfall triggered the landslide by forming rills and gully and detaching and moving the calcrete blocks downslope. The slide material is spread on the road and calcrete block have rolled down upto the river bed.
Calcrete rock blocks upto 3m dimension and debris
Stone masonry breast wall of 2 m height with weep holes along the road in the landslide affected area.

The heavy precipitation created saturation of the slope wash material which were rapidly moved downslope along the gully and formed a debris fan on the left bank of Mehar Gad.

The landslide is triggered by the intense rainfall event. This event formed a no. of gullies in the thinly bedded highly weathered rockmass present near the top portion of the slide and transported
Agricultural and forest land partly damaged.
Staged gabion walls to arrest the spread of the debris on to agricultural land with appropriate measures to channelise the water upto the river. Staged gabion walls to arrest the spread of the debris on to agricultural land with appropriate measures to c

The road cutting has created a steep vertical face. The heavy rainfall saturated the previously stabilized hill slope debris composed of unsorted dolomite boulders and pebbles and mobilized them in downslope direction. The toe erosion is the other facto
Part damage reflected by tilted uprooted trees.
Gabion wall is partly damaged and need to be provided along the entire stretch of road affected by slide.
Saturation of the slope forming material reducing its shear strength parameters

The rills and gullies were formed as a result of the heavy precipitation and the downflow of the debris caused damage to the a part of agricultural land of the Chetabagar village located on the left bank of the Mehar Gad. The slide has aggravated due to
Moderately weathered jointed dolomites with thin slate bands

Jaiti
Slide material falling in nala, bocking nal flow

Hamti kapri
Slide material falling in nala, bocking nal flow

Hamti kapri

Mussoorie gaon

hokara

Ratir
Quartzite and slate with basic metavolcanics

Quartzite and slate with basic metavolcanics

Ratir
Quartz mica chlorite hornblende schist and gneiss

higly fractured and shread rock. Higly deformed strata. Water action, toe cut, slope angle.

highly fractured strata, water action, high slope

rock slide, highly jointed and fractured starta

Heavy rainfall formed a number of rills and gullies on the slope and generated rock debris that moved downslope due to saturation of slope. The sliding debris hit the school building in year 2008 and caused damage to one room. It has formed a debris fan
The School building may be shifted to the suitable place on the Left bank at a level 3-4 m above the max. flood level.
Primary school is partially damaged and is at potential risk.
Enhancement of pore water pressure and reduction in shear strength of the slope material.

During the period of heavy precipitation and flooding in the Revti Ganga river, the bank erosion resulted in failure of the oversaturated thin slope forming material, exposing the underlying bedrock.
Damage to agricultural and forest land in the slide area.
Bank protection in the form of series of wire crate spurs.
Highly deformed and jointed rocks and bank erosion.

The very heavy precipitation on the ridge brought down the hill wash material and weathered rock mass from the adjoining flanks of the nala and carried the oversaturated debris downhill into the Revti Ganga river where it formed a debris fan of up to 60
Temporary blockade of road due to debris spread
Signboards depicting the potential risk of Revti Ganga blockade during heavy rains and to create awaremess among local masses. Monitoring of such areas to issue early warning in case of river blockade is required.
Saturated overburden material and weathered rock mass.

The very heavy precipitation on the ridge brought down the hill wash material and weathered rock mass from the adjoining flanks of the nala and carried the oversaturated debris downhill into the Revti Ganga river where it formed a debris fan of up to 60
Left bank of Revti Ganga River in the tributary nala section.
Temporary blockade of road due to debris spread.
Periodic removal of debris.Signboards depicting the potential risk of debris flow during heavy rains and to create awareness among local masses.
Saturated overburden material and weathered rock mass.

ratir

Rikhari
Schist, gneiss, marble and basic intrusives

pethi
Assorted oxidised and consolidated rock fragments

Kapali Kamera

UK_BAG_Trek_ 57
During the heavy rains the nala eroded its left bank and toe erosion led to partial collapse of the slope which washed away a part of agricultural land, trek leading to Pindari Glacier and damage to the foundation of two houses
The existing channel to be lined to divert and channelize the water up to the main Nala. A retaining wall should be provided on the flanks of the affected houses
Two houses are affected due to wash out of the foundation material along the slope

Loharkhet

Saling

Loharkhet road

During the event of heavy precipitation the debris fan deposits of the nala over which the Baret village is located got saturated and resulted in failure of the material on the valley side. This is a progressive phenomenon. The Revti Ganga also hits the
Baret Village located on the right bank of Revti Ganga River.
Progressive damage to agricultural and forest land.
Increase in pore water pressure in the overburden material.

Very heavy precipitation on the ridge caused extensive formation of rills and gullies which ripped apart the top weathered capping and reported to have formed extensive ground cracks above the crown level. The ground cracks are also reported in adjoining
Right bank of Revati Ganga between Karauli Izar and ChauniVillages
Forest land damaged and a number of cultivated fields are either partly washed off or at risk.
Concrete lined drainage to prevent seepage, wire crate on right bank of the river to prevent erosion.
Weathered rock and bank erosion due to River.

Road cutting has been carried out with nearly vertical faces towards hill side. The heavy rainfall and saturation of the slope reduced the shear strength and detached the rock blocks creating free fall downslope.
Retaining wall of suitable design and height should be provided both below the road with adequate drainage arrangement.
Reduced shear strength due to folded and crumpled nature of rocks.

Road cutting has been carried out with nearly vertical faces towards hill side. The heavy rainfall and saturation of the slope reduced the shear strength and detached the rock blocks creating free fall downslope.
Reduced shear strength due to folded and crumpled nature of rocks.

The landslide was initiated by heavy precipitation. The rock mass in the slope got shattered and became loose due to the blasting for road cutting. The ingress of water along the fractures and open joints caused drastic reduction in the shear strength of
Partially cultivated land and rest Forest cover.
Wire crates are required as retaining wall on the valley side of the road with adequate sub surface drainage.
Reduced shear strength due to folded and crumpled nature of rocks.

Dolomite (thinly bedded) with slate bands
The blasting impact has created instability of slope along the road cut. The heavy rainfall surcharged the slope reducing the shear strength parameters and facilitated the sliding of debris downslope

Highly folded thinly bedded dolomite with slate bands with 6 m thick pulverized and crumpled zone.
The blasting impact has created instability of slope along the road cut. The heavy rainfall surcharged the slope reducing the shear strength parameters and facilitated the sliding of debris downslope

Heavy rainfall formed deep gullies and carried the resultant debris along with uprooted tree trunks and boulders downslope. . In 2013, the temporary shifting of river by the debris fan towards the left bank again damaged the agricultural land on the left
Kharbagad village on the right bank of Revti Ganga River
Forest land depleted and a number of cultivated fields are either partly washed off or at risk.
Contoured RCC channel with suitable gradient, wire crate spurs towards right bank.
4-5 houses were affected by the ingress of debris
Pore water pressure and bank erosion by river.

Heavy precipitation on the ridge caused extensive formation of rills and gullies which ripped apart the top weathered capping and reported to have formed extensive ground cracks above the crown level. The vibrations of blasting for the tunnel excavation
Right bank of Revti Ganga River about 200 m upstream of Kharbagad Village.
Forest land damaged and a number of cultivated fields are either partly washed off or at risk.
Early Warning System is required including sign-boards to educate the masses residing in the areas located downstream of this slide regarding its potential hazard.
Weathered rock and bank erosion due to River.

The blasting impact has created instability of slope along the road cut. The heavy rainfall surcharged the slope reducing the shear strength parameters and facilitated the sliding of debris downslope
Left bank of Revti Ganga River near Iron Bridge

Heavy rainfall formed deep rills and gullies on the already saturated slope and the debris moved downslope causing damage to the forest land. A number of uprooted trees stand testimony to this event
Forest land being damaged and a few trees have been uprooted
No immediate remedial measures are required since the area is devoid of any habitation

Heavy rainfall formed deep rills and gullies on the already saturated slope and the debris moved downslope causing damage to the forest land
Forest land being damaged and a few trees have been uprooted
No immediate remedial measures are required since the area is devoid of any habitation
Highly splintery dolomite with carbonaceous slates

Highly splintery dolomite with thin slate bands
The road has been cut with steep rock-cut face towards hill side. The blasting impact resulted into de-stressed rock mass with open joints. The heavy rainfall lubricated the joints reducing the shear strength parameters and facilitated the toppling of ro
Stone masonry breast wall of 2 m height and retaining wall on the valley side should be provided. A wire mesh net pinned to the affected part of the hill slope upto 15 m height should be provided preferably with 25 mm shot crete to prevent fall of loose
Steep slope and de-stressed rock mass due to blasting

Highly splintery dolomite with carbonaceous slates.
Heavy rainfall formed deep rills and gullies on the already saturated slope and the debris moved downslope causing damage to the forest land. A number of uprooted trees stand testimony to this event.
Forest land being damaged and a few trees have been uprooted.
No immediate remedial measures are required since the area is devoid of any habitation
Highly splintery dolomite with carbonaceous slates

Highly splintery and deformed dolomitic slates
The road has been cut with steep rock-cut face towards hill side. The blasting impact resulted into de-stressed rock mass with open joints. The heavy rainfall lubricated the joints reducing the shear strength parameters and facilitated the toppling of ro
Left bank of Revti Ganga near Ritha Bagad village.
Stone masonary breast wall and retaining wall should be provided. Wire mesh net for the affected part of the hill slope and shotcreting to prevent fall of loose rock blocks
Steep slope and de-stressed rock mass due to blasting

Highly splintery and deformed dolomitic slates
Heavy rainfall formed deep rills and gullies on the already saturated slope and the debris moved downslope causing damage to the forest land. A number of uprooted trees stand testimony to this event
Right bank of Revti Ganga near Ritha Bagad village
Forest land being damaged and large no. of trees have been uprooted
Splintery and partly weathered nature of thinly bedded dolomite with inter bedded slates

In the midnight of 30th July, 2013, due to the cloud burst event the high discharge of water into the nala led to flow of debris material from the nala bed. The valley incision as well as the lateral cutting took place simultaneously leading to flow of l
Around 40 m of road section and the bridge over the nala were washed away in August, 2012
A bridge at suitably higher level to allow passage to the heavily surcharged debris brought by the nala during the heavy rains
The bridge and the road completely washed away
Cloud burst led to high discharge of water and consequent debris flow along the entire nala

UK_BAG_PMGSY_ 07
Dolomite and shale (thinly bedded) of splintery nature
Heavy precipitation facilitated the formation of deep gully in the highly jointed, splintery and crumpled rockmass and generated large amount of debris which were driven downslope in saturated condition. The debris flow was directed through a concrete
Along with the remedial measures, rehabilitation is proposed to minimise the risk posed by the debries accumulated along the gully
Removal of the debris and extension of the concrete lined channel up to the right bank of the Sarju River, culvert proposed over the concrete lined channel to avoid blockade of traffic movement
Mass movement of highly crumpled, splintery and jointed rocks, triggered due to cloud burst

UK_BAG_PMGSY_ 06
Dolomite and shale (thinly bedded) of splintery nature
500 m downstream of confluence of Gason Gad on left bank of Sarju River
De-stressing and highly crumpled nature of rocks, instability aggravated due to heavy rainfall

At the conflurnce of Gason Gad on the right bank of Saryu River

highly fractured, gullies erosion and water action

Tilted and uprooted trees could be an old subsidence zone which is now reactivated
Valley dipping joints and splintery nature of rocks

At the right bank of Gason Gad near Gason Village
Joints and splintery nature of rocks, pore water pressure and high slope gradient

Intensely folded dolomite with grade of weathering (W1-W2)
About 500 m upstream of the confluence of Gason Gad with Saryu River.
2 m gabion for entire stretch of road below the slide, retaining wall for slope below the road, bank protection measure
Joints and splintery nature of rocks and pore water pressure reducing the shear strength of the slope material

gasongad

Dobar

Tiladi

Near Saran

Saran

Sapoli

Karmi

Kasuali Formation of Sirmour Group of Rocks.
Three sets of joints. J1(V.D.):40060 degree/N1700, J2: 450 750/N2600, J3:50 degree/N50 degree
N.A.
NH22/ RD: 70+750 to 70+950/Dattyar Village,
Wedge failure, Reduction of strength on saturation, unplanned cutting of slope

The heavy rainfall caused the de-stressed weathered rockmass near the crown to get detached as small blocks and assorted debris and then to slide down the steep slope in saturated condition under the action of gravity. The toe erosion of left flank by t
Opposite of Kanyalikot Govt. Inter College located on the Left bank of Kanal Gad
Wire crate gabion wall at the left bank as advancement of slide in upstream direction would pose risk to the agricultural land and village
Rill erosion during heavy rains and toe erosion by the nala

toe cut, loose unsolidated material, water action

toe cut by river, high angle slope and water action

The road cut by conventional blasting techniques has fractured the rockmass which also contains a sheared zone (50 cms thick) along foliation direction. The saturation of the slope reduced the shear strength parameters of the fractured rockmass affected
Partly affecting the road by creating obstruction
Extend the existing retaining wall along the entire length of slide
Shattered and folded rockmass with a 50 cms thick shear

The funnel shaped slide was triggered by the heavy rainfall event and mainly by the road excavation at different levels
The afforestion of the affected area by planataion of suitable varieties of shrubs to prevent direct impact of the heavy precipitation
Destressing of the rockmass due to blasting for the road cutting

The slide was triggered by the heavy rainfall leading to reduction in shear strength of the rocks and sliding of slope material downslope. In addition, the toe cutting due to nala augmented the scope of mass wasting
Bhitalgaon (Kum Gad near the confluence with Kanyal Gad)
Training work required along the left bank of the Kum Gad
Increase in pore water pressure and marked reduction in the shear strength of the slope material

The excavation and blasting for the track seem to be the factor responsible for the fracturing and shattering of the dolomitic rockmass which eventually initiated the slide when the fractured rockmass got saturated in the event of heavy or sustained prec
Left bank protection is required in the form of a series of wire crates spurs to prevent the toe erosion
Shattered rockmass near the crown due to road blasting and further damage to downslope by rolling debris

loose boulder, water action, slope angle

loose boulder, water action, slope angle, highly jointed

The heavy rainfall caused the de-stressed weathered rockmass near the crown to get detached as large rock blocks and assorted debris and then to slide down the steep slope in saturated condition under the action of gravity. The toe erosion of left flank
Toe protection by wire crates all along the toe of the slide
Weathered rockmass near the crown and adverse intersection of the joints

Stepped concrete retaining wall of 3-4 m height to be constructed right from the river bed to protect the slope and 2m gabion all along the base of the slide on the road section

toe cut, highly fractured and jointd rock

Damp slope and flowing nala near its base
Scattered forest and cultivated land downslope
Retaining wall along the toe of the slope; nala should be lined to avoid damming of the same due to potential slide

The heavy precipitation event during 2012 initiated the formation of slide and got reactivated during the monsoon rains of the 2013 too. A nala flows along the d/s margin of the slide and swerves along its toe and ultimately flows down in the Saryu rive
Harsila on right bank of the Saryu River
Damage to the agricultural land near the crown
Gabion wall all along the slope, lining of nala all along the slide zone
Saturation of the shallow debris material

Decomposed metabasics, thin band of slates and quartzites
The surface run off due to heavy rainfall caused the formation of rills in the soil and deeply weathered metabasic rock exposed on the slope and in the road cut. The slide debris generated by this event were driven downslope and obstructed the road

Water percolation into the loose material

In the midnight of 30th July, 2013, due to the cloud burst event the high discharge of water into the nala led to flow of debris material from the nala bed. The valley incision as well as the lateral cutting took place simultaneously leading to flow of l
Opposite of Chirabagad, Part of Bharari on Kapkot-Bharari Road
Agricultural land downstream of the nala washed away
Boulders to be removed, Training and pitching of nala, Gabion wall on both side of the nala
3 houses washed out and one house severely damaged
Cloud burst led to high discharge of water and consequent debris flow along the entire nala

In the midnight of 30th July, 2013, due to the cloud burst event the high discharge of water into the nala led to flow of debris material from the nala bed. The valley incision as well as the lateral cutting took place simultaneously leading to flow of l
500m downstream of Yuti Nala on the left bank of the Sarju river
Training of nala both upstream and downstream, Raising the level of the steel girdle bridge from the nala bed in order to avoid direct hit of the nala borne debris during heavy rainfall
Iron bridge is partially damaged. Big blocks of rock hit the iron bridge and the bridge was filled up with debris upto 1 m height which hindered the traffic flow for few days
Cloud burst led to high discharge of water and consequent debris flow along the entire nala

East of Kirauli Village on Bharari-Shama road
Concrete retaining wall and barrier (gabion), concrete (fill/coloumn)/masonry wall for road
Pore water pressure caused the reduction in the shear strength of the highly jointed dolomitic rock

loose , unconsolidated material and water action

Initiated by road cutting on the top bend of the road. Due to rill and gully erosion all the road below this level has been affected
The rock mass was shattered due to blasting and such de-stressed rock fragments were carried away during the saturation of hill slope

high slope , water action, loose unconsolidated material

Road cutting disturbed natural stabilized slope material and initiated the flow of debris over the road. During the heavy rains the slope material got water charged and seepage of water led to the further movement of jointed rock blocks and debris materi
Stone masonry breast wall of 2 m height with weep holes
Pore water pressure, reduction in shear strength and slumping of debris

The steep steeped profile of the rock along which the road trace has been cut destabilized the natural slope and the stabilized hill wash material got mobilized during the event of heavy or sustained rainfall. The creep movement is evident from the curve
Stone masonry breast wall of 2 m height is required
Destabilization of natural profile due to the rock cutiing and Slumping of debris

unconsolidated material, water action, hifg angle slpoe

The surface run off due to heavy rainfall caused the formation of rills in the soil and deeply weathered metabasic rock exposed on the slope and in the road cut. The slide debris generated by this event was driven downslope and obstructed the road
Planar failure along the joint surface facing towards road (valley forming joint)
NE of Parai Village on right bank of Pungar nadi

The slide has initiated during heavy rains mainly due to the road cutting and is confined between two nalas from either side. The creep is evident by bent tree trunks. At least 3-4 crown scars are visible above the road level. A large boulder is resting
A breast wall has already been provided for 15 m width of the slide which is partially damaged due bulging and needs to be extended to the entire stretch of the slide along the road. The wire crate provided below the road for retention needs to be repair

The slide initiated during heavy rains as a result of the road cutting which disturbed the natural stable slope profile. The slope saturation during heavy rains mobilized the slope wash material and loose distressed and weathered rockmass downhill.
Debris material blocks the communication and needs periodic removal
Retaining wall, wire crate should be provided.

loose unconsolidated strata, water action, toe cut by nalla, rill reosion

Road cutting through the weathered rock mass and its subsequent saturation in the event of heavy rainfall initiated the landslide

Road cutting through the weathered rock mass and its subsequent saturation in the event of heavy rainfall initiated the landslide
Wire crate/gabin needs to be extended for the entire stretch

highlt jointed, fractured rock, water action, high angle slpoe

Road cutting through the weathered rock mass and its subsequent saturation in the event of heavy rainfall initiated the landslide
Contour drain on the hill side and periodic removal of the slide debris

Slope modration with proper benching of slope
Proximity to NAT,lithological contact of Arenit,Phyllite,slateand metabasic

Dolomite with intermittent 50-60 cm thick foliated bands.
Heavy rainfall initiated the slide in the slightly to moderately weathered dolomite with intermittent foliated bands which got affected by blasting for the road cutting.

Heavy rainfall caused saturation of the slopes and generated slide near to quartzite and dolomite litho-contact due to the road cutting which caused instability partly due to blast generated distressing of rockmass and partly due to the presence of weak
Retaining wall of suitable height with weep holes
Pore water pressure and excavation of road by blasting.

Heavy rainfall initiated the slide in the slightly to moderately weathered dolomite affected by blasting for the road cutting
Retaining wall of 2 m height with weep holes should be constructed to avoid hindrance to traffic flow on the road

loose consolidated material, water action, jointed rock

UK_BAG_SH-6_ 30
Along SH 37 near village Katpuria Chinna, road cutting initiated a debris slide of given dimensions. Highly deformed and fractured rock mass and heavy rainfall led to the failure of slope
1 km from Katpuriya Chinna at the northward U-bend of the road
Rill erosion led to the failure of highly jointed and fractured rock mass

UK_BAG_SH-6_ 29
Blasting for road cutting has de-stressed the rock mass of the folded strata causing opening of the folia and saturation of the slope during heavy rainfall facilitated sliding of material down dip towards the road
De-stressing of rock mass due to blasting of road cutting and presence of Open warps and valley dipping joints

The blasting due to road cutting has de-stressed the rock mass which got detached in the form of blocks of different sizes in the event of heavy precipitation
Gabion wall to accommodate fallen blocks, timely removal of dislodged blocks and debris
De-stressing of the rock mass due to blasting for road cutting and adverse intersection of joints forming the wedge

The blasting due to road cutting has de-stressed the rock mass which got detached in the form of blocks of different sizes in the event of heavy precipitation
De-stressing of the rock mass due to blasting for road cutting

Quartzite and metabasic rocks with schistose bands
Stone masonary wall needs to be provided along the entire stretch

Heavy rainfall has initiated the landslide process after the instability of slope caused by the road cutting
Removal of bulged material, breast wall with weep holes
Deeply weathered metabasic rock and slates, and highly jointed quartzite

Intensely sheared greenish quartzite and intra-formational conglomerate
Heavy rainfall triggered slide in the sheared andjointed quartzites. The slopewash material moved downslope along the rills and got accumulated at the slope break on the road causing periodic blockade of the road and require retaining wall and suitable s
Retaining wall, periodic removal of debris, subsurface drainage

Heavy rainfall triggered slide in the sheared and jointed quartzites. The slopewash material moved downslope along the rills and got accumulated at the slope break on the road
Periodic blockade of the road network during the heavy rainfall
Retaining wall, periodic removal of debris, subsurface drainage

Heavy rainfall initiated the landslide process and moved the debris downslope on the road
The surcharging of the interface between overburden and bedrock facilitated the overburden material to slide down on the underlying bedrock

loose unconsolidated scree, less vegetation and water action

The sinking is primarily due to the surcharge of the area with the seeping water. The slide area is to be avoided for draining the surface run off and instead it should be diverted by suitable arrangement of pucca contoured lined drains away from the sli
Heavy Rainfall and converging drainage, saturated overburden, steep face downslope of existing road alignment
The ingress of water through the ground fissures is causing the saturation of the overburden material and drastically reducing the shear parameters of the soil

Heavy Rainfall and valley dipping joint, rill erosion, road cutting
2m high masonry breast wall with weep holes, cleaning of collection pits, concrete lining of drainage
Fractured rockmass affected by blasting for road cutting

highly jointed, sheared strata, high angle, gullies erosion

loose boulder of quartzite slide aong high angle slope

Highly jointed and deeply weathered quartzite (W2-W3)
Rock cum debris slide mainly affected by highly jointed and deeply weathered rocks. The slide has developed mainly due to blasting for road cutting and has been aggravated subsequently during the heavy precipitation
Increase in pore water pressure during heavy rains causing reduction in shear strength of the slope forming material

steep slope, highly jointed, planner failure and water action

UK_BAG_NH_ 02
Rock cum debris slide mainly controlled by local synformal structures. The road shows subsidence along the convex bend and the bent stems of the pine trees show indication of creep. The slide has developed mainly due to the road cutting and has been aggr
Local synformal structures control the slide; slide mainly developed due to road cutting
A 2 meter stone masonry breast wall may be constructed along the slope
Increase in pore water pressure during heavy rains and satutation of the overburden material due to water seepage from the nalas present on the either side of the slide which caused reduction in shear strength of the slope forming material

Local synformal structures control the slide; slide mainly developed due to road cutting
Cultivated land on the left bank of Sarju River vulnerablle to damage during heavy rains
Retaining wall with weep holes; collection pit with appropriate subsurface drainage
Increase in pore water pressure during heavy rains causing reduction in shear strength of the slope forming material

loose unconsolidated material, water action, highly jointed

losse unconsolidated material, water action, high angle slope

higly jointed, loose unconsolidated and water action

Dhari
Tahir Mushtaq and Sandeep Kumar Sharma, 2019. Macro scale (1: 50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in part of toposheet nos. 53N/12 and 53 O/9 in Chamoli, Bageshwas, and Almora districts Uttarakhand. Unpub. GSI report FS 2018-23

Dhari
Tahir Mushtaq and Sandeep Kumar Sharma, 2019. Macro scale (1: 50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in part of toposheet nos. 53N/12 and 53 O/9 in Chamoli, Bageshwas, and Almora districts Uttarakhand. Unpub. GSI report FS 2018-36

Dhari

Doba

Bhoolgaon

Amsarkot

UK_BAG_SH-6_ 31
Slope failure was initiated due to road cutting and due to heavy rainfall and consequent rill erosion the debris material accumulated along the road side initiating mass wasting further upslope
Rill erosion led to the failure of highly jointed and deeply weathered rock mass

Slope failure was initiated due to road cutting and due to heavy rainfall and consequent rill erosion. The debris material slided downslope and spread over the road
Rill erosion led to the failure of highly jointed and splintery nature of the slates

Slope failure was initiated due to road cutting and due to heavy rainfall and consequent rill erosion the debris material slided downslope and spread over the road
Rill erosion led to the failure of highly jointed and splintery nature of the slates

Jhiroli

DOMINANT FOLIATION DIPPING ALONG TOPOGRAHIC SLOPE

Bajail

DOMINNT FOLIATION DIPPING ALONG TOPOGRAPHIC SLOPE

Mehragaon
Retention wall breached

Falyari
Cataclinal slope

Patli
Retention wall at the downslope of the road

Bimola
Toe protection by constructing retention wall.

Aana

Dhola gaon

Kulaon

Jhubaru

Khakhari

Kansyari
Retention wall breached
Retention wall at the downslope of the road

Padrapalli

Harbar

The road cutting has destablised the slope due to steep cut and during the heavy precipitation the slope material and de-stressed rock formimg the debris slided down
Ghanshyam Nagri. Right bank of Kanal Gad.
A trench has been excavated on the hill side which is acting as a catch ditch for the sliding material and will prevent the debris spill onto the road
A faulted zone 40 º /S60 º W and sheared black moderately weathered dolomite and distressed rockmass resulting from blasting for road cutting

Gum

Salangani
Area is highly unstable

Jakhedu

Bajai
Toe cutting by >5

Malkhet

Naldura

Kheta

Kheta
Breached gabion wall

Boragarh

Bajai

Boragarh
Toe cutting by >5

Toe cutting by stream

Kaliun

Talor

Padmalla

Sawad

Dewal

Kandai

Slope material failed due to saturation with unguided drainage

Mundoli

Lwani

Stabilised with geo jute and retention wall

Lohajang
Stabilised with geo jute and retention wall

Lohajang

Suiyan

Ghes
Removal of slope material. Retention wall

Ghes

Malle

Stabilised with retention wall

Breached gabion wall

Kuling
Village is in extreme danger

Bank

Sotol road

Balan

Dagshai Formation of Sirmour Group of Rocks.
Mainly Three Discontinuities areJ1(Bedding Plane):650/N2700,J2(V.D.):70750/N1600, J3:450/N2250, J4:45 degree/N90 degree
NH22/ RD: 71+100 to 71+200/Dattyar Village, near ChakiMorh
Rock mass is sheared, shattered and crumbled.
Road, breast wall and retaining wall are damaged
Unplanned cutting of slope, reduction of strength on saturation.

Sandstone and mudstone of Dagshai Formation of Sirmour Group of Rocks.
Rainfall/ road cutting, Highly Jointed rockmass
N.A.
NH22/ RD: 87+480/3km away from Kumarhatti to Chandigarh on ShimlaChandigarh Road.
Road blocked at the time of incidence and subsequently cleared.
Anthropogenic activities; unplanned cutting of slope, rainfall.

Sandstone and mudstone of Dagshai Formation of Sirmour Group of Rocks.
Mainly Three Discontinuities areJ1:(Bedding Plane) 300 400/N1550, J2 = 50750/N2450, J3:500/N1800
Detailed studies are required to provide suitable remedial measures for stabilization of slope.
Road blocked on the morning of 13/08/2018 at 6 am and opened up/cleared on the evening of 14/08/2018 at 3PM.
Road, breast wall and retaining wall are damaged
Anthropogenic activities; unplanned cutting of slope, rainfall, reduction of strength on saturation.

Dhaula

Tapowan

Assorted oxidised and consolidated rock fragments

UK_BAG_Trek_ 56
Seepage through the local water drain which is terminated near the affected zone causing sinking of the trek and the adjoining courtyard of the school
Primary school 4 km from Dhakuri on Dhakuri-Khati trek
Partial sinking of trek leading to Pindari Glacier
Channelization of the blocked local drain and its training along lined drain down the slope
Pore water pressure leading to reduction in the cohesion of the sediments

UK_BAG_Trek_ 55
Due to heavy rainfall the fluvio-glacial material got over saturated and the rock debris flow moved downhill towards nala
0.5 km from Khati on Khati Dhakuri trek route
Stepped retaining wall to be raised from the nala
Toe erosion by nala damaged the trek and subsequently the widening of the trek caused partial failure of the slope

Due to heavy rainfall the fluvio-glacial material got over saturated and the rock debris flow moved downhill towards the Pindar River
0.5 km from Khati on Khati Dwali trek route
Proper arrangement of drainage at the nala crossings along the Trek route should be provided
Deep gully erosion in the highly surcharged thick fluvio-glacial deposits located on the left bank of the river coupled with the toe erosion

2km from Khati village on Khati Dwali trek route
Around 20 m trek route of Dwali-Khati trek route completely washed off due to slide
Trek route should be reconstructed with proper arrangement of drainage at the nala crossings
Deep gully erosion in the highly surcharged thick fluvio-glacial deposits located on the left bank of the river coupled with the toe erosion.

Ganai
Subsidence , loss of cultivated land

Ganai

Gauna
Subsidence , loss of cultivated land

Gauna
Quartz mica chlorite hornblende schist and gneiss

Mandal J., and Lakshmanan K., 2015. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets no. 53N/7 and 53N/10, Chamoli District, Uttarakhand. GSI report of FS 2014-2015 (Acc. No. NRO-22159).
Initiated due to heavy rain fall & rill erosion

Mandal J., and Lakshmanan K., 2015. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets no. 53N/7 and 53N/10, Chamoli District, Uttarakhand. GSI report of FS 2014-2015 (Acc. No. NRO-22159).

Mandal J., and Lakshmanan K., 2015. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets no. 53N/7 and 53N/10, Chamoli District, Uttarakhand. GSI report of FS 2014-2015 (Acc. No. NRO-22159).
Debris slide due to nala side slope erosion during heavy rain

Quartzite and Gneisses of Gharwal Group.
During road widening, the slope was cut at a steep angle. The slope forming material is unsorted semi consolidated glacier moronic material. During heavy rainfall on 16th & 17th June 2013, slope forming material got over saturated and stared flowing down
Damp,at places water is flowing from the slide zone.
Breach of the road formation of about 25 m.
Diversion of surface run off from slide zone, benches with lined drains, breast wall with weep holes and lined toe drain, concrete rataining wall.
Continuous heavy precipitation for 3-4 days resulted in saturation of overburden moraine deposit causing reduction in shear strength of debris material.

Sheared quartzite with sheared sericite phyllite, limestone interbands.
Due to heavy rainfall debris mass got saturated. Presence of weakness plane at the interface of rock and overburden mass facilitatedsliding of overburden on this plane. Also, road cutting at steeper angle during widening of road aggravated the problem.
Patalganga –II, left bank of Ganesh Ganga
Sparsely vegetated forest and agricultural land.
Toe wall for support to overburden, slope modification by benching, mulching of suitable plants to arrest soil erosion.
Heavy rainfall caused saturation of overburden and reduction in its shear strength. Road cutting at steep angle and presence of shear zone at the interface of rock and overburden provided the sliding plane.

Steep natural slope with highly jointed rockmass; toe disturbed due to river toe erosion anf later by road cut

During road widening, the slope was cut at an steep angle leaving back slope vulnerable. The planar failure took place along J2 plane. During heavy rainfall on 16th & 17th June 2013, slope forming material got saturated and started flowing down and dama
Temporary disruption of free flow of traffic.
Breast wall, diversion of surface run off, shotcrete with wire mesh, reconstruction of retanining wall.
Continuous heavy rainfall for 3-4 days resulted in saturation and reduction in shear strength of debris material, toe cutting, planar failure along joint planes.

Steep natural slope with jointed rockmass & thich overburden

Limestone and phyllites of Garhrwal Group.
Heavy rainfall saturated debris mass causing reduction in shear strength, highly jointed and shattered rocks, planar and wedge failure along planes and intersection of joints.
Channelisation of surface run off, shotcrete wuth wiremesh, check bunds for reduction of erosion and dissipation of energy, breast wall with weep holes.

Steep natural slope with jointed rockmass on the right bank & thick colluvium on the left bank; major nala flows along the junction

Steep natural slope, unconsolidated thick overbuden, road cut & rainfall

Nala toe erosion, foliation joint is daylighting

Limestone, phyllite and quartzite of Gharwal Group.
It is a palaeo slide which was again triggered by toe cutting by the seasonal Pawar nala. Heavy rain in the month of June and continuous percolation of water through cracks/ agriculture land led to the removal of fines causing differential settlement.
Sinking and subsidence damaging the road.
Diversion of surface run off, retaining wall for toe protection, sealing of cracks with impervious material, growing crops that require less water, breast wall with weep holes.
Partial damage is recorded in the houses in the upper reaches of village Jalgwad and Gurudwara building.
Continuous heavy rainfall for 3-4 days resulted in saturation and reduction in shear strength of debris material, toe cutting by Pawar nala, differential settlement due to removal of fines from debris material.

Unprotected road cut, intenselt foliated phyllitic slate, foliation dipping towards slope, rainfall

Limestone, slate and quartzite of Gharwal Group.
The road was constructed on slope wash / slope debris material. During heavy rainfall between 16th & 17th June 2013, the entire surface runoff percolated in the loose material developed pore water pressure and resulted into sinking and subsidence of road
Sinking and subsidence damaging the road
Diversion of surface run off, construction of culvert across the road, breast wall with weep holes, sealing of cracks with impervious material, construction of retaining wall.
Continuous heavy rainfall for 3-4 days resulted in saturation, slope cutting at steep angle during road widening, removal of fines from debris material by surface run off.

Quartz chlorite phyllite of Garhrwal Group.
The hill slope was cut for road widening and remained unsupported. During heavy rainfall the overburden material resting over steep slope got saturated, lost its shear strength and started flowing down. It had retrogressive impact on the slope.
Road blocked due to ingress of debris along the road.
Slope dressing with benches, improvement of drainage networks, breast wall with weep holes and lined toe drain.
Saturation of overburden mass due to heavy rainfall resulted in mobilization of debris material along the slope, planar failure in rock.

Deep gully erosion & rill erosion during heavy rain fall

Quartz chlorite phyllite of Gharwal Group.
The slide appears to have been initiated by toe cutting by the Alaknada river which resulted in subsidence and sliding of a paleo slide. During heavy rainfall the overburden material got saturated leading to reduction of shear strength. Further, surface
Downstream of Alkhanda – Bihari Confluence
Road blocked due to ingress of debris along the road.
Concrete toe wall on left bank of Laknanda River, diversion of surface run off, breast wall with weep holes, lined drains, improvement of drainage network.
10 hotel buildings, BRO's det, GMVN Rest house were completely damaged and 6 houses were partly damaged.
Heavy rainfall in the area for 3-4 days caused sturation and reduction in strength of slope material, there was additional factor like toe cutting by the Alaknanda River.

Debris slide along nala due to heavy rainfall

Quartzite and phyllites of Garwhal Group
Heavy rainfall led to saturartion of overburden material and increase in pore water pressure, bank erosion due to flood in Alaknanda River.
Diversion of surface run off, concrete or boulder crate wall with deflection spurs, slope modification by providing benches.
One house completely damaged, six houses are partly damaged.

UK_CHA_PWD_ 031
Quartzite, phyllites and chlorite phyllite/schist of Garhwal Group.
The houses were constructed on the edge of the steep slope and the natural slope was modified. Heavy rainfall in the area recharged the semi consolidated material. The fines were removed due to which differential settlement had taken place.
Modification of original hill slopes and high rainfall.
Relocation of the establishment, concrete retaining wall along the road and front part.
One house completely damaged, six houses partly damaged.
Modification of natural hill slope for construction of road, slope debris activated due to heavy rainfall.

Slide along nala due to heavy rainfall, cloud burst

Pre-existing steep natural slope, road cut &rainfall leading to saturation of over head load and reduction in shear streangth

UK_CHA_MDR_ 060
Due to heavy and continuous rainfall the surface water percolated into the cracks of the overburden. This resulted into saturation and increase of pore pressure causing failure.
Sparsely vegetated forest and agricultural land.
Improvement of drainage network, sealing of cracks, breast wall with lined toe drain, controlled irrigation, retaining wall along the affected length of road.
Heavy rainfall caused saturation and reduction in shear strength of the overburden.

UK_CHA_MDR_ 061
Heavy rainfall caused saturation of weathered rockmass and debris material resting on slope. Mica schist on saturation acted as failure agent.
Sparsely vegetated forest and agricultural land.
Half of the road width for 15-20m length waspartly damaged.
Retaining wall, breast wall with weep holes and lined toe drain, avoidance of hill slope cutting, proper compaction and filling and compaction of damaged road.

UK_CHA_MDR_ 064
The area witnessed a prolonged and heavy rainfall causing saturation of overburden mass. This led to increase in pore water pressure and reduction in shear strength of the material. Inside cutting of hill at steeper angle also played a role and debris ma
Partial breach of road formation and blockade
Slope dressing by benches, improvement of drainage, breast wall with weep holes, lined toe drain along the road.
Heavy rainfall caused saturation of overburden causing reduction of shear strength and resultant slide. Toe cutting of the slope at higher angle added to the problem.

Unprotected road cut in highly jointed rock & rainfall

Highly sheared, stained and jointed quartzite.
Landslide occurred in the rock because of the intersection of different set of joints and along joint planes. During heavy rainfall highly jointed and sheared rock mass started flowing down.
Partial breach of road formation of about 40-45m.
Retaining wall at the outer end of the road, breast wall with lined toe drain, spot bolting and layer of shotcrete with wiremesh.
Heavy rainfall facilitated planar and wedge failure in the rock which had inherent joints and shear planes.

Highly jointed, shattered and slumped quartzite.
Landslide appears to be triggered by the cutting of slope at steeper angle during road widening operation and left unsupported. Due to heavy rainfall in the area shattered and slumped rock mass and debris mass/ slope wash material started to slide down.
About 2m subsidence in road for a length of about 10m in patches.
Breast wall with weep holes and lined toe drain, improvement of drainage, sealing of cracks, retaining wall.
Slope cutting at steep angle made it unstable which was further aided by heavy rainfall. Saturation of slope material caused loss of shear strength of slope material.

Pre-existing steep natural slope, unprotected road cut along nala & heavy rainfall

It is an old slide and initially triggered by the toe cutting by the Nagol Gad. Heavy rainfall in the area caused saturation and increase in pore water pressure resulting downslope movement of the material.
Removal of overhangs and loose debris, wiremesh with shotcrete, check bunds in the course of gullies, breast wall with weep holes, flexible retaining wall.
Heavfy rainfall caused increase in pore wate pressure of saturated overburden. This was accentuated by toe cutting by Nagol Gad and slope cutting at steep angle. Wedge failure also took place due to intersection of joint sets.

Chauhan N., and Mehrotra R., 2015. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets no. 53N/2 and 53N/3, Rudraprayag district, Uttarakhand. GSI report of FS 2014-2015 (Acc. No. NRO-22151).

Rock slide along nala due to heavy rainfall

Joints J1-J2 forming wedge; J2 at the road bent daylighting

Pre-existing steep natural slope of intensely foliated highly weathered phyllite & rainfall

Well sorted rounded boulders, pebbles and cobbles of quartzite, gneisses and sandstone embedded in the sandy matrix.
Flash flood occurred in the Alaknanda River and its tributaries due to heavy rainfall and cloudburst in the catchment which eroded both the banks and damaged the road net work.
Diversion of surface run off, boulder crate wall with deflection spurs, boulder masonary retaining wall for maintaining road width, breast wall with weep holes.
Heavy rainfall in the area which caused high flood in the nala.

Rainfall & unchannelised Agriculturecultural practice leading to saturation of over head load and reduction in shear streangth

Quartzite with bands of quartz chlorite phyllite of Gharwal Group
The slide appears to have been initiated by toe cutting by the Alaknada river which resulted in subsidence and sliding of a paleo slide. During heavy rainfall the overburden material got saturated leading to reduction of shear strength. Further, surface
Concrete toe wall on left bank of Laknanda River, diversion of surface run off, breast wall with weep holes, lined drains, improvement of drainage network.
Heavy rainfall in the area for 3-4 days caused sturation and reduction in strength of slope material, there was additional factor like toe cutting by the Alaknanda River.

Quartzite with bands of quartz chlorite phyllite of Gharwal Group.
Within the soil profile developed in the old slide body pine trees were showing creeping which is indicative that the paleo slide was active. During heavy rainfall the overburden material got saturated and toe of the slide was cut by the nala which ulti
Boulder crate walls with deflection spurs, diversion of surface run off, breast wall with weep holes, retaining wall, proper filling and compaction of road.
Heavy rainfall in the area caused saturation of thick slope wash material and old slide debris, bank erosion caused by nala resulted in sinking of road.

Highly fractured/jointed quartzite disturbed due to road cut caused rock slide along nala

Highly jointed limestone and weathered quartzites of Garhwal Group
Due to heavy rainfall in the area, slope wash and slope debris material get recharged and accumulated on the road.
Diversion of surface run off, boulder crate wall with deflection spurs, concrete retaining wall and breast wall with weep holes.
One hotel building completely damaged and two houses partly damaged.
Unpreceedented rainfall and cloudburst caused flood in Alaknanda River, bank erosion due to high flood and saturation of the slope debris.

Quartzites, phyllite and limestone of Garhrwal Group
Due to heavy rainfall in the area, slope wash and slope debris material accumulated on the road. Flash flood occurred in the Alaknanda River due to cloudburst in the catchment which eroded both the banks and toe of the slide along left bank.
Diversion of surface run off, boulder crate wall with deflection spurs, concrete retaining wall and breast wall with weep holes.
One hotel building completely damaged and two houses partly damaged.
Unpreceedented rainfall and cloudburst caused flood in Alaknanda River, causing toe and bank erosion and saturation of the slope debris.

Pre-existing steep natural slope, road cut &rainfall

Sunbhi
Wankhade H.L. and Kumar S., 2019.Macro scale (1: 50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in part of toposheet nos. 53 N/4 and 53 N/8 in Chamoli and Pauri Garhwal districts Uttarakhand. Unpub. GSI report FS 2018-76
Slope modification with benches, toe protection by retaining wall with weep holes, channelise drainage.
Thick overburden saturated by heavy rainfall

Sunbhi
Wankhade H.L. and Kumar S., 2019.Macro scale (1: 50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in part of toposheet nos. 53 N/4 and 53 N/8 in Chamoli and Pauri Garhwal districts Uttarakhand. Unpub. GSI report FS 2018-75
Slope modification with benches, toe protection by retaining wall with weep holes, channelise drainage.
Thick overburden saturated by heavy rainfall

Kundi
Wankhade H.L. and Kumar S., 2019.Macro scale (1: 50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in part of toposheet nos. 53 N/4 and 53 N/8 in Chamoli and Pauri Garhwal districts Uttarakhand. Unpub. GSI report FS 2018-74
Slope modification with benches, toe protection by retaining wall with weep holes, channelise drainage.
Thick overburden saturated by heavy rainfall

Forest
Fall in forest land
Gabion wall at Toe, channelinse drainage

Odali
Fall in forest land
Gabion wall at Toe, channelinse drainage

Bhalsaun
Fall in forest land
Gabion wall at Toe, channelinse drainage

Bhalsaun

Forest

In forest area.
Rock bolting, Wire mesh over affected zone.

Thin layer of slope wash / slope debris material got saturated due to heavy rainfall in the Pinder Valley. The slope angle of the area is upto 40° towards river valley. Due to over saturation the overburden material lost its c & Φ and resulted into slo
Sparsely to moderately vegetated forest cover
Channelisation of surface run off, removal of slide debris, breast wall with weep holes and lined toe drain.
Heavy rainfall caused saturation of slope wash material resting over slope which started flowing with in-situ rock.

Sarkot

Chauhan N., and Mehrotra R., 2015. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets no. 53N/2 and 53N/3, Rudraprayag district, Uttarakhand. GSI report of FS 2014-2015 (Acc. No. NRO-22151).
const. of breastwall and compaction of road

Phyllites and quartzites of Garhwal Group
Heavy rainfall and flash flood in the Pinder river eroded the toe of the slide and damaged about 100 road length. Also, during road widening vulnerable discontinuity planes got daylighted causing failure.
Scarcely to moderately vegetated forest cover.
About 100 m of road length partially damaged
Concrete wall along river bank, filling of road with proper compaction, slope reduction by gabion or breast wall with weep holes and lined drainage.
Heavy rainfall in catchment of Pindar River caused flash flood and toe erosion triggering movement of debris. Heavy rainfall also saturated the terrace and colluvial material causing loss of shear atrength.

Khand Malla
Rock nailing along cutslope boundaries and Geojute.
Gabion wall along affected zone, Rock nailing with wire mesh, Geojute along road stretch.

Naula
Gabion wall along affected zone, Rock nailing with wire mesh, Geojute along road stretch.

Highly foliated, grey slate with thin partings with foliation, parallel quartz veins forming boudins.
Heavy rainfall caused saturation of the debris material which resulted in loss of cohesion and inter friction angle of overburden mass and eventually started moving down.
Along road right bank of Alagad before Pinder confluence
About 125m stretch of road was affected.
Slope dressing and road widening at steep angle, breast wall with weep holes, shotcrete with wiremesh in in situ rock, restoration of damaged retaining wall.
Heavy rainfall in the area for 3-4 days caused saturation and increase in pore water pressure in the rock as well as slope material, road cutting at steep angle daylighted vulnerable joint plane.

Dungri
Rock bolting, Wire mesh over affected zone.

Dhulet
Removal of slided debris, Nailing with wire mesh to the affected area, line drainage.
Extensive cut slope in thick overburden without treatment to slope, Rainfall influenced the slide on saturation of overburden.

Thin terrace and colluvial material got saturated due to heavy rainfall in the Pinder Valley. The slope angle of the area is vertical at places. Due to over saturation the overburden material lost its c & Φ and resulted into slope failure.
Channelisation of surface run off, concrete toe wall, road protection through breast wall with weep holes and lined drainage.
Slope material got saturated due to heavy rainfall and lost its c & Φ, the toe of the slide already exposed by road widening was further eroded by Pindar River.

Kauli
Removal of debris, Rock nailing with wore mesh on affected slide zone, line drainage.

Heavy rainfall caused saturation and increase in pore pressure of the slope debris material. Also, slope was vulnerable because of toe cutting at steeper angle during road widening operation and eventually failure took place. In rock, failure occurred
Along road, left bank of Pinder river, north of Bargaon village on SH-11
Removal of overhangs, slope modification with benches, concrete breast wall with weep holes, concrete retaining wall.
Prolonged precipitation caused saturation of slope debris leading to reduction of shear strength, road cutting at steeper angle.

Chlorite phyllite and quartzite interbands of Garhwal Group
The area exposes highly sheared and jointed rock mass. Heavy rainfall caused saturation of the debris material which resulted in loss of cohesion and inter friction angle. Also, slope was vulnerable because of toe cutting at steeper angle during road w
East of Chulakot, road section along left bank of Pindar river.
About 100m stretch of road was affected.
Diversion of surface run off, breast wall with weep holes, slope modification by benching, retaining wall.
Heavy rainfall in the area for 3-4 days caused saturation leading to reduction in shear strength of slope material, road cutting at steep angle.

Museti
Removal of slided debris, Nailing with wire mesh to the affected area, line drainage, gabion wall at toe along affected zone.
Extensive cut slope on steep hill slope without treatment to slope, Rainfall influenced the dislodge rock to slide down.

Sarkot
Trailing wall along affected zone, Slope modification, Benches with rock piling upto bedrock, Line drainage.
Thick overburden settled along >5 margine

Sarkot
Trailing wall along affected zone, Slope modification, Benches with rock piling upto bedrock, Line drainage.

Kaphlori
Rock bolting, Wire mesh over affected zone.
Steep slope and road cutting without proper slope stability measures.

Dhansari

Dhulet
Toe protection, channelise drainage, covering of affected area by geojute.
Erosion of slope material by accumulation of seasonal streams

Jagri
Removal of slided debris, shortcrete on affected area.
Tree load over overburden on steep slope

Chlorite phyllite, carbonaceous phyllite, quartzite and limestone of Garhwal Group.
Heavy rainfall caused saturation of the debris material which resulted in loss of cohesion and inter friction angle of overburden mass and eventually started moving down.
Along NH-87E near Ujalpur village after Adibadri
Benches on the slope, diversion of surface run off, improvement of drainage network, geomembrane/geojuting with mulching of suitable plants.
Heavy rainfall in the area for 3-4 days caused saturation and reduction in strength of slope material which made way for downslope mobilization of the slope material.

Khankar
In Dense forest area.
Retaining wall with weep holes along affected zone, layering of Geojute over affected zone.
Steep slope and oversaturated slope material during monsoon.

Fine grained banded quartzite with schist interbands.
Heavy rainfall and flash flood in the Pinder river eroded the toe of the slide and damaged about 60m road length. Also, during road widening vulnerable discontinuity planes got daylighted causing failure.
60-70m road length affected by landslide
Concrete retaining wall, road filling with proper compaction.
Heavy rainfall caused saturation which together with toe erosion of the slope by Pindar River caused movement of slide. There was also failure along joint plane.

Sakand
Removal of slided debris, Gabion wall at Toe, Channelise drainage.
Erosion by seasonal nala in the poor litholgy on steep slope.

Chhaikura

Khalgaon
Removal of slided debris, Gabion wall at Toe, Channelise drainage.
Extensive cut slope without treatment leaves debris unsupported.

Khalgaon
Removal of slided debris, Rock nailing, wire crate, removal water form overburden, channelise drainage.
Extensive cut slope without treatment leaves hanging rocks behind.

Randoli
Require details study of landslide for proper protection measures.
Trailing wall at toe, slope modification, benches with gabion wall, line drainage, realignment of road towards hill.
Steep slope and saturated unconsolidated terrace material.

Binsar Devta
In forest area.

Nagli
In forest area.

Binsar Devta
Causway, underground drainage line, benches upslope with crates.
Extensive slope cuting without tretment to slope consists seasonal nala stream

Binsar Devta
Gabion wall at Toe, channelinse drainage, Rock Nailing with wire mesh.
Extensive slope cuting without tretment to slope exposed during rainfall

Gabion wall at Toe, channelinse drainage, Rock Nailing with wire mesh.
Extensive slope cuting without tretment to slope exposed during rainfall

Burakholi
Landslide occur in the forest area.
Slope modification, benches with gabion wall, line drainage.

Bainoli
Landslide occur in the forest area.
Slope modification, benches with gabion wall, line drainage.
Steep slope and meandering of rPindar >5.

Dobri
Removal of slided debris, Channelise drainage, gabion wall along affected zone, slope modification, benches with crates.
Erosion of overburden along nala during rainfall on saturation.

Bangaon
Removal of slided debris, Channelise drainage, gabion wall along affected zone, nailing with wire mesh.
Etensive cut slope in thick overburden without slope stability protections

Bangaon
Removal of slided debris, Channelise drainage, gabion wall along affected zone, slope modification, benches with crates.
Erosion of overburden along nala during rainfall on saturation.

Salyana
Phyllite, quartzite, dolomite with basic intrusive
Trailing wall at toe, rock bolting and wire mesh over affected zone.
Steep slope and toe cutting by Pindar >5.

Salyana
Trailing wall at toe, rock bolting and wire mesh over affected zone.
Steep slope and meandering of rPindar >5.

Salyana
Trailing wall at toe, rock bolting and wire mesh over affected zone.
Steep slope and meandering of Pindar >5.

Khankarkhet
Steep slope and meandering of Pindar >5.

Chlorite phyllite of Gat Gawldham Cryatalline.
Heavy rainfall in the catchment of Pinder River caused flash flood in the river. Toe erosion by Pindar river along its left bank triggered movement of debris material that affected the road.
Retaining wall upto HFL, channelisation of surface run off, breast wall with weep holes and lined toe drains.
Heavy rainfall in catchment of Pindar River caused flash flood and toe erosion triggering movement of debris. The fines in this old debries material were removed due to over saturation causing the loose material to flow downslope.

Rock bolting and wire mesh over affected zone.
Steep slope and meandering of Pindar >5.

Paingarh
Landslide occur in the forest area.

Bareth
Fall in Forest area.
Trailing wall along affected zone, Slope modification, Line drainage.
High rainfall and Toe cutting by Pindar >5

Toe cutting by Pindar >5, Thick saturated overburden.
Lies on the State Highway utilesed to reach Pilgrims.
Trailing wall along affected zone, Slope modification, Benches with rock piling upto bedrock, Line drainage.

Quartzite, grey phyllite and gneisses of Baijnath crystallines.
Pinder river had eroded the toe and triggered this old slide. Heavy rainfall in the area for 3-4 days caused saturation of debris material resulting in loss of shear strength. Percolation of water by the water sources on the slide surface accentuated th
Harmani slide on left bank of Pinder river
About 300m stretch of road was affected.
Concrete retaining wall with boulder crates/deflection spurs, slope dressing by benches, breast wall with weep holes and lined drains, channelisation of perennial nala from slide area, vegetation turfing.
Heavy rainfall in the area for 3-4 days caused saturation leading to reduction in shear strength of slope material, toe cutting by Pindari nala.

Bareth
Toe cutting by Pindar >5, Thick saturated overburden.
Lies on the State Highway utilesed to reach Pilgrims.
Trailing wall along affected zone, Slope modification, Benches, Line drainage.

Pinder river had eroded the toe and triggered the slide. Heavy rainfall in the area for 3-4 days caused saturation of debris material resulting into loss of shear strength.
Concrete retaining wall upto HFL, boulder crate wall with deflection spur, road filling with proper compaction.
Heavy rainfall in the area for 3-4 days caused saturation of slope material, toe cutting by Pindari River.

Daira
Fall in Forest area.
Trailing wall along affected zone, Step Gabion wall over Scarp to Toe.
High rainfall and Toe cutting by Pindar >5

Daira
Trailing wall along affected zone, Step Gabion wall over Scarp to Toe.

Gneisses and phyllites of Ghat Gwaldham Crystalline.
Heavy rainfall in the area for 3-4 days caused saturation of debris material resulting into loss of shear strength and downslope movement of the slope material.
Road length of about 150m partially affected
Slope modification by benches, channelisation of surface run off, breast wall with weep holes, concrete retaining wall, road filling with proper compaction.
Due to heavy rainfall debris material got saturated and started flowing.

Kakra

The heavy rainfall and flash flood in the Pinder river eroded the toe of the old slide and damaged 100 m road length.
Near Sunila village along Karnprayag-Gwaldam road.
Concrete retaining wall upto HFL, channelisation of surface run off, breast wall with weep holes.
Heavy rainfall in catchment of Pindar River caused flash flood and toe erosion triggering movement of debris. The fines in this old debries material were removed due to over saturation causing the loose material to flow downslope.

Malsi
Gabion wall, line drainage, road realignment towards hill.
Steep slope and road cutting in highly weatherd schist without slope stability measures.

Quartzite with intercalated bands of schist and gneisses of Gharwal Group.
Due to heavy rainfall in the catchment of Pinder river, flash flood occurred which eroded the terraces along the banks. During this process the toe of the slide was eroded. The saturated material resting over steep slope started flowing caused rockfall i
Moderately vegetated forest and agricultural land.
Toe protection, gabion/retaining wall, slope dressing, training of nala downstream from slide zone.
Few houses in the down stream and vicinity of the slide area were damaged
Heavy rainfall in catchment of Pindar River caused flash flood and toe erosion triggering movement of debris. The fines in this old debries material were removed due to over saturation causing the loose material to flow downslope.

Sealing of cavity space in the affected zone, channelise drainage, shotcrete, niling with wire mesh, gabian wall at toe.
Escarpments with seasonal streams flow through weak planes exert pressure to dislodge rocks

Saktoli
Removal of debris, slope modification, gabion wall at benches, channelise drainage.
thick overburde saturated during rainfall, slided down the debris.

Removal of debris, slope modification, gabion wall at benches, channelise drainage.
thick overburde saturated during rainfall, slided down the debris.

Serapankhudi

Sunbhi

Angtoli
Removal of debris, Rock nailing, wire crates on the slide part.

Pyonra
Forest area.
Removal of slided debris, Gabion wall at Toe, Channelise drainage., slope modification.
Erosion by seasonal nala in the poor litholgy on steep slope.

Serapankhudi
Forest area.
Removal of slided debris, Gabion wall at Toe, Channelise drainage., slope modification.

Jakh

Road cutting leaves fracture and crushed rock untreated, resluted in slide during monsoon by saturation.

Bahauk-Gulari

Damp

Jakhola

Gerur

Bunga

Tharali

Kera

Kurad

Partha

Bothinda

Junidhar

Chepdon

Vijaypur

Trikot

Kothi
Breached gabion wall

Kothi

Breached gabion wall at different levels
Retention wall with weep holes on upslope and toe protection on the downslope side

Nandkesri

Gwaldam

Chidanga

Removal of slope material. Retention wall with weep holes

Badhangarh

Hartoli

Stripping of slope material and retention wall

The heavy rainfall and flash flood in the Pinder river eroded the toe of the slide and damaged 100 m road length.
East of Chaunda village, on Simli-Gwaldham
Concrete wall for toe protection, benches for slope modification, breast wall and retaining wall with weep holes and lined drainage.
Heavy rainfall caused saturation which together with toe erosion of the slope by Pindar River caused movement of slide. The movement was aided by removal of fines from the slope forming material due to its oversaturation.

Dr Ritu Chauhan and Ruchi Mehrotra., 2018.Macroscale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in Parts of Toposheet nos. 53O01 and 53O05, Almora, Pauri and Chamoli districts, Uttarakhand.Unpub.GSI report of FS 2017223

Dr Ritu Chauhan and Ruchi Mehrotra., 2018.Macroscale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in Parts of Toposheet nos. 53O01 and 53O05, Almora, Pauri and Chamoli districts, Uttarakhand.Unpub.GSI report of FS 2017155

Dr Ritu Chauhan and Ruchi Mehrotra., 2018.Macroscale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in Parts of Toposheet nos. 53O01 and 53O05, Almora, Pauri and Chamoli districts, Uttarakhand.Unpub.GSI report of FS 2017156

Simlekh

Jwana

Nagair

Lod

REMOVAL OF DEBRIS, CONSTRUCTION OF RETAINING WALL, PLANTATION

REMOVAL OF DEBRIS, CONSTRUCTION OF RETAINING WALL

PLANTATION & CONSTRUCTION OF RETAINING WALL
HIGHLY WEATHERED, SATURATION OF OLD DEBRIS

CUTTING OF THE UNSTABLE OVERBURDEN & CREATING BENCHES ALONG THE NALA
ALONG NALA, DIP OF DOMINANT FOLIATION ALONG TOPOGRAPHIC SLOPE

Siseta

Quartzite, phyllite with bands of flaggy quartzite

Removal of debris, line drainage, slope modification and reataining wall along afected zone.

Muscovite tourmaline schist, gneiss with carbonate

For slope stability degreasing slope
angle and retaining wall can be given then

Quartzite, slate, lensoidal limestone and tuff

Garnet schist, gneiss quartzite, augen gneiss

Nauli

Quartzite and metabasics of Garhwal Group
The area experienced heavy rainfall resulting in significant increase in discharge in Ramganga river which eroded and cut the toe on the right bank. Upslope debris mass was also saturated and lost its shear strength and ultimately failed.
Agarchatti on Gairsain –Almora road NH-87E
The river course changed due to slide inundating agricultural fields.
Slope reduction by benching, sealing of cracks, vegetation turfing.
Heavy rainfall in the area resulted in increase in discharge of Ramganga River which engeged in toe cutting, rainfall also saturated and reduced shear stregth of slope debris.

Gandauni
Granulite, garnet mica schist, felspathic schist
Remove slided debris, gabion wall along affected zone, plantation of bushes, line drainage.

Phuldungi
Removal of slided debris, Gabion wall at Toe, Channelise drainage.

Phuldungi
Removal of slided debris, Rock nailing, wire crate, removal water form overburden, channelise drainage.
Extensive cut slope without treatment leaves hanging rocks behind.

Majkhola

Charara

Rock bolting and retaining wall can be given

Granite gneiss with rafts of quartzite, schist

After removing the loose debris
material retaining wall with weep holes can be given

Retaining wall with weep holes can be given

After removing the scree retainign wall can be given

retaining wall can be given after
removal of loose material

Restoration of Vegetaleen
Retaining wall can be constructed

Failure due to cracked and fracture rock

Alternate band of bleached and grey quartzite

Breat wall with weep whole,Toe protection required

Retaining wall ( Already given which is demaged)
Saturation , Planar failure along valley dipping joint

Restoration of Vegetation
Retaining wall can be constructed

Construction of 2-3 benches in mid slope with catch and contour draingae/Removal of overhang and unattended blocks.

Loose wathered material on steep slope/ planner failure on top

Make benches to arrest the falling material

Make benches to arrest the falling material
Loose wathered material on steep slope/ Wedge failure on top

Loose wathered material on steep slope/ Wedge failure on top

Highly sheared and jointed rock/ wedge failure

Planner/ wedge failure/ highly sheared rock

Benches and Retaining wall for sAlluvial flood plainety of road

Breast wall with weep holes and remove overhangs

Gabion wall, line drainage, road realignment towards hill.
Steep slope and road cutting in highly weatherd schist without slope stability measures.

Gounkhal
Gabion wall, line drainage, road realignment towards hill.
Steep slope and road cutting in highly weatherd schist without slope stability measures.

Gounkhal

Bangaon

Nauti Maithan

Rari Jhali

Jhil Jholi
Rainfall, road cutting and flowing nala stream through the slide zone.

Kimtoli
Slope modification, benches by Gabion wall, line drainage.
Steep slope and highly weathered rocks of Gumalikhet formation of Almora Group

Phali

Removal of slided debris, Nailing with wire mesh to the affected area, line drainage, gabion wall at toe along affected zone.
Extensive cut slope on steep hill slope without treatment to slope, Rainfall influenced the dislodge rock to slide down.

Dewar
Removal of slided debris, Rock nailing, wire crate, removal water form overburden, channelise drainage.
Extensive cut slope without treatment leaves hanging rocks behind.

Sheared quartzites with thin bands of chlorite phyllite of Garhwal Group.
Heavy and continuous rainfall for 3-4 days had increased the discharge of the perennial nala which in turn had damaged the culvert and cut the toe of the slope resulting damage of retaining structure. Already saturated slope material with reduction in s
About 200 m before 385 km stone on NH 58.
Retaining wall with foundation on in-situ rock, benches, improvement of drainage, breast wall, box culvert.
One house damaged on the left flank of nala.
Heavy rainfall, toe cutting, reduction in shear strength of debris mass.

The slide on right bank of Mandakini river, just u/s of old Chandrapuri, Rudraprayag, Uttarkashi triggered due to heavy rainfall. There was rapid wash out of river terrace by the flood flash by Mandakini river. There is hamlet of 5-8 houses on T1 terrac
Interim Report on Preliminary Slope Stability Assessment of the recent disaster affected areas of Rudraprayag district, Uttarakhand by S.K.Tripathi, PVS Rawat, H. Bahuguna Suptdg. Geol, AP Thapliyal Sr.Geol., K. Lakshmanan& Jina Mandal Geologists, M-IV,N
Toe erosion by the Manakini river during flash flood.

Toe protection, Breast wall, modi of slope

The slide on left bank of Mandakini river, 100m from u/s of Chandrapuri market, Rudraprayag, Uttarkashi triggered due to heavy rainfall. The width of debris cum rock slide presents 150m u/s part in rock and 300m part in RBM. Over saturation of overburde
Interim Report on Preliminary Slope Stability Assessment of the recent disaster affected areas of Rudraprayag district, Uttarakhand by S.K.Tripathi, PVS Rawat, H. Bahuguna Suptdg. Geol, AP Thapliyal Sr.Geol., K. Lakshmanan& Jina Mandal Geologists, M-IV,N
Mass movement due oversaturation, toe erosion, reduction in shear strength

The slide on right bank of Mandakini river about 2.5 km of Chandrapuri, Rudraprayag, Uttarkashi triggered due to heavy rainfall. There was rapid wash out of river terrace by the flood flash by Mandakini river. GMVN guest house and primary school and oth
Interim Report on Preliminary Slope Stability Assessment of the recent disaster affected areas of Rudraprayag district, Uttarakhand by S.K.Tripathi, PVS Rawat, H. Bahuguna Suptdg. Geol, AP Thapliyal Sr.Geol., K. Lakshmanan& Jina Mandal Geologists, M-IV,N
Toe erosion by the Manakini river during flash flood.

The slide on left bank of Mandakini river about 2.5 km of Chandrapuri, Rudraprayag, Uttarkashi triggered due to heavy rainfall. There was rapid wash out of river terrace by the flood flash by Mandakini river. About 750m to 800m stretch of NH-109 partly a
750m to 800m stretch of NH-109 is partly affected
Toe erosion by the Manakini river during flash flood.

The Dewal slide of Rudraprayag, Uttarkashi triggered due to heavy rainfall. The rock cum debris slide got reactivated due to erosion caused by flash flood whereas at crown portion it is because of over saturation of overburden. Constant river hitting at
Toe erosion, oversaturation, reduction in shear strength

The rock slide on left bank of Mandakini river near Banswara village of Rudraprayag, Uttarkashi triggered due to heavy rainfall. The old slide got reactivated due to erosion. Sudden bank/toe erosion by the Manakini river during flash flood caused failure
Toe erosion by the Manakini river , oversaturation, reduction in shear strength

The rock cum debris slide in Banswara village of Rudraprayag, Uttarkashi triggered due to heavy rainfall. The old slide got reactivated due to erosion. Mass movement (rapid to slow) due to toe erosion caused by flash flood and gully erosion. In the right
Toe erosion, oversaturation, reduction in shear strength

Loose sheared & wathered material on steep slope

Wedge failure Alluvial flood plainter toe removal

Highly sheared rock and loose debris on steep slope

Gabion Wall and Alluvial flood plainforestration

Breast wall with weep holes and nala chanelisation
Nala erosion of slope and toe erosion by River

Alluvial flood plainforestation and slope modification
Highly jointed and fractured rock triggered by road cutting

Thick River Bed Material and toe erosion by River during high flood

Construct breast wall and chanelise the nala
Loose wathered material on steep slope/ Wedge failure on top

Construct benches and chanelise the nala

Construct breast wall, benches and chanelise the nala

Deep gully and toe erosion by nala/ wedge failure on upstream

Danger to road

toe cutting& slip along rock-scree interface

The rock fall in Byung village of Rudraprayag in Uttarkashi triggered due to heavy rainfall. The rock in the area is highly jointed and fractured. Wedge failure and reduction in the shear strength were the cause of rockfall. Part of the NH109 was affecte
Removal of debris, provision of R/R wall and lined drains
Oversaturation, pore water pressure, reduction of shear strength

The rock fall in Byung village of Rudraprayag in Uttarkashi triggered due to heavy rainfall. The rock in the area is highly jointed and fractured. Wedge failure and reduction in the shear strength were the cause of rockfall. Part of the NH109 was affecte

The debris slide in Semi village of Rudraprayag, Uttarkashi triggered due to heavy rainfall. Oversaturation due to heavy rainfall leading to development of pore pressure and reduction in the shear strength of the slope forming material. Toe erosion by Ma
Very high for the inhabitants
Construction of toe wall at the river level, R/R walls at intermittent levels along with lined drains
Toe erosion, oversaturation, pore water pressure

Gneisses and schist of Central Crystalline Group
The debris-cum rock slide very close to the right abutment of Kund girder bridge of Rudraprayag, Uttarkashi triggered due to heavy rainfall. Oversaturation due to heavy rainfall leading to development of pore pressure and reduction in the shear strength
Partial damage to right abutment of Kund bridge and NH-109
Toe erosion, oversaturation, reduction in shear strength

The slide in Maikhanda village of Rudraprayag in Uttarkashi triggered due to heavy rainfall. Oversaturation due to heavy rainfall, lead to development of pore pressure and reduction in the shear strength of the slope forming material resting on a steep s
Removal of debris, provision of R/R wall and lined drains, long term stabilization measures, development of helipads
Oversaturation, pore water pressure, reduction of shear strength, unplanned cutting of the slope

Steep natural slope , Nala side slope erosion

Quartzite and Gneisses of Gharwal Group.
During road widening, the slope was cut at a steep angle. The slope forming material is unsorted semi consolidated glacier moronic material. During heavy rainfall on 16th & 17th June 2013, slope forming material got over saturated and stared flowing down
Damp,at places water is flowing from the slide zone.
Breach of the road formation of about 25 m.
Diversion of surface run off from slide zone, benches with lined drains, breast wall with weep holes and lined toe drain, concrete rataining wall.
Continuous heavy precipitation for 3-4 days resulted in saturation of overburden mass causing reduction in shear strength of debris material.

Steep natural slope with thick unconsolidated overburden & Patal ganga toe cutting

During the month of June 2013, due to heavy rainfall, the debris material got saturated which followed the reduction in shear strength of the material and started flowing down. Initially, it appears that about 40 m road length was damaged and for mainta
Breach of the road formation of about 40 m.
Slope modification by benches, improvement of drainage network, diversion of surface run off from the slide area, repair and restoration of affected breast wall.
Continuous heavy precipitation for 3-4 days resulted in saturation of overburden mass causing reduction in shear strength of debris material.

Sheared gneiss with mica schist bands of Central Crystalline.
Due to heavy rain, saturation and increase in pore water pressure caused the reduction of shear strength of the rock mass. Presence of joints caused the failure along joint plane and also by forming wedges. Due to saturation, mica schist bands acted as a
BRO Chainage 468.300 km (On NH-58, d/s of Tapovan-Vishnugad powerhouse)
Removal of overhangs, shotcreting, breast wall with weep holes and lined toe drain, concrete retaining wall with foundation in in-situ rock.
Heavy precipitation leading to increased pore pressure,planar and wedge failure, saturation of mica schist bands leading to sliding down weak planes.

Gneisses and mica schists of Central Crystalline
It is an old debris slide and translational movement of debris mass below the road was observed and in turn the road had sunk. Heavy precipitation and continuous percolation of water caused saturation of debris mass and zone of weakness formed at the in
Wet and at places water flowing through debris mass.
Proper filling and compaction of the road while rebuilding, breast wall along affected road length.
Heavy precipitation causing plane of weakness at the interface of in-situ rock and debries, saturation of slopes comprising soil and debris, road construction leading to overloading of the slope.

Flooding bank erosion by Alakananda during June, 2013 hevy rainfall

Hathi Parvat Slide
Streaky & banded, augen gneiss, migmatites, kyanite & sillimanite bearing schists and gneiss with bands of quartzite associated with garnetiferous mica schist of Central crystalline
Rainfall and anthropogenic activity such as road cutting and blasting.
The study of multi-temporal images of google earth reveals that the landslide in the area first occurred after the year 2014 and the
Page 12 of 16
slidematerial has shifted the river course towards the left bank which in turn has triggered a debris slide
NH-58, About 1km upstream of Marwari bridge on Alaknanda River
Rishikesh-Badrinath National Highway (NH-58) blocked for overnight.
1. Removal of overhangs and precarious rock blocks on the slope.
2. Rock bolts of adequate length (as per design specification) to stitch the jointed rock mass. Rock bolts should be inserted at the right angle to the foliation joints and valley dipping j
1. Rainfall and uncontrolled blasting, unplanned and un- designed road widening activities without any immediate and proper slope protection measures have loosened the rock mass and reduced its shearing strength which accentuated the failure during first

Hathi Parvat
Streaky & banded, augen gneiss, migmatites, kyanite & sillimanite bearing schists and gneiss with bands of quartzite associated with garnetiferous mica schist of Central crystalline.
The study of multi-temporal images of google earth reveals that the landslide in the area first occurred after the year 2014 and the slide material has shifted the river course towards the left bank which in turn has triggered a debris slide on left bank
Rishikesh-Badrinath National Highway (NH-58) blocked for overnight.
1. Removal of overhangs and precarious rock blocks on the slope. 2. Rock bolts of adequate length (as per design specification) to stitch the jointed rock mass. Rock bolts should be inserted at the right angle to the foliation joints and valley dipping j
1. Rainfall and uncontrolled blasting, unplanned and undersigned road widening activities without any immediate and proper slope protection measures have loosened the rock mass and reduced its shearing strength which accentuated the failure during first

Due to heavy and continuous rainfall in the Alaknanda valley, the swollen river had eroded the toe of the slope. Already saturated debris material with diminishing shear strength failed because of this.
Retaining wall with boulder crate deflection spurs, gabion walls, channelisation of surface run off through lined drains, filling of cracks on the road.
Heavy precipitation, toe cutting by Alakananda River, percolation of water through cracks leading to reduction in shear strength.

Gneisses with mica schist of Central Crystallines.
Due to unprecedented rainfall and cloud burst in the Alaknanda valley, flash flood occurred in the river and it eroded the toe of the old debris cone. Already saturated debris material with diminishing shear strength failed because of this.
Concrete retaining wall, slope dressing, breast wall with lined toe drain, training of spring water from debris.
Heavy precipitation, toe cutting by Alakananda River, continuous percolation of water from flowing nala, saturation of overburden mass leading to reduction in shear strength.

Gneisses and mica schist of Central Crystallines.
Due to heavy and continuous rainfall in the Alaknanda valley, the swollen river had eroded the toe of the slope. Already saturated debris material with diminishing shear strength failed because of this.
Removal of overhangs, retaining wall, boulder crate wall, slope dressing, breast wall with weep holes.
Heavy precipitation, toe cutting by Alakananda River, saturation of overburden mass leading to reduction in shear strength.

Flooding toe erosion by Alakananda during June, 2013 hevy rainfall

Gneisses and quartzite of Central Crystallines.
Due to heavy rainfall and cloud burst in the catchment area there was a significant increase in the discharge of Alaknanda river. Heavy precipitation caused saturation of the overburden mass leading to reduction in shear strength of the overburden mass r
RCC retaining wall on right bank of Alaknanda River, benches for slope modification, breast wall with weep holes and lined toe drain.
Heavy precipitation, toe cutting by Alakananda River, saturation of overburden mass leading to reduction in shear strength.

Gneisses and quartzites belonging to Central Crystalline.
Due to unprecedented rainfall and cloud burst in the Alaknanda valley, flash flood occurred in the river and it had eroded the toe at both banks. Already saturated debris material with diminishing shear strength failed because of this.
Near Jaypee guest house, Lambagarh, downstream of Daya bridge.
Removal of overhang blocks, concrete retainig wall, diversion of surface run off, breast wall with weep holes and lined toe drain, slope modification by providing benches.
Toe cutting by Alaknanda River, heavy precipitation caused saturation of unsorted slope material resulting in reduction of shear strength of the debris mass.

Flooding toe erosion by Alakananda during hevy rainfall

UK_CHA_NH_ 006 (Kachra nala)
Hard and compact quartzite of Central Crystallines.
Because of the heavy rainfall Kachra nala had brought down huge boulders breaching part of road formation. On the right bank hard, compact quartzite is exposed in the nala section but at upslope plane of weakness has been formed at the interface of overb
Heavy rainfall in the catchment of Kachra nala.
Road (NH-58) and pipe culvert breached partially.
Check bunds in the upstream of nala course above road level, bank protection on the left bank above road level, channelization/restoration of nala flow and associated gullies on right flank, benches in upper part with boulder crates, RCC retaining wall o
Heavy rainfall in the catchment of Kachra nala, saturation of ovrburden mass, reduction in shear strength of the material.

UK_CHA_NH_ 005 (Lambagarh -I)
Gneisses and quartzites of Central Crystalline.
Removal of overhangs, RCC retaining wall, slope dressing with benchies, breast wall with weep holesand reverse filters, soil nailing.
Toe cutting by Alaknanda River, reduction of shear strength of debris materialformation of negative slopes due to widening of roads.

UK_CHA_NH_ 004 (Lambagarh -II)
Gneisses and quartzites of Central Crystalline.
On the night of 16th June, 2013, cloud burst in the upper reaches of the Alaknanda valley brought down the debris material eroding both the banks of Alaknanda. At Lambagarh, there is a temple constructed by Jaypee Company in the river course on a big bou
Breach of the road formation of about 550m.
RCC retainingwall upto HFL, concrete retaining wall with weep holes and reverse filters, stepped gabion wall along Mayo nala course.
About 12 houses partially and completely damaged along with roadside shop and parked vehicles.
Toe cutting by Alaknanda River, saturation of unsorted slope material resulting in reduction of shear strength.

Gneisses and quartzites of Central Crystalline.
Heavy and prolonged rainfall in the catchment of Alaknanda river and Khirao Ganga brought down huge debris material. Khirao Ganga had blocked the course of the Alaknanda river and created an artificial lake for some time. This was breached later on by
About 100m upstream of JP Vishnuprayag barrage
Removal of overhangs, toe protection upto HFL, slope dressing by benches, breast wall with weep holes and lined toe drain.
Heavy rainfall in catchment of Alaknanda River caused flash flood and toe erosion triggering movement of debris. Heavy rainfall also saturated the terrace and colluvial material causing loss of shear strength.

Foliated gneiss belonging to Central Crystalline.
Heavy and prolonged rainfall in the catchment of Alaknanda river and Khirao Ganga brought down huge debris material. Khirao Ganga had blocked the course of the Alaknanda river and created an artificial lake for some time. This was breached later on by
About 500m before confluence of Alaknanda and Khirao Ganga.
Concrete retaining wall, slope modification by benches, breast wall with weep holes and toe drain.
Heavy rainfall in catchment of Alaknanda River caused flash flood and toe erosion triggering movement of debris. Sudden release of dammed water also caused devastation in downstream area.

Flooding toe erosion by Khiroo ganga due to heavy rainfall during June, 2013

Foliated gneiss belonging to Central Crystalline.
Heavy and prolonged rainfall in the catchment of Alaknanda river and Khirao Ganga had brought down huge debris material. Khirao Ganga had blocked the course of the Alaknanda river and created an artificial lake for some time. This was breached later on
Binakuli, At the confluence on Khirao Ganga and Alaknanda river.
Moderately vegetated forest cum agricultural land
About 200m of road washed away at two levels.
Concrete retaining wall, slope modification by benches.
Continuous heavy rainfall caused saturation of overburden mass resulting in reduction of shear strength, toe cutting by Alaknanda River and direct impact of Khairo Ganga River.

The Sonprayag slide of Rudraprayag in Uttarkashi triggered due to heavy rainfall. Oversaturation due to heavy rainfall, lead to development of pore pressure and reduction in the shear strength of the slope forming material. The unplanned cutting of the s
Long term stabilization measures
Removal of debris, provision of R/R wall, proper stabilization of the slopes, provision of lined drains, development of helipads
Oversaturation, pore water pressure, reduction of shear strength

The Barasu slide of Rudraprayag in Uttarkashi triggered due to heavy rainfall. Oversaturation due to heavy rainfall, lead to development of pore pressure and reduction in the shear strength of the slope forming material. The unplanned cutting of the slop
Removal of debris, provision of R/R wall, proper stabilization of the slopes, provision of lined drains, development of helipads
Oversaturation, pore water pressure, reduction of shear strength

The Phata slide of Rudraprayag in Uttarkashi triggered due to heavy rainfall. Oversaturation due to heavy rainfall, lead to development of pore pressure and reduction in the shear strength of the slope forming material. The unplanned cutting of the slope
Removal of debris, provision of R/R wall, proper stabilization of the slopes, provision of lined drains, development of helipads

The Khat slide of Rudraprayag in Uttarkashi triggered due to heavy rainfall. Oversaturation due to heavy rainfall leading to development of pore pressure and reduction in the shear strength of the slope forming material resting on a steep slope. Toe eros
Removal of debris, provision of R/R wall, long term stabilization measures

The other slide in Khat village of Rudraprayag in Uttarkashi triggered due to heavy rainfall. Oversaturation due to heavy rainfall, lead to development of pore pressure and reduction in the shear strength of the slope forming material. The unplanned cutt
Removal of debris, provision of R/R wall and lined drains, long term stabilization measures, development of helipads
Oversaturation, pore water pressure, reduction of shear strength, unplanned cutting of the slope

Gneiss.schist and Quartzite of Central Crystalline
The Bhairon Jhanp slide of Uttarkashi was triggered due to heavy rainfall The area is occupied by steep slope exposing rocks belonging to central crystalline. The rock is jointed forming wedges and caused dislodgement of blocks. Also, Bhairon Jhanp nala
The height of the protection wall needs to be raised by 5m, Regular dredging of the debris along the nala, 3. Chainlink with deep nailing.
Reduction in shear strength, steep slope,planar/wedge failure

loose boulder and debris material saturation with water, steep slope

loose boulder d debris material saturation with water, steep slope

the big boulder rolled down because of steep slope.

highly fractured rock, road cutting, vulnerable slope

Baghmara slide
Over saturation of soil due to paddy cultivation above the road level during monsoon.

Nengkhra-Nongalbibra road slide
Mohanty, A., Rogibala, M., Daliya, A. N., Kumar, S. and Singh, G., 2019: Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of Toposheets 78K/09,K/10, K/11, K/12, K/13 and K/16 parts of North Garo Hills, East Garo Hills, South Garo Hills, W
Since these landslide are of very minor scale (mostly less than 10mts in length), they do not cause any damage to the road or affect the traffic movement.
Construction of retaining wall , removal of debris and loose overburden,construction of proper dainage channels and moderation of slopes
Highly weathered rock and loss soil . Toe cutting for road construction

Williamnagar road slide
ARKOSE/GRITTY SANDSTONE, COAL, FIRECLAY & SHALE
Mohanty, A., Rogibala, M., Daliya, A. N., Kumar, S. and Singh, G., 2019: Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of Toposheets 78K/09,K/10, K/11, K/12, K/13 and K/16 parts of North Garo Hills, East Garo Hills, South Garo Hills, W
Since these landslide are of very minor scale (mostly less than 10mts in length), they do not cause any damage to the road or affect the traffic movement.
Construction of retaining wall , removal of debris and loose overburden,construction of proper dainage channels and moderation of slopes
Highly weathered rock mass and loose overburden material,triggered by rainfall

Williamnagar road slide
ARKOSE/GRITTY SANDSTONE, COAL, FIRECLAY & SHALE
Mohanty, A., Rogibala, M., Daliya, A. N., Kumar, S. and Singh, G., 2019: Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of Toposheets 78K/09,K/10, K/11, K/12, K/13 and K/16 parts of North Garo Hills, East Garo Hills, South Garo Hills, W
Since these landslide are of very minor scale (mostly less than 10mts in length), they do not cause any damage to the road or affect the traffic movement.
Construction of retaining wall , removal of debris and loose overburden,construction of proper dainage channels and moderation of slopes
Weathered loose soil. Toe cut due to road cutting.

Williamnagar road slide
Weathered loose soil . Toe cut due to road cutting, triggered by rainfall.

Tura-Williamnagar road slide no 3
Debris slide documented along Tura-Williamnagar Road Chinabat, caused due to the high degree of weathering and steep joints facilitating water percolation and leading to increased pore water pressure. Concave slope morphometry rocks coupled with steep sl
Mohanty, A. and Nelson, A., 2020. Macro-scale landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of Toposheet nos. 78G/14, 78G/15, 78K/1, 78K/2, 78K/3, 78K/4, 78K/5, 78K/6, 78K/7 and 78K/8 covering parts of North Garo Hills, South Garo Hills, East Garo Hills, Wes
Settlement observed about 50 m away from the crown portion of the landslide. Along the left flank of the slide small manmade nala is observed along which anthropogenic wastes are thrown.
Removal and clearing of debris, construction of lined hill side drainage to prevent further degradation of the slope.
Highly weathered and jointed gneiss facilitating water percolation through the fractures and joints leading to increased pore water pressure. Concave slope morphometry rocks coupled with steep slopes facilitating water accumulation or percolation further

Tura-Williamnagar road slide no 2
Soil slide documented along Tura-Williamnagar Road, caused due to unconsolidated and weathered nature of the slope forming material and toe cutting of the slope by drainage. Incessant rainfall led to super-saturation of soil which increased the hydrostat
Mohanty, A. and Nelson, A., 2020. Macro-scale landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of Toposheet nos. 78G/14, 78G/15, 78K/1, 78K/2, 78K/3, 78K/4, 78K/5, 78K/6, 78K/7 and 78K/8 covering parts of North Garo Hills, South Garo Hills, East Garo Hills, Wes
Removal and clearing of debris, construction of lined hill side drainage to prevent toe erosion.
Loose unconsolidated material and highly weathered gneiss covered with thick insitu soil and aggravated by toe erosion of the slope by drainage.

Tura-Williamnagar road slide no 1
Migmatite/banded gneiss with intensive pegmatite intrusions.
Debris slide documented along Tura-Williamnagar Road, near Oragitok, caused by due weak weathered nature of the slope forming material and toe cutting of the slope for road construction. Incessant rainfall led to super-saturation of soil which increased
Mohanty, A. and Nelson, A., 2020. Macro-scale landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of Toposheet nos. 78G/14, 78G/15, 78K/1, 78K/2, 78K/3, 78K/4, 78K/5, 78K/6, 78K/7 and 78K/8 covering parts of North Garo Hills, South Garo Hills, East Garo Hills, Wes
Removal of debris on the slope and construction of breast wall with adequate weepholes at the toe and construction of lined hillside drainage to prevent further toe erosion.
Highly weathered gneiss loose, steep slope cutting and aggravated by toe erosion, super-saturation of soil which increased the hydrostatic pressure.

Lower Hawakhana slide
Highly weathered, fractured & jointed gneiss
Rock slide documented with the densely populated Mohindra colony of Lower Hawakhana, Tura. The main cause of the failure is seepage of surface run off along the crack/ fractures and joints. Also over-saturation of the loose overburden thereby increasing
The slide has occurred in a densely populated locality and the rainfall along with the heavy flow of stream water at the toe portion is likely to affect the area in future also. It is therefore advisable to relocate the nearby houses to farther places.
Settlement in the slide area is affected besides disturbing the footpath
Channeling of the surface water away from the slope (crown area). Provision of wire-mesh along freshly opened rock faces suitably pinned with the rock. A few suitably spaced drainage holes must be provided in the vertical rock faces in order to prevent t
1.Seepage of surface run off along the crack developed on the ground resulting in over-saturation of the loose overburden material and increase in local pore water pressure. 2. Presence of joint in the rock that act as releasing plane. 3. Toe erosion du

Tura town (Rishipara) slide
Anthropogenic activity triggered by heavy down pour.

Tura-Dalu road slide no1
Rock cum debris slide documented along NH-217,Tura Dalu Road, south of Dobasipara caused due to the high degree of weathering of rocks coupled with daylighting of adverse orientation of geological discontinuities due to steep slope cut
Removal of loose materials from the slope. Construction of lined hillside drainage.
High degree of weathering of rocks coupled with daylighting of adverse orientation of geological discontinuities due to steep slope cut.

Tura-Dalu road slide no2
Debris slide documented along NH-217,Tura Dalu Road caused due to the highly weathered gneiss coupled with steep slope cutting and toe removal for road widening. The presence of a major fault (Nerangchi fault) along this zone may be the possible cause of
Removal of loose materials from the slope. Construction of breast wall with sufficient weep holes at the toe of the landslide
Alternately, contour draining at the crown area to divert surface water at appropriate location.
Highly weathered gneiss with about 1-2m thick overburden on the upslope of the road is observed to be saturated with surface and subsurface water flow. Predominance of this highly weathered gneiss coupled with steep slope cutting and toe removal for road

Tura-Dalu road slide no 4
Debris slide documented along NH-217,Tura Dalu Road caused due to the highly weathered gneiss coupled with steep slope cutting and toe removal for road widening. The presence of a major fault (Nerangchi fault) along this zone may be the possible cause of
Removal of loose materials from the slope. Construction of breast wall with sufficient weep holes at the toe of the landslide and construction of lined hillside drainage to arrest further toe erosion.
Highly weathered gneiss with about 1m thick overburden on the upslope of the road is observed. Predominance of this highly weathered gneiss coupled with steep slope cutting and toe removal for road widening. The presence of a major fault (Nerangchi fault

Tura-Dalu road slide no 3
Debris slide documented along NH-217,Tura Dalu Road caused due to the highly weathered gneiss coupled with steep slope cutting and toe removal for road widening. The presence of a major fault (Nerangchi fault) along this zone may be the possible cause of
Removal of loose materials from the slope. Construction of breast wall with sufficient weep holes at the toe of the landslide.
Highly weathered gneiss with about 1m thick overburden on the upslope of the road is observed. Preponderance of steeply dipping joints and steep cutting of slope thereby daylighting the vulnerable joints towards the road. The presence of a major fault (N

Khoronggiri slide
Highly weathered rock and over saturation of soil due to incessant rainfall.

Tura-Ampati road slide no 4
Debris slide documented along Tura-Ampati Road, near Ulubari, Betasing, caused due to the high degree of weathering of rocks coupled with toe removal by slope cutting for road widening. Incessant rainfall caused the weak slope forming material unstable,
Some remedial measures like retaining wall with hume pipe of across the width of the road, already taken.
SH-12, Tura-Ampati Road, near Ulubari, Betasing.
Construction of breast wall with adequate weepholes at the toe along the entire width of the slide portion. Clearing of debris from the culvert that plugged the water passage way. Construction of lined drainage upslope and provide one or two more pre-cas
High weathering of rocks coupled with toe removal by slope cutting for road widening. These highly weathered rocks form weak slope forming material and get saturated by surface water flow from upslope.

Tura-Ampati road slide no 3
Debris slide documented along Tura-Ampati Road, near Kharugaon, Betasing, caused due to the high degree of weathering of rocks coupled with toe removal by slope cutting for road widening. Incessant rainfall caused the weak slope forming material unstable
SH-12, Tura-Ampati Road, near Kharugaon, Betasing.
Channeling of water away from the crown area through construction of lined hillside drain on the road. Removal of debris on the slope and construction of breast wall with adequate weepholes at the toe. Construction of lined drainage upslope and provide p
High weathering of rocks coupled with toe removal by slope cutting for road widening. These highly weathered rocks form weak slope forming material and get saturated by surface water flow from upslope.

Tura-Ampati road slide no 2
Debris slide documented along Tura-Ampati Road, near Hajonggre, caused due to the presence of loose unconsolidated soil covered with thick insitu soil and aggravated by toe erosion of the slope by surface drainage.
Construction of breast wall with sufficient height and adequate number of weepholes along with lined hill side drainage at the toe to prevent toe erosion.
Previously constructed retaining wall has been damaged
Predominance of loose unconsolidated soil covered with thick insitu soil and aggravated by toe erosion of the slope by surface drainage. High saturation of slope forming material with surface water.

Tura-Ampati road slide no1
Soil slide documented along Tura-Ampati Road, near Shakuri, Garobadha, caused due to the presence of loose unconsolidated soil covered with thick insitu soil and aggravated by toe erosion of the slope by surface drainage.
Settlement (temple) observed about 20 m away from the crown portion of the landslide.
SH-12,Tura-Ampati Road, near Shakuri, Garobadha, Meghalaya.
Removal of debris on the slope and construction of breast wall with adequate weepholes at the toe and construction of lined hillside drainage to prevent toe erosion
Predominance of loose unconsolidated soil covered with thick insitu soil and aggravated by toe erosion of the slope by surface drainage. High saturation of slope forming material with surface water.

Singimari-Tura road subsidence
Road subsidence documented along SH-2, Meghalaya, 300 m SE of Tiksali village. A portion of the road has been damaged due to subsidence due to toe erosion by the stream flowing downslope.
Clearing of debris that plugged the water passage way. Toe stabilization with proper compacted back filling materials.
Toe erosion by first order stream, highly weathered and fractured rock. Reduction of strength on saturation by seepage from roadside drainage

Rongram-Dadenggre road slide
Soil slide documented along Tura-Rongram-Dadenggre Road, 500 m NW of Rambatgre. Incessant rainfall caused the weak slope forming material unstable, leading to failure.
Some temporary remedial measures like stacked sandbags have been installed for providing temporary support.
Tura-Rongram-Dadenggre Road, 500 m NW of Rambatgre.
Construction of benched/stepped gabion walls from the down slope along the face of the slide for ready passage of water through the porous wall. In addition, it is recommended to provide lined hillside drainage system along with chute drain on the downsl
Reduction of strength on saturation by seepage from roadside drainage The material below the road is largely loose unconsolidated soil and clay. The rock exposed below the road is weathered and friable in nature which is susceptible to saturation and act

Rongram-Jengjal road slide 2
Debris slide documented along the Paikan-Tura Dalu Road, caused by the super-saturation of fill material through prolonged infiltration of surface runoff from the road as well as from the hillslope further up, into the loose overburden soil of the failed
NH-217,Paikan-Tura Dalu Road, Near Rongram bazaar
Removal of debris and construction of lined hillside drainage to arrest further toe erosion. Channeling of surface drainage away from the affected slope to stop from further deterioration. Immediate sealing / covering of the exposed overburden on the roa
Road and the parapet wall partly damaged.
The over-riding factor for the landslide is the super-saturation of fill material through prolonged infiltration of unguided surface water into the loose overburden soil observed along the crown area thereby drastically increasing the pore water pressure

Rongram-Jengjal road slide 3
Inactive Debris slide occurred along the Paikan-Tura Dalu Road, caused by the anthropogenic activity such as slope cutting for road widening in past. Remedial measures were already taken to prevent further toe erosion.
Already constructed channel for the drainage water near the hill side to prevent further toe erosion.
Toe removal by slope cutting for road widening and predominance of loose unconsolidated debris.

Rongram-Jengjal road slide 1
Debris slide occurred along the Paikan-Tura Dalu Road, caused by the anthropogenic activity such as slope cutting for road widening and thereby collapse of loose unconsolidated debris.
Construction of lined hill side drainage to channel the water and prevent further toe erosion.
Toe removal by slope cutting for road widening and predominance of loose unconsolidated debris.

This is an active and advancing type of debris slide caused due to the improper filling material used during the construction of roads.
Preventive measures already done.Since the failed portion of the road is the failed slope along with parapet wall and the retaining wall, it is recommended to reconstruct the retaining wall on the stable bedrock present on the downslope with sufficient w
Road and the parapet wall partly damaged.
The super-saturation of fill material through prolonged infiltration of unguided surface water into the loose overburden soil observed along the crown area thereby drastically increasing the pore water pressure

Debris slide occurred along the Paikan-Tura Dalu Road, caused by the slope cutting for road widening and thereby collapse of loose unconsolidated debris.
Removal of debris and construction of lined hill side drainage to prevent toe erosion
Presence of loose unconsolidated soil on the upslope and aggravated by toe removal due to road construction

Debris slide occurred along the roadside due to the costruction activity and also due to the loose unconsolidated bedris and highly weathered shale.
Construction of lined hill side drainage to prevent toe erosion.
Loose unconsolidated debris and highly weathered shale covered with thick insitu soil and aggravated by toe cutting of slope for road construction.

Rapid debris slide occurred along the steep slope side of the road cutting caused mainly due to the anthropogenic activity.
Construction of breastwall with adequate weepholes.Construction of lined hillside drainage.
High weathering of rocks coupled with steep slopes and toe removal by slope cutting.

A debris slide occurred along the concave slope side due to the toe erosion as well as loose unconsolidated debris on the upslope.
Construction of breastwall with adequate weepholes.Construction of lined hillside drainage.
Toe removal due to slope cutting, concave slope morphometry facilitating water accumulation or percolation, and predominance of loose unconsolidated debris.

A Rock slide occurred along the Jangal-Addingre road due to the prescence of weaker clay layers in the crown and steeply dipping jointed sandstones are fell down due to the slope cutting for road widening.
Scaling of debris resting critically on the slope and construction of breast wall with sufficient height and adequate weepholes
Presence of steep slope ,highly weathered and weak shale and clay layers on the crown, steeply dipping jointed sandstone along with the toe removal by slope cutting for road construction.

A debris slide occurred due to the road construction along the Jangal-Addingre road section due to the toe cutting of the slope and also due to the othick and tall vegetation in the crown area.
Removal of debris to avoid road blockade and drainage blockade
Presence of thick overburden on the upslope and toe cutting of the slope for road construction, static loading in the crown area by thick and tall vegetation.

Jengjal-Addingre-Williamnagar road slide3
A comparatievely largee debris slide occurred on the Addingre road section due to the anthropogenic activity. Sidewalls are already created to prevent further damage.
Protective measures already done. Side walls are created. Removal of debris and construction of lined hill side drainage to prevent toe erosion needs to be done
Presence of loose unconsolidated soil on the upslope and aggravated by toe removal due to road construction

Jengjal-Addingre-Williamnagar road slide2
Debris slide occurred along the Addingre road section due to the road widening activity.
Construction of breast wall and lined hill side drainage to prevent toe erosion.
Aggravated by steep slope cutting and toe removal and predominance of thick insitu material on the upslope.

Jengjal-Addingre-Williamnagar road slide1
Debris landslide occurred due to the lack of proper drainage system.
Toe erosion by first order stream, improper drainage system and highly weathered rock.

NH-217 road slide
Debris slide documented along the Paikan-Tura-Dalu road, near Mendal village caused due to the oversaturation of the loose unconsolidated overburden cover and unstable slope due to highly weathered loose debris material.
NH-217 , Paikan-Tura-Dalu road, near Mendal village
Drainage channel can be provided to divert undesirable surface or subsurface flows from the problematic areas. Construction of breastwall with adequate weepholes. Clearing of debris and construction of lined hillside drainage. More plantation can help in
Oversaturation of the overburden cover and unstable slope due to highly weathered loose debris material.

Phophonga hill landslide
Migmatites of Assam-Meghalaya Gneissic complex is exposed as inselberg.
Mohanty, A., Yadav, S., 2019; Macro - Scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of Toposheet Nos. 78 J/7, 8, 11, 12 and 83 B/4 in Goalpara, Bongaigaon, Barapeta districts, Assam and West Garo Hills, Ri-Bhoi districts of Meghalaya.
Natural landslide
Sparsely vegetated with settlement at the foot of the slope.
As this slide is situated as top of Phophonga hill remedies may to be taken is to have settlement away from the reach of landslide influence. Near foot of the slope a protection wall may be constructed.
Due to the presence of very thin soil cover and absence of high plants, during rainfall the soil is washed off and under the influence of gravity with effects of rainfall has failed.

Phophonga village landslide
Mohanty, A., Yadav, S., 2019; Macro - Scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of Toposheet Nos. 78 J/7, 8, 11, 12 and 83 B/4 in Goalpara, Bongaigaon, Barapeta districts, Assam and West Garo Hills, Ri-Bhoi districts of Meghalaya.
Because of the excessive slope cutting for building stone quarrying without maintaining adequate slope stability it collapsed during rainfall.

Shalabhandar Quarry
Mohanty, A., Yadav, S., 2019; Macro - Scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of Toposheet Nos. 78 J/7, 8, 11, 12 and 83 B/4 in Goalpara, Bongaigaon, Barapeta districts, Assam and West Garo Hills, Ri-Bhoi districts of Meghalaya.
1. Incessant rainfall 2. Anthropogenic activity.
1. Quarry is abandoned and no such active quarry activity is going here. Proper distance to be taken from slope in case of future construction and slope angle may be reduced and water movement may be taken care of.
Because of the excessive quarry activity and slope cutting without addressing the stability. The jointed rock under influence of water and gravity failed.

Nayapara Railway Tunnel
1. Anthropogenic activity(Extensive slope cutting/Railway tunnel)
1. Crown with negative slope has to be addressed. 2. The water from the crown has to be channelized away from it. 3. Vegetation (local growing grass) has to be planted in closed space on benches.
Highly weathered (W6) migmatitic rock well excavated upto a height of 30 m for construction of Railway tunnel portal. Although benching was attempted but failed due to improper drainage and very small width of bench sloping towards valley. This lead to t

Majhigaon landslide
Natural landslide
This landslide is situated in moderately dissected hill near cultivated land and relatively distant habitation (at present) wire mesh support may be applied if settlement in near future is required in its vicinity.
Weathered gneissic rock failed because of rainfall and almost vertical exposure and very little soil occur(1 m).

Suapata landslide
The slope should be made stable by decreasing the slope angle and benching. Gneissic rock is highly jointed but fresh. Local quarry activity may be checked.
The landslide occurred because of cutting the slope by local people for use as building material. Excessive cutting of slope with concave face which failed due to incessant rainfall and under influence of gravity.

Gogoi, D, Tewari, H. (2017). Macro-scale landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of 78A/4, 8, 12 and 78F/1, 5, 9, 10, Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri districts, West Bengal

QUARTZ ARENITE, BLACK SLATE, CHERTY PHYLLITE
Gogoi, D, Tewari, H. (2017). Macro-scale landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of 78A/4, 8, 12 and 78F/1, 5, 9, 10, Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri districts, West Bengal
Wedge as well as planar failure due to road cutting

Gogoi, D, Tewari, H. (2017). Macro-scale landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of 78A/4, 8, 12 and 78F/1, 5, 9, 10, Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri districts, West Bengal
Very active toe cutting by nala and piping

CARDAMOM CULTIVATION

CONNECTING ROAD B/W DALEPCHAND & PAYONG WASHED AWAY

Natural slope failure due to waerthering and excessive rainfall

Reduction of shear strength due to heavy rain

OLD SLIDE ZONE

Subsidence of 15 m long road stretch, maximum subsidence noticed around 100 cm

Distressing of the right abutment of the bridge, debris mass blocked Chel river for some time.

Active toe cutting by khola,sinking area

Wash out of NH 31A road bench of length aroud 75m
Preparation of several benches from top to the Tista river bench and applying of Geosynthetics on them. Preparation of a complete deep drainage network to take out sub surface run off also.
Cutting of the toe of the saturated debris covered slope for the construction of the project power house.

Filling of cracks with impervious material like clay , bitumen etc, training of nalas,construction of catchwater drains, redressing of upslopes and toe protection by constrcting gabbion wall

Rolling and shooting boulders from top causing road blockae
Easing of slope, construction of benches and sausage walls along the benches and afforestation

Buxa fort slide

QUARTZ ARENITE, BLACK SLATE, CHERTY PHYLLITE

Sadar Bazar Slide

Buxa slide

Partial road block due to accumulation of slide debris on road bench.

QUARTZ ARENITE, BLACK SLATE, CHERTY PHYLLITE
Accumulation of slide debris on the road bench and subsequently total road bench washed out
Construction of breast wall at the toe of the slide, construction of central steeped chute drain along the nala, deep intercepting gravel filled cross drains oriented diagonal to central drain.

Road bench severely damaged and a perennial trouble spot on NH-31A in recent monsoons
slides needs to be tackled in the up slope regions though construction of proper drainage arrangements, retaining walls (boulder gabion types) and training of the stream course. This slide needs detailed mapping and investigations;Near the road bench, pr

Cultivated land dmaged, developement of 20-30cm crack with subsidence up to 30cm.

PHYLLITE, CHLORITE SERICITE SCHIST AND QUARTZITE

OLD SLIDE STABLIZED

Maintenance of slope with suitable retaining wall with benches and proper drainage system.

Excessive rainfall anf highly jointed rockmass

Agricultual land ,5-15 wide crack with a subsidence of 10-15 cm
Gully erosion, toe erosion by Gatta Khola

ALL ALOG THE NALA SLIDES ARE PRESENT

STARTING POINT OF RAJA KHOLA
Reduction of shear strength due to heavy rain

Caused by first heavy rainfall in July,2016

LANDSLIDE WITH SUBSIDENCE

Singh, S. S., and Kumar, N., 2017 Macroscale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no 78 A/3,4, 10, 15 & 16, East, West and North districts, Sikkim, Unpubl. GSI report for FS 2016-17
Depth of slide is less than 5m.

Singh, S. S., and Kumar, N., 2017 Macroscale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no 78 A/3,4, 10, 15 & 16, East, West and North districts, Sikkim, Unpubl. GSI report for FS 2016-17
Depth of slide is less than 5m.
Construction of the Gabion wall andProper drainage channelization

Lachen
Singh, S. S., and Kumar, N., 2017 Macroscale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no 78 A/3,4, 10, 15 & 16, East, West and North districts, Sikkim, Unpubl. GSI report for FS 2016-17
Depth of slide is less than 5m.

Chaten

Rabom

Bansoi

Munshithang

Chungthang

Tung

Dzongu landslide
Fresh to moderate, fractured and highly jointed Mica schist along with boulders of gneiss and quartzite.
Prominent foliation plane dipping towards NW (as obtained from GSI 1:50K Geological Map)
Chasie M. & Theophilus P.K., 2017: Updation of existing landslide inventory of North Eastern region based on the new incidences as and when occurs during the period, Unpubl. GSI progress report for FS 2016-91
Rainfall (effect of antecedent rainfall is more)
78A/06 & A/10 (the landslide area falls exactly at the boundary of the Survey of India Toposheet Nos. 78A/06 and 78A/10. The accumulated debris of this landslide dammed Talong Chu/ Kanaka River resulting risk to Landslide Lake Outburst Flow (LLOF); howev
Left bank slope of Talong Chu (locally known as Kanaka river), just opposite to the Dzongu (Upper) village
Road blocked and damaged on the opposite bank by accumulated debris.
Only ward and watch is suggested now including close monitoring of discharge data at various downstream locations in Talong Chu and Tista rivers to monitor lake water behind the landslide dam.
i) steeper slope morphometry, ii) unfavourable orientation of rock discontinuity, iii) local shearing/ fracturing rendering poor quality of rock mass, iv) pore water pressure developed in open joint surface etc.

Mangan

Ambithang Landslide
As per the media report, a landslide was triggered at Ambithang village near Mangan on the way from Rangrang to Mangan on 8 July 2014 evening by rainfall. Due to the landslide connectivity between Rangrang and Mangan got affected and the main connection
Megotsohe, C., et al., 2014. Updation of existing landslide inventory of North Eastern Region. GSI, RHQ, NER, Shillong, Item Code: SER/NER/RHQ/2014/037; Unpub. GSI Report of FS 2014-2015
Disrupted connectivity from Rangrang to Mangan
Increase in pore water pressure and reduction of strength on supersaturation

Pakshek Landslide
Schist of Chungthang Formation of the Darjeeling Group
As per the media report, a rock slide was triggered at Pakshek near Mangan on 1 July 2014 evening. Due to the rockslide and blockage of commectivity affected the normal communication between Gangtok and North Sikkim. A field investigation was carried out
Megotsohe, C., et al., 2014. Updation of existing landslide inventory of North Eastern Region. GSI, RHQ, NER, Shillong, Item Code: SER/NER/RHQ/2014/037; Unpub. GSI Report of FS 2014-2015
Pakshek ( Mangan-Chungthang road on North highway)

Niranjan Kumar et al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 78A/7, 8, 11, 12, East, South and West districts, Sikkim. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2015-2016.

Niranjan Kumar et al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 78A/7, 8, 11, 12, East, South and West districts, Sikkim. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2015-2016.
Slope cutting for road construction &wedge failure

Sheyam
Niranjan Kumar et al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 78A/7, 8, 11, 12, East, South and West districts, Sikkim. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2015-2016.

Chawang

Lanthey Khola

Lanthakhola
Garnet bearing schist of Central Crystalline Gneissic Complex
As per the media report, landslide was triggered at Lanthakhola near Mangan on 8 July 2014 evening by heavy down pour in Sikkim’s North district. Due to the slide and blockage of road, normal communication affected the connectivity between Mangan and
Megotsohe, C., et al., 2014. Updation of existing landslide inventory of North Eastern Region. GSI, RHQ, NER, Shillong, Item Code: SER/NER/RHQ/2014/037; Unpub. GSI Report of FS 2014-2015
Lanthakhola (On Mangan to Chungthang road )
Disrupted connectivity from Mangan to Chungthang.
Reduction of strength on supersaturation,improper retaining wall

Naga

Kabi

Kaabi II
Insitu outcrops of banded gneiss and phyllitic schist. In the vicinity a sharp contact trending N80┬░E of phyllitic schist and banded gneiss observed.
S1//J1 : 145/70├áNE, This joint is valley dipping ;J2 : 62/60├áSE; J3 : 290/72├áSW
Photographs of Kaabi II landslide (pdf attached).
Forest, Road widening prior to landslide.
Local people, Defence forces and tourists.
NH 31A passing through the landslide, Telecommunication lines present.
A combination of shot creeting, rock bolting and wire mesh can be useful. Scaling (removal) of the loose rock blocks lying on the slope of the slide and in its vicinity preferably without resorting to blasting using a breaker or by manual means is also
Abandoned damaged Kelly bridge and an operational RCC bridge in the vicinity of slide.
Reduction of strength on super saturation. Steep slope along with valley dipping joints must have created the situation for wedge and planar failure in the jointed rock mass. Probably a sharp contact between the highly foliated and deformed gneiss with p

Kabi Landslide
Streaky migmtitic gneiss and biotite+muscovite gneiss belonging to Kanchanjunga gneiss of CCGC (Central Crystalline Gneissic Complex) along with basic intrusives. The intrusives are at places showing concorda
Joint Planes J1: N75E/70╦ÜΓåÆSE (with Slickenside); J2: N15W/65╦ÜΓåÆSW J3:N40E/72ΓåÆNW
Road was blocked for about a week.
Removal of crown hanging blocks, making arrangement for proper drainage and diversion of flowing stream,
Combination of variety of failures (eg wedge and planer failures) with pore water pressure

Kabi Landslide
Streaky migmtitic gneiss and biotite+muscovite gneiss belonging to Kanchanjunga gneiss of CCGC (Central Crystalline Gneissic Complex) along with basic intrusives. The intrusives are at places showing concorda
Failure plane: N80W/70 ΓåÆS10W; Foliation: NS/32╦ÜΓåÆ E; Joint Planes: J1: N75E/70╦ÜΓåÆSE (with Slickenside); J2: N15W/65╦ÜΓåÆSW; J3:N40E/72ΓåÆNW
Road was blocked for about a week.
Removal of crown hanging blocks, making arrangement for proper drainage and diversion of flowing stream,
Combination of variety of failures (eg wedge and planer failures) with pore water pressure

Sichey

Palzor Stadium road, Gangtok
Weathered biotite schist with the intrusion of thin quartz vein.
Following trends have been identified in the rocks:Failure plane: 312╦Ü/65╦Ü ΓåÆSW; Foliation: 160╦Ü/40╦ÜΓåÆ E;Joint Planes: J1: 250╦Ü/48╦ÜΓåÆSS E
Under construction house water pipes were damaged
Near Tamang Monastery, Palzor Stadium road, Gangtok
Sparse bamboo trees within urban settlements.
Proper provision of lined contour drain above the crown level connected to chute drains away from the effected zone. Erection of staged gabion wall above the road level will be helpful in arresting the movement of the debris while allowing the water perc
Under construction house and drainage pipe damaged
Unplanned cutting of slope for house construction

Tanek Rockslide
Biotite gneiss of Kanchanjungha/Darjeeling Gneiss of Central Crystalline Gneissic Complex
As per the media report, a rockfall triggered at Tanek village in Phodong in the evening on 24 June 2014 after a heavy down pour in Sikkim’s North district, claimed three lives. Due to the slide and blockage, the normal communication between Gangtok a
One private four-wheeler car severely damaged due to rock fall

Construction of the Retaining wall& Rock bolting

Slope cutting for road construction &Toe erosion by river

Makha

Lingdum

Sangmoo

Dhankutey dhara Slide
Theophilus, P.K. and Megotsohe Chasie, 2014. Updation of existing landslide inventory of North Eastern Region. GSI, RHQ, NER, Shillong, Item Code: SER/NER/RHQ/2013/030; Unpub. GSI Report of FS 2013-2014
Since the area is situated on a steep slope having no proper drainage system and with cultivated agricultural land, proper drainage system and retaining wall on the down slope of the road may be constructed to reduce the driving gravitational force. It i
3km away from Rumtek on Rumtek - Martam road.
One tin sheeted house and kitchen fully damaged
Reduction of strength on super saturation

Khamdong

Sirwani Landslide
Intercalation of Phyllite and quarzite of Gorubathan Formation
As per the local (Singtam taxi association) a landslide was triggered at Sirwani on 24 August 2014 on Singtam-Mangan road. Due to the landslide, connectivity was affected between Singtam and Mangkha. A field investigation was carried out on 26 August 201
Disrupted connectivity from Singtam to Mangkha
Reduction of strength on supersaturation,improper retaining wall and toe erosion by river.

6 km from Martam
F1: NNW-SSE dipping easterly, 30°-45° variation
As per the local peoples' taxi association , a rockslide was triggered near Sikkim Supreme on NH 31-A on 26 August 2014 morning by heavy down pour in Sikkim. Due to the slide and blockage, the NH-31A affected the normal communication between Gangtok and
The main cause of the slide maybe due to the rainfall and surface runoff water on the road bench
0.5 km before Sikkim Supreme (On NH-31A)
Reduction in strength on supersaturation and pore water pressure

Sang
Phyllite Schist, Gorubathan Formation, Daling Group
Foliation plane is 115┬░/36┬░ 20┬░ Joint (approximately NWSE/55┬░NE)
Few houses in the vicinity of the landslide but not affected.

Sangkhola

Martam

Mangthang Landslide
As per the media report, a landslide was triggered at Mangthang village of Namcheybong constituency on the way from 32nd mile to Mangthang on 16 August 2014 evening by rainfall. Due to the landslide, connectivity between Dhajey and Mangthang was affecte
Desloping of the slope face of the hill and, retaining wall and proper drainage system may be provided as remedial measures
Disrupted connectivity from Dhajey to Mangthang
Reduction of strength on supersaturation and toe erosion by stream

Dikling

Pachey landslide near Pakyong Town
Highly fractured phyllites intercalated with quartzite of Daling Group.
Observing the nature of movement, rapidity and material moved, this landslide can also be termed as rock fall/slide, which are quite common mostly in higher altitude areas of the Himalayas. During the active movement of this landslide, the failing landsl
Rill Erosion of the slope also noticed. Since during the present site visit, the landslide was active and movement of material was going on intermittently, thus, close observation of its zone of depletion area can be planned at later stage. Initiated at
The landslide has washed away a portion of the Pakyong-Machong Road that snapped the connectivity between Pakyong and villages like Pachey, Linkey and Machong. The water supply line to Nopgaon and Pakyong town has been breached due to the landslide.
Since the landslide is still active and intermittent movement of rock material is also observed, the entire zone of accumulation area needs further investigation for the formulation of relevant mitigative measures. Further, the landslide is likely to reo
The landslide swept five buildings along with vehicles leaving a trail of destruction. The landslide has also endangered several nearby houses as well.
The tentative geoscientific reasons of this landslide as observed could be i) wedge failure, ii) heavy rainfall, iii) local shearing/ fracturing rendering poor quality of rock mass, iv) pore water pressure developed in open fracture surface v) steeper s

Upper Syari, Deorali, Gangtok
NA (As the area is completely covered by heavy settlement).
Cracks appeared on the road first and then enlarged within 24 hrs.
Near Butter fly Chowk, Syari, Deorali, Gangtok
Road (blocked/damaged), disruption in water supply line and power cables
Evacuation from the affected area, making arrangement for proper drainage and diversion of flowing stream, erecting gabion wall
Cracks on the road and in the settlement
Combination of excess loadof the settlement along with pore water pressure

Taza

Slope cutting for road construction & erosion by nala

Slope cutting for road construction & wedge failure

1st BN Sikkim Scouts and the road stretch (JNM axis) ahead of MS8
Cracks appeared on the road and along the settlement.
Evacuation from the area lying in between the flowing streams, making arrangement for proper drainage and diversion of flowing stream, erecting gabion wall
Combination of variety of failures with pore water pressure

Thengu

Yakla

Changu

Sherethang

Naya Baba Mandir

Purana Baba Mandir

Nathang Valley

Lungthang

Bhutia Jhora, 1 km from Paren SEB Office
Gogoi, D, Kavitha, S, Kumar, P. S (2016). Macro-scale landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of 78B/1, 5, 9, 13 and 78A/16, Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri districts, West Bengal
Insufficient drainage network could not accommodate heavy rainfall causing uncontrolled surface runoff.
Retaining wall along the valley side of road and lining of nala

Laxmi jhora,3 km from Paren SEB Office
Gogoi, D, Kavitha, S, Kumar, P. S (2016). Macro-scale landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of 78B/1, 5, 9, 13 and 78A/16, Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri districts, West Bengal

Surok
Gogoi, D, Kavitha, S, Kumar, P. S (2016). Macro-scale landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of 78B/1, 5, 9, 13 and 78A/16, Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri districts, West Bengal
Shearing strength reduction due to excessive rainfall

Bhupali khola slide On Paren-Bindu road of Jaldhaka Hydel Project, Stage-I
On Paren-Bindu road of Jaldhaka Hydel Project, Stage-I

Surok slide
Minor road blockade; NH-31A road bench ~150m towards valley side got subsided ~1.5m
Breast wall on hillside of the road bench; proper drainage arrangement by repairing and maintaining the lined road side drains.Cross drainage structures in Tista bank to lessen the effect of toe erosion

Bindu bazar,100km D/s of Jaldhaka Bazar
Toe cutting by river due to rise in water level

1.5km from Jhalung near Ratopani

At Biru Khola Near Paren Powerhouse

Thapi Jhora, 1 km from Paren SEB Office

Ma Durga Slide, On Paren Bindu Road
Reactivation of 14th mile landslide due to heavy rain

Dalgaon Slide
Both slide and subsidence (Weathered gneiss)
Improper retaining wall and poor drainage management

On Dalgaon- Rongu road

Below Jhalung Colony
Removal of slide debris, easing of slope, construction of benches along prominent break in slopes and development of network of drainage system through construction of lined chute, contour, catch water and horizontal drains.

North of BAGRAKOT

North of BAGRAKOT
High rainfall results loss of cohesion and internal friction of the material of the material

North of DALAPCHAND
Development of drainage network and gabion wall
High rainfall reduces shearing strength of material and toe erosion

NG76 TIRI
Piping of fill material due to high surface run-off.

NG75 TIRI

YANGMAKUN/ NEAR PURBU JHORA

NG68 NW OF TIRI
The slide has created a 1st order stream at run off portion, Bhalukhop and road bench as crown portion interrupting road connectivity.
Construction of retaining wall/bench work with proper drainage to divert water from slide zone. Causeway has to be constructed on road.
Slope failure due to rainfall and cultivation.

NG69 NW OF TIRI
Piping of fill material due to high surface run-off.

NG70 NW OF TIRI
Flexible Retaining wall &drainage network and benches
High rainfall reduces shearing strength of material causing piping of the same.

High rainfall reduces shearing strength of material

Construction of the retaining wall is under progress.
Shearing strength reduction due to excessive rainfall

Translational / planar failure along foliation

SLOPE towards 45┬¼/N120┬¼
Translational / planar failure along foliation

SLOPE towards 50┬¼/N350┬¼

NH-31, Sevok Slide
ROAD BENCH FAILURE DUE TO ROAD CUT

Toe erosion by Tista River and partly due to reduction of strength on supersaturation
NH-31, 1.85km southeast of Coronation Bridge
Toe erosion by stream and reduction of strength on supersaturation

Mahanadi WLS
Shearing strength reduction due to excessive rainfall

NG3, TISTA CHEL RF, NEAR CORONATION BRIDGE

Peebly Sandstone of Siwalik, Siwalik Group, Kamarchinwa Formation

NG77 NE OF SIVOK
ROAD CUTTING RESULTED IN BLOCKAGE OF NALA WHICH IN TURN RESULTED OF SEEPAGE OF WATER UNDER THE ROAD BENCH.
Retaining wall ,slope easing and wiremesh shotcreting

NG66 NORTH OF YANGMAKUM RF
Road bench as crown portion of slide
Retaining wall with proper drainage system/chute drains to divert drainage water from slide zone.

NG80 JAROITAR

NG81 JAROITAR

NG82 RONG PAKHA

NG65 NORTH OF YANGMAKUM RF

NW OF YANGMAKUN

YANGMAKUN

N. OF YANGMAKUM
OLD SLIDE ZONE

N. OF YANGMAKUM

S OF SAMTHAR

Yangmakum

NG93 BARA SURUK
Partial road block, development of crack on road and slope distress in upslope or down slope
Gully erosion and toe cutting by the nala

BARA SURUK

road subside and cracks in retaining wall

West Samalbung

Planar and wedge failure in damp area.
Incessant rainfall had aggravated the slope condition

West Samalbung
Natural slope failure due to waerthering and excessive rainfall

NW OF PABRINGTAR

NIMBONG RF

Samolbong
Top soil from upslope blocked the road and damage one house below road level
Retaining wall and development of drainage
Natural slope failure due to waerthering and excessive rainfall

SINJI

MELLI ROAD
Wire mesh shotcreting and anchoring with provision of drainage holes. Repair and maintenance of road side drain

Khani village on Pala-Samalbung road

Filling of the ground cracks, construction of retaining wall and drainage development

Concrete retaining wall and drainage development

Samalbung-Bagrakote road

Khani Khola

Pabung

Nimbong RF

NG35 S of Lolegaon
Retaining wall failure due to percolation of drain water from road bench, which resulted in loss shearing strength of overburden material. Foundation of retaining wall also disturbed due to cultivation at down contours.

Lolegaon

SW OF LOLEGAON

LOLEGAON RF

NG36 S of Lolegaon
Due to road cutting (Data taken fron near by slide area)

NG38 S of Lolegaon
(Data taken fron near by slide area)
Rock bolting and concrete wall to arrest toe cutting.

(Data taken fron near by slide area)

NIMBONG RF
High rainfall reduces shearing strength of material and movement along the steep slope

BARBOT
1m subsidence of ground was reported from villagers of Dhuseni Gaon

S OF BARBOT

N OF KUPRING

SSW OF CHUKHIM
Retaining wall and development of drainage system

NW OF KUPRING

NG53 SW of Kupring

N OF CHUKHIM
Small landslides on either side of nala

NG55 SW of Kupring

NG54 SW of Kupring

Nabgaon

NG47 S of Nabgaon

NG46 S of Nabgaon

SW OF NABGAON

N OF CHUKHIM
Retaining wall at the down slope of the road
Incessant rainfall saturated 1-2m thick overburden material on steep slope (>45)

N OF CHUKHIM
Houses at down-slope is at risk. Several people died
Breast (Gabion) wall on the road and retaining wall at the down slope of the road
Incessant rainfall saturated 1-2m thick overburden material on steep slope (>45)

North of BAGRAKOT( TISTA CHEL RF)
Site for placing retaining wall shown to local administration
Retaining wall and development of drainage network
High rainfall reduces shearing strength of the material

NG45 S of Nabgaon

NG44 S of Kupring

S OF KUPRING

NG41 S of Kupring

NG42 S of Kupring

NG24 SE OF NIMBONG
Drainage development, Weathered part of the schist eroded.

NG25 SE OF NIMBONG

NG22 GYASOK
Rainfall saturated top soil moved along steep slope.

NG21 GYASOK
Rock slides on steep slopes of either side of this nala and debris flow is mainly responsible for washing away of road and culvert to some extent.
.Rainfall and failure along joint plane.

NG23 GYASOK

NG28 E OF NIMBONG

NG26 SOUTH OF NIMBONG

KHASMAHAI RH

KHASMAHAI

Presence of shear zone and subsidence due to headward erosion of nala
Two gneration of folding, also a shear plane is cutting across bedding

KHASMAT/NIMBUNG PHATAK
As reported by the locals the area has sinked nearly 4.5 feet in last two years.
2m ground subsidence was noticed along road
Drainage system to arrest the surface runoff water
High rainfall reduces shearing strength of material

NG32 S of Pemling
Requirement of proper drainage system on road sideBoth rock fall and slide simultaneously. If high rain fall persists, this area is highly vulnerable to slide.
Toe erosion by stream. Failure along weak joint/foliation plane of mica schist resulting in rock fall.

NG31 SSW of Pemling

NG32 SSW of Pemling
Settlement over abandoned stream, Ground cracks observed (L-5mts with slip-1mt). Peshoke river direction-110┬¬. Slope direction 40┬¬ towards 20┬¬
Unplanned settlement over abandoned nala and high rainfall result loosing of shearing strength of overburden material

N of KHASMAI RH

West of Dalapchand Gomba Temple

Pemling

N OF KHASMAI

Lolegaon Rd junction

Appreciable sinking of the road bench along with considerable lateral displacement in case of heavy to very rainfall, causing total destruction of the road bench.
Water management through construction of a network of drainsand construction of boulder sausage walls in vulnerable stretches.
Gully erosion through drainage system and sinking of groundmass due to high saturation initiating piping and toe erosion

Excessive rainfall aggravated the slope condition

16km from Bagrakot towards kafer

Fol:45 towards 280, J1: 85 towards 20, J2: 70 towards 330

Reyong Village, Near Kafer, Kalimpong

Downhill of Pemling village

NG29 Pemling

NG29 SSW of Pemling

NG34 S of Pemling
Both slide and subsidence (Weathered gneiss)
Improper retaining wall and poor drainage management

S OF DALAPCHAND

NG27 NE OF NIMBONG
Filling of ground cracks with impervious layer
Rainfall and finer fractions moves downward

Proper network of drainage, maintenance of roadside drains, aforestation with soil holding bushy tree plantation.Hillside breast wall.
Houses near crown developed minor distressing

Road and R/wall damage, crack in the up slope

MANZING

Samsing Slide
Cracks developed on wall of adjacent house. The area is present on old slide debris zone.

Samsing Slide
Wedge, planar failure and heavy rainfall. Failure enhanced due to seepage of water along joints,

PHYLLITE, CHLORITE SERICITE SCHIST AND QUARTZITE
Sausage wall to be constructed on the right bank to prevent further toe cutting. Culvert to be made realigned perpendicular to nala flow/or be widened.Chute drains to be constructed.
Oversaturation of slope , Culvert at oblique angle to the nala flow

Blockade of total road bench of NH 55 due to accumulation of slide debris and even partial wash out of the road bench.
Construction of a bridge with proper foundation on rock or construction of a deep culvert having enough passage for movement of water with debris below it.
Oversaturation of the debris material and toe erosion

Proper network of drainage, repair and maintenance of drains

Cracks in the road and accumulation of slide debris on road

Cracks developed in the ground and houses surrounding the distressed slope.
Training of the jhora corses, proper development sewerage system of the houses located in this part and total ban on further construction activity in this part.
Bank erosion along the jhora corses thus it causes toe erosion of the up slope resulting distressing of the slope.

PHYLLITE, CHLORITE SERICITE SCHIST AND QUARTZITE
Accumulation of slide debris on road bench and on railway tract causing inconvenience of traffic movement
Removal of slide heave, benchin of the slope from the top up to road bench, construction of sausage wallsin steps and construction of catch water drain and conversion of peripheral nalas as stepped chute drains.

Ambyok

E OF GORUBATHAN

Gorubathan-I
Phyllitic rock of Gorubathan Formation under 2-5m thick debris/overburden cover
Landslide inventory along Gorubathan-Lava-Alagara-Kalimpong-Chtre Road, Darjelling District, West Bengal by T.B. Ghoshal & N.K. Sarkar, EG division ER. FS-2007-08, Inventory No. LHIM_WB_2007_050

Near Gorubathan

At around 55km. On Dam Dim-Labha-Algara road (North of Gorubathan)
At around 55km. On Dam Dim-Labha-Algara road (Just north of Gorubathan)

16km.from Damdim towards Lava

Gorubathan-II
Slate and phyllite of Gorubathan formation
Foliation 30°:20°, J1 60°:300°, Foliation shear 20-70cm wide
Landslide inventory along Gorubathan-Lava-Alagara-Kalimpong-Chtre Road, Darjelling District, West Bengal by T.B. Ghoshal & N.K. Sarkar, EG division ER. FS-2007-08, Inventory No. LHIM_WB_2007_050
Damage of road bench, cracks on road, blocking of road
Construction of 2-3 benches, contour drains, road side drain and plantation
Highly weathered rock , steeply dipping valley ward joint , presence of shear zones and high pore water pressure

At 16.6km from Dam Dim on Dam Dim-Labha-Algara road

Gorubathan

Garubatan village

Gorubathan-III
Phyllitic rock of Gorubathan and old slide Debris/overburden
Landslide inventory along Gorubathan-Lava-Alagara-Kalimpong-Chtre Road, Darjelling District, West Bengal by T.B. Ghoshal & N.K. Sarkar, EG division ER. FS-2007-08, Inventory No. LHIM_WB_2007_050
130m road subsided by 50cm, development of arcuate cracks on road
Construction of retaining wall along the left bank of river and back filling with graded material to drain out water of the slope

Ambyok Tea Garden
Highly weatherd Phyllite of Gorubathan Formation
Constriction of catch water drain above the crown of the slope and construction of a retaining wall at the road bench i.e toe of the slide.

GORUBATHAN/KOTHILINE UPPER FAGU

Accumulation of slide debris on the road bench causing partial blockade of the road.
Stop indiscriminate blasting and shotcreting of the rock face (with adequate water release holes)
Indiscrimanate blasting to use rock blocks as construction material.

Heavy cracks formed on the road and nearby houses Road building.,N-S trending cracks developed on road bench. Average width of crack 10Cm-30 Cm,
1)Immediate filling of cracks 2) Maintenance of drains3)Repairing of water chutes/cascades4)Proper maintenance of weepholes
Heavy rainfall, piping of finer slopewash material,

At around 57km. On Dam Dim-Algara-Labha road (near Gorubathan)

Ambyok-I
Phyllitic rock of Gorubathan formation under debris/overburden cover
15m long road stretch subsided for 60-100cm
Stepped gabion wall from the river bank up to the bottom of the road bench and construction of hill side drain.
Toe erosion of Ambyok khola during high discharge

Nimgolai
Slightly weathered quartzo-feldspathic gneiss of Darjeeling Group
Boulder sausage wall at the toe of the slide, catch water drain above crown of slide, sealing of cracks above the crown, construction of road side drain and plantation

24.5Km . from Damdim on Damdim-Algarah road
Fol:30 towards 3600, J1: 60 towards 180, J2: 50 towards 120

Partial blocking of road and the nal due to debris accumulation

Due to effect of sliding a part of the road bench of NH 55 has collapsed causing appreciable narrowing of the road width.
Rock bolting and providing toe support to the jointed rock blocks. Consideration may be made to construct a short tunnel to divert the road

Construction of bridge after adequate ground survey. Training of Pagla Jhora by construction of Chute drains and sausage wall. Easing of slope to remove overhanging boulders and debris. Retaining structure below the road.

NIM

Water management through construction of network of drainages and construction of boulder sausage walls invulnerable stretches.
Gully erosion through drainage system and sinking of groundmass due to high saturation initiating piping and toe erosion

Old slide zone down slope, arquate tension cracks developed down slope of road. Upslope unaffected,Possibly an old slide zone reactivated. A part of the road bench may fail later
Construction of contour parallel catch water drains/proper drainage system sealing of cracks and soil nailing. Adequate retaining structures below the road bench.

Slide associated with a damage of 1 m - 1&1/2 m wide and 48 m long road. Culvert oblique to the nala flow and width of culvert less than the river bed. Cracks developed on right bank, 70 m downstream of the culvert.
Culvert to be widened to avoid back flow / side erosion. Construction of Chute drain and Sausage wall to avoid toe erosion. Redesign surface drainage to avoid overflow on road bench
Excessive rainfall aggravated the slope condition

Development of cracks in the buildings and even total destruction of houses.
Training of the jhora corses, proper development sewerage system of the houses located in this part and total ban on further construction activity in this part.
Deep bank and channel erosion along the jhora courses during monsoon, it causes toe erosion of the buildings located along jhora banks, resulting development of cracks in the buildings.

Planar failure and highly jointed rockmass

UPPER KUWAPANI
Accumulation of slide debris on the road bench causing partial blockade of the road.
Easing of slope through remeoval of slide debris, preparation of benches between road level and crown of the slide. Construction of a sausage wall along the hill face of the road bench and construction of catch water drain

SLOPE towards 55┬¼/N100┬¼
Planar failure and highly jointed rockmass

Aforestation, Water pipe to be removed from distressed slope
One house damaged. Three houses partially damaged.
Heavy rainfall for two days oversaturated the clayey soil of deep reddish brown colour mixed with pieces of highly weathered & disintegrated quartz biotite gneiss

Blocking of water movement along jhora course.
Removal of accumulated slide debris from the jhora corse
Heasward and channel erosion along the jhora course.

25.5Km . from Damdim on Damdim-Algarah road

Paparkheti-I
Partial road block through accumulation of slide Debris/overburden
Retaining wall at the toe of the slide, hill side drain, plantation

SOUTH OF PHAPERKHETI
Road subsidence, crack in houses and distressing of slope
Proper network of drainage, maintenance of road side drains, aforestation with soil holding bushy tree plantation.

Nimgolai-I
Partial road block due to accumulation of slide debris/overburden
Construction of boulder sausage wall along the road bench in 2-3 steps at the slide and hill side drain
Reduction of shearing strength of debris/overburden due to saturation

21 km from Damdim-Algarah road

24 km from Damdim on Damdim-Algarah road
Fol:30 towards 160, J1: 50 towards 110, J2: 30 towards 160

Paparkheti-II
Construction of stepped boulder sausage wall from the toe region up to the road bench and construction of hillside drain
Piping of finer particles from debris/overburden mass due to subsurface flow

28.0Km. from Damdim on Damdim-Algarah road

Parparkheti-III
Reactivated old slide
Partial road block, cracks in upper road bench
Contruction of catch water drain above the crown of the slide, sealing of cracks, construction of gabion walls at the road bench in two steps, hill side drain and plantation

Partial road block, slope distressing in upper road
Contruction of catch water drain above the crown of the slide, sealing of cracks, construction of boulder gabion wall, hill side drain
Reduction of shearing strength at the interface between rock and debris/overburden mass

29.5Km. from Damdim on Damdim-Algarah road

29.0Km. from Damdim on Damdim-Algarah road

Phaperkheti
Maintenance of slope with suitable retaining wall with benches and proper drainage system.
Percolation of run-off water, partial toe-cutting by Chogey khola at an angle of 10 degrees.

Phaperkheti

Phaperkheti
Percolation of run-off water, partial toe-cutting by Chogey khola at an angle of 10°.

NORTH OF PHAPERKHETI
Fol:25 towards 340, J1: 70 towards 170 J2: 75 towards 100

Chibo-Pashyor slide,Kalimpong

Extensive cracks developed. Bulging of roadside parapet wall and twisting of railway line
Removal of debris, casing of slope, construction of boulder gabion wall at hill face, maintenance of toe drains

35 km from Damdim on Damdim-Labha-Algara road

34 km from Damdim on Damdim-Labha-Algara road

37.5km from Damdim on Damdim-Labha-Algara road

30.5 km. from Damdim on Damdim-Labha- Algara road
At 30.5 km. on Damdim-Labha- Algara road

30 Km. from Damdim on Damdim-Algarah road
At 30 Km. from Damdim on Damdim-Labha-Algarah road

SLOPE towards 60┬¼/115┬¼

38.5 km from Damdim on Damdim-Labha-Algara road

Partial road block and slope distressing in upper slope
Contruction of catch water drain above the crown of the slide, sealing of cracks, construction of boulder sausage wall in two steps from the toe of slide
Reduction of shearing strength at the interface between rock and debris/overburden mass

Partial road block and slope distressing in upper slope
Contruction of catch water drain above the crown of the slide, sealing of cracks, boulder sausage wall and plantation
Reduction of shearing strength at the interface between rock and debris/overburden mass due to saturation

Lava
Partial road block, devlopment of cracks, slope distressing both in up and down slopes
Contruction of retaining walll from the nala bed upto the road bench, sealing of cracks, slope distressing and plantation
Gully erosion and toe cutting by the nala

39.3km from Damdim on Damdim-Labha-Algara road
Located between Km. 39 & 40 on Damdim-Labha- Algarah-Gorubathan road

NEAR KUWAPANI

Partial road block due to accumulation of Debris/overburden, slope distressing in upper slope
Contruction of catch water drain above the crown of the slide, sealing of cracks, boulder sausage wall
Reduction of shearing strength at the interface between rock and debris/overburden mass due to saturation

41.0km from Damdim on Damdim-Labha-Algara road

Partial road block, slope distressing in upper slope
Dressing of distressed slope, construction of sausage wall and plantation
Reduction of shearing strength at the interface between rock and debris/overburden mass

WAY TO KUWAPANI
Accumuation of slide debris on road bench causing hinderance of vehicle movement.
Removal of slide debris to ease slope, construction of sausage walls at the hill face of the road and construction of a catch water drain above the crown of the slide.
Deep gully erosion within distressed slope where highly weathered phyllites are exposed. Moreover, sheet eroson are also taking place.

Partial road block, slope distressing in upper slope
Planar failure along joint due to reduction of shearing strength due to saturation

Initially total road bench destroyed causing total cut off of the road. Presently slow sinking of road bench czusing inconvenience in traffic movement.
Removal of loose slide debris, construction of a sausage wall along the left bank of Chel khola as toe wall of the slide and development of adequate drainage arrangement.
Oversaturation of the debris material and toe erosion

1 km from Lava towards Gorubathan

Lava-I
Partial road block, slope distressing both in upslope
Construction of sausuage wall along road bench, easing of slope and plantation
Reduction of shearing strength due to saturation

Trivenitol

Trivenitol
Absence of retaining wall at down contours. Cracks developed on the wall of house i.e. in right scar of slide.Settlement on old slide debris-covered area.
Proper base support with retaining wall with suitable benches, proper drainage system to arrest surface run-off.
Unplanned construction of house without proper treatment of basement on scree-covered overburden. The area is present on old slide debris zone.

Trivenitol
Cracks developed on wall of adjacent house. The area is present of old slide debris zone.
Unplanned construction of house without proper treatment of basement and absence of retaining wall on scree-covered overburden.

Lava Slide, 48.0 km from Damdim on Damdim-Labha-Algara road
Between Km. 48 & 49 on Damdim-Labha-Algarah road

45.5.0km from Damdim on Damdim-Labha-Algara road

Fol:40 towards 110, J1: 65 towards 290, J2: 80 towards 30, J3: 30 towards 290

Repairing of wall and breached part of the road

Plantation and development of drainage system

subsidence of nearly 1 m of part of tea garden garden
Development of drainage system and construction of retaining wall at slope cut and unstable slopes
High rainfall and absence of drainage system.

NOW SLIDE IS STABILISED

Chel bridge
Slide is adjacent to MCT
Rock bolting and shotcreting of the rock face, retaining wall at the toe of the slide and training of the Chel river covering the distressed area.
Distressing of right abutment of the bridge

MURTI
Reactivation of 14th mile landslide due to heavy rain

MURTI
Subsidence of 1 to 1.5 m. Seepage upslope of road bench.

MURTI
Catch drain, chute drain & retaining wall development
Rainfall, cracks and weak geolocial condition

Thode Slide 1

Chichu slide

Chisung Slide

Karung Slide

Karung Slide
Rainfall enhanced the reduction of shearing strength of overburden material which fell on the house and killed one person.
Improper retaining wall and poor drainage management

KIRING

KIRING
Both rock fall and slide simultaneously. If high rain fall persists, this area is highly vulnerable to slide.
Toe erosion by stream. Failure along weak joint/foliation plane of mica schist resulting in rock fall.

KIRING
Both slide and subsidence. Numerous cracks developed which vary in size (length 5 to 20 m, opening 5 to 20cm).
Sealing of cracks, Step and dry cultivation with proper drainage system, plantation of fast-growing grass/plants.

Fol:50 towards 50, J1: 80 towards 190, J2: 80 towards 30, J3: 80 towards 115
Part of tea garden has been affected by this slide

Road bench subsided & slide debri accumulated causing road blockade
Repairing of protection wall along road bench, Maintenance of roadside drain

Development of drainage system and construction of retaining wall
Excessive rainfall aggravated the slope condition

Part of tea garden has been affected by this slide

Excavation for protection wall caused the slide
Easing of slope, Repairing of hillside protection wall
Downslope failure due to excavation, heavy rain accelerated the problem

As reported by villagers, cracks were developed during 2003, Gayabari landslide (25 to 30m North of location 28).
Tea garden has been affected by this slide

Several debris slides along the roads and upslope
Soureni bazar to Toklan road damaged at several places.
Drainage system to arrest excess surface run-off and construction of retaining wall

Mica schist, Daling Group, Gorubathan Formation
Ground cracks developed where rain water percolated. Also. nala on adjacent side.

Mica schist, Daling Group, Gorubathan Formation
Area is geomorphologically piedmount slope consisting of older well compacted debris
Ground cracks developed where rain water percolated. Also, nala on adjacent side.

Mica schist, Daling Group, Gorubathan Formation
Slope destablized due to road cut and vicinity to stream in middle of zone

Construction of the Retaining wall & Rock bolting

Mamring

Slope daylighted and destablized due to road cut, failure plane is S0-50°:100°

Slope destablized due to road cut and slide zone is sheared

Slope destablized due to road cut along J1: 35°:050° plane

Pamdambhasmey

East Pendam

Pendam

Slope daylighted and destablized due to road cut along J1: 40°:N240° plane

Padamchey

Dhumtham village, Kashyem
Construction of a RCC toe retaining wall along river bank, shotcreting and guniting of the rock mass with water release holes and rock bolting in selective places where rock is competent.
A cmbination of planar-wedgw and toppling failure

RANIBUND

Slope daylighted and destablized due to road cut along J1: 25°:140° plane

Kashyem, Near Upper 12 Dhura
Huge mass wasting, loss of valuable orange orchads and tea plantation fields, destruction of vilage houses and road links with Karsyang town.
Easng of slope, preparation of benches at regular interval, construction of sausage walls with drainage arrangements at each bench, improvement of surface drainage and rock bolting and shotcreting in rocky faces.

Around 3km. north of Algarah

Algara-Monsong junction
Algara-Kalimpong-Monsong road junction on Algara-Kalimpong road
Construction of boulder sausage walls at the toe of the slide.

Upper Munsong on Algara-Rangpo road

Rangpo-Algara Road

Sinking of the road bench causing disruption of traffic movement.
Construction of sausage walls to act as spars at 30m interval for a stretch of 300m in length along the left bank of Chel river to restrict toe erosion

12 km on Algara-Munsong-Rangpo road
Dhobi Khola near village Kshyiem (12 km on Algara-Munsong-Rangpo road)

1.8 km from Algara on Algara-Rishi road

13.25 km from Algara on Algara-Rishi road

Old Landslide zone now used for rock quarry
0.46 km south of Dolep, Algara-Rishi Road
Now vegetated, cause of slide could not be inferred

12.5 km from Algara on Algara-Rishi road

Dalep subsidence
Occassional shooting and rolling boulders from the up hill slope and accumulation of slide debris on road bench and even partialbreaching of road bench along valley side.
Construction of catch water and chute drains, sausage and CRM walls at critical locations, retardation and toe wall at Tista bed level and shotcreting with drainage holes at exposed rock faces.
Sheet erosion of the weathered rock mantle along a steep hill slope during rainy season. Moreover, impingement of Tista river at the toe zone also induces distressing in the slope.

17km from Algara on Algara-Rishi road

RISHOP ROAD SLIDE
Falling of rock debris on the road bench and partial blocking of road bench.
Shotcreting of the rock face with water release holes and water management through construction of drains.
Falling down of weathered rock mantle from a steep hill slope during rainy season as sheet erosion.

At 3.5 Km. from Pedong on Pedong ΓêÜ Rhenok road

PEDONG ROADSUBSIDENCE
Translational / planar failure along rock-overburden contact

17.2 km on Algara-Rishi road

Rishi
Rishi near Sikkim-West Bengal boundary Kalimpong
Sub-division.

Rishi
Both rock fall and slide simultaneously. If high rain fall persists, this area is highly vulnerable to landslide.
Construction of concrete retaining wall to avoid toe cutting and nut bolting to arrest rock fall.
Toe erosion by nala. Failure along weak joint/foliation plane of mica schist resulting in rock fall.

Rishi
Rishi near Sikkim-West Bengal boundary Kalimpong Sub-division
Toe erosion by stream. Failure along weak joint/ foliation plane of mica schist resulting in rock fall.

Old landslide zone and side direction towards N40°
2.33 km southeast of Dolep, Algara-Rishi Road
Planer failure along S1 and Wedge failure along J1 & S1

RISHI SLIDE
Treatment of slope through weir mesh shotcreting with proper drainage system.

18 km from Algara on Algara-Rishi road

Mostly disturbance in downslope retaining wall. Cracks (N450E-S450W) found on road
Strengthening of toe protection wall with proper maintenance of drainage.

RISHI KHOLA SUBSIDENCE
Provision of slope protection wall with drainage.
Heavy rain caused road damage in the form of subsidence

Removal of slided materials,Maintenance of drains,
Heavy rainfall for two days,Gully erosion prominent

13 km on Pedong-Lava road from Pedong

Subsidence of road bench by 2m along 150m long road stretch
Training of the nala, construction of sausage walls in steps from the nala bank up to the lower part of road bench.

11 km on Pedong-Lava road from Pedong

Partial damage of road bench through development of cracks and blocking of road for about one month.
Highly weathered rock, steeply dipping valley-ward joint, presence of shear zones and development of high pore pressure due to heavy rain

Algara 5.5 km
Easing of slope, construction of sausage walls at the toe of the slide

12.3 km on Pedong-Lava road from Pedong

Partial road block, slope distress in upslope
Easing of slope, construction of boulder sausage walls in steps
Reduction of shearing strength due to saturation

Lava 2.5 km
2.5 km from Lava towards Algara on Lava, Algara road
Partial road block, slope distress in upslope
Construction of sausage walls covering the toe part, catch water drain and plantation

1 km from Lulegaon crossing towards Algara

Repairing of damaged parts, Maintenance of drains, Jhora training
Kitchen Room, Baranda, Toilet, Girder nala constructed in British period, lake pipe line damaged. Box nalas damaged, cracked and washed away by water force. Bottom road
Heavy rainfall caused the increase of jhora water and initiating slope failure

Clearance of slide debris, Provision of box culvert, Maintenance of road slide drains
Heavy rainfall for two days increased the S700W flowing nala water causing slide

Protection wall at the slide with drainage holes. Proper network of drainage, maintenance of road side drains.
One house damaged and cracks in few houses.

RETAINING WALL

Deorali-Lava Road

Lulegoan Cross-I
Partial road block, slope distress in upslope
Construction of sausage walls in steps, catch water drain and plantation

Lulegoan crossing
Partial road block, slope distress in upslope of Lulegaon road
Construction of retaining wall along the road bench, road side drains and plantation

0.5 km from Lava towards Algara

Lava ΓêÜ Lulegaon and Lava- Algara road crossing

Near Gitdubling

Kolbong/Nim basti
Rainfall enhanced the reduction of shearing strength of overburden material which fell on the house and killed one person.
Excess vertical toe-cutting of hill slope for house construction i.e. 3m without maintaining suitable slope results slope failure and adjacent cardamon cultivation.

Kolbong/Nim busty

Kolbong/Nim busty
On 1st July 2015, excess rainfall (226mm) enhanced the reduction of shearing strength of overburden material which fell on the house and killed one person.
Maintenance of slope with suitable retaining wall and proper drainage system.
Excess toe-cutting of hill slope for construction of house i.e. 3 m without maintaining suitable slope resulting in slope failure and cardamom cultivation.

Road and R/wall damage, crack in the up slope
Proper network of drainage, repair and maintenance of drains and retaining wall and sealing of cracks

Fol:45 towards 340, J1: 45 towards 90, J2: 65 towards 300, J3: 70 towards 200

8km on Lava-Lolegaon road

Deorali- Jhora-II

Pala Village, Pala- Deorali- Loegaon Road

12.2 km on Relli-Lolegaon road

14 km on Relli-Lolegaon road

MELLI ROAD

16 km on Relli-Lolegaon road

15 km on Pala- Deorali- Loegaon Road

MELLI ROAD
Potentially a vulnerable slide, if slide debris blocks the flow of Dudhia khola it will cut off villages located to its D/S to approach SH12A.

Deorali- Jhora

12.0 km on Pala-Lulegaon Road

MIRIK,KALIMPONG
Accumulation of slide debris on road bench causing temporary blockade of road bench.
Removal accumulated slide debris, easing of slope through benching, construction of catch water and road side drains, construction of sausage walls at road and intermediate benches and afforestation.
Wedge failure and sheet erosion along the slope due to effect of heavy surface drainage during rain.

5.5 km from Algara towards Lava

Lava - Algara Road

Algara 5 km
Partial road block and distressing of the slope
Easing of slope, construction of sausage walls at the toe of the slide

Algara-Rishi road

Algara 4.5 km
4.25km from Algara towards Lava, slide activity enlarging
100m stretch of road subsided by about 2m
Construction of boulder sausage walls in steps from the nala bank up to the bottom of the road bench. Sealing of cracks in the slope by impervious clay.
Deep gully erosion along the slope and toe cutting by the nala

4.5 km from Algara towards Lava

Algara 4.25 km
Construction of boulder sausage walls in steps from the nala bank up to the bottom of the road bench. Sealing of cracks in the slope by impervious clay.

4.25 km from Algara towards Lava

SOUTH MEDONG SUBSIDENCE
Sausage wall broken. Nearby road subsided for 10-12 Cm for 15 m stretch N200W-S200E trending crack noticed
Treatment of slope through weir meshes shotcreting with proper drainage system.
Heavy discharge along steep slope resulting fall of rock blocks

Located at Km. 62.5 from Damdim on Damdim-Labha road

Algara
Subsidence of 20m long road bench by about 2m
Construction of boulder sausage walls in steps from the nala bank up to the bottom of the road bench and sealing of cracks in the slope by impervious clay.
Deep gully erosion and toe erosion by the nala

ALGARA MARKET
Accumulation of loose rock blocks on road bench causing temporary blockade of rock.
Wire mesh shotcreting of the rock face with adequate drainage hole.

Algara market

Paiyung below Algara Bazar

Payung

ALGARA MARKET
Due to proximity of MCT rocks exposed are highly fractured in nature. After torrential rain sheet erosion took place along the steep hill slope.

Upper Payung

Uupper Dalapchand on Algara road

Sangsay

SANGSAR,KALIMPONG

Sagsey Phatak road

SANGSAR (NEAR BHAGEY VILLAGE),KALIMPONG

15th mile on Kalimpong-Algara road

Rock bolting, shotcreting and contruction of catch water and chute drain

Dalapchand
Reactivated old slide
About 9 km from Kalimpong on Algara-Kalimpong road
Construction of retaining walls, contour drain, chute drain and filling of cracks as short term remedial measures.

School building to be shifted, development of an extensive drainage network surrounding thw slide and afforestation.
Extensive damage to the Lilawati Primary Schoolbuilding and some houses in the adjoining area.
Heavy rain reduced the shearing strength of the debris covered material along with deep sheet erosion along the slope.

At Km.9 from Kalimpong on Kalimpong Algara road

Dalpchand-I, Algara - Kalimpong road

Kharey Khola on Kalimpong-Algara road

Old slide zone & subssidence along stream and its flanks.
Slope destablized due to road cut and reduction on supersaturation due to presence of straem at centre of subsidence zone

14 mile subsidence
Accumulation of loose black on road benches causing road blockade and subsidence of road bench for 10-15 cm
Treatment of slope through weir mesh shotcreting with proper drainage system.
Heavy discharge along steep slope resulting dislodging of rock blocks and subsidence of road

15 mile Kalimpong
Accumulation of sliide debris on the road bench causing partial blokade of it.
Shotcreting and rock bolting in the rocky slope. Easing of slope and construction of toe wall and drainage system in rest of the part. Bye pass of the slide zone through either construction of a short tunnel or an alternative road.

Upper 14th mile on Algara road

Upper Dalapchand
Reactivated old slide
Road, human agglomeration and moderate vegetation
Benches and retaining wallls, contour drains and filling of cracks

Culvert 24/5
Partial road block, damage of the existing retaining wall and distress in upslope
Strengthenig of the retaining wall, benching of the slope and training of jhora/nala
Reduction of shearing strength due to saturation and toe erosion by the nala

Benches and retaining wallls, contour drains and filling of cracks
Pore water pressure in the overburden material and reduction of shearing strength

Pagana Gumpha
Construction of retaining wall at the road bench, stepwise benching of the slope up to the base level of gumpha and providing sausage walls in the benches and sealing of cracks.

16th mile on Kalimpong-Algara road

LOWER SANTUK

11.8 km on Relli-Lolegaon road

10.5 km on Pala-Lulegaon Road

OLD SLIDE, NOW STABILISED
Planar failure and highly jointed rockmass

retaining wall and catch water drain on hill side along road

Proper network of drainage, maintenance of roadside drains, aforestation with soil holding bushy tree plantation.
Houses near crown developed minor distressing

Pala Bridge

Subsidence of road bench and development of open cracks on the road bench.
Construction of network of drainage arrangement.
Piping action of the overburden material after rainfall intiate soil ersoion and subsequent sinking.

Near junction of Sungbung and Pringtam road
Near Yok - Printam Village on Kalimpong-Sindebung road

Near Yok - Printam Village on Kalimpong-Sindebung road

It was reported that the cracks have been observed for the last 5-7 years.
Retaining wall and drainage development to arrest the surface run-off.
Steep slope cut without benching and absence of drainage system.

Plantation and development of drainage system
Movement of 1 to 2 m thick overburden material against the slope

At this location earlier small slide had taken place, which creates cracks from this point to Soureni Bazar slide

Filling of ground cracks with impervious layer and providing retaining wall
Development of cracks on the ground (15cm wide and 20m long crack near community hall).
Heavy rainfall and downward percolation of finer fractions

Accumulation of slide debris on the road bench causing partial blockade of the road.
Removal of debris to ease slope, training of nalas, construction of sausage walls along road bench, construction of drainage system and aforestation.
Headward and channel erosion along the existing water courses and partially sheet erosion along the slope.

Sinking and accumulation of slide debris on the road bench
Construction of spurs and sausage walls at river bed level, construction of a net work of chute and contour drains for water management.

2km from Kankebung on right bank of Menchu Khola

1-2m thick in-situ soil become unstable due to saturation and steep slope cut.
Benching of slope, concrete retaining wall and drainage development
Developed of Cracks 1yr. back and heavy rainfall

Kankebong

Development of drainage system and construction of retaining wall.

Debris avalanche along slope causing blockade of natural water channels and finally breaching of the blockades causing extensive damages to the labor settlements in downslope. It caused death of 23 persons and loss ofhuge properties.
Water management through costruction of a network of darinages and construction of boulder sausage walls in vulnerable identified stretches.
Translational / planar failure along rock-overburden contact

Pala-Samalbung road

heavy rainfall saturates the ground and fails against steep slope

Printam road,100m towards Yok

Developement of pore pressure due to heavy rain

Drainage system to arrest surface run-off and retaining wall along open faces of slope

Pala Yok road

Pudung village

Heavy subsidence and failure on road bench
Spurs using boulder saussages in the upstream of Chel River to check toe erosion, provision of Catch water, contour and horizontal drains.
Side and toe erosion of Chel River, supersaturation of overburden material

Kamjer on Pala-Lulegaon Road

Gairigaon, Bhamegaon
Both slide and subsidence; numerous cracks developed which vary in size(length 5 to 20m, opening 5 to 20cm)
Landslide along weak planes of weathered mica schist. It lies on old landslide scar.

Gairigaon, Bhamegaon

Numerous cracks developed which vary in size (length 5 to 20 m, opening 5 to 20cm). Old slide zone.
Sealing of cracks, Step and dry cultivation, plantation of fast-growing grass/plants with proper drainage system.
Gravitational slip and subsidence along weak planes of weathered mica schist.

6th Mile,

Debris consists of mainly weathered mica-schist(road bench as crown portion).
Toe cutting by stream. Steam is at 90° bend with respect to road where slide took place.

Toe cutting by nala, Nala is at 90° bend with respect to road where slide took place

Translational / planar failure along rock-overburden contact

Deorali, Near Riang 2Km milestone

KAMSE VILLAGE,KALIMPONG

Distressing in natural slope triggered by heavy antecedent rainfall.
Aforestation with soil holding bushy tree plantation and easing of slope by benching, jhora training.

Kalimpong City
Natural slope failure and initiation of first order stream

Deorali, Lower Bong basty

Bong Busty, Kalimpong

LOWER BONG BUSTY,KALIMPONG

Bong
Unplanned construction of culvert and area lies in sinking zone.
Toe cutting of slope by nala and unplanned construction of culvert which is oblique to nala flow direction.

Bong
Bong,
south east of Agriculture University, Kalimpong town

Bong
Area lies in sinking zone and debris are mostly weathered mica schist.
Bong, south-east of Agriculture University, Kalimpong town
Toe cutting of slope by stream and unplanned construction of culvert which is oblique to stream flow direction.

Bong,
south east of Agriculture University, Kalimpong town

LOWER BONG BUSTY (DAALGAON)

Lower Sindebung near Bhamegaon

The increasing run-off on the slope was due to increase in the paved area at the hill top.
Developmental activitity on top of the slope.

DUNGRA BUSTY

Sadudhara
Damage due to unplanned settlement.

Sadudhara
Damage due to unplanned settlement.
Rock bolting and concrete wall to arrest toe cutting.

Sadudhara

Bong Busty (Near Sadhu Jhora), Kalimpong

Loose, unconsolidated colluvium & sandy silty soil
Deep headward and lateral erosion by nala

BHALUKHOP SLIDE
Fol: 30 towards 170, J1: 80 towards 290, J2: 45 towards 35

Loose, unconsolidated colluvium & sandy silty soil derived from Phyllitic rock
Crown touched the foundation of Leprosy Hospital which is in danger.
Proper network of drainage, maintenance of roadside drains.
Uncontrolled drainage from hospital and heavy rainfall

Kalimpong City

Incessant rainfall had aggravated the slope condition

Lower Bhalukhop

SADAR BAZAR SLIDE

Active sinking area

Upper Bhalukop near Kalimpong

Chota Bhalukop near Kalimpong

BIOGAS PLANT SLIDE

Newer Gaon, Kalimpong

Incessant rainfall has aggravated the slope condition

Piping has aggravated the slope condition

Tirpai Bazar

Chisopani,

Chisapani
The slide has created a 1st order stream at run-off portion, Bhalukhop and road bench as crown portion interrupting road connectivity.
Slope failure due to rainfall and cultivation.

Chisopani
The slide has created a 1st order stream on the road interrupting road connectivity.
Construction of retaining wall/bench work with proper drainage to divert water from slide zone. Causeway has to be constructed on road.
Slope failure due to rainfall and cultivation.

Chisopani
Earthen, unlined drainage is too small to carry run-off water which percolates below road .
Proper concrete retaining wall and side drainage to divert water from slide zone.
Percolation of rain water below road de-stabilised the weak retaining wall due to lowering to shearing strength.

Chisapani,
Earthen, unlined drainage is too small to carry run-off water which percolates below road
Percolation of rain water below road de-stabilised the weak retaining wall due to lowering of shearing strength.

SHISHOPANI,TEERPAI,KALIMPONG

Sealing of cracks, training of Tirtiri nala and construction of retaining wall at toe level.
Collapse of wall and numerous crack in the dispensary

On Kalimpong - Rishi road within Kalimpong Municipal limit

Phyllite and phyllitic quartzite of Daling Group
On Kalimpong - Rishi road within Kalimpong Municipal limit
Development of network of drainage system surrounding the houses.
Saturation of the overburden cover slope

10th mile petrol pump
Mica schist and phyllite under thin debris/overburden cover
10.5 mile from chitre towards Algara on Chitre-Algara road
Retaining wall in steps and proper drainage arrangement in the distressed slope

Paddy cultivation in scree-covered and also unsound foundation of house.
Retaining wall with benches and proper drainage.
Scree covered area where cultivation and sudden downpour resulted in loss of shear strength of material.

Unsound foundation of house.
Scree covered area where storing of water on the cultivation and sudden downpour resulted in loss os shear strength of material.

TOPKHANA NEAR POST OFFICE

Below the Udaygram-Toongsung village,
Subsidece of the road bench causing inconvenience
Construction of a sausage wall along the hill fac*

Slope wash and colluvium consisting of coarse sandy soil (60%) and boulders of granite gneiss
The slide had generated severe cracks and active subsidence upslope.
Toe protection near nala banks, diversion of drainage away from slide, aforestation.

11 mile road subsidence
Mica schistand phyllite under thin debris/overburden cover
11mile from chitre towards Algara on Chitre-Algara road
Gully erosion, toe cutting by nala and piping through subsurface flow

Petro pump and adjacent house damaged
10.5 mile from Chitre towards Algara on Chitre-Algara road

10.5 mile from Chitre towards Algara on Chitre-Algara road

12.5 mile from Chitre towards Algara on Chitre-Algara road

Damage of retaining wall, partial road block and slope distress.

Jaksing village, Pandoo GP, Kurseong Block

Provision of protection wall at downslope and training
House of Shri Kumar Gurung destroyed. Cracks formed extensively in the house

Pudung 12.5 mile
Mica schist and phyllite under thin soil cover
12.5 mile from chitre towards Algara on Chitre-Algara road, slide widening
Partial road blocked and damaged of retaining wall
Strengthening of the existing retaining wall and nala training

Algara - Kalimpong road

Bhatte Khola
Mica schist and phyllite under thin debris/overburden cover
5 km from Kalimpong towards Algara on Chitre-Algara road

Road bench and the entire village damaged

Mahakal Dara near Kalimpong

Repairing of breached and subsided part of road, Maintenance of roadside drain, Provision of slope protection wall

Highly jointed Schists/ Phyllites of Daling Group
Minor road blockade; NH-31A road bench ~150m towards valley side got subsided ~1.5m
42.30 km from Sevok on NH-31A towards Gangtok
Breast wall on hillside of the road bench; proper drainage arrangement by repairing and maintaining the lined road side drains.Cross drainage structures in Teesta bank to lessen the effect of toe erosion.

NH-31A 42.30 km from Sevok towards Gangtok
42.30 km from Sevok on NH-31A towards Gangtok

NH-31A 41.75 km from Sevok towards Gangtok
41.75 km from Sevok on NH-31A towards Gangtok

NH-31A 40.25 Km from Sevok(Tiger Bridge) towards Gangtok

NH-31A 40.60 km from Sevok towards Gangtok
Accumulation of slide debris on NH-31A and subsidence of road bench
Strengthening of slope protection wall with drainage

Kashyem, Near Upper 12 Dhura

Road bench

Sinking of road about 3-4m along 20m road stretch

Road blockade by fallen debris
Construction of culvert, if needed, to allow the passage of debris flow

Road blockade by fallen debris from debris slide and flow from up slope and ~200m road stretch towards valley side failed
Road retaining structure, Cross drainage structure to lessen the effect of toe erosion of Teesta, Repair and maintenance of roadside drains. This is the worst affected stretch of NH-31A in between Melli and Rangpoh sector and this slide needs detailed in

NH-31A 40 km from Sevok(Tiger Bridge) towards Gangtok

Colluvium (thin cover of loose, unconsolidated) over wethered Schists/ Phyllites colluvium
Road blockade by fallen debris
Construction of culvert, if needed, to allow the passage of debris flow

Road blockade by fallen debris
Breast wall, repair and maintenance of roadside drain

NH-31A 37.95 km from Sevok (Tiger Bridge) towards Gangtok
37.95 km from Sevok (Tiger Bridge)on NH-31A towards Gangtok
Falling of huge rock blocks (a combination of wedge, planar and toppling failure) and total wash out of the road bench.
Easing of slope through removalof loose rock blocks, rock bolting and wire mesh shot creting having water release holes. Sealing of all cracks surrounding the slide periphery and within it.
A combination of planar, wedge and toppling failure within the highly jointed partially weathered rock mass. Water stauration has aggravated the situation.

NH-31A 38.8 km from Sevok (Tiger Bridge) towards Gangtok
38.8 km from Sevok (Tiger Bridge)on NH-31A towards Gangtok
Rolling and shooting boulders from top causing road blockae
Removal of slide debris to ease slope, preparation of four benches within crown and road bench, conversion of rain gullies into stepped chute drains, construction of catch water drain.
Deep sheeted gully erosion along the water courses through the distressed zone initiated mass movement and toppling failure within the highly jointed rock blocks.

38.8 km from Sevok (Tiger Bridge)on NH-31A towards Gangtok
Construction of culvert, if needed, to allow the passage of debris flow

39.9 km from Sevok(Tiger Bridge) on NH-31A towards Gangtok
Road retaining structure, Cross drainage structure to lessen the effect of toe erosion, Repair and maintenance of roadside drains

NH-31A 39.9 km from Sevok(Tiger Bridge) towards Gangtok
39.9 km from Sevok(Tiger Bridge) on NH-31A towards Gangtok

47.5 km from Sevok(Tiger Bridge) on NH-31A towards Gangtok

7.5 km on Algara-Munsong-Rangpo road

Barmek

At Km. 3.5 on Rangpo-Payong road

NH55 At Km. 25.5 from Darjeeling on NH 55

Lower Mansong

20 km on Algara-Rangpo road

23 km on Algara-Rangpo road

Chlorite sericite schist, Daling Group, Gorubathan Formation
Slide aslo obsersed on opposite bank of river, slide down contour below road and part of road damaged with subsidence

Chlorite sericite schist, Daling Group, Gorubathan Formation

Joint Plane failure & Toe erosion by nala

Breast wall with provision of drainage holes,repair and maintenance of roadside drains

Phyllites of Daling Group, with joints and cleavages
Falling of slide debris and its accumulation on road bench. Slow subsidence of the road bench.
Easing of slope, preparation of bench and berms, constructon of sausage wall along the hill side of road bench, development of network of drainage and construction of spurs at river bed level.
Toe erosion by Tista River and sheet erosion along the distressed slope due to heavy rain.

37.6 km from Sevok (Tiger Bridge) on NH-31A towards Gangtok
Breast wall with provision of drainage holes, repair and maintenance of roadside drains

NEAR KIRNEY BAZAR,MELLI ROAD

Crack on pier

NH-31A 33 km from Sevok(Tiger Bridge) towards Gangtok

Road damaged
Breast walls on uphill side after providing suitable berms and benches, drainage arrangements etc.
Loose unconsolidated overburden losing shear strength on supersaturation during monsoon with toe erosion due to road cutting

NH-31A 33.15 km from Sevok(Tiger Bridge) towards Gangtok

Minor road blockade, valley side road bench damaged for ~10m
33.40km from Sevok(Tiger Bridge) on NH-31A towards Gangtok

NH-31A 33.40km from Sevok(Tiger Bridge) towards Gangtok
33.40km from Sevok(Tiger Bridge) on NH-31A towards Gangtok

NH-31A Melli Slide-I

Phyllite, quartzite and phyllitic quartzite of Daling Group
Sinking of the road bench and accumulation of slide debris on the road bench.
Construction of toe retaining wall to check subsidence of the groundmass and construction of network of drainage.
Toe erosion by Tista river, sheet erosion along the slope.

Minor road blockade
Breast wall and repair of roadside drain

MELLI ROAD NEAR BAZAR

34.63 km from Sevok (Tiger Bridge) on NH-31A towards Gangtok

MUNICIPALITY WARD NO.17, ORIGIN OF RAJA JHORA

NH-31A 34.90 km from Sevok(Tiger Bridge) towards Gangtok
Rolling and shooting boulders from top causing road blockae
Easing of slope, construction of benches and sausage walls along the benches and afforestation

NH-31A 35.05 km from Sevok (Tiger Bridge) towards Gangtok
35.05 km from Sevok (Tiger Bridge) on NH-31A towards Gangtok
Appreciable sinking of the road bench along with considerable lateral displacement in case of heavy to very rainfall, causing total destruction of the road bench.
Construction of a netwrork of drainage arrangement for draining out of all surface and sub surface run off and sealing of all cracks.

Minor road blockade
Breast wall with provision of drainage holes

Falling of disjointed rock block along with debris material along a steep slope on the road bench causing total road blockade.
Removal of slide debris to ease slope preparartion of two to three intermediate benches between crown and road level, construction of catch water drain, contour darins along the benches, chute drains at both the ends of the slide and plantation.

NH-31A Melli slide-II
Deep and long Crack on road and subsidence along crack

Due to triggering of slide stability of the forebay structure came in question
Construction of catch water drain, 3 cascading chute drains, construction of berms at 10m interval from crown with hll sidedrains and construction of two sausage walls at EL 1440m and 1430 and plantation along the entire hill face.

Rolling boulders along the stream course used to damage any structure built across this stream.
Training of left bank Sarju khla, construction of some check walls between crown and road level and construction of a deep culvert on this khola.
Both headward and channelerosion along the khola course.

2 km from Kalimpong town towards Algara
This slide has caused extensive damage to the village road and totally washed out one culvert.
Training of both the Jhoras,construction of toe wall,hill side diversion of road bench

Extensive damage to the existing road benches, causeway and guard walls.
Jhoras to be properly trained, construction of guard walls and afforestation.
Headward and channel erosion during rainy season by the jhoras flowing in this area.

Leprosy Hospital near Kalimpong
Natural slope failure and initiation of first order stream

Slightly thick slope wash and old slide debris
Part of Alubari road for 80m stretch completely damaged; road is closed; one 2 storied house (of Mr. Narahari Limbu) and another one storied Kuccha house is destabilized and risky for habitation.
Monitoring of cracks and failure in the houses of Alubari-Phulbari village below and proper drainage arrangement through construction of a lined road side drain on Alubari road covering at least 100m on either side of the subsided zone.

Competent granite gneiss and thin slope wash
This is a big rock slide south of Alubari-Phulbari village and Alubari road sinking zone; Village road and forest on slope are destroyed
South of Alubari-Phulbari village, just below Alubari road
Diversion of surface run off along the roadside drain away from the slide zone,Vegetation on slope.

Poor drainage upslope, presence of village.

Nushrigaon

NURSERY GAON,8 MILE, KALIMPONG

Fol: 45 towards 340, J1: 45 towards 90, J2: 65 towards 300, J3: 70 towards 200

Retaining wall with proper drainage system/chute drains to divert drainage water from slide zone.
Retaining wall failure due to percolation of drain water which resulted in loss shearing strength of overburden material. Foundation of retaining wall disturbed due to cultivation at down contours.

Road bench as crown portion of slide.
Retaining wall failure due to percolation of drain water from road bench, which resulted in loss of shearing strength of overburden material. Foundation of retaining wall disturbed due to cultivation at down contours.

8th Mile,

Salikhop (8th Mile) near Kalimpong

Piping and toe erosion has aggravated the slope condition

7 MILE, KALIMPONG

Check walls on Lepcha Jhora to arrest movement of debris, spurs in the u/s in Tista bank to check toe erosion

Benching on slope, Roadside drain on NH55
1 two story house, 1 kitchen, 1 cowshed damaged

PRATHMIK SWASTHA KENDRA, KALIMPONG

BELOW CHURCH, OC JHORA

PYRENI JHORA SUBSIDENCE

CHIBBO (OC JHORA)

Chhibo Busty

Chhibo basti
Subsidence of 1m to 1.5m. Seepage upslope of road bench.
House damaged with wall cracks, vicinity to subsidence zone.
Toe-cutting by stream, rain water percolation and discharge failure of V-drain.

Chhibo Busty
On 1st July 2015, excess rainfall (226mm) enhanced the reduction of shearing strength of overburden material which fell on the house and killed one person.
Toe support by construction of concrete retaining wall and channelized drainage water by box channel on the road side.
Toe-cutting by Jhor khola, rain water percolation and failure of V-drain.

Beena Khatri house

Foliation in weathered schists/ Phyllites is low dipping into the hill; valley parallel planar joint acts as failure surface. Contact of rock and overburden is the failure plane.
Village road differentially subsided and damaged.
Subsidence and cracks in agricultural land.
Proper network of drainage, maintenance of roadside drains, aforestation with soil holding bushy tree plantation, filling of cracks, toe protective structures along nala. The entire slope is highly distressed and needs detailed study.

Kalimpong City
Road bench ~25 m failed; road becomes narrow
Retaining structure (boulder gabions) from river bed up to road bench; the retaining structure needs to be founded on rock.Repair and maintenance of hill side lined drain on NH-31A

Road Block and distressing of slope
Proper network of drainage, repair and maintenance of drains and retaining wall at toe level.

NH-55, just below the Goethals School play ground
Road vlocked due to accumulation of debris.
Maintenance of the drain at crown near Goethals School playground and roadside breast wall for toe protection of the landslide.

Loose, unconsolidated colluvium and landslide debris
Damage to road bench and retaining structure. Sinking of the road.
Proper network of drainage, maintenance of road side drains, aforestation with soil holding bushy tree plantation. Boulder gabions at the toe of the slide and toe protective structures along nala. The entire slope is highly distressed and needs detailed
Active gulley, toe & side channel erosion.

As the slide is located away from National Highway it is not sreating any trouble to road bench.

Strengthening of road, retaining structure with proper drainage arrangements

NH-55near Goethals School

EAST MAIN ROAD KALIMPONG

NH-55, just below the Goethals School play ground

Due to two small translational debris slides, both the abutments of Lepchajhora bridge are severely damaged
Repair of retaining walls on the abutments; training of Lepcha Jhora

NEAR DIV CHOWK

The entire village and main road affected.
Weak planes in jointed rock aggravated by excessive rainfall during monsoon.

SEVOK ROAD

Colluvium/ debris and weathered schist/ phyllite
Road bench severely damaged and a perennial trouble spot on NH-31A in recent monsoons
Slides needs to be tackled in the up slope regions though construction of proper drainage arrangements, retaining walls (boulder gabion types) and training of the stream course. This slide needs detailed mapping and investigations

Road blockage

NH-31A _24.9 km (near Geilkhola bridge) from Sevok(Tiger Bridge) towards Gangtok

Accumulation of slide debris on road bench causin*
Removal accumulated slide debris, easing of slope*
Wedge failure and sheet erosion along the slope due to effect of heavy surface drainage during rain.

Road bench and village sinking

NH-31A Lukuvir slide from Sevok(Tiger Bridge) towards Gangtok
Natural slope failure and initiation of first order stream

NH-31A 26.30 km from Sevok(Tiger Bridge) on owards Gangtok

Minor road blockade

Weathered and fractured phyllite/ schist of Daling Group
Rock fall zone
Wire mesh shotcreting and anchoring with provision of drainage holes. Repair and maintenance of road side drain. Construction of retaining structure from river bed below after founding the retaining structure over bedrock through anchoring. Cross drainag

Road bench affected

Phyllites and interbands of phyllite and quartzite of Daling Group
As the slide is located away from National Highway it is not creating any trouble to road bench.
Toe erosion by Tista river. Deep gully and sheet erosion. Within the rocky parts planar failure is dominant.

3 miloe Pashyor

Lower Pashyer near 3rd mile Kalimpong

5 MILE SLIDE

4th mile
4 mile from Chitre towards Algara on Chitre-Algara road
Cracks developed on both upper and lower level roads
Construction of retaining wall at the toe of the slide with proper drainage and sealing of the cracks
Planar failure along joint due to reduction of shearing strength

Chitre Junction
Road damaged due to development of subsidence cracks
Retaining wall at the lower road bench with proper drainage system
Piping of finer material through subsurface flow

Clayey overburden underlain by phyllites dipping 40 towards S70W (towards valley)
Heavy sinking of road bench
Check walls on Lepcha Jhora to arrest movement of debris, spurs in the upstream of Tista bank to check toe erosion
Loose unconsolidated overburden losing shear strength on supersaturation during monsoon with toe erosion by Tista

Road fill material and colluvium,bedrock is available at shallower depth (<3-4m)
Road bench ~25m failed; road becomes narrow
Retaining structure (boulder gabions) from river bed up to road bench; the retaining structure needs to be founded on rock. Repair and maintenance of hill side lined drain on NH-31A

Due to two small translational debris slides, both the abutments of Lepchajhora bridge are severely damaged
Lepchajhora, 30.10 km from Sevok (Tiger Bridge) on NH-31A towards Gangtok
Repair of retaining walls on the abutments; training of Lepcha Jhora

NH-31A Lepchajhora from Sevok(Tiger Bridge) towards Gangtok
Lepchajhora, 30.10 km from Sevok(Tiger Bridge) on NH-31A towards Gangtok

Chitrey (near Kalimpong road crossing)

NH-31A 30 km from Sevok(Tiger Bridge) towards Gangtok
This slide has caused extensive damage to the Bijanbari road and caused damage to some houses within the tea estate.
Training of both the Jhoras,construction of toe wall,hill side diversion of road bench

Near Peshoke bridge

Teesta bazar
Requirement of proper drainage system on road side
Percolation of runoff rainwater below road bench results loosing shearing strength of the material.

Teesta bazar

Near Peshoke bridge
Settlement over abandoned nala, Ground cracks observed(L-5mts with slip 1mt). Peshoke river direction-110°. Slope direction 40° towards 20°
Unplanned settlement over abandoned nala result loosing of shearing strength of overburden material.

Near Peshoke bridge
Settlement over abandoned nala, Ground cracks observed (L-5m with slip 1m). Peshoke river direction-110°. Slope direction 40° towards 20°
Proper drainage to arrest rain water percolation and retaining wall.
Unplanned settlement over abandoned nala result loosing of shearing strength of overburden material.

NH-31A Tista Bridge slide

Simgbong Division Road, Glenbern T.E.

Road leading to Simbong village was heavily damaged and was under the threat of rock fall hazard. Ensemble of two big rock slides made this zone really vulnerable for future rock fall hazards.
Diversion of drainage away from the crown of these two slides. Close monitoring and care during monsoon, diversion of road.

Road leading to Simbong village was heavily damaged and was under the threat of rock fall hazard. Proposed remedial measures may be costlier due to village road.
Box culvert away from hill side at road bench so that culvert is not damaged by debris flow.

Simgbong Division Road, Glenbern T.E

Around 8km. West of Darjeeling town (near to Lebong)
Sinking and ultimately total wash out of the road bench causing temporary cut off of the project site.
A new road alignment was proposed to by pass the distressed zone. Moreover, a net work of drainage was developed, a number of benches and berms developed to ease slope, sausage walls constructed from river bed level up to the road level etc.

Fol: 55 towards 220, J1: 30 towards 100, J2: 60 towards 110

Gumpa Monastery, Upper Gurpisey
Phyllite covered with debris of fine matrix
NA (covered with thick soil cover)
Failure plane: N50°E/40°SE
The failure was initiated early in the morning at around 02.00 hrs. Tragedy struck due to torrential rainfall over the past 24 hours. This caused loss of 03 human lives, injuries to 02 people and damages of property (Fig.1). A field visit was made to the
The slide is of small magnitude as compare to other slides of the area. But due to sudden and rapid movement of earth material in the night time, casualty of three children of a family took place.
State Highway (Namchi-Damthang Road, South Sikkim)
Initially the failure plane was covered with plastic sheet by the local people to avoid further penetration of water. However, proper drainage and retaining wall are suggested
Combination of factors like pore water pressure and reduction of strength on super- saturation, and unplanned cutting of slope

Dolomitic quartzite, Daling Group, Bauxa Formation
Road damaged

Micaceous polymictic sandstone, Gondwana SuperGroup, Damuda Formation

Malbasley

Barakheley Dara

Phuchenbong

Rishithang

Gumpa Dara

Construction of the Retaining wall and Rock bolting

Lower Timburbung

Tharpu
Construction of the Retaining wall andSlope modification

Slope cutting for road construction and Drainage

Siktam

Lower Siktam

At around 1.5km from Forebay on Forbay Linsebong road
SLIDE SLOPE towards 280┬¼
At around 1.5km from Forebay towards Linsebong on Forebay-Linsebong road

Granite Gneiss of Central Crystalline Gneissic Complex
Due to triggering of slide stability of the forebay structure came in question
At Forebay location of Rammam Hydel Project Stage_II
Construction of catch water drain, 3 cascading chute drains, construction of berms at 10m interval from crown with hll sidedrains and construction of two sausage walls at EL 1440m and 1430 and plantation along the entire hill face.
Slide initiated due to removal of toe support during excavation of forebay bench. After that sliding tookplace along the contact plane of rock and overburden and cntact between two different type of soils.

Breast wall with provision of drainage holes,

Breast wall with provision of drainage holes,Repair and maintenance of roadside drains

At Forebay location of Rammam Hydel Project Stage_II

Granite Gneiss of Central Crystalline Gneissic Complex
Sinking and ultimately total wash out of the road bench causing temporary cut off of the project site.
Near Barahatta village, on project road connecting Rammam Hydel Project Stage-II
A new road alignment was proposed to by pass the distressed zone. Moreover, a net work of drainage was developed, a number of benches and berms developed to ease slope, sausage walls constructed from river bed level up to the road level etc.
Toe erosion along with deep gully erosion along major rain gullies and loss of shear strength of the overburden material initiated movement within the thick overburden material.

At around 2.5km from Forebay towards Intake on Forebay-Intake road of Rammam Hydel Project Stage-*
At around 2.5km from Forebay towards Power house on Forebay-Power house road of Rammam Hydel Project Stage-II

Falling of slide debris and its accumulation on road bench. Slow subsidence of the road bench.
Easing of slope, preparation of bench and berms, constructon of sausage wall along the hill side of road bench, development of network of drainage and construction of spurs at river bed level.

At around 2.8km from Forebay towards Intake on Forebay-Intake road of Rammam Hydel Project Stage-*
At around 2.8km from Forebay towards Power house on Forebay-Power house road of Rammam Hydel Project Stage-II

Granite Gneiss of Central Crystalline Gneissic Complex
At around 4.5km from Linsbong on Linsebong-Forebay road of Rammam Hydel Project Stage-II
Easing of slope, construction of benches and sausage walls along the benches and afforestation
Planar failure along the contact between rock and overburden contact due to loss of shearing strength of the overburden material after saturation.

At around 3.9 km from Forebay towards Intake on Forebay-Intake road of Rammam Hydel Project Stage*
At 3.9km from Forebay towards Power house on Forebay-Power house road of Rammam Hydel Project Stage-II

Both rock fall and slide simultaneously. If high rain fall persists, this area is highly vulnerable to slide.
Construction of concrete retaining wall to avoid toe cutting and nut bolting to arrest rock fall.

Rolling boulders along the stream course used to damage any structure built across this stream.
On Linsebong-forebay road (near to Linsebong) of Rammam Hydel Project Stage-II
Training of left bank Sarju khla, construction of some check walls between crown and road level and construction of a deep culvert on this khola.
Both headward and channelerosion along the khola course.

At around 4.5km from Linsbong on Linsebong-forebay road of Rammam Project
Slide SLOPE towards N260┬¼
At around 4.5km from Linsbong on Linsebong-Forebay road of Rammam Hydel Project Stage-II
Wedge as well as planar failure due to road cutting

At around 4.5km from Linsbong on Linsebong-forebay road of Rammam Project
At around 4.5km from Linsbong on Linsebong-Forebay road of Rammam Hydel Project Stage-II

Car point slide

RISHOP ROAD SLIDE

On Linsebong-forebay road of Rammam Project
On Linsebong-forebay road (near to Linsebong) of Rammam Hydel Project Stage-II

Breast wall with provision of drainage holes, if necessary

Sinking of the road bench and shooting of boulders from top causing disruption of traffic movement.
On Barahatta-Lodhama-Linsebong road approaching Rammam Hydel Project Stage-II site.
Construction of a series of breast walls from the Lodhama river bed (toe of the slide) up to the road bench, construction of contour drains and catch water drains.
Toe erosion by Lodhama khola and high saturation of slope formig material initiates sliding along the contact plane of rock and overburden.

Already present retaining wall is damaged

Darjeeling-Bijanbari Road, Kali Tea Garden 3

Darjeeling-Bijanbari Road, Maribong Tea Garden

Tea garden affected

Darjeeling-Bijanbari Road, Maribong Tea Garden Factory

Breast wall, repair and maintenance of roadside drain

Fol:20 towards 60, J1: 70 towards 60 J2: 45 towards 220

Darjeeling-Bijanbari Road_Barbatia village
Area lies in sinking zone and debris are mostly weathered mica schist.
Toe cutting of slope by stream and unplanned construction of culvert which is oblique to stream flow direction.

Big boulders of gneissic rock embedded in fine grained pale greyish brown silty to sandy soil
Bridges breached, stair case of Ganga Maiya Guest House heavily damaged, boats for riding broken, Children Park, fountain & dancing floor damaged
Repairing of breached bridge, broken stair & other damaged parts, Training of Park Garden nala, filling of cracks
Heavy rainfall caused deep channel & headward erosion along nala courses and initiated sheet erosion along the slope, causing rolling down of debris material from upslope

Darjeeling-Bijanbari Road, Ganga Maiya Park

Heterogeneous mixture of coarse sandy soil with rock fragments of different shape and size
Provision of retaining wall along the uphill slope of the building
Heavy rainfall caused lowering of shearing strength of overburden material and initiated piping action causing slope failure

Lizahill Tea Garden

Darjeeling-Bijanbari Road_Chongtong Tea Garden
Within Chontong Tea Estate on way to Bijanbari from Darjeeling
Retaining wall with proper chute drain to arrest water percolation from slide zone
Fault zone nearby, day lighting of joint sets and toe cutting by the river

Deep and long crack on road and subsidence along crack

Darjeeling-Bijanbari Road_Pul bazar

Breast walls on uphill side after providing suitable berms and benches, drainage arrangements etc.

Provision of retaining wall along the uphill slope of the building
Heavy rainfall caused lowering of shearing strength of overburden material and initiated piping action causing slope failure

Breast wall and repair of roadside drain

Minor road blockade;Valley side road bench damaged ~10m

Sinking of the road bench and accumulation of slide debris on the road bench.
Construction of toe retaining wall to check subsidence of the ground mass and construction of network of drainage.

Carbon sericite phyllite of Daling Group
Falling rock blocks has damaged the houses of the locatlity and blocking of road.
At Gok bustee on Darjeeling-Naya Bazar road
Construction of network of drainage arrangement.
Planar and toppling failure of the weathered rock mass.

Darjeeling-Naya Bazar Road, Gok bustee
SLIDE SLOPE towards 160┬¼, SLIDE ON OBSEQUENT SLOPE i.e. OBSEQUENT SLOPE
At Gok bustee on Darjeeling-Naya Bazar road

Bijanbari-Gok Road, Gok Village

14 mile subsidence

Bijanbari-Gok Road, Parbong Village

Fol: 40 towards 130, J1: 30 towards 290 ,J2: 70 towards 300

Fol: 60 towards 160, J1: 30 towards 10, J2: 80 towards 275

15km. North of Darjeeling town on Darjeeling-Naya bazar road

15km. North of Darjeeling town on Darjeeling-Naya bazar road
Developmemt of network of drainage system, divesion of existing swerage drains, sealing of cracks, preparation of benches and construction of sausage walls along the benches and berms.
Due to effect of heavy rainfall slumping took place in the ground mass for loss of shear strength and piping action within the slope forming material.

Roy Villa, Darjeeling-Lebong Road, below Raj Bhavan

Leobng Road towards Darjeeling, byside

Phoobtshering T.E. Road (M.S. Road)

Chotta Pattabong, Kanchanview

Chotta Pattabong Rightside of Lebong Cart Road towards Lebong

Hermitage slope. Below Saradeswari Girls High School

Community Hall near Priya TamangΓò₧s House

Santi Parbat near H/O Shri Mahendra Thapa

Santi Parbat near house of S.Sarki

Santi Parbat near house of R.D.Rai

Santi Parbat P.O. North Point, Near Singhamari

Cracks developed on wall of adjacent house. The area is present on old slide debris zone.
Proper drainage system to arrest surface run-off water, foundation/ base support with retaining wall and suitable benches.

Rainban area Singhamari near house of James Gurung
Reddish brown sandy soil alongwith boulder

Singhamari

Santi Parbat near house of Basant Ghising
Blockade of total road bench of NH 55 due to accu*
Construction of a bridge with proper foundation o*

8 No. Village, Singrimtam G.P., Glenbern T.E

Ropeway, Bara Pattabong
Sausage wall to be constructed on the right bank *
Oversaturation of slope , Culvert at oblique angle to the nala flow

Adjacent to Sundhara Gaon within Darjeeling Municipal jurisdiction.
Development of gaping cracks within the houses and thus damaging of the houses.
i) Training of both the Jhoras, ii) Sealing of all visible cracks in the ground and iii) Any further construction of buildings should be made away from the Jhora banks.
Channel erosion of the nals/Jhoras which are encircling the distressed slope. Moreover reduction of shearing strength of the slope forming material after saturation and simultaneously increase pore water pressure also induces instability to the slop*

New slide and had damaged substantial amount of cultivated land of the village. One person died in the incident.
Adjacent to Sundhara Gaon within Darjeeling Municipal jurisdiction.
Easing of the slope by benching and construction of a breast wall along the slope break.
Loss of toe support as a result of excavation for a trench in the toe part.

Landslide on 29th june at 6pm

Nimkidhara, (3km. from Ghum Railway station towards Darjeeling

Landslide on 29th June at 6pm
Nimkidhara, 3km from Ghum Railway station towards Darjeeling
Partial blockage of road and railway line
Rainfall reduces cohesion of the material and day-lighting of joint sets resulted in slope failure

Mangalpuri Gram ward no. 17, victoria road

Landslide on the night of 6th July, 2015. Slopewash material moved.
Mangalpuri Gram ward no. 17, victoria road

Landslide on 6th july night. Slopewash material moved
Mangalpuri Gram ward no. 17, victoria road

Jalapahar-Kotwali Cantonment

Alubari

Jalapaher Gandhi Road
Reddish brown coloured silty sand, gritty in nature

Lower Bhutia Busty

Pokhridara

Pandam Tea Estate,near House of Bikash Rai, Kulungdara village

Pandam Tea Estate, Kulungdara village

Harsing Hatta, Lebong on Badamtam TE road

Lower part of Pandim T.E., Darjeeling above Factory

Alubari-Phulbari village, just below of Alubari road
South of Alubari-Phulbari village, just below of Alubari road
Wire mesh shotcreting and anchoring with provision of drainage holes. Repair and maintenance of road side drain. Construction of retaining structure from river bed below after founding the retaining structure over bedrock through anchoring. Cross drainag

Within Nimkidhara village, 4km. From Darjeeling Town
This slide has caused extensive damage to the cardamom plantation.
Easing of the slpe through widening of the natural break in slopes and ii) Toe protection of the slide through construction of guide wall along the left bank of the nala.

Within Nimkidhara village, 4kms from Darjeeling Town
Easing of slope through preparation of benches between toe and crown of the slide, construction of hill side drains along each bench.
one house completely damaged, some houses partially damaged.
Loss of shearing strength of slope mass after saturation which initiated sliding.

Slide occured below road bench. Roadside wall damaged. House over the slide crown was in danger due to landslide.
Afforestation, evacuation of people from the house above slide crown, removal of slide debris, repair of guard wall.

Filing of road cracks, maintenance of road side drains, removal of slide debris, repair of slope protection wall.
Slope protection wall and bottom parapet wall damaged.

Nehru Gram

Landslide on 27th June 2015

Alubari Mangar Gaon

Landslide on 27th June 2015
Retaining wall at top of slide and should be placed over intact rock present there

NH55 Tiger Hill, Jor Bungalow
Caused by first heavy rainfall in May,2015

Rangol Village
Caused by first heavy rainfall in July,2016

Rongbul Kothidara Slide v 1
Unsound foundation of house.
Rongbul Kothidara Slide, just below the NH55 road bench
Retaining wall with benches and proper drainage to arrest surface runoff water.

Rongbul Ropeway Slide
Damage due to unplanned settlement.
Rock bolting and concrete wall to arrest toe cutting.

Rongbull sidaline
Caused by first heavy rainfall in July,2016

SidhaLine NH55

Water pipe, road bench and retaining wall damaged

Darjeeling-Bijanbari Road, Kali Tea Garden 1

Fol:20 towards 310, J1: 70 towards 110 J2: 80 towards 350
Road blockade by fallen debris from debris slide and flow from up slope and ~200m road stretch towards valley side failed
Road retaining structure, Cross drainage structure to lessen the effect of toe erosion of Tista, Repair and maintenance of roadside drains. This is the worst affected stretch of NH-31A in between Melli and Rangpoh sector and this slide needs detailed geo

Water pipe damaged

Darjeeling-Bijanbari Road, Kali Tea Garden 2

Both slide and subsidence (Weathered gneiss)
Maintenance of slope with suitable retaining wall with benches and proper drainage system.

Development of gaping cracks within the houses and thus damaging of the houses.
Adjacent to Sukhipokhri Tea Estate on Arubari_Sukhiapokhri estate
i) Training of both the Jhoras, ii) Sealing of all visible cracks in the ground and iii) Any further construction of buildings should be made away from the Jhora banks.
Channel erosion of the nals/Jhoras which are encircling the distressed slope. Moreover reduction of shearing strength of the slope forming material after saturation and simultaneously increase pore water pressure also induces instability to the slope.

Sukhipokhri Tea Estate
Adjacent to Sukhipokhri Tea Estate on Arubari_Sukhiapokhri estate
Percolation of rain water below road de-stabilized the weak retaining wall due to lowering to shearing strength.
Earthen, unlined drainage is too small to carry run-off water which percolates below road

Phyllite and phyllitic quartzite of Daling Group
This slide has caused extensive damage to the cardamom plantation.
Adjacent to Milangaon Bloomfield within Darjeeling Municipality
Easing of the slpe through widening of the natural break in slopes and ii) Toe protection of the slide through construction of guide wall along the left bank of the nala.

Arubotay basti slide
Adjacent to Milangaon Bloomfield Within Darjeeling Municipality
Scree covered area where cultivation and sudden downpour resulted in loss of shear strength of material.
Retaining wall with benches and proper drainage to arrest surface runoff water.

RISHI SLIDE

This slide has caused extensive damage to the village road and totally washed out one culvert.
Adjacent to Milangaon Bloomfield within Darjeeling Municipality
Training of both the Jhoras,construction of toe wall,hill side diversion of road bench
The slide has been initiated by deep headward and channel erosion of the Jhora after heavy rainfall which is passing through this slide zone.

Sajan khola slide
Adjacent to Milangaon Bloomfield Within Darjeeling Municipality
Few houses below road side is under risk

SIMANA
Along road from Rammam to mane bhanjan to Sukhiya pokhri
Damage to road bench and retaining structure. Sinking of the road
Proper network of drainage, maintenance of road side drains, aforestation with soil holding bushy tree plantation. Boulder Gabions at the toe of the slide and toe protective structures along nala The entire slope is highly distressed and needs detailed s
Active gulley, toe & side channel erosion

2 landslides of described dimesion at 50meter apart.
Along road from Rammam to mane bhanjan to Sukhiya pokhri

Along road from Rammam to mane Bhanjan to Sukhiya pokhri

Along road from Rammam to mane bhanjan to Sukhiya pokhri

Simana Slide
Strengthening of road retaining structure with proper drainage arrangements

3.7 km SE of Pashupati along hill side of SH 12
Provision of slope protection wall, Drainage at the slope protection wall, Training of nala, Bamboo piling of aforestation
House of R.B.Chhetri damaged totally. Chicken poultry completely washed out. Complete damage of upslope retaining wall

Retaining wall and catch water drain on hill side along road

3.7km SE of Pashupati along hill side of NH-10
Rainfall reduced the shearing strength and thick overburden fails against the steep slope

Deosaydara, ward no. 4 (eastern part of Mirik Municipality)
Provision of slope protection wall at slope break, Provision of drainage at upslope on road
One house at downslope damaged. Tilting of house towards downslope further

Ground cracks due to rainfall, and 2/3 houses are at risk

Filling of ground cracks, construction of retaining wall and drainage development
Shear strength reduction due to high precipitation

Rainfall reduced the shearing strength and thick overburden fails against the steep slope

Rainfall and thick overburden fails against the steep slope

Opposite to Mirik block office
Provision of drain, Aforestation, Repairing of damaged slope protection wall
One house completely damaged. Two houses partially damaged. Partial damage of slope protection wall

Water saturated 2-5m thick overburden fails against steep slope

Benching of slope, concrete retaining wall and drainage development
Water saturated 2-5m thick overburden fails against steep slope

Thanalying, ward no. 3 (eastern part of Mirik Municipality)
Slope protection wall damaged. Water course pipeline damaged
Repairing of slope protection wall, Training of jhora at downslope,,Aforestation

Krishnanagar, ward no. 5 (eastern part of Mirik Municipality)

2-5m thick insitu soil fails against steep slope. Landslide in 2009 adjacent to this area. At 1:15am landslide took place.
Benching of slope, concrete retaining wall and drainage development
Water saturated 2-5m thick overburden fails against steep slope

2-5m thick insitu soil fails against steep slope. Landslide occured in 2009 adjacent to this area. At 1:15hrs, landslide took place.

Bishnulal Gaon, ward no. 9 (western part of the Mirik Municipality)
Road subsided. Subsidence crack (N500W-S500E) developed. Roadside drain choked. Lower slope bamboo vegetation damaged. 2 houses in upper slope show formation of cracks. Slope protection wall in distress
Repairing of damaged walls, Maintenance of drainage,Filling of cracks, Aforestation
Gully erosion parallel to slope common. Heavy rainfall caused loss of shear strength of slope forming material combining with piping action initiated triggering of slide

Ground cracks of 15cm wide on community hall. Sorasalay gaon under neath of crack

Development of cracks on the ground (15cm wide and 20m long crack near community hall
Heavy rainfall and downward percolation of finer fractions

Bishnulal Gaon, ward no. 9(western part of the Mirik Municipality)
Heavy rainfall saturates the ground and fails against dteep slope

Heavy rainfall saturates the ground and fails against steep slope

Bishnulal Gaon, ward no. 9 (western part of the Mirik Municipality)
Provision of drainage at upslope, Provision of slope protection wall at slope break alongwith drainage.
One house & temple completely damaged. Four houses partly damaged
Gully erosion prominent. Soil slip alongwith water flow from upslope

1-2m thick in-situ soil become unstable due to saturation and steep slope cut
Mahindra Gaon ward no. 8 (Western part of Mirik Municipality)
Development of cracks one year before and also due to heavy rainfall

1-2m thick insitu soil fails due to ground saturation and steep slope cut
Cracks developed 1yr back and heavy rainfall saturates the ground

Mahindra Gaon, ward no. 8 (western part of the Mirik Municipality).
Tea plantation destroyed; Houses of 8 No. village adjacent to side scarp of this flow is partly damaged
Diversion of drainage, Monitoring of cracks in the house,Toe protection

Mahindra Gaon, ward no. 8 (western part of the Mirik the Municipality)

Actual location is 20m upslope of this location
Diversion of water from top and benching of slope with protection
Heavy rainfall saturates the ground and fails against steep slope

Mahindra Gaon ward no. 8 (Western part of Mirik Municipality)
Development of drainage system and construction of retaining wall
The material of the slide was under the influence of heavy rainfall and steep slope

Thurbo Slide

Mane Slide
Differential sinking of the road bench causing hindrance of traffic movement.
Development of network of drainage system, construction of toe wall (preferably sausage wall) and slope between road bench and toe should be pitched with boulders.
Distressed slope is made up of highly saturated overburden material. Due to saturation, pore water pressure increases within the slope forming material causing slump type failure. Type of movement-Sinking/sagging.

Mane slide
Falling of slide debris and sinking of the road bench.
Water management through construction of a network of drains.
High saturation of thick overburden material initiates slumping/sagging of the slope mass due to effect of loss of shearing strength and piping action. Type of movement- Complex

Gopaldhara Slide
Partial road block through accumulation of slide debris on the road bench

Several debris slides along the roads and upslope
Drain the excess surface water and retaining wall along open faces of slope
Soureni bazar to Toklan road damaged at several places. Pool damaged at lower slope
Water saturated overburden slips over the fissile plane

Toklan, on Soureni Bazar to Toklan road
Diversion of drainage away from the slide, Aforestation

An incessant heavy rainfall of the magnitude varies from 136 mm to 358 mm during the early hours of 1st July 2015 triggered numerous landslides in Kurseong and Kalimpong subdivisions in Darjeeling District, West Bengal. Due to this major landslide event
Several debris slides along the roads and upslope
Drainage system to arrest excess surface run-off and construction of retaining wall

Soreni Slide
Partial road block and slope distressing in upper slope

Along Soureni Bazar to Toklan road
Destruction of tea plantation, part damage of Pandim-Lebong road
Diversion of drainage away from the slide,Protection to road bench

Development of drainage system and construction of retaining wall

Drain the excess surface water and retaining wall along open faces of slope

Soreni Slide
Partial road block and slope distressing in upper road.
Heavy rain caused loss of shearing strength at the interface between rock and soil mass and initiated the sliding.

Along Soureni Bazar to Toklan road
Earlier slope protection wall in distress. Road subsided. House of Ruplal Rai located over this slide heavily damaged. Floor shows extensive cracks. Boulder fall from upslope.
Maintenance of drain, Training of upstream and downstream jhora, Provision of protection wall at the roadside, Aforestation

Soreni Slide

Weathered material of 1-2m slid due to rise in pore water pressure against ~35 degree slope

Mechi-1, North of Mechi Tea Garden office
Cracks on houses near crown; Damaged drainTwo small similar slides present in adjacent locations, Road block, One person died here
Repair and refurbishment of drainage and sewerage systems
Heavy Rainfall, improper drainage, bad drainage and sewerage practices

Weathered material of 1-2m slided due to increase in pore pressure

Along Soureni Bazar to Toklan road
Subsidence crack developed (N500E-S500W) on road. Road severely damaged

Plantation and development of drainage system
Movement of 1-2m thick overburden material against the slope

Mechi TG, Chaundhura Basic school
Construction of road bench and supporting retaining structure, Diversion of drainage

30m above this location 2 debris slides of described dimension. These are the places of actual landsliding
Water saturated 1 to 2 m thick overburden material slips against ~35 degree slope

50m above this location 2 debris slide of described dimension. These are the places of actual landsliding.

Thin scree cover fails along steep slope due to reduction in shear strength

Mechi-2, on left bank of Jhora flowing south of Mechi Tea Garden
Construction of a catch water drain above the crown, construction of two rows of benches to ease the slope and construction of boulder susage walls along the benches.
Due to effect of debris flow one house is totally demolished and two houses partially damaged.
A nala located at the crown region get blocked after incessent rain, ultimately it overflowed and change its courseand flowed through the houses below causing extensive damages.

Limbu Dhura-2, near Tingling Tea Garden
Total road block for 3 days and appearance of cracks in the upslope above crown

An incessant heavy rainfall of the magnitude varies from 136 mm to 358 mm during the early hours of 1st July 2015 triggered numerous landslides in Kurseong and Kalimpong subdivisions in Darjeeling District, West Bengal. Due to this major landslide event

Limbu Dhura-1 near Tingling Tea Garden,
Slope protection wall damaged. Road subsided. Culvert damaged
Repairing of culvert, Training of nala, Removal of debri from road
Heavy discharge of northerly flowing nala after two days rainfall caused slope failure

Evacuate the area
Rainfall and enhancement of pore water pressure

Limbu dhara - 1
Retaining wall and development of drainage network
High rainfall reduces shearing strength of the material

Paul dhura,-3 650 m north of Tingling view point
This slide has generated severe cracks and active subsidence upslope (Id_23)
tTe protection near nala banks, Diversion of drainage away from slide, aforestation

650m north of Tingling view point
An incessant heavy rainfall of the magnitude varies from 136 mm to 358 mm during the early hours of 1st July 2015 triggered numerous landslides in Kurseong and Kalimpong subdivisions in Darjeeling District, West Bengal. Due to this major landslide event
Movement of the material on steep slope due to heavy surface run-off

Drain the water from top of slide and retaining wall
Rainfall and weight along steep slope in natural depression

Paul dhura
Rainfall induced movement of the material on steep slopes

Paul dhura-2, 700 m north of Tingling view point

Rainfall saturates the top soil and weather part of slope

Soureni-2, near Soureni Tea Garden (along tea garden road)
Slope protection wall damaged. Road subsided. Roadsided drain choked. Bottom parapet wall broken.
Road cracks to be filled up,Maintenance of roadside drains,Removal of slide debris,Repairing of damaged slope protection wall

Development of drainage system and construction of retaining wall at slope cut and unstable slopes
Hig rainfall and absence of drainage system

Soureni-1, near Soureni tea garden factory
Slope protection wall damaged. Subsidence of road bench

1m ground subsidence due to this slide. Slip planes within weathered rock pieces and soils
Rainfall and water saturation due to absence of catch water drain

Soureni-5, within Soureni Tea Garden
Easing of slope through preparation of some benches between toe and crown of the slide and construction of hill side drains along each bench.
Damage one hous ecompletely and partially damaged some houses.

As reported by villagers, cracks were developed during 2003, Gayabari Landslide

As reported by villagers, cracks were developed during 2003 Gayabari landslide.
Plantation in unstable slope and drainage system development
Rainfall saturates the top soil and weather part of slope

From this location upto view point in SSW direction 4 debris slides of almost same dimension
Rainfall saturates the weather part of slope

Movement of the rain saturated weathered part

Soureni-6, within Soureni Tea Garden
Road cracks to be filled up,Maintenance ofdrainafe, afforestation,Removal of slide debris,Repairing of damaged slope protection wall
One house severely damaged. Nearby bathroom & toilet totally washed. N300E-S300W trending cracks found on the road

Top soil from upslope and block the road and house damage below road level
Rainfall and reduction of cohesion and movement of top soil along the schistosity plane

Paul dhura-4, 550 m north of Tingling view point

Paul Dhura-1, 300 m north of Tingling view point
Subsidence of 15 m long road stretch, maximum subsidence noticed around 100 cm

People from limbu dhura file a report to BDO office on 2011 & again on 2013 about sinking of their villages as said by BDO Mirik
Retaining wall at top of valley side along road
Incessant rainfall saturates overburden of 1-2m material and they become unstable against the slope of ~45 degree

Paul Dhura-1, 300m north of Tingling View Point
Breast wall(Gabions) on the road and retaining wall at the down slope of the road
Incessant rainfall saturated 1-2m thick overburden material on steep slope(>45°)

Near Tingling view point
Damage of retaining wall, partial road block and slope distress

Small landslides on either side of nala
Retaining wall and development of drainage system

On either side of nala several slides and flows along nala

2/3 houses at risk

2-3 houses are at risk
Rainfall reduces cohesion of material and caused the slide

Limbu Dhura-2, near Tingling Tea Garden
Heavy rain, steep cut in slope and high retaining wall

Ashi Jhora
Right bank of Ashii Jhora near India-Nepal border

Putung
Road retaining structure,Cross drainage structure to lessen the effect of toe erosion,Repair and maintenance of roadside drains

Khairboni
Partial road block, crack developed in upper road bench.
Heavy rain caused piping action and initiated slope destabilization.

Dhuseni Gaon Slide
Drainage system to arrest the surface runoff water
2m ground subsidence was noticed along road
High rainfall reduces shearing strength of material

2m ground subsidence was noticed along road
Rainfall and fine fractions with fill material moved over the steep slopes

Dhuseni Gaon-2, 1.6 km SE of Tingling view point

1m subsidence of ground->record was from villagers of Dhuseni Gaon & very low visibility

Dhuseni Gaon-1, 1.5 km SE of Tingling view point
Development of network of drainage system surrounding the houses.
Damage to the existing houses in and around the distressed zone

Dhokali Slide
Sinking of the road bench in monsoon causing traffic disruption.
To stop toe erosion dumping of sausage rolls along the nala bank. Construction of net work of drainage system and insertion of perforated horizontal pipes in slope. Providing proper outlet of the discharge of local nalas through construction of culverts.

Left bank of Dudhia khola around 1 km upstream of SH 12A
Sinking of road about 3-4m along 20m road stretch

Dhokali Slide
Proper network of drainage, maintenance of road side drains, the slide is big
Crown touched the foundation of Leprosy Hospital which is in danger.

At Km. 5.5 from Garidhura on SH 12A (Garidhura-Mirik road)

Gayabari Slide
Gayabari TG on right bank of Balason River

SH-12 near Basua village
Deep headward and lateral erosion by nala

Road subsidence due to slope failure of fill material and protection measures already been taken as building up of retaining wall
Rainfall and fine fractions percolate downward

Slide near Basua Village
Road subsidence due to slope failure of fill material and protection measures has already been taken as building up of retaining wall
Piping of fill material due to high sub-surface run-off.

SH-12A_ 9 km from Garidhura
At Km.9 from Garidhura on SH-12A (Garidhura-Mirik road)

Gayabari Slide
Between Km. 14 & 14.5 from Garidhura on SH-12A (Garidhura-Mirik road)
Piping and toe erosion has aggravated the slope condition

At Km. 14.75 from Garidhura on SH-12A (Garidhura-Mirik road)

80 m south of location 4
Aforestation with soil holding bushy tree plantation and easing of slope by benching, jhora training

Singboli TE Slide
Development of drainage network and gabion wall
High rainfall reduces shearing strength of material and toe erosion

Drain the water from top of slide and wiremeshing

On SH-12 and 650 m NW of location 5
Falling of slide debris and development of cracks in the buildings and on the ground
Developmemt of network of drainage system, divesion of existing swerage drains, sealing of cracks, preparation benches and construction of sausage walls along the benches and berms.
Due to effect of heavy rainfall slumping took place in the ground mass for loss of shear strength and piping action within the slope forming material.

SH-12 and Singboli junction slide
Flexible Retaining wall & Drainage network and benches
High rainfall reduces shearing strength of material causing piping of the same

Near junction of SH-12 and Singboli TG road
Training of jhora. Evacuation of persons from the slide zone.
House at left side of the slope completely damaged. Upper slope side house also damaged

SH-12 and Singboli junction slide
High rainfall results loss of cohesion and angle of internal friction of the material

Near junction of SH-12 and Singboli TG road
Jhora training, Road side drains at all road benches, Provision of slope protection wall, Repairing of downslope stair cases

Construction of retaining wall is under progress

Near junction of SH-12 and Singboli TG road

Singboli Slide
Singboli TG on right bank of Balason River

Bungkulung TG
Partial road block due to accumulation of slide debris on road bench.

Near Phuguri tea garden( on SH-12)
Water carrying pipeline damaged. Piggery damaged. Stair case cracked & subsided to a greater extent. Door cracked
Provision of slope protection wall alongwith drainage, Removal of pipeline from the distressed area, Removal of slope debris from distressed slope, Afforestation

Water saturated material moved across the slope

Retaining wall along the open faces along road

Soureni-3, within Soureni Tea Garden
This is a new has totally damaged substantial amount of cultivated land of the village and moreover human causality (one) also took place
Easing of the slope by making a number of benches and construction of a breast wall along the slope break
A deep trench was excavated at toe region of the slide for construction of a retaining wall as a result vital toe support of the debris covered slope was removed

Slide occurs below road bench. Roadside wall damaged. House over the slide crown is in danger.
Afforestation,Evacuation of people from the house above slide crown,Removal of slide debris,Repairing of Guard wall

It has been reported that cracks have been observed for the last 5-7 yrs
Retaining wall and development of drainage to areest surface run-off
Steep slope cut without benching and absence of drainage system

Weathered and fractured micaschist and quartzite
Local people reported cracks 5-7 years back
Casual approach of selection of sites and steep slope cut without benching and absence of drainage system

Soureni Bazar, Eastern slope
Protection wall totally damaged. Road sidedrains totally choked. One person died. Stairslab of ninety house hanging
Removal of boulders and debris, Provision of protection wall at upslope, Maintenance of drainage trenches
Heavy rainfall caused deep gully erosion and caused sliding

At this location, earlier small slide had taken place which creates cracks from this point to Soureni bazar slide
At soureni bazar, Below Soureni Rabindranath HS school
Retaining wall and development of drainage
Water saturated debris material moved against the slope

At this location earlier small slide had taken place, which created cracks from this point to Soureni Bazar slide.
At soureni bazar, Below Soureni Rabindranath HS school
Steep slope and water saturated debris material fall against the slope

At soureni bazar, Below Soureni Rabindranath HS school
Slope protection wall cracked. Hill side drain choked. Minor crack occur on the road (N200E-S 200W)
Repairing of damaged slope protection wall, Maintenance of roadside drain, Filling of subsidence crack towards valley side

rainfall reduces shearing strength of material

100m SW of Thulung Gaon
Sealing of cracks, training of Tirtiri nala and construction of retaining wall at toe.
Collapse of wall and numerous crack in the dispensary

Rainfall reduces shearing strength of material

100m SW of Thulung Gaon location 22
Road leading to Simbong village is heavily damaged and is under the threat of rock fall hazard
Ensemble of two big rock slides made this zone really vulnerable for future rock fall hazards.Diversion of drainage away from the crown of these two slides. Close monitoring and care during monsoon,Diversion of road

Thulung Gaon Slide
As reported by the locals the area has sinked nearly 4.5 feet in last two years
High rainfall reduces shearing strength of material and movement along the steep slope

Local people reported cracks in wiremeshing in 2 years back and sinking nearly 4.5 feet nearly 9months before

Thulung Gaon
Road leading to Simbong village is heavily damaged and is under the threat of rock fall hazard
Box culvert away from hill side at road bench so that culvert is not damaged by debris flow but for this local village road it may be costlier

Dhajiya Slide
200 m down from Dhajiya suspension bridge
30m. road subsided for about 1m with development of concentric cracks
Due to heavy rain piping action initiated in the soil mass and caused slope destabilization.

Nahor slide
Part of Alubari road for 80m stretch completely damaged; road is closed; One 2 storied house (of Mr. Narahari Limbu) and another one storied Kuccha house is destabilized and found extremely risky for habitation
Monitoring of cracks and failure in the houses of Alubari-Phulbari village below and proper drainage arrangement through construction of a lined road side drain on Alubari road covering at least 100m on either side of the subsided zone

Mukti Slide
Right Side of the Mukti Bridge on left bank of the Marma Nadi
Distressing of the right abutment of the bridge, debris mass blocked Chel river for some time.

Nehur Balasun
Extensive damage to the existing road benche, causeway and guard walls.
Jhoras to be properly trained, construction of guard walls and afforestation.
Headward and channel erosion during rainy season by the jhoras flowing this area.

Nehur Balasun

Rainfall and finer fractions move downward

Mansigaon
Valley side of road bench for 6m failed; slope below road bench is sagging; due to failing road becomes extremely narrow for ~50m stretch
Since in situ bedrock is available in the river bed just below the road bench, a strong retaining wall founded on rock can be constructed to rebuild the road bench; Along with this, construction of a lined hill side drain on NH-31A road bench and its re

Rainfall and joints. Weathered part of the schist eroded.

1-2m colluvium cover on top of slide. Several cracks on ground.
Rainfall and joints. Weathered schist eroded and upper part may subside.

Within Balasone tea estate
Piping and old slide has aggravated the general slope condition

Ringtong
Falling of slide debris and sinking of the road bench causing partial to total blockade of the road
Construction of a network of drainage system and a retaining wall at the toe of the slide. Easing of slope and preparation of benches and berms

RINGTONG

Khahre Basti

Lower Kharay
Partial road block and slope distress in upslope

Rock slides on steep slopes of either side of this nala and debris flow is mainly responsible for washing away of road and culvert to some extent

Goethals MH55
OLD SLIDE SZONE

Kharey Khola

Devisthan Jhor a(Kurseong)
Piping and old slide has aggravated the general slope condition

NH55 Soth east of Kasyang Tourist Bunglow
Requirement of proper drainage system on road side
Soth east of Kasyang Tourist Bunglow adjacent to NH 55
Proper drainage to arrest rain water percolation and retaining wall for support.

Dargaon

Dukandara

Nayabazar v 1
Partial road block and slope distress in upslope of Lulegaon road

NAYABAZAR

Nayabazar v 2

Plantation by soil-holding bushy type vegetation & lining of the diverted nala; close observation or monitoring of the present state of the crown of Ambutia slide since it is the crown part of an enormously big old slide (Ambutia)

Bunklling, NH55

On NH-55 (1 Km towards Mahanadi from Kurseong)

On NH-55, (1km towards Mahanadi from Kurseong)

Makaibari
Appreciable sinking of the road bench causing of inconvenience of traffic movement.
Extracting of sub-surface water through inserting horizontal perforated pipes, construction of network of drainage system, making wide culverts and construction of some check sausage walls.

Makaibari

Goarishankar

Rainfall saturated top soil moved along steep slope

Reactivation is verified from google earth
Retaining wall and drainage development at top of slide
Rainfall and top soil get water saturated and moved along ~35degree slope

on Kurseong to Rohini road

Bhariani

THALIPAKHA

MAKAIBARI

Adjacent to workshop of Makaibari Tea garden

CHIMNEY

Ambotia ( On Karsyang-Ambotia tea garden road)
Western slope of Karsyang town ( On Karsyang-Ambotia tea garden road)

Reshambari

Failure along rock-overburden interface due to road cut

Phulban, RD, 29

First order stream active during monsson
Weak jointed rock and stream eoosion aggravated by excessive rainfall during monsoon

Phulban, PK-RD, 29

Settlements and market area.
Culvert on road, ahead of Subsidence zone to divert drarin water to down countour.
Piping due to percolation of drain water from below road portion of subsidence zone.

Mane

Village above 200m of crown

Pankhabari Road

Birmiretar

NH31A _0 km,
Movement of slide debris and slumping of the ground mass causing development of cracks in village houses and destruction of cultivation land
Slope dressing through benching, construction of protection wall at the toe of the slide, construction of chute, contour and catch water drains, sealing of cracks & afforestation

Pankhabari

PANKHABARI

ROHINI TG

RAKTI KHOLA, ROHINI

Mane NH55

NH55 46 km on Toy train track

Samsheebasti, NH55

Rainfall reduces shear strength of the material

Cracks in houses, grounds. evacuate the area

Cracks in houses and subsidence in ground

Evacuate the area

Giddapahar-1(1 km toward Mahanadi from the junction of NH-55 & Rohini road)

Giddapahar-1 (1 Km toward Mahanadi from the junction of NH-55 & Rohini road)
Development of cracks and subsidence in ground

Giddapahar

Development of cracks and subsidence in ground

30m retrogression after rainfall on 30th June 2015
Complete blockage of NH-55 (Transportation in 56 villages has been partially affected)
Rainfall, cracks and weak geological condition

100ft retrogression after rainfall on 30th June 2015.
Catch and chute drain & retaining wall development
NH55 block and damaged. Villages are affected.
Rainfall, cracks and weak geolocial condition

14th mile slide crown

NH55 Between Km. stone 54 & 55 from Darjeeling
Between Km. stone 54 & 55 from Darjeeling on NH 55

G.P. Gayabari

Rainfall and toe erosion by excess water in nala, coming from Giddapahar

Rainfall and excess water in nala, coming from Giddapahar and toe erosion.

At Km.7.5 from Garidhura on Garidhura-Pankhabari road

Near to thrust

Rongtong Shiv Mandir

Gayabari, RS, NH55

KAPCHIGAON

Siwalik Sandstone, Siwalik Group, Kamarchinwa Formation
Old Landslide
Sukna-Tindharia road, 1.2km south of Rangtong RF
Planer Failure is J-45°/N260°, strike parallel to road

NH 55, Rangtong

Siwalik Sandstone, Siwalik Group, Kamarchinwa Formation
Old Landslide
Sukna-Tindharia road, 1.28km south of Rangtong RF
Planer Failure is J3-85°/N165°, strike parallel to road

NH55 Near Rongtong on NH-55 (14/10 bend of Toy Train)
Near Rongtong on NH-55 (14/10 bend of Toy Train)

NH55 between Km. 64 & 65 from Darjeeling
In between Km. 64 & 65 from Darjeeling on NH 55
Piping and toe erosion has aggravated the slope condition

Daling Phyllites, Daling Group, Rayang Formation
Culvert on road, ahead of Subsidence zone to divert drarin water to down countour
Piping due to percolation of drain water from below road portion of subsidence zone

Culvert on road, ahead of Subsidence zone to divert drain water to down countour
Piping due to percolation of drain water from below road portion of subsidence zone

NURBONG

Rongtong

SIPAHIDHURA TG

Mithaldanda
SLIP AND SELF ADJUSTMENT OF SLOPE IN THE FORM OF SLIDE

Chunabhati

Gairigaon, NH55

NH55 Cricket Colony

Gairigaon, NH55
STABLIZED OLS SLIDE

TINDHARIA

Tindharia

Mane, NHH55, 49

Phagutan

Simring

Simring TG

Lizziepur
Accumulation of slide debris on the road bench and subsequently total road bench washed out
Construction of breast wall at the toe of the slide, construction of central steeped chute drain along the nala, deep intercepting gravel filled cross drains oriented diagonal to central drain.

Chipla Khola
Construction of protection walls (boulder sausage) on small vulnerable stretches and water management through construction of a network of drains

Simming

Mana road

Mana-Jholi Road
Sinking of 250m. road stretch by around 2m and distressing of slope
Due to the effect of heavy Rain toe cutting took place along the nala course which initiated distressing.

Mana

Lapchekheti

DAKBANGLA

Malubar (Mahaldiram Tea Estate)

Pangre Khola
REACTIVATED IN 2015 DUE TO RAINFALL

Mahaldiram

Chimni

Khundrukbasti

Babukhola

Gairigaon NH55

NH55 mahanadi

Paglajhora NH55
FOLDING OBSERVED IN QUARTZITE, SLIDE AND SUBSIDENCE, PERIODIC OCCURRENCE EVERY YEAR

Bagora
Slope distress, road block and crack in house
Heavy rain, sinking and steep cut in slope

NH55 Pagla Jhora (Left bank)

Paglajhora NH55

NH55 Lower Pagla Jhora

NH55 Gayabari on NH-55 (Toy Train 37 km)

Subsidence of road due to presence of Jhora near vicinity

NH55 Gidda Slide (44/3 km Toy train bend)

NH55 Pagla Jhora

NH55 At 43 km from Siliguri

Deohill
Partial road block and distressing of slope
Heavy rain initiated sheet erosion along the slopde

NH55 At Km 52 from Siliguri

Goethals School Slide
NH-55, just below the Goethals School play ground

Goethals School Slide

Bhutia village subsidence zone

NH55, BAK

NH55, Bak

Chaitapani, NH55

Piping due to percolation of drain water from below road portion of subsidence zone

NH 55 Dilaram, C312

Mhaldiram

Chimni
ALL ALOG THE NALA SLIDES ARE PRESENT

BeltaR

Dlaram-Bagora

Gairigaon Jhora ,C-355
Active toe cutting by khola,sinking area

Bagora

Labda

Pachim

TUNG

Rajahata NH55

Near Tung within Karsyang Municipal limit
Debris consists of mainly weathered mica schist. (road bench as crown portion)
Near Tung within Karsyang Municipal limit off NH 55

Mungpoo-Rambhi Road
Caused due to toe erosion by OC jhora.

3 mile-Mongpu Road

Highly weathered and decomposed quartz biotite gneiss and silty sandy soil
Repairing of damaged slope protection wall.
Slope protection wall damaged. Subsidence of road bench.

Tukre

Mungpoo-Rambhi Road
CRACKS IN HOUSE, SUBSIDENCE IN ROADS, TREE BENDING
Planned settlement and development of drainage system

Mungpoo-Rambhi Road

SHAER ZONE IS PASSING, LANDSLIDES ALL ALONG THE NALA

BichkaniaN

Ribindra BH, Mangpo

CONTACT OF QUARTZITE,GNEISS

Mnagpu

Labda
HOUSE DAMAGED,NATURAL SPRING DOWNSLOPE

Lower Mamring

Sebje
OLD SLIDE ZONE,SUBSIDENCE PRESENT

Sabjey on Mangpu-Selphu road

Sebje

Lower Dudhia

Ghalaitar

Selpu
OLD SLIDE NOW STABLIZED

Namthin

Seadim

Pankhabari
CARDAMOM CULTIVATION

SIX MILE

Mana Slide
Piping of fill material due to high surface run-off.

KARMAT

Aintar

MANE, SATI KHOLA

Longku

Longku
3 SLIDES NEAR BY

Birik NH31A

Rangabang Basa

Rangdhang Basa
Slope easing and developement of drainage network

Old slide
Failure plane is J1: 75°:135° which is parallel to road and augmented due to road cut

Luruk
Settlement over abandoned stream, Ground cracks observed (L-5mts with slip-1mt). Peshoke river direction-110. Slope direction 40 towards 20
Retaining wall with proper drainage to arrest rain water percolation

Sitang

Ribindra BH, Mangpo
SUBSIDENCE ALSO PRESENT

RAMBI KHOLA

Partial road block and slope distress in upslope

NH31A Rambi Bazar

Old slide
Slope destablized due to road cut and rainfall

Rambi Bazar

Slope destablized due to road cut and rainfall

rock block and damage
300m north of Teesta (at 10km milestone)
Partial blockage of NH-10 and road banks damaged
Anthropogenic quarrying destabilise the slope & vicinity to the fault zone

NH10 RAYENG

Few houses below road side is under risk

North of Rambi

NH31A Rayen
SUBSIDENCE PRESENT

Rayeng (NH10)

NH55 At Km 52 from Siliguri
Accumulation of rock debris on the road bench causing partial blockade of the rock.
Construction of toe walls in small vulnerable stretches and water management through construction of a network of drainage system

Phyllites and Quartzites, Daling Group, Rayang Formation
Road cut slide and rock mining area
Slope destablized due to road cut and rainfall

NH-31A _ 24 Km (29th Mile) from Sevok(Tiger Bridge) towards Gangtok

On NH-10 (near 5 km milestone from Sevok)

On NH-10 (near 5 km milestone from Sivok)
Toe cutting by river due to rise in water level

NH-31A _ 23.15 km from Sevok(Tiger Bridge) towards Gangtok

NH-31A _ 23.15 km from Sevok(Tiger Bridge) towards Gangtok
Road bench severely damaged and a perennial trouble spot on NH-31A in recent monsoons
slides needs to be tackled in the up slope regions though construction of proper drainage arrangements, retaining walls (boulder gabion types) and training of the stream course. This slide needs detailed mapping and investigations;Near the road bench, pr

Retaining wall along the valley side of road and lining of nala
Percolation of rain water below road, no drains along roadside and toe cutting by nala due to excess water

Insufficient drainage network could not accomodate heavy rainfall causing uncontrolled surface runoff

6 km south of Tista bazar

NH-31A 28th mile slide from Sevok(Tiger Bridge) towards Gangtok
Sinking of the road bench and shooting of boulders from top causing disruption of traffic movement.
Construction of a series of breast walls from the Lodhama river bed (toe of the slide) up to the road bench, construction of contour drains and catch water drains.

Highly weahered and sheared interbanded sequence of phylite, schist, slates with thin clay partings of Daling Group
Wash out of NH 31A road bench of length aroud 75m
Preparation of several benches from top to the Tista river bench and applying of Geosynthetics on them. Preparation of a complete deep drainage network to take out sub surface run off also.
Cutting of the toe of the saturated debris covered slope for the construction of the project power house.

NH-31A 20.8km (27 mile slide) from Sevok(Tiger Bridge) towards Gangtok

Highly weathered, sheared and interbanded sequence of phyllite, schist, slate of Daling Group
Accumulation of slide debris on NH-31A and subsidence of road bench
Strengthening of slope protection wall with drainage
Excessive saturation of overburden material by rain increasing porepressure

NH-31A 20.8km (27 mile slide) from Sevok(Tiger Bridge) towards Gangtok
Falling rock blocks has damaged the houses of the locatlity and blocking of road.
Construction of network of drainage arrangement.

NH-31A_ 21km from Sevok(Tiger Bridge) towards Gangtok

HAPPY VILLA

NG104 NAZUK RF, SAMTHA KHOLA

NG105 Nazuk RF, SURUK KHOLA

SURUK KHOLA

NG106 Nazuk RF, SURUK KHOLA

NG103 NAZUK RF, LOWER DONG

NG100 NAZUK RF, LOWER DONG
Both subsidence of the road bench and falling of slide debris causing partial blockade of the road.
To content this slide several measures such as construction of a network of drainages were made but all these attempt failed as such a new road alignment by passing the distressed zone was recommended.

NG102Nazuk RF, Lower Dong

NG101 NAZUK RF, LOWER DONG

NG96 NAZUK RF

NG95 NAZUK RF

NG97 NAZUK RF

Total wash out of the road bench and also associated with rock fall.
Easing of slope, construction of a network of drainage, retaining wall at the toe of the slide and intermediate sausage walls, afforestation. If these can not stabilize realignment for bypassing the slide.
Piping action due to subsurface flow of water, loss of shearing strength of the thick overburden material due to heavy saturation. Presence of poor quality rock mass and adverse orientation of foliation and joints are responsible for rock fall.

100m long stretch of road subsided, maximum subsidence observed 2m.
Due to the effect of heavy rain deep gully erosion along the slope and toe cutting by the nala initiated the slide

NG92 NW OF UPPER DONG

Suruk
ROAD IS SUBSIDING EVERY YEAR. CRACKS IN WEST RICKSHAW ROAD

NG90 SOLEK

NG89 PAMBU KHOLA
Partial road block due accumulation of slide debris, slope distress in upslope

NG91 SE OF UPPER DONG
OLD SLIDE STABLIZED

NH31A _ Berrik slide
Piping and slide has aggravated the general slope condition

Lowe Kundang NH31A

Dam Khola NH31A

Right bank of teesta/200m north of Siti Khola
Retaining wall with proper chute drain to arrest water percolation from slide zone
Fault zone & toe cutting by river & day lighting joint sets

Right bank of teesta/200m north of Siti Khola
Fault zone nearby, day lighting of joint sets and toe cutting by the river

Right bank of Tista(200m north of Siti Khola)

Sati Khola NH31A

Percolation of runoff rainwater below road bench results loosing shearing strength of the material.

SATI KHOLA

Karmat

Karmote
Karmote village( 7.5 km) on Kalijhora-Latpanchar road

Khalijhora

PWD, NH10

NG87 PAMBU KHOLA
Agricultual land ,5-15 wide crack with a subsidence of 10-15 cm
Gully erosion, toe erosion by Gatta Khola

NG88 PAMBU KHOLA
Filling of cracks with impervious material like clay , bitumen etc, training of nalas,construction of catchwater drains, redressing of upslopes and toe protection by constrcting gabbion wall

NG86 E OF KALIJHORA
Cultivated land dmaged, developement of 20-30cm crack with subsidence up to 30cm.

NG84 E OF KALIJHORA
WHOLE AREA IS EXPERIENCING SUBSIDENCE

NG85 E OF KALIJHORA
LANDSLIDE WITH SUBSIDENCE

NG79 SE OF KALIJHORA
TREE BENDING OBSERVED

NH31A _2 km

NH10 juntion rang khola

Area lies in sinking zone and debris are mostly weathered mica schist.
Construction of culvert perpendicular to stream flow direction and immediate measures to seal cracks.

NG72 SE OF KALIJHORA

Near public work department

NH31A_ Hatisur (1.8 km)
Earthen, unlined drainage is too small to carry run-off water which percolates below road
Proper concrete retaining wall and side drainage to divert water from slide zone.

NH 10 junction rang Khola
High rainfall and absence of drainage system.

NH31A_1 km

Highly weathered and sheared rock mass with adverse orientation of structural planes after saturation loose its strength and initiates sliding

NH31A_Coronation Bridge
Piping and old slide has aggravated the general slope condition

NH 10 cornation bridge

NH 10 Sivok
ROAD BENCH SUBSIDENCE

MAHANADI WLS

Mahanadi WLS

Sivok

Mahandi WLS

MAHANADI WLS
CONNECTING ROAD B/W DALEPCHAND & PAYONG WASHED AWAY

Mahanadi WLS
Excessive rainfall anf highly jointed rockmass

Mahanadi Wild life

MahanadiWLS

Karmat
Toe support by construction of concrete retaining wall and box drain on the road side to channelized runoff water.

Khali Khola

LATPANCHOR

MAHANADI WLS
GPS LOCATION IS OF BUXA FORT ADJACENT TO SLIDE

STARTING POINT OF RAJA KHOLA

Mahanadi

LATPANCHAR

Bandarjhora RF
Very active toe cutting by nala and piping

MAHANADI

Latpanchar

STABILISED

Very active toe cutting by nala and road cutting

Jogi
SEVERAL PEOPLE DIED, LANDSLIDE SLOPE DIRECTION 010

Jogi

Jogi
ALL ALONG THE NALA SLIDES ARE PRESENT

CRACKS IN ROAD

NH 55, Rangtong
ROAD BENCH AS CROWN OF SILDE

On Karsyang - Pankhabari - Garidhura road (between Makaibari tea estate and Pankhabari)

Siwalik Sandstone, Siwalik Group, Kamarchinwa Formation
Old Landslide
Sukna-Tindharia road, 4.37km northwest of Sukuna

Sukna-Tindharia road, 4.4km northwest of Sukuna

Slide over Rakti River
Concrete retaining wall to protect the abutments
Toe cutting by river due to rise in water level

Concrete retaining wall to protect the abutments

Concrete retaining wall to protect toe cutting of fill material

Panighata Slide
Total wash out of the road bench, along with rock fall and local sinking of the road bench
Hill ward cutting to accommodate road bench, construction of sausage and breast walls and hill side drains. As these measures could not bring stability a new alignment provided to by pass the slide zone.
Highly weathered and sheared rock mass with adverse orientation of structural planes after saturation loose its strength and initiates sliding

Dudhia Bazar

Putung

Khoparl subsidence
Partial road block and slope distressing in upper road.
Heavy rain caused loss of shearing strength at the interface between rock and soil mass and initiated the sliding.

Potong Slide
This is a big rock slide occurred adjacent to (just south of) Alubari-Phulbari village and Alubari road sinking zone; Village road and forest on slope are destroyed
Diversion of surface run off along the roadside drain away from the slide zone,Vegetation on slope

Kuapani WP510
Contruction of boulder sausages walls in two steps from the toe of the slide, sealing of cracks

Along road from Rammam to Mane Bhanjan to Sukhiya pokhri

Along the road between Rammam to mane Bhanjan (towards Sukhiapokhri)

Rammam project Road, Barbatia village
Near Barahatta village, on project road cnnecting Rammam Hydel Project Stage-II

Bridges breached, stair case of Ganga Maiya Guest House heavily damaged, boats for riding broken, Children Park, fountain & dancing floor damaged
Repairing of breached bridge, broken stair & other damaged parts, Training of Park Garden nala, Filling of cracks
Heavy rainfall caused deep channel & headword erosion along nala courses& initiated sheet erosion along the slope, causing rolling down of debris material from upslope

Subsidence of 1 to 1.5 m. Seepage upslope of road bench.
Toe support by construction of concrete retaining wall and box drain on the road side to channelized runoff water.

Rammam project Road, Linsebong village
SLIDE SLOPE towards 280┬¼
On Barahatta-Lodhama-Linsebong road approaching Rammam Hydel Project Stage-II site.

Appreciable sinking of the road bench along with considerable lateral displacement in case of heavy to very rainfall, causing total destruction of the road bench.
around 1.5km from Forebay towards Linsebong on Forebay-Linsebong road
Construction of a netwrork of drainage arrangement for draining out of all surface and sub surface run off and sealing of all cracks.
Thick overburden soil mass after heavy rainfall loose its shear strength and loss of soil takes place through piping action these two factorscombinrdly initiates slope movement.

Kolakham
S1: 40° towards 120°, J1: subvertical towards 180°, J2: subvertical towards 230°
1st Order stream was formed. Loss of 5 nos of lives at run-off portion due to toe-erosion and associated bank failure on high gradient stream.
Wedge planar failure and heavy rainfall. Failure enhanced due to seepage of water along joints.

Kolakham
Failure enhanced due to seepage of water along joints, 1st order stream created.
Wedge PlaneWedge planar failure and heavy rainfall.Wedge planar failure and heavy rainfall.r failure and rainfall

Kolakham
Cultivated land (Cardamom)
Natural slope failure due to cultivation requiring storage of water and heavy rainfall

Cultivated land (Cardamom)
Retaining wall with proper drainage system
Natural slope failure due to cultivation

Both slide and subsidence. Numerous cracks developed which vary in size (length 5 to 20 m, opening 5 to 20cm).
Sealing of cracks, Step and dry cultivation with proper drainage system, plantation of fast-growing grass/plants.

Construction of the Retaining wall and RO

Bhoreng

Ribdi

Geotubes built by BRO

Kumuk

Kachapati

Upper Bega

Jhum Khola

Liching

Som

Sangkhu

Sangkhu
Slope cutting for road construction and Drainage

Hee gown

Hee Sapong

Hee Pool

Radhu Basti

Lungzick

Sapong

Lower Sapong

Sardong

Rimbi

Tamabung slide
Garnetiferous Biotite Gneiss (Exposed along river bed)
Theophilus, P.K. and Megotsohe Chasie, 2014. Updation of existing landslide inventory of North Eastern Region. GSI, RHQ, NER, Shillong, Item Code: SER/NER/RHQ/2013/030; Unpub. GSI Report of FS 2013-2014
Since the area is more vulnerable and which is nearly 1 km away from main settlement, it is better to shift to safer place.
Pore water pressure and the reduction of strength on super-saturation

Sarkitar

Tadong

Scree covered area, no exposure nearby

Retaining wall already exists
Culvert on road, ahead of subsidence zone to divert drarin water to down countour
Piping due to percolation of drain water from below road portion of subsidence zone which is sheared

Nala lies in middle of subsidence zone road portion, and cracks are observed on up contours of road
Culvert on road, ahead of subsidence zone to divert drarin water to down countour

Debri slide initiates evident grom rapture of wiremesh

Lower Melli

Singdong

Arigown

Construction of the Retaining wall andRO
Slope cutting for road construction and Drainage

Martam Ralong

Upper Bermiok

Budha Bari

Rat Mathe

Retaining wall already built
Culvert on road, ahead of subsidence zone to divert drarin water to down countour
Piping due to percolation of drain water from below road portion of subsidence zone which is also sheared

Mica schist, GP-Daling Group, Gorubathan Formation
Subsidence zone lies between two adjacent waterfall
Piping due to percolation of water from below road portion of subsidence zone and toe erosion by Ranjit River

Wedge failures due to J1 & J3 and also wedge failure along J2 & J3 and piping due to percolation of water from below road portion of subsidence zone

Road damaged
Wedge failures due to J1 and J2 ( slope is 60°:45°)

Dolomitic quartzite, Daling Group, Bauxa Formation
Earlier retaining wall got damaged

Chemchey

Mechuka town slide 2
Steep slope and oversaturation of weathered rock on slope and loss of cohesion during rainfall
Borah, A., and Rothangmawi, R., 2021. Remote Sensing based Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide susceptibility mapping in toposheets 82K/4, 82L/2, L/3, L/4/, L/5, L/6, L/7/ L/8, 83I/1, I/5 covering parts of Lower and Upper Subansiri, West Siang and Upper Sia
Remedial/ Mitigative measures may be implemented as suggested
Removal of fallen material, setting up of breastwall

South of Jeru Slide 4
A rotational debris slide due to the adverse condition of SFM which is composed of thick in-situ soil cover intermixed with parent rock mass. Saturation of overburden and increase in pore pressure and loss of cohesion during rainfall causes material to s
Nair,V,Athira., Jamir, I., 2022, Remote Sensing based Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in Toposheets82L/16, 82P/1,2,3,4,5,6 ; 83I/13,14 & 83M/01 covering parts of West Siang East Siang, Upper Siang, Dibang Valley and Lower Dibang
1.Removal of precariously hanging trees from the affected slope.2.Proper mainatainence of hill side drain.3.Construction of retaining wall of appropriate height and width for toe support.
1.SFM composed of loose unconsolidated cobbles,pebbles intermixed with other parent rock mass.(weathered sandstone)2.minor drainage dissection on the affected slope.3.Toe erosion by nala.4.Steep slope gradient

South of Jeru Slide 3
A shallow rotational debris slide due to the adverse condition of SFM which is composed of thick in-situ soil cover intermixed with parent rock mass. Saturation of overburden and increase in pore pressure and loss of cohesion
Nair,V,Athira., Jamir, I., 2022, Remote Sensing based Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in Toposheets82L/16, 82P/1,2,3,4,5,6 ; 83I/13,14 & 83M/01 covering parts of West Siang East Siang, Upper Siang, Dibang Valley and Lower Dibang
1.One more slide is observed in the left flank of the slope.2.No weep holes were given on the reatining wall.3.Cracks were observed in the RCC wall 22m upto damaged wall.
1.Proper maintainence of hill side drain all along the affected slope.2.Already constructed retaining structures should be modified withsufficient weep holes.3.Removal of loose detached boulders to avoid further fall.
Road and retaining structures partially disturbed
1.SFM is composed of parent rock fragments (both quartzite and shale) intermixed with soil.2.Drainage direction on the affected slope.3.Saturation of overburden materials during rainfall events.

Yomcha-Aalo Road Slide
Debris slide
Bhattacharjee, R. and Baruah, P, 2022: Remote Sensing based Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in Toposheets nos. 82 K/8, 11, 12, 15, 16; 82L/9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 & 15 covering parts of West Siang, Upper Siang and East Siang Distric
Road cutting and unplanned steep cutting of slope near the toe
Reduction of strength on super-saturation, anthropogenic activities

Yomcha-Aalo Road Slide
Cut Slope Failure
Bhattacharjee, R. and Baruah, P, 2022: Remote Sensing based Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in Toposheets nos. 82 K/8, 11, 12, 15, 16; 82L/9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 & 15 covering parts of West Siang, Upper Siang and East Siang Distric
The unprotected steep cut slope became unstable on heavy saturation which led to the occurrence of the debris slide
Plannaed cutting of slope, retaining wall

Aalo-kaying Road Highway slide
Cut Slope Failure
Bhattacharjee, R. and Baruah, P, 2022: Remote Sensing based Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in Toposheets nos. 82 K/8, 11, 12, 15, 16; 82L/9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 & 15 covering parts of West Siang, Upper Siang and East Siang Distric
Road cutting and unplanned steep cutting of slope near the toe
Plannaed cutting of slope, retaining wall
Reduction of strength on super-saturation, anthropogenic activities

Kamba-Kaying road slide
Cut Slope Failure
Road cutting and unplanned steep cutting of slope near the toe
Reduction of strength on super-saturation, anthropogenic activities

Kaying- Thumbin road slide

Kaying- Thumbin road slide
Debris slide
Continuous heavy rainfall resulted in the build-up of undesirable pore pressure in overburden material which caused the reduction in the shear strength of the slope forming material
Wedge Failure, Reduction of strength on super-saturation

Thumbin slide

Thumbin Slide 2

Payum-Dupu road Slide

Near Dupu, Kaying-Tato Road
Debris Slide
Continuous heavy rainfall resulted in the build-up of undesirable pore pressure in overburden material which caused the reduction in the shear strength of the slope forming material

Thumbin Slide 3

Thumbin Slide 4

North of Thumbin Slide

Jomlo-Mongku Slide 3
The slope forming material is predominantly composed of Quartzite of Boleng Group intermixed with soil of >5 m thickness. Rainfall events resulted in oversaturation of fragile overburden material, increase of pore water pressure and loss of cohesion.
Nair,V,Athira., Jamir, I., 2022, Remote Sensing based Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in Toposheets82L/16, 82P/1,2,3,4,5,6 ; 83I/13,14 & 83M/01 covering parts of West Siang East Siang, Upper Siang, Dibang Valley and Lower Dibang
Removal of slide materials to avoid blockage of hill side drain and road.
i. Removal of loose debris/slide material ii.Proper maintaenance of hill side and proper diversion of surface water runoff iii.Construction of retaining structures.
i. The slope forming material is predominantly composed of fragmented sandstone intermixed with soil of >5 m thickness ii.Rainfall events resulted in oversaturation of fragile overburden material, increase of pore water pressure and loss of cohesion

Janbo-Mosing Road Slide

Mosing-Tuting Road Slide

Janbo-Mosing-Tuting Road Slide
Debris Flow

Janbo-Migging Road Slide

Janbo-Mosing Road Slide
Debris Flow

Bomdo- Migging Road Slide

Likor-Palling Road Slide
Debris Flow

Yingkiong-Tuting Road Slide

Bomdo Slide

Gette-Pugging Road Slide

Gette-Palling Road Slide

Northeast of Simong Slide 2
The slope is predominantly composed of rock fragments intermixed with in-situ soil. The slope is made up of thick strata of overburden exceeding 5 m thickness in general. Excavated slope for road construction, saturation of slope material and loss of coh
Weep holes provided are not sufficient enough and it is blocked by the slide materials
i.Removal of loose debris from the affected slope ii. Retaining wall already constructed iii. Proper maintenance of hill side drain
i.Slope forming material is composed of fragments of parent rockmass intermixed with soil ii. Regolith thickness is more than > 5m. iii.Saturation of overburden and increase in pore pressure and loss of cohesion during rainfall. iv. Ill planned modifica

Yingkiong road Slide 4
The shallow translational soil slide occurred due to the unplanned modification of slope for road construction/ widening. Besides, adverse condition of rockmass which is composed of loose unconsolidated soil intermixed with friable shale.
i. Construction of retaining wall under progress ii. Removal of slide materials to avoid blockage of hill side drain.
i. Slope forming material is composed of loose unconsolidated soil intermixed with parent rockmass (friable shale) ii. Regolith thickness is more than 5m iii. Dripping hydrological condition iv. Loss of cohesion and saturation during rainfall events

Yingkiong road Slide 3
A translational debris slide has occurred to the adverse condition of SFM composed of highly jointed and weathered parent rock mass and loss of cohesion on the affected slope and damp hydrological condition
1.Removal of slide material to avoid blockage of hill side drain.
1.SFM composed weathered fissible shale2.Damp hydrological condition.3.Loss of cohesion and saturation during rainfall events.

Yingkiong road Slide 5
The affected hillslope is geologically characterized by loose unconsolidated soil intermixed with parent rockmass of friable shale where regolith thickness is more than 5m.
i. Removal of loose materials to prevent from further failure ii.Construction of retaining wall with proper height iii. Proper maintenance of hill side drain
i. Slope forming material is composed of loose unconsolidated soil intermixed with parent rockmass (friable shale) ii. Regolith thickness is more than 5m iii. Dripping hydrological condition iv. Loss of cohesion and saturation during rainfall events

The affected slope is predominantly composed of loose unconsolidated parent rock mass overlain by soil. Excavated slope for road construction, weak slope forming material, saturation of slope material and loss of cohesion during rainfal
Sliding is confined only at the top portion of the hill slope.
i.Removal of loose debris from the affected slope.
i.Slope forming material is composed of loose unconsolidated parent rock mass intermixed with soil. ii. Loss of cohesion and saturation of overburden and increase in pore pressure during rainfall.

The shallow translational debris slide occurred where the SFM material is composed of highly splintery shale intermixed with soil. Saturation of overburden and loss of cohesion mainly during rainfall events has affected the slope
i.Removal of slide materials away from the affected slope ii. Sufficient weep holes has to be provided in already constructed retaining wall.
i.Slope forming material is composed of loose unconsolidated parent rock mass intermixed with soil. ii. Loss of cohesion and saturation of overburden and increase in pore pressure during rainfall.

Northeast of Simong Slide 1
The slope is predominantly composed of loose unconsolidated parent rock mass intermixed with in-situ soil. Moreover, the drainages on the slope tend to incise the slope material and cause further erosion during heavy rainfall
An old slide is identified on the left flank of the slide.
i.Removal of slide materials and precariously hanging trees from the affected slope. ii. Removal of slide materials to avoid blockage of weep holes.
i.Slope forming material is composed of loose unconsolidated parent rock mass intermixed with soil. ii.Saturation of overburden and increase in pore pressure and loss of cohesion during rainfall.

Yingkiong Slide 3
Rainfall led to increase in discharge and velocity of flowing nala and also caused saturation of slope material resting on steep slope with natural drainages, which eventually resulted in slope failure by toe erosion
The road running above the slide maybe at high risk
i.  Provide 2-3 rows of Gabion wall from 1m below the road edge
i. Adverse condition of rockmass; slope material is composed of friable shale ii. Steep slope gradient iii. Hillslope dissected by drainages iv. Toe erosion by nala

Yingkiong Slide 2
The non-cohesive slope material due to rainfall resulted in saturation, loss of cohesion and reduction in shear strength of the material, thereby, resulting in shallow rotational soil slide.
i. Removal of slide materials which has high chances of falling on the road bench ii. Removal of materials from the blocked hill side drain iii. Damaged retaining wall can be reconstructed
.Slope forming material is composed of loose unconsolidated soil intermixed with fragments of parent rockmass ii. Flowing hydrological condition iii. Regolith thickness is more than 5m iv. Loss of cohesion and saturation during rainfall

Yingkiong Slide 1
The slope is predominantly composed of rock fragments intermixed with in-situ soil. . Moreover, the drainages on the slope tend to deeply incise the slope material and cause further erosion during heavy rainfall.
The portion of damaged retaining wall has been reconstructed with sufficient weep holes and appropriate height
i. Already constructed retaining wall can be modified keeping appropriate height from the toe of the slope ii. Extension of the retaining wall in width is suggested
. Slope forming material is composed of weathered and loose parent rock fragments intermixed with soil ii. Damp hydrological condition iii. Loss of cohesion and saturation during rainfall events

A translational debris slide has occurred to the adverse condition of SFM composed of highly jointed and weathered parent rock mass and loss of cohesion on the affected slope. Mitigation measures suggested is that removal of loose detached boulders to av
1.Dumped material below the slide (below the road bench) is prone to toe erosion by river.(Gabbion wall already constructed).
1.Removal of loose detached boulders to avoid falling on the road bench.2.Sufficient weep holes should be provided on the constructed retaining wall.3.Maintainence of hill side drain.4.Wire mesh structure to be provided on the rock portion of the slope.
1.Highly jointed and weathered parent rock mass intermixed with soil.2.Loss of cohesion on the affected slope.

A translational debris slide has occurred to the adverse condition of SFM composed of splintery shale intermixed with soil and wet hydrological condition. Mitigation measures suggested is that proper diversion of surface water runoff from the upslope por
1.Proper diversion of surface water runoff from the upslope portion.2.Removal of slide material o avoid blocking of hill side drain.3.Construction of retaining structure.
1.SFM is composed of highly weathered and splintery shale intermixed with soil.2.Wet hydrological condition.3.Loss of cohesion on the affected slope.

South west of Jengging Slide
The slope forming material is predominantly composed of fragmented sandstone and shale intermixed with soil. Rainfall events resulted in saturation of fragile overburden material, increase of pore water pressure and loss of cohesion.
i.Removal of slide material from the affected slope. ii.Proper maintainence of hill side drain.
i. Fragile SFM: overburden material comprising fragmented sandstone and shale intermixed with soil (colluvium).
ii. Hillslope moderately dissected by drainages.
iii. Saturation of slope material during rainfall events.

Jengging Slide 1
The slope forming material is predominantly composed of fragmented sandstone and shale intermixed with soil. Rainfall events resulted in saturation of fragile overburden material, increase of pore water pressure and loss of cohesion
A minor slide is observed on the right flank of the slide at a distance of 10m away
i. Slide materials can be removed further to avoid blocking of road and hill side drain ii. Proper diversion of surface water runoff from the affected slope.
i. Fragile SFM: overburden material comprising fragmented sandstone and shale intermixed with soil (colluvium).
ii. Hillslope moderately dissected by drainages.

Sangram Bridge-Boleng Road Slide

Boleng Road Slide

Sangram Bridge-Boleng Road Slide
Continuous heavy rainfall resulted in the build-up of undesirable pore pressure in overburden material which caused the reduction in the shear strength of the slope forming material

Boleng-Dite Dime Road Slide

Gebo-Rumgog Road Slide

Koreng-Aalo road Slide 1
A shallow translational slide occurred due to the adverse condition of slope forming material which is composed of thick in-situ soil cover intermixed with parent rock mass.Saturation of overburden and increase in pore pressure and loss of cohesion durin
i. Removal of slide materials to avoid blockage of road and hill side drain ii. Proper maintainence of hill side drain
i.Slope forming material is composed of loose unconsolidated soil intermixed with weathered parent rockmass ii. Loss of cohesion and saturation of overburden materials during rainfall events.

Damda-Debuk Slide 4
A deep rotational soil slide occurred due to the adverse condition of slope forming material which is composed of thick in-situ soil cover intermixed with parent rock mass.Saturation of overburden and increase in pore pressure and loss of cohesion during
i. Removal of slide materials from the affected slope ii. Proper maintainence of hill side drain
.Slope forming material is composed of loose unconsolidated soil ii. Loss of cohesion and saturation of overburden materials during rainfall events.

Damda-Debuk Slide 1
The deep translational debris slide occurred due to the adverse condition of slope forming material. Saturation of overburden and increase in pore pressure and loss of cohesion during rainfall causes material to slide.Affected slope is dissected by drai
i. Slope angle 48°?N150° ii. Minor slide is observed opposite to this slide
i. Removal of slide materials fro the affected slope ii. Proper diversion of surface water run off iii. Proper maintenance of hill side drain
. Slope forming material is composed of fractured and jointed parent rockmass intermixed with overburden soil cover ii. Major drainage dissection on the right flank of the slope iii. Loss of cohesion and saturation during rainfall events

Damda-Debuk Slide 2
The excavated cut slope exposes thick strata of highlyoverburden soil cover. Extensive slope cut along with weak overburden material and active rill erosion on the hillslope played a vital role in the process of slope failure
Extensive slope cut due to road widening for the entire road stretch from Koreng to Aalo
Removal of slide materials to avoid blockage of hill side drain
i. Slope forming material is composed of loose unconsolidated soil ii. Loss of cohesion and saturation during rainfall events

The excavated cut slope exposes thick strata of highlyoverburden soil cover. Extensive slope cut along with weak overburden material and active rill erosion on the hillslope played a vital role in the process of slope failure.
Removal of slide materials to avoid blockage of hill side drain
i. Slope forming material is composed of loose unconsolidated soil ii. Loss of cohesion and saturation during rainfall events

Jomlo-Mongku Slide 2
A shallow translational debris slide occurred due to the adverse condition of slope forming material.Saturation of overburden and increase in pore pressure and loss of cohesion during rainfall causes material to slide.
i. Slope angle 45°?N310° ii. Extensive slope cut due to road widening
i. Construction of retaining wall is under progress ii. Proper diversion of surface water run off from the upslope
i.SFM composed of weathered parent rock masss intermixed withsoil. ii.Loss of cohesion of parent rock mass during rainfall iii.Affected slope is highly dissected by drainage iv.Ill-planned modification of slope.

Jomlo-Mongku Slide 1
The moderately weathered rock mass overlain by in-situ soil cover exposed along the road cut section failed during rainfall event. Rainfall events resulted in saturation of slope material, increase of pore water pressure and loss of cohesion
i. Slope angle 55°?N270° ii. Extensive slope cut due to road widening
Construction of retaining wall is already under progress.
i.Slope forming material is composed of weathered parent rock (shale) and jointed quartzite intermixed with soil ii. Loss of cohesion of parent rock mass during rainfall iii. Ill-planned modifiaction of slope.

Aalo Slide 1
This shallow translational debris slide occured where slope forming material is composed of highly weathered and jointed parent rock mass intermixed with soil combined with removal of slope’s toe support for road construction activities and rainfall de
i. Another slide is observed on the right flank of the slide ii.Major drainage observed on the left flank of the slide
i. Construction of retaining wall ii. Removal of slide material to avoid blockage of hill side drain iii. Proper diversion of surface water run off from the affected slope.
i. Slope forming material is composed of highly weathered and jointed parent rock mass intermixed with soil ii. Affected slope is dissected by drainages and rill erosion is observed.

N of Pakam Slide 1
The non-cohesive slope material due to rainfall resulted in saturation, loss of cohesion and reduction in shear strength of the material, thereby, resulting in deep rotational soil slide. Modification of slope for road construction without implementing a
Extensive slope cut due to road widening
i. Removal of slide materials to avoid blockage of hill side drain ii. Systematic channeling and diversion of surface water run off away from the aqffected slope
i. The slope forming material is composed of loose unconsolidated soil ii.Regolith thickness is 2-5 iii. Loss of cohesion of parent material during rainfall events.

Pakam Slide
The non-cohesive slope material due to rainfall resulted in saturation, loss of cohesion and reduction in shear strength of the material, thereby, resulting in shallow translational soil slide. Modification of slope for road construction without implemen
i. Removal of slide materials to avoid blockage of hill side drain ii. Systematic channeling and diversion of surface water run off away from the aqffected slope
i. The slope forming material is composed of loose unconsolidated soil ii.Regolith thickness is >5m iii. Loss of cohesion and saturation of parent material during rainfall events.

South of Jeru Slide 2
A shallow rotational debris slide due to the adverse condition of SFM which is composed of thick in-situ soil cover intermixed with parent rock mass. Saturation of overburden and increase in pore pressure and loss of cohesion during rainfall causes mater
Metalled Road
1.Removal of slide materials from the affected slope.2.Proper maintainence of hill side drain.3.Construction of gabion wall.
1.SFM is composed of saturated institu soil intermixed with rock fragments.2.Damp hydrological condition.3.Saturation of overburden materials during rainfall events.

Koreng-Aalo road Slide 2
Fragile slope forming material composed of highly weathered rock mass of considerable thickness overlain by thin in-situ soil combined with removal of slope’s toe support for road construction activities and rainfall destabilized the natural slope.
i. Due to the absence of hill side drain, surface water run off is flowing all along the road ii. A major slide is observed on the right flank of the slide
i. Removal of slide materials to avoid blockage of road and hill side drain ii. Proper diversion of surfave water runoff from the affected slope iii. Construction and maintainence of hill side drain
i. Adverse condition of rock mass.Slope forming material highly weathered parent rockmass intermixed with soil. ii. Drainage dissection on the left flank of the slide which is in flowing condition.

Koreng-Aalo road Slide 3
A translational rock slide has occurred where slope forming material is composed of highly jointed and fractured parent rock
Dumped waste below the road bench has chances of toe erosion by river
i. Removal of loose detached boulders and precariously hanging trees from the affected slope ii. Construction and maintenance of hillside drain
i. Slope forming material is composed of highly jointed and fractured parent rock mass.

A shallow translational debris slide due to the adverse condition of SFM which is composed of thick in-situ soil cover intermixed with parent rock mass. Saturation of overburden and increase in pore pressure and loss of cohesion during rainfall causes ma
Metalled Road
1.Removal of slide material so as to avoid blocking of hill side drain.2.Proper drainage of surface wter run off.3.Modification of already constructed and damaged retaining wall with sufficient weep holes.
1.Adverse condition of rock mass.SFM is composed of highly friable carbonaceous shale intermixed with parent rock mass and soil.2.Loss of cohesion and saturation of overburden during rainfall.

Northwest of Yembung camp Slide
A shallow translational debris slide occurred due to the adverse condition of SFM. Saturation of overburden and increase in pore pressure and loss of cohesion during rainfall causes material to slide. Affected slope is highly dissected by drainages.
1.Removal of loose debris/slide material.2.Proper maintaenance of hill side and proper diversion of surface water runoff.3.Construction of retaining structures.
i. Steep slope angle ii. Ill planned modification of slope for road construction iii. Slope forming material is composed of weathered parent rockmass intermixed with soil

NH-13 Slide 6
The shallow translational debris slide occurred during rainfall due to the thick in-situ soil cover intermixed with rock fragments as SFM. Here regolith thickness is more than 5m. Also damp hydrological condition increases the saturation of overburden he
Shops partially damaged/destroyed
1.Removal of loose debris from the affected slope 2. Proper diversion of surface water runoff. 3.Construction of retaining structure.
1.SFM composed of thick institu soil cover intermixed with rock fragments.2. Damp hydrological condition.3. Drainage on the left flank of the affected slope.

Pangin Slide 1
A shallow translational debris slide due to the adverse condition of SFM which is composed of thick in-situ soil cover intermixed with parent rock mass. Saturation of overburden and increase in pore pressure and loss of cohesion during rainfall causes ma
Retaining wall already constructed.Small slide is observed ata the left flank of the slide.
1.Systematic channeling of surface drainage from the crown part.2.Removal of slide material.
1.SFM is composed of thick institu soil cover intermixed with parent rock mass.2.Loss of cohesion and saturation of overburden during rainfall.3.Steep slope gradient.4.Damp hydrological condition.5.Gully erosion on tha affected slope.

Northwest of Rotung Slide 1
A shallow translational debris slide occurred due to the adverse condition of SFM. Saturation of overburden and increase in pore pressure and loss of cohesion during rainfall causes material to slide. Affected slope is highly dissected by drainages
1.Removal of loose debris/slide material.2.Proper maintaenance of hill side and proper diversion of surface water runoff.3.Construction of retaining structures.
i. Steep slope angle ii. Ill planned modification of slope for road construction iii. Slope forming material is composed of weathered parent rockmass intermixed with soil

NH-13 Slide 5
The shallow rotational soil slide occurred due to the unplanned modification of slope for road construction/ widening. Here regolith thickness is more than 5m. Also damp hydrological condition increases the saturation of overburden hence loss of cohesion
Mettalled Road
1.Proper diversion of surface water run-off from the aafected slope face.2. Already constructed retaining wall/partially damaged can be again constructed/modified with sufficient weep holes.
1.Regolith thickness is more than 5m. 2.Damp hydrological condition.3.Drainage dissection on the affected slope.4.Saturation and overburden and loss of cohesion during rainfall.

LS-1, North west of Pasighat
Construction of Retaining wall is required, Toe cutting has to be prevented.
Naveen Kumar Nigam, Kezhasilie Chiezou, 2022, Remote Sensing based Macroscale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in Toposheets 82O/04,8,11,12,15,16; 82P/07 to 11, 13,14 and 83 M/05 covering parts of East Siang, Upper Siang, Dibang Valley and Low
Slide triggred due to incessant rainfall, Suitable suggested remedial measures are to be taken.
1. Removal of slided debris material on the road side. 2. Construction of retaining structure along the affected roads section. 3. Construction of lined hill side drains along the road.
Lack of slope moderation, toe cutting, highly fractured rocks, weathered unconsolidated, tectonic activity, brecciation observed.

Rengging Slide
Slide occurred along the river bank due to toe cut by river
Naveen Kumar Nigam, Kezhasilie Chiezou, 2022, Remote Sensing based Macroscale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in Toposheets 82O/04,8,11,12,15,16; 82P/07 to 11, 13,14 and 83 M/05 covering parts of East Siang, Upper Siang, Dibang Valley and Low
Slide triggred due to toe cutting due to river meandering. Suitable suggested remedial measures are to be taken.
Removal of slided debris material on the road side.
Toe cutting by river, Steep slope, poorly consolidated rock material

Rengging Slide
Slide occurred along the river bank due to toe cut by river
Naveen Kumar Nigam, Kezhasilie Chiezou, 2022, Remote Sensing based Macroscale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in Toposheets 82O/04,8,11,12,15,16; 82P/07 to 11, 13,14 and 83 M/05 covering parts of East Siang, Upper Siang, Dibang Valley and Low
Slide triggred due to toe cutting due to river meandering. Suitable suggested remedial measures are to be taken.
Removal of slided debris material on the road side
Toe cutting by river, Steep slope, poorly consolidated rock material

Alternate carbonaceous shale and thin sandatone of 1-1.5m
Construction of Retaining wall is required, Proper cemented linned/gradient drainage system is to be constructed.
Slide triggred due to incessant rainfall, Suitable suggested remedial measures are to be taken.
Stabilize the slope by benching 2. Construction of retaining wall with sufficient weep holes. 3. Construction of hill side drainage.
Lack of slope moderation, toe cutting during road widening, highly fractured rocks, weathered unconsolidated.

Construction of Retaining wall is required
Slide triggred due to incessant rainfall and extensive slope cutting during road widening, Suitable suggested remedial measures are to be taken.
1. Removal of slided debris material 2. Construction of toe support retaining wall with sufficient weep holes.
Highly fractured rocks, weathered unconsolidated, steep slope

Construction of Retaining wall is required
Slide triggred due to incessant rainfall, Suitable suggested remedial measures are to be taken.
1. Removal of slided debris material 2. Construction of toe support retaining wall with sufficient weep holes. 3. Construction of hill side road drains.
Lack of slope moderation, toe cutting during road widening, highly fractured rocks, weathered unconsolidated.

Rengging Slide, LS-9
Construction of Retaining wall is required
1. Removal of slided debris material on the road side. 2. Construction of retaining wall with suitable height along the affected road section. 3. Provision of hill side drains.
Highly fractured rocks, weathered unconsolidated, steep slope

Construction of Retaining wall is required, Proper cemented linned/gradient drainage system is to be constructed.
1. Removal of slided debris material of the road side. 2. Provision of lined toe drain with adequate gradient along the affected road zone to avoid water logging.
Toe cutting during road widening, highly fractured rocks, weathered unconsolidated,

Sandstone with minoe fault gauge material
Removal of loose debris, Construction of Retaining wall is required, Proper cemented linned/gradient drainage system is to be constructed.
1.Removal of slided debris material. 2. Construction of lined road side drains.

Rengging Slide
Slide occurred along the river bank due to toe cut by river
Slide triggred due to toe cutting due to river meandering. Suitable suggested remedial measures are to be taken.
1. Removal of slided debris material. 2. Construction of gabion walls and hill side road drainage along the affected road stretch
Toe cutting by river, Steep slope, poorly consolidated rock material

LS-53, Mebo river slide
Slide below the road valley side
1. Removal of slided debris material. 2. Scaling of loose material from the slide zone.
Toe cutting by river, Dumping of material

1.Construction of retaining wall with sufficient weep holes along the affected road stretch.2. Construction of lined hill road side drainage with proper gradient. 3.Plantation of deep-rooted plants to prevent slope erosion.

Overburdened loose debris has to be removed, Construction of Retaining wall is required
Construction of lined hill side road drainage with proper gradient.
Toe cutting during road widening, Lack of slope moderation, highly jointed, fractured and weathered rocks.

Construction of Retaining wall is required, Proper cemented linned/gradient drainage system is to be constructed.
1. Trimming of crown scar along its length 2. Providing hill side lined drain. 3. Plantation of fast growing plants/shrubs to protect slope erosion
Toe cutting by river, poorly consolidated rock material

Toe cutting along the river channel has triggered the slide.
1.Moderation of slope 2. Provision of lined drainage along the road section.
Toe cutting by river, weathered unconsolidated, incessant rainfall increased the pore water pressure and triggred slide.

Overburdened loose debris has to be removed, Proper cemented linned/gradient drainage system is to be constructed.
Toe cutting during road widening, highly jointed, fractured and weathered rocks.

North east of Mebo Village, LS-18
Overburdened loose debris has to be removed, Retaining wall has to be reinforced
Insufficient Weep holes, Lack of proper linned drainage, highly fractured rocks, weathered unconsolidated boulders, cobbles, pebbles .

North east of Mebo Village, LS-17
Overburdened loose debris has to be removed, Retaining wall height has to be incresased
1. Construction of gabion wall 2. Stabilize the slope with bench marks 3. Removal of debris material from the drainage in order to avoid excess infiltration.
Lack of slope moderation,highly fractured rocks, weathered unconsolidated,

1.Removal of detached boulder and debris materials. 2. Construction of gabion structure with suitable height and 3. Construction of drainage along the road.
Toe cutting due to river bank erosion, highly fractured rocks, weathered unconsolidated, conglomeratic horizon

1. Removal of slided debris material 2. Construction of retaining wall along the affected road stretch. 3. Construction of lined hill side road drainage with proper gradient

Overburdened loose debris has to be removed, Construction of Retaining wall is required
1.Removal of debris material 2. Slope moderation.
Lack of slope moderation, steep slope, toe cutting during road widening.

Toe cutting has to be prevented.
1. Construction of toe support retaining wall with sufficient weep holes 2. Construction of lined hill side drainage with proper gradient along the affected road section.
Lack of slope moderation, toe cutting for construction material, highly fractured rocks, weathered unconsolidated,

LS-13, towards Mebo
Toe cutting along the river channel has triggered the slide.
1. Removal of slided debris material from the drainage. 2. Reconstruction of damaged concrete wall with sufficient weep holes.
Rainfall, highly fractured rocks, weathered unconsolidated.

Rengging Slide, LS-10
1. Removal of slided debris material 2. Construction of toe support retaining wall with sufficient weep holes. 3. Construction of hill side road drains. 4. Moderation of slope by benching.
Lack of slope moderation, toe cutting during road widening, highly fractured rocks, weathered unconsolidated.

1. Construction of toe support retaining wall with sufficient weep holes along the affected road zone. 2. Construction of hill side drains along the road with proper gradient. 3. Plantation of fast-growing plants with deep and fibrous root system to anc

Legging Slide
Construction of Retaining wall is required, Toe cutting has to be prevented.
Retaining wall toppled due to poor base/foundation
1. Removal of slided debris material on the road side. 2. Construction of retaining structure along the affected roads section. 3. Construction of lined hill side drains along the road.
Lack of slope moderation, toe cutting, highly fractured rocks, weathered unconsolidated.

Construction of Retaining wall is required, Proper cemented linned/gradient drainage system is to be constructed. Toe cutting has to be prevented.
1. Construction of hill side road drains. 2. Modification of slope angle.
Steep slope, lack of slope moderation, toe cutting, highly fractured rocks, weathered unconsolidated, Slicken sides observed along the slip surfaces may be due to some tectonic activity

Proper cemented linned/gradient drainage system is to be constructed. Toe cutting has to be prevented.
1. Removal of slided debris material 2. Construction of retaining wall with sufficient weep holes. 3. Construction of hill side drainage. 4. Stabilize the slope by benching.
Lack of slope moderation, steep slope cutting, rainfall, highly fractured rocks, weathered unconsolidated.

NH-13 Slide 1
The translational debris slide occurred during rainfall due to extensive slope cut (anthropogenic activity). SFM composed of highly jointed and fractured blocks of parent rock mass of Miri Group intermixed with soil, which is unstable along the slope dur
The road stretch is vulnerable to slide due to extensive slope cut.
1.Proper removal of the debris from the affected slope which is blocking the drainage at the foot slope.2.Construction of retaining wall upto appropriate height.
1.SFM composed of highly jointed and fractured blocks of parent rock mass of Miri Group intermixed with soil, which is unstable along the slope during rainfall.

The rotational debris slide occurred during rainfall due to extensive slope cut (anthropogenic activity). SFM composed of Dimictite of Gondwana which is unstable along the slope during rainfall, which is unstable along the slope
Mettalled Road
11.Removal of loose detached rock mass from the affected slope 2.Proper maintanence of drainage. 3.Wire mesh structures can be implemented
1.SFM composed of highly splintery shale of Miri Group which is unstable along the slope during rainfall. 2.Extensive slope cut for road construction.

Pasighat-Yingkiong road Slide 1
Shale-Ferrugenous and highly weathered, Lower Gondwana
The shallow translational debris slide occurred where the SFM material is composed of highly weathered parent rock mass intermixed with soil. Saturation of overburden and increase in pore pressure and loss of cohesion during rainfall.
Mettalled Road
1.Removal of loose debris from the affected slope. 2.Construction of retaining wall.
1.SFM composed of highly weathered parent rockmass intermixed with soil. 2.Saturation of overburden and increase in pore pressure and loss of cohesion during rainfall.3. Regolith thickness is more than 5m.

Pasighat-Yingkiong road Slide 2
The shallow translational debris slide occurred due to the ill planned modification of slope where the SFM composed of highly jointed and fractured quartzite intermixed with shale along with overburden soil cover. Saturation of overburden and increase in
1.Removal of loose debris from the affected slope as to prevent blocking of drainage 2.Construction of retaining structures and slope benching at upper part of the affected slope.3
1.SFM composed of highly jointed and fractured quartzite intermixed with shale along with overburden soil cover (> 5m). 2.Saturation of overburden and increase in pore pressure and loss of cohesion during rainfall.

Dambuk Slide
Toe cutting has to be prevented.
1.Removal of slided debris material. 2. Trimming of crown scar along its length 3. Providing hill side lined drain.

Overburdened loose debris has to be removed, Construction of Retaining wall is required, Proper cemented linned/gradient drainage system is to be constructed.
1. Construction of retaining wall with sufficient weep holes 2. Maintenance of hill side drainage 3. Modification of slope
Lack of slope moderation, highly weathered rocks

Overburdened loose debris has to be removed, Construction of Retaining wall is required
1.Removal of slided material 2. Construction of lined hill side drainage

Dambuk Slide
Retaining wall height has to be incresased, Proper cemented linned/gradient drainage system is to be constructed.
1. Removal of slided material on the road side.2. Scaling of precariously occurring loose material on the upper part of the slope.
Steep slope, Lack of slope moderation, poorly consolidated rock material

Dambuk Slide
Toe cutting has to be prevented.
Removal of slided debris material. 2. Trimming of crown scar along its length 3. Providing hill side lined drain.
Toe cutting, poorly consolidated rock material.

Slide triggered upstream of the bridge
1. Removal of slided debris material on the road side. 2. Trimming of crown scar along its length 3. Providing hill side lined drain.
Toe cutting by river, poorly consolidated rock material

Pasighat-Yingkiong road Slide 19
The slope forming material is predominantly composed of fractured parent rockmass intermixed with soil. Rainfall resulted in oversaturation of fragile overburden material, increase of pore water pressure and loss of cohesion.
Slope material is predominantly composed of rockmass overlain by thin column of in-situ soil ,Illplanned modification of slope

The slope forming material is predominantly composed of fractured parent rockmass intermixed with soil. Rainfall resulted in oversaturation of fragile overburden material, increase of pore water pressure and loss of cohesion
i.Construction of retaining walls ii..Proper maintenance of hill side drain iii. Easing of slope
Slope material is predominantly composed of rockmass overlain by thin column of in-situ soil ,Illplanned modification of slope

The slide is a shallow translational debris slide which has been triggered due to rainfall coupled with extensive slope cut. The affected slope is predominantly composed of in-situ soil intermixed with parent rockmass, dissection of slope by drainages, o
ii. Construction of retaining wall for toe support
Slope material is predominantly composed of rockmass overlain by thin column of in-situ soil ,Illplanned modification of slope

A deep translational debris slide has occurred where SFM is composed of parent rock mass intermixed with soil. Major drainage dissection is observed on the right flank of the slide. Ill planned modification of slope for road construction.
Two major similar slides on boyh flanks of the slide. Right falnk of the slide is a rock fall.Rock mass is moderately weathered and prominent drainage dissection on the slide
1.Systematic channeling of hill slope drainage.2.Removal of debris at the footslope so as to avoid clogging of weep holes
1.SFM composed of weathered and jointed parent rock mass intermixed with soil.2.Major drainage on the right flank of the slide.3.Ill planned modification of slope for road construction.

The deep planar rock slide occurred due to the jointed and fractured parent rock mass dipping towards the road side due to the ill planned modification of slope.
1.Removal of loose materials from the affected slope.2.Prper maintenance of hill side drain.3.Wire mesh system to avoid rock fall on the road bench.
1.Adverse condition of rock mass consists of jointed and fractured parent rock mass along with splintery shale.2. Damp hydrological condition.3.Drainage dissection on the affected slope

The shallow translational rock slide occurred due to the ill planned modification of slope where the SFM composed of highly jointed and fractured quartzite. During heavy precipitation seepage water flows along these joints and it reduces the internal fri
Another slide has been observed on the top of the dump waste below this slide.The slide is a natural slide.
1.Removal/trimming of loose detached boulders from the slope as to avoid rock fall on the road bench.2.Increase in the height of already constructed retaining walls with sufficient weep holes.
1.SFM consists of weathered and jointed parent rock mass.

The overburden in the affected slope is predominantly composed of rockmass overlain by thin column of in-situ soil. Weak slope forming material, dissection of slope by drainages, oversaturation of slope material and loss of cohesion during rainfall are t
"i. Proper diversion of drainages to systematic drainage system
i.SFM: Slope material is predominantly composed of rockmass overlain by thin column of in-situ soil .II)The affected slope has moderate drainage dissections

The shallow translational rock slide caused due to weathered SFM (Quartzite of Miri Group) along the extensive slope cut.
The right flank of the slide along the road section is also prone to failure
1.Removal of loose detached boulders from the top portion of the affected slope. 2.Wire mesh system to avoid rock fall on the road bench
1.SFM composed of highly weathered and jointed parent rock mass. 2.Saturation of overburden and increase in pore pressure and loss of cohesion during rainfall.3. Ill planned modification of slope.

The translational debris slide occurred during rainfall due to extensive slope cut (anthropogenic activity). SFM composed of variegated shale intermixed with soil. Flowing hydrological condition and Gully erosion on the affected slope. Saturation of over
1.Removal of material from the affected slope, so as to avoid blockage of hill side drain.2. Construction of retaining structures
1.SFM composed of varigeted shale intermixed with soil.2.Flowing hydrological condition.3.Gully erosion on the affected slope.4.Saturation of overburden and increase in pore pressure and loss of cohesion during rainfall.

The shallow rotational debris slide occurred where the SFM material is composed of highly splintery shale intermixed with soil. Also damp hydrological condition increases the saturation of overburden hence loss of cohesion occurred mainly during the rain
1.Removal of loose debris which is blocking the hill side drain. 2. Proper diversion of surface water runoff from the affected slope.
1.SFM composed of highly splintery shale intermixed with soil.2. Damp hydrological condition.3. Affected slope is dissected by drainage.

The deep translational rock slide occurred due to the unplanned modification of slope for road construction/ widening. SFM composed of highly fractured and jointed rock mass,quartzite of Miri Group.
1.Toe erosion at the foot of the affected slope.2.Entire road has been washed off on the left flank of the slide.
Road is highly affected. Apart of this road stretch has been totally washed away.
1. Systematic slope dressing and rock bolting. 2. Wire mesh system can be implemented. 3.Removal of loose detached rock boulders which has having high chances of falling.
1.SFM composed of highly fractured and jointed rock mass.2.Unplanned modification of slope for road construction/ widening.3. J1 and J2 forming a wedge which is prone to failure.

The shallow translational rock slide occurred due to the ill planned modification of slope where the SFM composed of highly jointed and fractured quartzite. During heavy precipitation seepage water flows along these joints and it reduces the internal fri
1.Systematic channeling of hill slope drainage.2.Proper maintainence of hill side drain.
1.SFM composed of fragments of different rock mass intermixed with soil.2.Major drainage on the left flank of slide.3.Loss of cohesion and saturation of rock mass dring rainfall.

The shallow translational rock slide occurred due to the ill planned modification of slope where the SFM composed of highly jointed and fractured quartzite. During heavy precipitation seepage water flows along these joints and it reduces the internal fri
1.Systematic channeling of hill slope drainage.2.Proper maintainence of hill side drain.
1.SFM composed of fragments of different rock mass intermixed with soil.2.Loss of cohesion and saturation of rock mass dring rainfall.3.Ill planned modification of hill slope.

A shallow translational debris slide occurred due to the adverse condition of SFM. Saturation of overburden and increase in pore pressure and loss of cohesion during rainfall causes material to slide. Affected slope is highly dissected by drainages.
This stretch of road(300) is vulnerable to failure due to adverse condition of rock mass.
1.Reconstruction of already constructed and damaged retaining wall of appropriate height and width.2.Removal of slide material which is overloading the reataining wall
1.SFM is composed of loose,friable and weathered parent rock mass(shale) with soil and other rock fragments.2.Drainage dissection on the affected slope.3.Loss of cohesion of parent rock mass during rainfall.

A shallow rotational debris slide occurred due to ill planned modification of slope where SFM is composed of thick in-situ soil cover along with weathered shale.Minor drainage dissection is observed on the left flank of the affected slope
1.Plantation of fibrous root trees.2.Removal of debris from the foot slope so as to avoid clogging of weep holes.3.Proper maintainence of hill side drain.
1.SFM composed of thick institu soil cover along with weathered shale .2.Minor drainage on the left flank of the affected slope. 3.Saturation of overburden and increase in pore pressure and loss of cohesion during rainfall.

A shallow rotational debris slide occurred due to ill planned modification of slope where SFM is composed of thick in-situ soil cover along with weathered shale. Minor drainage dissection is observed on the left flank of the affected slope
1.Plantation of fibrous root trees.2.Removal of debris from the foot slope so as to avoid clogging of weep holes.3.Proper maintainence of hill side drain.
1.SFM composed of thick institu soil cover along with weathered shale. 2.Saturation of overburden and increase in pore pressure and loss of cohesion during rainfall.

The deep rotational debris slide occurred due to the ill planned modification of slope where the SFM composed of saturated soil intermixed with rock fragments. Saturation of overburden and increase in pore pressure and loss of cohesion during rainfall c
Metalled Road
1.Removal of loose debris/slide material.2.Proper maintaenance of hill side and proper diversion of surface water runoff.3.Construction of retaining structures.
1.Adverse condition of SFM. It is composed of saturated soil intermixed with rock fragments.2.Loss of cohesion and saturation of parent rock mass during rainfall.3.Flowing hydrological condition all over the affected slope.

A shallow translational debris slide occurred due to the adverse condition of SFM. Saturation of overburden and increase in pore pressure and loss of cohesion during rainfall causes material to slide. Affected slope is highly dissected by drainages.
1.Proper diversion of surface water run pff from the affected slope.2.Maintainence of hill side drain.3.Construction of retaining structure of appropriate height and width.
1.SFM composed of weathered parent rock masss intermixed withsoil.2.Loss of cohesion of parent rock mass during rainfall.3.Affected slope is highly dissected by drainage.4.Ill-planned modifiaction of slope.

A shallow translational debris slide occurred due to the adverse condition of SFM. Saturation of overburden and increase in pore pressure and loss of cohesion during rainfall causes material to slide No remedial measures can be suggested as no element at
No element at risk where the landslide is located therefore no remedial measures can be suggested.More over the landslide location is inaccessible thus the data recorded are from a far and limited.
1.Adverse condition of rock mass consists of jointed and fractured parent rock mass along with splintery shale.2. Steep slope gradient.3.Drainage dissection on the affected slope.4.Toe erosion by Nala.

Dumro-Kumko Slide 4
A rotational debris slide has occurred due to the adverse condition of SFM composed of loose unconsolidated materials and dripping hydrological condition.Mitigation measures suggested is that Sufficient weep holes to be maintained or provided on the alre
1.Removal of slide material from the affected slope.2.Proper maintainence of hill side drain.3.Sufficient weep holes should be provided and removal of material from the blocked weep holes.4.Proper diversion of surface water at the upslope portion of the
1.SFM is composed of loose unconsolidated material intermixed with soil.2.Dripping hydrological condition.3.Drainage dissection on the affected slope.4.Loss of cohesion on the affected slope.

Pasi-Tinali Slide 1
A translational debris slide has occurred to the adverse condition of SFM composed of loose unconsolidated materials and dripping hydrological condition. Mitigation measures suggested is that Sufficient weep holes to be maintained or provided on the alre
1.Proper maintainence of hill side drain all along the affected slope.2.Proper diversion of surface water at the upslope portion of the affected slope.3.Sufficient weep holes should be provided on the already constructed retaining wall.4.Removal of mater
1.SFM is composed of loose unconsolidated material intermixed with soil.2.Major drainage dissections on the affected slope which is in flowing condition.

A shallow translational debris slide occurred where SFM is composed of jointed parent rock intermixed with soil. Major drainage on the right flank of the slide and it is dissected by gully erosion. During heavy precipitation seepage water flows along the
Minor slide is observed on the left flank of the slide.
1.Removal of slide material from the affected slope.2.Proper maintainence of hill side drain.3.Construction of retaining structures for toe support.
1.SFM composed of jointed parent rock intermixed with soil.2.Major drainage is observed on the right flank of the slide.3.Slide is dissected by gully erosion.

A shallow rotational debris slide occurred where SFM is composed of weathered parent rock intermixed with soil. Major drainage on the right flank of the slide. During heavy precipitation seepage water flows along these joints and it reduces the internal
1.Removal of debris and loose detached boulders from the affected slope which covers the retaining wall as weel as clogging of weep holes.2.Proper maintainence of hill side drain.
1.Saturation of overburden and increase in pore pressure and loss of cohesion during rainfall.2.Wet hydrological condition.3.Major drainage near the right flank of the slide(40m away from the slide).4.SFM composed of weathered and jointed rock mass along

Pasi-Tinali Slide 2
The shallow translational rock slide occurred due to the ill planned modification of slope where the SFM composed of highly jointed and fractured quartzite. During heavy precipitation seepage water flows along these joints causes loss of cohesion.
1.Removal of slide materials to avoid boulders falling on the road side.2.Construction of retaining structures.
1.SFM is composed of loose detached boulders of parent rock mass intermixed with soil.2.Damp hydrological condition.3.Loss of cohesion on the affected slope.

Dumro-Kumko Slide 3
A translational debris slide has occurred due to the adverse condition of SFM composed of loose unconsolidated materials and damp hydrological condition. Mitigation measures suggested is that Sufficient weep holes to be maintained or provided on the alre
1.Removal of slide material from the affected slope.2.Proper maintainence of hill side drain.3.Construction of retaining wall on the foot slope.4.Proper diversion of surface water at the upslope portion of the affected slope.
1.SFM is composed of loose unconsolidated material intermixed with soil.2.Damp hydrological condition.3.Drainage dissection on the affected slope.4.Loss of cohesion on the affected slope.

Dumro-Kumko Slide 5
A translational debris slide has occurred to the adverse condition of SFM composed of loose unconsolidated materials and damp hydrological condition. Mitigation measures suggested is that Sufficient weep holes to be maintained or provided on the already
Landslide almost stabilised
1.Sufficient weep holes to be maintained or provided on the already constructed retaining wall.2.Proper maintainence of hill side drain all along the affected slope to avoid blockage.
1.SFM is composed of splintery shale intermixed with soil.2.Loss of cohesion on the affected slope

A translational debris slide has occurred due to the adverse condition of SFM composed of loose unconsolidated materials and damp hydrological condition
Blocked weep holes.
1.Sufficient weep holes to be maintained or provided on the already constructed retaining wall.2.Plantation of fibrous root trees.
1.SFM is composed of loose unconsolidated pebbles and cobbles intermixed wih institu soil.2.Regolith thickness is greater than 5m.3.Damp hydrological condition.4.Loss of cohesion during rainfall.

A translational debris slide has occurred due to the adverse condition of SFM composed of loose unconsolidated materials and damp hydrological condition.
1.Removal of slide materials and hanging trees from the affected slope which is blocking the hill drain and retaining wall.2.Reconstruction/remodification of already constructed retaining wall with sufficient weep holes.
1.Adverse condition of rock mass.SFM is composed of loose unconsolidated materials.2.Damp hydrological condition

On the road section from Roing to dambuk towards Sesseri bridge.
1 Removal of failed rock material on the road side.2. Removal of loose precariously occurring rock blocks at crown portion
Dumping of waste material triggered the slide

Slide occurred velley side below NH-13
1. Construction of Gabion wall and hill side drainage
Dumping of waste material triggered the slide, incessant rainfall increased the pore water pressure and triggred slide, poorly consolidated rock material

Overburdened loose debris has to be removed, Construction of Retaining wall is required, Proper cemented linned/gradient drainage system is to be constructed.
Slide triggred due to incessant rainfall and extensive slope cutting during road widening, Suitable suggested remedial measures are to be taken.
1. Romovel of slided debris material 2. Construction of Gabion wall and hill side drains.
Extensive slope cutting and Toe cutting during road widening, poorly consolidated rock material, conglomeratic horizon

Slope moderation required
Slide triggred due to incessant rainfall and extensive slope cutting during road widening, Suitable suggested remedial measures are to be taken.
1. Romovel of slided material 2. Construction of Gabion wall and hill side drainage
Highly jointed, fractured and weathered rocks and steep slope

Anini-Etalin slide
Overburdened loose debris has to be removed, Construction of Retaining wall is required, Proper cemented linned/gradient drainage system is to be constructed.
Removal of loose debris, Construction of a gabbion wall/retaining wall with sufficient weep holes, Slope moderation
Extensive Slope cutting during road widening, poorly consolidated rock material

Anini-Etalin slide
Overburdened loose debris has to be removed, benching and Slope moderation
Removal of loose debris, benching and Slope moderation
Steep slope and weathered rocks , poorly consolidated rock material

Anini-Etalin slide
Retaining wall height has to be incresased, Proper cemented linned/gradient drainage system is to be constructed.
Increase the height of the retaining wall with sufficient weep holes and benching, and proper linned drainage.
Lack of proper linned drainage, Steep slope, Lack of slope moderation

Overburdened loose debris has to be removed, Construction of Retaining wall is required, Proper cemented linned/gradient drainage system is to be constructed. Toe cutting has to be prevented.
1. Removal of slided material 2. Construction of Gabion wall and hill side drainage
Toe cutting during road widening, highly jointed, fractured and weathered rocks

Overburdened loose debris has to be removed
Lack of slope moderation and weathered rocks , poorly consolidated rock material

Trimming of crown scar along its length.
Toe cutting during road widening, poorly consolidated rock material

1. Construction of Gabion wall and hill side drainage
Toe cutting during road widening, poorly consolidated rock material

Roing-Dambuk Slide
Retaining wall height has to be incresased, Toe cutting has to be prevented.
Steep slope cutting during road widening
1. Construction of Gabion wall 2. Construction of hill side darning.
Toe cutting during road widening, Steep slope, Lack of slope moderation,poorly consolidated rock material

Slide occurred at the river bank due to toe cutting and poorly consolidated cobbles, pebbles of Shiwalik.
1. Removal of slided material on the road side. 2. Removal of precariously occurring loose rock blocks at critical angle.

Retaining wall height has to be incresased
NH-13, Kapang Valley, near 602 mile stone
1. Construction of lined hill side drainage with proper gradient. 2. Provision of gabion wall along the affected road stretch.
Steep slope, Lack of slope moderation, poorly consolidated rock material

Overburdened loose debris has to be removed, Proper cemented linned/gradient drainage system is to be constructed.
1. Removal of slide debris material. 2. Providing hill side lined drain with proper gradient.
Dumping of waste material has caused the dragging effect on the road side and has triggered the slide, Lack of proper linned drainage

From Bomjir 17.6 kms along NH-13 towards Pasighat
Oxidised sand, silt with pebbles of shale, gneiss
The shallow rotational debris slide has been occurred prolonged percolation of rainwater along unconsolidated overburden leads to the increased stress and pore water pressure resulted the slope failure.
Anicia K.S., Arvind Kumar Singh, 2022, Remote Sensing based Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in TS no. 82 P/12, 15, 16; 91 C/3, 4, 7, 8, 12; 91 D/1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9 and 10 covering parts of Lower Dibang Valley, Lohit, Anjaw and
Removal of slided material from road. Construction of gabion wall for toe support. Plantation of bamboo, vetiver on slope surface to prevent erosion.
The infiltration of rainwater along the unconsolidated material leads to the increased pore water pressure and reduced the shear strength during rainfall.

From Bomjir 16 kms along NH-13 towards Pasighat
The shallow planar debris slide road by slope excavation. The r seepage of water along the weak planes that resulted the increase pore water pressure and reduced the shear strength of the slope forming material during heavy rainfall.
Anicia K.S., Arvind Kumar Singh, 2022, Remote Sensing based Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in TS no. 82 P/12, 15, 16; 91 C/3, 4, 7, 8, 12; 91 D/1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9 and 10 covering parts of Lower Dibang Valley, Lohit, Anjaw and
1.The lined drainage at toe of the hill slope for discharge of excess water should be clean. 2.Removal of unstable trees from the slope surface. 3.The slided material has been removed from the retaining wall.
Extensive slope cut for road construction. Thick over burden material (up to 2-3m thick) coupled with incessant rainfall as well as oversaturation may cause for the slides.

From Bomjir 15.3 kms along NH-13 towards Pasighat
Intercalated shale and quartzite of Miri Group
The rock slide is due to extensive slope cut along the two prominent joint, are forming a wedge. As well as the percolation of water along joints further leads to the widening and resulted the detachment of blocks along the weak planes.
Anicia K.S., Arvind Kumar Singh, 2022, Remote Sensing based Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in TS no. 82 P/12, 15, 16; 91 C/3, 4, 7, 8, 12; 91 D/1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9 and 10 covering parts of Lower Dibang Valley, Lohit, Anjaw and
Road partially covered by slided material
1.Removal of loose material from the slope surface. 2.The deep hillside lined ditches at toe of the hill slope should be cleaned.
Extensive slope cut and the prolonged percolation of water along the weak planes resulted the planar failure of rock, .

From Bomjir 15.5 kms along NH-13 towards Pasighat
The landslide is located along Roing to Pashighat road section, a planar rock slide, has occurred by slope excavation. The percolation of water along the weak planes resulted the detachment of rock along the weak planes.
1.The slided material has been removed from the lined drainage at toe of the hill slope for discharge of excess water.
Extensive slope cut and the prolonged percolation of water along the weak planes resulted the planar failure of rock.

Intercalated shale and quartzite of Miri Group
The shallow rotational debris slide has occurred along Roing to Pasighat road due to slope excavation for road construction. During rainy season water flowing from the crown portion saturating the overburden material and reduced the shear strength.
1.Removal of loose slided material from the slope surface. 2.Construct the deep hillside lined ditches at toe of the hill slope for the excess water discharge. 3.Slope angle may be reduced by benching. 4.Construction of breast wall with weep holes.
Extensive slope cut for road construction. Thick over burden material (up to 2-3m thick) coupled with incessant rainfall as well as oversaturation may cause for the slides.

From Roing 12.4 kms along NH-313 towards Mayudia Pass
Cutting of slope at a steep angle diminishes the stability of slope moreover. Slope material is composed of granitic gneiss. Along the weak planes water infiltrated and its leads to the weathering and widening of planes.
Road partially blocked by slided material
1. Removal of unsupported loose material and plants from the crown portion of the slide.
2. Construction of hill side drains at the toe portion of the slide.
The slope disturbance resulted due to the adverse condition of rock mass which is intersected by three sets of prominent weak planes. Along the weak planes water infiltrated and its leads to the weathering and widening of joint planes.

From Roing 12.6 kms along NH-313 towards Mayudia Pass
The shallow rotational debris slide is initiated by slope excavation for road construction, thick overburden material (>5 m) gets oversaturated during rainfall leading to loss of cohesion and development of pore pressure.
1.Removal of loose material occurring at critical angle.

From Roing 13 kms along NH-313 towards Mayudia Pass
The debris slide has occurred due to slope excavation, for road construction. The development of local hydrostatic pressure and reduction of shear strength on over-saturation of weak overburden material due to incessant rainfall resulted the failure.
1. Removal of hanging trees from the crown portion of the slide.
1. Slope forming material is composed of loose unconsolidated soil and rock fragment of parent rock. 2. Loss of cohesion and saturation of overburden materials during rainfall.

350 m NE of slide no. 74
Granitic gneiss overlained by younger alluvium
The deep rotational debris slide has occurred along the vicinity of the river due to toe cutting by river and prolonged infiltration of rain water along the loose younger alluvium leads to the oversaturation during rainfall.
No element at risk where the landslide is located therefore no remedial measures can be suggested.
Toe cutting by river. The prolonged infiltration of rain water along the loose younger alluvium leads to the oversaturation during rainfall.

From Roing 5.4 kms along NH-313 towards Mayudia Pass
Granitic gneiss overlained by younger alluvium
The soil slide has occurred due to the intensive percolation of the water in loose younger alluvium leads to the oversaturation of slope forming material.
Plantation of deep-rooted species of grass such as vetiver grass may be considered to bind the particles with its fibrous root system.
Seepage of rain water along the loose younger alluvium leads to the oversaturation during rainfall.

The rock slide occurred in highly weathered quartzite which is dissected by 3 sets of joints. During heavy rainfall the water percolated through the joints resulting in weathering and widening of the joint planes causing failure.
Removal of loose rock blocks from slope face.
Presence of three sets of joints in highly weathered quartzite and rainfall are the main causative factors for triggering of the slide.

From Roing 37 kms along NH-313 towards Mayudia Pass
The slope failure occurs on steep slope due to poor lithology predominantly composed of highly weathered quartzite with thick overburden material, which gets oversaturated during rain leading to reduced the shear strength and resulted to slope failure
1. Removal of loose material occurring at critical angle 2. Slope moderation by trimming at the crown portion.

The slide occurred in weak SFM predominantly composed of thick soil intermixed with rock fragments. During rainfall, increase pore water pressure in the SFM due to oversaturation reduced the shear strength and resulted to slope failure.
1. Plantation of deep rooted and fast-growing plants on affected slope to prevent the soil erosion. 2 Removal of the uprooted tree from the crown potion of the slide. 3. Construction of lined hill side drainage with proper gradient.
Weak slope forming material predominantly composed of thick soil intermixed with rock fragments of gneisses. During rainfall, increase pore water pressure in the SFM due to oversaturation reduced the shear strength and resulted to slope failure.

The documented rock slide slope excavation for road construction along with adverse condition of rock mass which is intersected by three sets of prominent weak planes and its leads to the shallow planar failure.
1 Repair the damaged retaining wall below the toe portion of the slide. 2 Construction of hill side drains at the toe for excess discharge of the water. 3 Removal of loss slided material form the slide and the road.
Extensive slope cutting along with highly sheared, jointed, weathered granitic gneiss of Bomdila Group.

Toe cutting of hill slope for road construction. Infiltration of rain water along the weaker planes increases the pore water pressure that reduced the shear strength.
Slided material is partially blocked the road
1.Construction of reinforced retaining wall with sufficient weep holes at the toe can help strengthened the slope by sustaining the weight of the slope mass.

The shallow planar rock slide triggered due to the highly jointed nature of quartzite, percolation of rain water through joint planes leads to weathering and widening of joints, which results in failure.
Removal of loose and protruded rock fragments at critical angle from slope face.
1. Highly fractured quartzite. 2. Weathering and widening of joint planes due to rain water percolation causing loosening of rock slabs along the joint planes.

The translational rock slide happened along the NH-313 due to Extensive slope cut for road construction and the affected slope has moderate drainage dissections that resulted the loss of cohesion causing them to slip and slide away.
1.Removal of unstable rock fragments protruded at the scrap surface of the slide. 2 Construction of retaining wall with sufficient weep holes to provide toe support. 3 Construction of hill side drain for excess water discharge.
Differential weathering, steep slope cutting for road construction and daylighting the vulnerable joint plane dipping in the slope direction

The slope forming material is predominantly composed of highly weathered and jointed rock mass overlain by thick column of insitu soil. Oversaturation of SFM by rainwater leads to increase in pore pressure resulted in failure.
1. Removal of loose material occurring at critical angle. 2. Construction of toe support retaining wall with sufficient weep holes along the affected road stretch
1. The slope forming material is predominantly composed of highly weathered rock mass overlain by thick column of insitu soil.
2. The affected slope has moderate drainage dissections. 3 Intersected of three sets of prominent joints.

The shallow rotational rock slide has occurred along the Roing to Anini road due to extensive slope cut for road construction without proper remedial measures and incessant rainfall.
1.Reducing the general slope angle by slope dressing. 2 Clearing of loose vegetation and debris from the slope face. 3 Reinforced concrete retaining wall with suff. Weep holes of at least 5 m height (along the toe of problematic slopes area).
Extensive slope cut of toe of the hill slope for road construction with out proper remedial measures and incessant rainfall may have caused increase of pore water pressure locally.

From Roing 16 kms along NH-313 towards Mayudia Pass
The slide has happened 16 kms. from Roing and its initiated by extensive slope cut of toe of the hill slope for road construction and incessant rainfall may have caused increase of pore water pressure locally.
1. Reinforced concrete retaining wall of suitable height may be constructed along the affected slopes area with weep holes at regular interval for discharge of excess water. 2. Slope moderation.
1. Extensive slope cut during road construction. 2. Increase of pore water pressure in the thick (3.5m) overburden soil reduced the shear strength and resulted to slope failure.

The slope failure occurs due to extensive toe cutting of natural slope for road construction, pore water pressure developed in the slope forming material during heavy rainfall.
1. Removal of loose material occurring at critical angle. 2. Construction of toe support retaining wall with sufficient weep holes along the affected road stretch. 3. Provision of hill side road drains.
1. Slope failure occurs along the extensive slope cut due to pore water pressure developed in the slope forming material during heavy rainfall. 2. Extensive toe cutting for road construction.

The geo scientific causes of the landslide are reduction of strength on super saturation by rain water.
Slided material is partially blocked the road
Removal of hanging plants from the crown portion of the slide.
Reduction of strength of overburden on super saturation, cutting of slope for road construction

Due to slope excavation, the debris slide has occurred. Thick over burden material (up to 2-3m thick) coupled with incessant rainfall may cause for the slides. The overburden losses its strength due to increase in pore pressure.
1.Removal of loose and unconsolidated material from the slope surface. 2.Repair the partially blocked retaining wall. 3.The hill side line drained should be cleaned.
Extensive cutting of slope for road construction. Thick over burden material (up to 3m thick) coupled with incessant rainfall may cause for the slides.

From Roing 18.6 kms along NH-313 towards Hunli
The shallow planar rock slide has occurred due to slope cut for road construction. During rain, seepage and infiltration of water along closely jointed within the quartzite, resulted in intense weathering and slope saturation.
Newly connstructing Roing-Hunli/ Anini road NH-313
1. Removal of loose material occurring at critical angle.
unscientific way of removal of material from hillslope for road construction. Adverse condition of rock mass and infiltration of rain water along the weak planes, resulted in intense weathering and slope saturation.

The landslide occurred due are steep slope cut for road construction. Weathering and widening of joint planes sue to rainwater causing loosening of blocks along the joint planes.
1.Deep hillside lined ditches on toe of slope may be constructed and maintain regularly so that water does not flow on the road bench.
Steep slope cut for road construction. Weathering and widening of joint planes sue to rainwater causing loosening of blocks along the joint planes.

From Roing 18.23 kms along NH-313 towards Hunli
The rock slide has occurred due to highly jointed nature of country rock, prolonged infiltration of rainwater along the slope surface, dripping hydrological condition leading to development of local hydrostatic pressure
Newly connstructing Roing-Hunli/ Anini road NH-313
1. Removal of loose material occurring at critical angle.
The removal of rock from the toe of the hillslope for road construction disturbance the natural slope. The seepage and infiltration of water along the weaker plane of the county rock resulted in intense weathering and slope saturation.

From Roing 17.5 kms along NH-313 towards Hunli
The shallow translational debris slide occurred due to weak SFM predominantly comprise of rock fragments admixed with soil. During heavy rainfall, the SFM gets oversaturated and reduced the shear strength which resulted to slope failure.
Newly connstruct15ing Roing-Hunli/ Anini road NH-313
1. Provision of hill side road drains. 2. Removal of loose material occurring at critical angle.
1. Extensive toe cutting of slope for road construction. 2. Weak slope forming material mainly composed of weathered.

From Roing 18 kms along NH-313 towards Hunli
A debris slide has occurred along Roing- Anini road (NH-313) section due to slope forming material get oversaturated during heavy rainfall.
Newly connstructing Roing-Hunli/ Anini road NH-313
1.Plantation of deep-rooted species of grass such as vetiver grass may be plant crown and scrap portion of the slide.
SFM is composed of loose unconsolidated material get oversaturated during heavy rainfall.

The shallow rotational failure of slope forming material has been occurred along the Hunli to Annini road (NH313). The intensive percolation of the rain water leads to the over saturation and its resulted the slide
Road slightly covered by slided material
2.Removal of unstable trees and plants from the slope surface.
Extensive slope cut and the reduction in shear strength of the slope forming material during heavy rainfall.

The shallow planar debris slide is due to extensive slope cut for road construction and the intensive percolation of the water in the overburden. increase the pore pressure and loss of cohesion during rainfall.
1.Easing of slope/ slope gradation is required.
1.The slope disturbance occurred due to vertical cutting of the hillslope for the road construction without any toe support.

The debris slide, has triggered due to increase of pore water pressure in the thick (3.5 m) overburden soil during rainfall, reduced the shear strength and resulted to slope failure.
1. Construction of retaining wall by extending the already constructed retaining wall towards right side of the slide along the affected road stretch. 2. Provision of lined hill side drainage with proper gradient and 3. Trimming of crown scar.
Increase of pore water pressure in the thick (3.5 m) overburden soil during rainfall, reduced the shear strength and resulted to slope failure.

The rock slide has triggered due to the wedge failure coupled with oversaturation of weathered and jointed rock mass due to rainfall and natural drainage flowing from crown through the slope face.
1. Removal of failed rock materials on the road side. 2. Removal of loose rock blocks precariously occurring at crown portion and slope faces.

The shallow translational debris slide, has triggered along newly constructing Roing-Hunli/ Anini road (NH-313), due to Increase of pore water pressure in the thick (3.5m) overburden soil reduced the shear strength and resulted to slope failure.
1. Removal of failed debris material on the road side blocking the drainage. 2. Repairing of the partially damaged retaining wall.
Increase of pore water pressure in the thick (3.5m) overburden soil reduced the shear strength and resulted to slope failure

The geo scientific causes of the landslide are toe cutting of hill slope. Weathering and widening of joint planes sue to rainwater seepage causing loosening of blocks along the joint planes.
Removal of hanging plants from the crown portion of the slide
Toe cutting of hill slope. Weathering and widening of joint planes sue to rainwater seepage causing loosening of blocks along the joint planes.

The rock slide occurred due to the extensive slope cut for road construction, formation of wedge by intersection of joint planes. During rainfall, a local hydrostatic pressure developed leads weathering and widening of joint planes.
1.Reducing the general slope angle by slope dressing.
1 Formation of wedge by intersection of joint planes. 2. Extensive slope cut. 3. During rainfall, a local hydrostatic pressure developed leads weathering and widening of joint planes causing loosening of blocks along the joint planes.

Slope failure occurs along the extensive cut slope due to pore water pressure developed in the thick (3m) slope forming material along with presence of natural drainage above the crown flowing over the slope face during heavy rainfall.
1. Removal of loose material occurring at critical angle. Removal of slided debris material on the road side and hillside drainage.

The shallow translational debris slide, has triggered extensive steep slope cut for road construction in highly weathered and jointed rock mass (Chlorite schist) with unconsolidated slope forming material.
1.Removal of loose slided material from the slope surface. 2.The deep hillside lined ditches at toe of the hill slope should be cleaned. 3. Slope angle may be reduced by benching.
1. Extensive steep slope cut for road construction. 2. Highly weathered and jointed rock mass (Chlorite schist) with unconsolidated slope forming material.

The shallow rotational debris slide has occurred due to the intensive percolation of the water in the SFM. It increased the pore water pressure and reduced the shear strength of the overburben.
1.Removal of uprooted trees and plants from the slide. 2.Cleaning of weep holes of the retaining wall required. 3 Construct the road side drains for discharge of water.
Extensive cuttiong of slope for road construction. As a result of slope saturation cause the increased the pore water pressure and reduced the shear strength of the slope.

The shallow rotational debris slide has occurred due to unscientific way of modification of natural slope and removal of soil for road construction. The intensive percolation of the water leads to the over saturation of the material.
Road partially covered by the slided material
1.Easing of slope/ slope gradation is required. 2.Removal of uprooted trees and plants from the slide. 3.Construction of side drains along the road to avoid any drainage problem. 4. Clean the weep holes of the retaining wall.
Extensive cuttiong of slope for road construction. As a result of slope saturation cause the increased the pore water pressure and reduced the shear strength of the slope.

The shallow rotational debris slide has occurred due to the intensive percolation of the water in the SFM. It increased the pore water pressure and reduced the shear strength of the overburben.
1.Construction of retaining wall with proper weep holes at the toe of the slide. 2 Cleaning of line drain (removal of plants and slided material), so that water can easily drain through it.
Extensive cuttiong of slope for road construction. As a result of slope saturation cause the increased the pore water pressure and reduced the shear strength of the slope.

The shallow rotational debris slide has been occurred due to the prolonged percolation of water along the weak planes, leads to the increased stress and pore water pressure resulted the slope failure and road subsidence in downslope direction.
The slided material is dumped on the opposite side of the slide.
1.Cleaning of the line drain at toe part to avoid toe erosion.
Extensive slope cut for road construction. Weathering and widening of joint planes causing loosening of blocks along the joint planes.

The shallow rotational debris slide has been occurred due to the prolonged percolation of water along the weak planes, leads to the increased stress and pore water pressure resulted the slope failure and road subsidence in downslope direction.
1.Removal of protruded overburden from the crown portion. 2. Slope angle to be reduce by benching. 3. Removal of loose material from the slide.
Extensive slope cut for road construction. Weathering and widening of joint planes causing loosening of blocks along the joint planes alonf with super saturation of the SFM

The rock slide occurred due to wedge failure along steep slope cut, prolonged infiltration of water along bedding/joint planes leading to the deterioration of rock mass.
1. Removal of failed debris material on the road side. 2. Trimming of crown scar along its length.
1. Wedge formation due to intersection of joints. 2. Unplanned modification of slope for road construction. 3. Prolonged infiltration of water along bedding/joint planes leading to the deterioration of rock mass.

The shallow rotational debris slide has been occurred due to the prolonged percolation of water along the weak planes, leads to the increased stress and pore water pressure resulted the slope failure and road subsidence in downslope direction.
The road is under construction and constructing of retaining wall under progress.
Extensive slope cut for road construction. Weathering and widening of joint planes causing loosening of blocks along the joint planes.

The shallow rotational debris slide has been occurred due to the incessant rain fall may cause to increase the pore pressure and vertical toe cut for road construction weak slope forming material.
Road is partially covered by the slided material.
1.Removal of uprooted and hanging plants from the crown portion. 2.Removal of loose material from the slide. 3.The lined drainage should be provided at toe part to minimize toe erosion. 4.Slope gradation is required.
The slope transformation leads to the weathering and widening of joint planes causing loosening of blocks along the joint planes along with super saturation of the highly weatheared SFM.

The debris slide, has initiated by slope excavation. Seepage of water along the SFM, increase pore water pressure and reduced the shear strength of the slope forming material during heavy rainfall.
1. Removal of failed debris material on the drainage and road side. 2. Trimming of crown scar.
Increase of pore water pressure in the overburden soil during rainfall reduced the shear strength and resulted to slope failure.

From Roing 22 kms along NH-313 towards Hunli
The rotational debris slide has occurred due to the removal of SFM for road construction. The prolonged water infiltration in the slope forming material increasing the pore water pressure and reducing the shear strength of the SFM.
Road is partially covered by the slided material.
1.Removal of uprooted and hanging plants from the crown portion. 2.The lined drainage should be provided at toe part to minimize toe erosion. 3.Maintainance of retaining wall and weep holes.

The shallow translational debris slide, has triggered due to increase of pore water pressure in the thick (> 5 m) overburden material resulted in reduced the shear strength and slope failure.
1. Repairing and removal of slided material from gabion wall. 2. Trimming of crown scar and slope face.
Increase of pore water pressure in the thick (> 5 m) overburden material resulted in reduced the shear strength and slope failure.

The shallow rotational debris slide has occurred due to toe cutting of slope for road construction. Increase of pore water pressure in the thick overburden soil due to oversaturation during heavy rainfall reduced the shear strength of the SFM.
1. Removal of failed debris material on the road side 2. Slope moderation at crown portion and removing/ cleaning of debris material failed along the hill side road drainage.
1. Toe cutting of slope for road construction. 2. Increase of pore water pressure in the thick overburden soil due to oversaturation during heavy rainfall reduced the shear strength of the SFM.

13 km NE of Dambuk
This major rock slide has triggered along the hill slope near river, where rainfall water and formation of wedge by joint sets are the main causative factors for triggering of the slide.
No remedial measures are suggested as the slide occurred in the vicinity of the river.
Wedge failure formed by the intersection of joints.

Slope failure occurs along the steep slope cut due to oversaturation of thick overburden (1.5 m) comprising of rock fragments admixed with soil.
1. Scaling of steep and protruding rock masses on either s flank of slide. 2. Scaling at crown scar. 3. Construction of retaining wall along the affected slope for toe support.
1. Steep slope cut 2. Thick overburden (1.5 m) comprising of rock fragments admixed with soil. 3. Dripping water condition 4. Saturation of overburden along with underlying weathered rock by rainfall and dripping water.

The affected slope falls in newly constructing NH-313 road section due to the slope disturbance for road construction and the pore water pressure that destabilized the slope during heavy rainfall.
1. Removal of loose material 2. Construction of toe support retaining wall with sufficient weep holes along the affected road stretch 3. Provision of hill side road drainage.
1. Extensive toe cutting of slope during road construction 2. Increase of pore water pressure in the thick overburden soil reduced the shear strength and resulted to slope failure.

The rock fall occurred due to highly weathered and intersection of joint coupled with steep slope cutting for road construction along NH-313 (Newly constructing Roing - Anini road)
1. Scaling of unstable loose rocks mass along the slope face. 2. Removal of failed material on the road side.
Highly weathered and jointed of rock mass (quartzite) coupled with steep slope cutting for road widening are the primary causative factor for the failure.

The rock slide occurred due to slope modification for road construction. During rainfall saturation of slope forming material results in development of pore water pressure and reduction in shear strength causing failure.
Road is partially blocked the slided material

0.7 km west of landslide no. 12
The shallow debris slide occurred on hill slope in vicinity of river. The slope got failed along highly weathered Quartzite. The slope is unstable and likely to fail during intense rainfall.
No remedial measures have been suggested as the rock slide occurred far away from the road.
1. The slope forming material predominantly comprises of moderately weathered and highly jointed of schistose quartzite with phyllite 2. Gully erosion.

The debris slide has triggered along steep hill slope due to toe erosion and weak SFM comprises of thick unconsolidated material. The rainwater increases of pore water pressure in the thick overburden soil reduced the shear strength.
No remedial measures are suggested as the slide occurred in the vicinity of the river.
1.Weak slope forming material predominantly comprises of thick unconsolidated material. 2. Increase of pore water pressure in the thick overburden soil reduced the shear strength. 3. Toe erosion by river.

The shallow rotational debris slide is due to the intensive percolation of the water in the overburden. It increased the pore water pressure and reduced the shear strength of the overburben.
1.Removal of uprooted plants from the slide.
Extensive slpe cut leads to the slope transformation opened up new pathway for water infiltration & slope saturation.

The debris slide triggered due to extensive toe cutting of slope for road construction. Increase of pore water pressure in the thick overburden soil reduced the shear strength of the slope forming material. 3. Rill erosion on slope.
1. Plantation of fast-growing plants (bamboo, vetiver) to prevent slope erosion. 2. Construction of hillside drains along the affected road stretch. 3. Proper draining of nala located on the left side of the slide.
1. Extensive toe cutting of slope for road construction 2. Increase of pore water pressure in the thick overburden soil reduced the shear strength of the slope forming material. 3. Rill erosion on slope.

The rotational debris slide has occurred due to the weaker plane that facilitates infiltration of water, resulted in increased stress and pore water pressure. subsequently resulted in slope failure and road subsidence in downslope direction.
1.The lined drainage may be provided at toe part to avoid toe erosion. 2. Construction of retaining wall towards the hill side with weep holes along the affected area.
Extensive slope cut for road construction. Weathering and widening of joint planes causing loosening of blocks along the joint planes.

500 m south from landslide no. 44
The debris slide has triggered due to toe erosion and weak SFM predominantly comprises of thick younger alluvium sediments. The rainwater increases of pore water pressure in the thick overburden soil reduced the shear strength.
No remedial measures are suggested as the slide occurred in the vicinity of the river.
The SFM is highly unconsolidated younger alluvium sediments. During rainfall the unconsolidated slope forming material get oversaturated resulting in development of hydrostatic pressure and thus reduced the shear strength of the material.

From Roing 29 kms along NH-313 towards Hunli
Schistose quartzite with phyllite of Boleng Group
Debris slide has triggered due to extensive steep, SFM comprises of highly jointed and weathered rock mass intermixed with soil. During rain infiltration of water along joints planes developed pore water pressure during heavy rainfall.
1. Removal of failed debris material on the road side. 2. Provision of peripheral drainage system. 3. Construction of hill side drains and provision of culvert to drains out the surface run-off water coming from upslope nala located on the left side.
1. Weak SFM comprises of highly jointed and weathered rock mass 2. Extensive steep cut slope for road construction and 3. Infiltration of surface run-off water along joints planes and fractures developed pore water pressure during heavy rainfall.

Debris slide occurred due to extensive toe cutting of slope during road construction, increase of pore water pressure in the thick overburden soil reduced the shear strength and resulted to slope failure.
1. Removal of unstable loose material and rock boulders from slope. 2. Removal of uprooted plants in crown portion. 3. Construction of lined hill side drainage and gabion wall along the affected road stretch.
1. Extensive toe cutting of slope during road construction 2. Increase of pore water pressure in the thick overburden soil reduced the shear strength and resulted to slope failure.

The slope forming material is highly unconsolidated. During rainfall, water flowing through the slope face create temporary rills on slope, within which water converge to augment pore water pressure and has aggravated instability.
1. Plantation of fast-growing plants on the upslope of the slide zone to protect slope erosion. 3. Removal of uprooted trees and loose material from the crown portion.
1. Extensive toe cutting of slope for road construction 2. Increase of pore water pressure in the thick overburden soil reduced the shear strength and 3. Rill / Gully erosion.

Extensive slope cut and adverse condition of rock mass which is intersected by three sets of prominent weak planes.
1.Scaling of the slope. 2 The lined drainage should be made at toe of the hill slope and culvert should be designed for discharge of excess water on upslope to minimize pore water pressure and seepage down the slope.

The slope failure occurred due to weak SFM predominantly comprises of unconsolidated material, modification of slope due to road construction and oversaturation of the thick overburden soil during heavy rainfall resulted to slope failure.
1. Provision of peripheral drainage on the left flank along the slope 2. Plantation of bamboo, vetiver on slope surface to prevent erosion. 3. Construction of gabion wall and hill side drains along the affected road stretch with proper gradient.

The rock slide has triggered due to steep slope cut for road construction in highly weathered and jointed quartzite. Later the infiltration of rainwater through joints caused weathering and spacing along the joint planes resulting in failure.
1. Trimming at crown scar. 2. Removal of protruding and loosere rock fragments at critical angle. 3. Provision of hill side drainage.

The rock fall occurred due to highly weathered and intersection of joint coupled with steep slope cutting for road construction along NH-313 (Newly constructing Roing - Anini road)
1. Scaling of unstable loose rocks mass along the slope face. 2. Removal of failed material on the road side.
Wedge failure due to intersection of joints and extensive slope cutting for road construction.

From Hunli 35.9 kms along NH-313 towards Anini
The debris slide has occurred due to saturation of overburden (3.5 m) material by rainwater leading to increase in pore water pressure and reduction of shear strength causing failure
1. Trimming of crown scar. 2. Scaling of material at critical angle from slope surface. 3. Removal of loose unstable plants in crown portion. 4. Provision for hill side drainage.
1. Steep slope cut for road construction. 2. Saturation of thick overburden material (3.5 m) leading to the increase in pore water pressure and reduction of shear strength causing failure. 3.Rill erosion on the affected slope.

Yelmo landslide. From Hunli 42.5 kms along NH-313 towards Anini
The Yelmo debris slide has occurred along the Hunli-Anini road section, due to oversaturation of thick slope forming material (>5m) due to rainfall causing local hydrostatic pressure and loss of cohesion on the affected slope.
1. Removal of slided material at critical angle from slope surface. 2. Plantation of bamboo, vetiver on slope surface to prevent erosion. 3. Provision for hill side drainage. 4. Construct of retaining wall with sufficient weep holes.
1. Weak and unconsolidated SFM 2. Toe cutting of hill slope for road construction. 3. Oversaturation of SFM due to rainfall creating a local hydrostatic pressure and loss of cohesion on the affected slope.

From Hunli 39 kms along NH-313 towards Anini
The debris slide has occurred due to saturation of overburden (2 m) material by rainwater leading to increase in pore water pressure and reduction of shear strength causing failure.
1. Trimming of crown scar. 2. Removal of loose unstable plants in crown portion.
1. Thick overburden material (2 m) comprising of rock fragments admixed with soil. 2. Rill erosion on the affected slope. 3. Rainwater causes saturation of overburden leading to the increase in pore water pressure

Overburdened loose debris has to be removed, Proper cemented linned/gradient drainage system is to be constructed. Toe cutting has to be prevented.
1.Removal of failed debris material 2. Trimming of crown scar and construction of retaining) Breast wall) wall along the affected road section
Toe cutting of slope during road construction, widening andSteep slope cut face along the raod face lead to instability of the weathered slope face and subsequently failure during heavy rainfall as a result of super saturation of the slope material

Overburdened loose debris has to be removed, Construction of Proper cemented linned/gradient drainage system is to be constructed.
1. Removal of slided debris material 2. Construction of hill side drainage.3. Modification of slope at crown part of the slide
Steep slope face due to extensive slope modification along the road face due to road widening work has lead to slope instability of the loose boulders and subsequently of the slope heavy during rainfall.

Overburdened loose debris has to be removed, Retaining wall height has to be incresased, Construction of Retaining wall is required, Proper cemented linned/gradient drainage system is to be constructed. Toe cutting has to be prevented.
1. Removal of slided rock material 2 Scaling of unstable material near to the crown of landslide
Steep slope, Lack of slope moderation, toe cutting, poorly consolidated rock material

Overburdened loose debris has to be removed
1. Removal of slided rock material 2.Scaling of loose material near to the crown of landslide
Steep slope, Lack of slope moderation, toe cutting, highly jointed, fractured and weathered rocks.

West of Sisseri bridge
Overburdened loose debris has to be removed, Proper cemented linned/gradient drainage system is to be constructed.
1. Removal of uprooted trees from the slide zone. 2. Plantation of fast-growing grass/ shrubs to protect slope erosion.
Dumping of material along the steep road face consisting of poorly consolidated material without any slope moderation have led to subsequently failure during heavy rainfall due to super saturation of the soil.

A minor shear zone cutting across Verticall
Proper cemented linned/gradient drainage system is to be constructed.
1. Removal of slided debris material 2. Diversion of nala with the construction of culvert. 3. Construction of gabion wall along the affected road section.
Highly jointed, fractured, sheared and weathered rocksand minor fault planes noticed

Sisseri bridge slide
Proper cemented linned/gradient drainage system is to be constructed.
1. Removal of slided debris material 2. Stabilize the slope by the three benching. 3. Proper diversion drainage with construction of culvert 4. Reconstruction of damaged concrete wall with suitable height.
Dumping of waste material has caused the dragging effect on the road side and has triggered the slide, Lack of proper linned drainage

Sisseri bridge slide
1. Removal of slided debris material 2. Construction of retaining wall.
Dumping of waste material has caused the dragging effect on the road side and has triggered the slide, Lack of proper linned drainage

Sisseri bridge slide

Retaining wall height has to be incresased, Proper cemented linned/gradient drainage system is to be constructed.
Increase the height of the retaining wall with sufficient weep holes and benching,
Extensive Slope cutting during road widening, poorly consolidated rock material

Mebo Slide
Construction of Retaining wall is required, Proper cemented linned/gradient drainage system is to be constructed. Toe cutting has to be prevented.
1. Removal of slided debris material 2. Repairing of damaged concrete retaining wall with sufficient weep holes. 3. Construction of lined hill side road drainage with proper gradient.
Toe cutting and lack of slope moderation, unconsolidated material.

Overburdened loose debris has to be removed, Slope moderation
Highly fracture rock and extensive slope cut has exposed the rock face with steep road face without slope moderation led to failure of the slopefailure during heavy rainfall due to super saturation of rock joins and fracture during heavy rainfall.

West Sisseri bridge slide
Overburdened loose debris has to be removed
Slide triggred due to Dumping of road construction/widening waste material, incessant rainfall and extensive slope cutting during road widening, Suitable suggested remedial measures are to be taken.
1. Removal of failed debris material on the road. 2. Trimming of crown scar along its length.
Dumping of material along the steep road face without any slope moderation have led to subsequently failure during heavy rainfall due to super saturation of the soil.

Overburdened loose debris has to be removed, Toe cutting has to be prevented.
Slide triggred due to Toe cutting of slope by river bank cutting, , Dumping of material, incessant rainfall, Suitable suggested remedial measures are to be taken.
1. Trimming of crown scar along its length. 2. Removal of slided debris material on the road side. 3. Provision of gabion wall and hill side drain along the affected road stretch.
Toe cutting of slope by river bank cutting, , Dumping of material during the road construction on the poorly unconsolidated slope material.

1. Removal of slided material. 2. Construction of retaining wall with sufficient weep holes. 3. Removal of slided material from the hill side drainage to allow the free flow the water in order to avoid water logging.
Toe cutting of slope during road construction and road widening has ustabilised the slope along the steep road face , Highly weathered and jointed rock faces.

Near Sisseri bridge slide
Below the road the retaining wall is affected.
1. Construction of toe support retaining wall with sufficient weep holes. 2. Removal of slided material on the road side. 3. Trimming of crown scar along its length. 4. Removal of loose rock blocks precariously occurring at crown portion.
Toe cutting by river along the bank and dumping of materials over the poorly unconsolidated hills slope has ustabilised the slope

Proper cemented linned/gradient drainage system is to be constructed.
1. Removal of slided material on the road side. 2. Construction of toe support retaining wall with sufficient weep holes and hill side drain.
Partial Blockage of road and clogging of drainage.
Steeping of slope due to road construction and road widening has instabilized the slope, Pooorly consolidated and weathered slope material leads to subsequent failure during the heavy rainfall

Proper cemented linned/gradient drainage system is to be constructed. Toe cutting has to be prevented.
1.Replacement of concrete wall in a phase manner with sufficient weep holes
Toe cutting of slope due to road widening activities has un-stabilised the slope consisting of highly weathered debris material.

Slide 100m above the road
1. Removal of slided debris material 2. Repairing of damaged concrete retaining wall with sufficient weep holes. 3. Construction of lined hill side road drainage with proper gradient.
Lack of slope moderation, Poorly consolidated material.

West Sessiri bridge
Slope moderation and benching is required
1. Construction of toe support retaining wall with sufficient weep holes 2. Provision of hill side drain along the affected zone.
Steep slope due to road construction, widening has led to instability of the highly weathered and jointed rocks without any slope moderation and subsequently failure especially during heavy rainfall.

Mebo Slide
No remedial measures suggested as concrete wall with sufficient weep holes and lined hillside drainage is already constructed.
Steep slope, Lack of slope moderation, unconsolidated material.

1. Removal of slided debris material 2. Construction of toe support retaining wall with sufficient weep holes 3. Construction of lined hill side road drainage with proper gradient.
Steep slope, Lack of slope moderation,highly jointed, fractured and weathered rocks , unconsolidated material

Retaining wall height has to be incresased.
Steep slope, Lack of slope moderation, poorly consolidated rock material

Construction of Proper cemented linned/gradient drainage system is to be constructed. Toe cutting has to be prevented.
1. Removal of slided debris material 2. Construction of hill side drainage.
Extensive slope cut or Toe cutting of slope during road construction, widening workand loose and highly weathered debris material has led to slope instability and subsequently slope failure along the weak zone during heavy rainfall.

Construction of Retaining wall is required, Proper cemented linned/gradient drainage system is to be constructed. Toe cutting has to be prevented.
1. Construction of retaining wall with weep holes 2. Removal of slided debris material 3. Construction of hill side drainage.
Extensive slope cut or Toe cutting of slope during road construction, widening workand loose and highly weathered debris material has led to slope instability and subsequently slope failure along the weak zone during heavy rainfall.

Anini Slide
Overburdened loose debris has to be removed, Proper cemented linned/gradient drainage system is to be constructed. Toe cutting has to be prevented.
1. Construction of lined hill side drain.
Toe cutting of slope during road construction, widening work with steep slope along the road face consisting of loosely unconsolidated lead to instability and also to super saturation of soil during heavy rainfall and subsequently failure.

Mebo Slide
Slide triggred due to toe cut by river meandering, Suitable suggested remedial measures are to be taken.

Overburdened loose debris has to be removed, Retaining wall height has to be reinforced.
Draining out of water logged observe on the left side of the hill side drain. 2. Extension of at least 3 m long of the already constructed retaining wall with sufficient weep holes.
Toe cutting of slope during road construction, widening and steep slope face along the road face lead to instability of the slope and subsequently failure during rainfall.

Overburdened loose debris has to be removed, Retaining wall height has to be incresased, Construction of Retaining wall is required, Proper cemented linned/gradient drainage system is to be constructed. Toe cutting has to be prevented.
Slide triggred due to toe cut by river meandering, Suitable suggested remedial measures are to be taken.

Slide triggred due to toe cut by river meandering, Suitable suggested remedial measures are to be taken.
NH-13, nE of Mebo village, upstream of River
1. Removal of slided debris material on the road side 2. Construction of retaining wall with sufficient weep holes
Toe cutting by river, poorly consolidated rock material

Overburdened loose debris has to be removed, Proper cemented linned/gradient drainage system is to be constructed. Toe cutting has to be prevented.
Toe cutting of slope during road construction, widening work and the weathered material andloose debris material lying along the steep road faces lead to instability and during rainfall lead to super saturation and subsequently slope failure.

1. Removal of slided debris material 2. Repairing of damaged concrete retaining wall with sufficient weep holes.3. Natural drainage has to be diverted with culvert
Toe cutting during road widening, Steep slope, Lack of slope moderation, poorly consolidated rock material.

West Sessiri bridge
Slope moderation and benching is required
1.Removal of uprooted trees from the slide zone. 2. Construction retaining structure with weep holes along the affected road section.
Extensive slope cut leading to steep slope due to road construction, widening has led to instability of the highly weathered and jointed rocks without any slope moderation and subsequently failure especially during heavy rainfall.

1.Moderation of slope by benching in between along the slope. 2. Plantation of fast growing plants.
Incessant rainfall increased the pore water pressure and triggred slide.

1. Removal of slided material. 2. Construction of retaining wall with sufficient weepholes. 3. Stabilize the slope by benching 4. Maintenance of hillside drainage.
Toe cutting during road widening, weathered rock mass, Steep slope, Lack of slope moderation

Plantation of fast-growing grass/ shrubs to protect slope erosion
Due to toe cutting of slope by the river channel, Loose and poorly consolidated material of the slope material.

Retaining wall height has to be incresased, Proper cemented linned/gradient drainage system is to be constructed. Toe cutting has to be prevented.
1. Removal of slided debris material. 2. Construction of retaining wall with sufficient weepholes. 3. Stabilize the slope by benching 4. Maintenance of hillside drainage.
Insufficient Weep holes, Toe cutting during road widening, Steep slope, Lack of slope moderation, poorly consolidated rock material

Plantation of fast-growing grass/ shrubs on affected slope.
Toe cutting during road widening, weathered unconsolidated material

Landslide occurred below the road section.
1. Wedge failure due to intersection of joints. 2. Extensive cutting of slope for road construction.
Toe cutting by river, unconsolidated material.

Stabilize the slope by benching. Plantation of fast-growing grass/ shrubs to protect slope erosion
Due to Toe cutting of slope by river on the bank and , Dumping of material during the road construction on the poorlyunconsolidated slope material.

1.Removal of slided debris material on the road side. 2. Modification of slope by benching.
Lack of slope moderation, highly fractured and weathered rocks.

Ceasing of the dumping of waste material, Overburdened loose debris has to be removed, Construction of Retaining wall is required, Proper cemented linned/gradient drainage system is to be constructed.
Road culvet is partially cut down from under the road
Dumping of waste material ( road cutting waste) has caused the dragging effect on the road side and has triggered the slide, Lack of proper linned drainage

Dumping of waste material has caused the dragging effect on the road side and has triggered the slide, Proper cemented linned/gradient drainage system is to be constructed.
Partial road cutting towards valley side
1. Removal of slided material 2. Construction of retaining wall

The shallow rotational rock slide due to the removal of SFM for road construction. The prolonged water infiltration in the slope forming material increasing the pore water pressure and reducing the shear strength of the overburden.
1.Removal of loose material from the hill slope and hanging trees from the crown portion of the slide. 2.The hill side lined drainage on toe of slope maintain regularly so that the excess water can easily flow to the culvert.
Extensive slope cut and prolonged water infiltration increasing the pore water pressure and reducing the shear strength of the overburden.

The shallow rotational rock slide due to the removal of SFM for road construction. The prolonged water infiltration in the slope forming material increasing the pore water pressure and reducing the shear strength of the overburden.
The road is under construction and constructing of retaining wall under progress.
Extensive slope cut and prolonged water infiltration increasing the pore water pressure and reducing the shear strength of the overburden.

From Hunli 55.6 kms along NH-313 towards Anini
Chlorite schist with phyllite of Dibang Group
The slide has occurred due to the slope disturbance and oversaturation of overburden along with underlying country rock leads to the increase in pore water pressure and reduced the shear strength due to rainfall and natural drainage and collapsed.
1. Construction of retaining wall of suitable height with sufficient weep holes. 2. Removal of slided material and plants from road 3. Cleaning of chocked culvert in right flank of the slide. 4. Plantation of bamboo, vetiver on slope.
1. Drainage dissection on the affected slope. 2. Oversaturation of overburden (2 m) along with underlying country rock leads to the increase in pore water pressure and reduced the shear strength due to rainfall and natural drainage and collapsed.

From Hunli 55.8 kms along NH-313 towards Anini
The slide has triggered along Hunli-Anini road section as a result of saturation of highly friable chlorite schist and jointed planes during rainfall and failed along the extensive slope cut.
1. Removal of protruding and loose rock fragments occurring at critical angle in crown scar. 2. Removal of slided material from road.
1. Highly jointed and weathered friable chlorite schist. 2. Steep extensive slope cut for road construction. 3. Saturation of rock and weak planes due to rainwater.

From Hunli 56 kms along NH-313 towards Anini
The slide has occurred due to oversaturated of loose SFM composed of unconsolidated soil intermixed with rock fragments of country rock), due to rainwater leading to increase in pore pressure and loss of cohesion.
1. Removal of uprooted plants and loose material occurring at critical angle. 2. Construction of broken and damage wall. 3. Provision of hill side drainage. 4. Plantation of bamboo, vetiver on slope surface to prevent erosion.
1. SFM is composed of unconsolidated soil intermixed with rock fragments of country. 2 During rainfall the SFM got oversaturated leading to increase in pore pressure and loss of cohesion and failed. 3. Minor drainage dissection on the affected slope.

The slope modification due to road construction loose SFM and saturation by rainfall are the main factor for this landslide.
1.Repair the gabion wall. 2. Plantation of deep-rooted species of grass such as vetiver grass may be considered to bind the particles with its fibrous root system.
The vertical cut made on slopes leads to slope transformation that opened up new way of water seepage and slope saturation. Thus increased infiltration and pore water pressure destabilized the slope during heavy rainfall.

The shallow rotational debris slide, has occurred due to over saturation of slope forming material by rainfall and toe cutting of hill slope for road construction.
1. Removal of slided material from retaining wall and road. 2. Removal of tilted and loose plants from crown scar. 3. Repairing of damaged and collapsed retaining wall with sufficient weep holes. 4. Provision of hill side drainage.
1. Toe cutting of hill slope for road construction. 2. Rill erosion on slope surface. 3. Weak and unconsolidated SFM. 4. Oversaturation of SFM during rainfall creating a local hydrostatic pressure and loss of cohesion on the affected slope.

The slide has triggered along vertical slope cut in highly weathered and jointed chlorite schist. Prolonged saturation of rock mass and infiltration of water through joint planes during heavy rain weakens the rock resulting in failure.
1. Removal of slided material occurring at critical angle from slope surface. 2. Trimming of crown scar. 3. Removal of slided and loose material from retaining wall. 4. The lined drainage should be provided at toe part to minimize toe erosion.
1. Vertical slope cut for road construction. 2. Weathered and highly fractured country rock i.e. chlorite schist. 3. Saturation of rock mass and infiltration of water through joint planes during rainfall.

From Hunli 47 kms along NH-313 towards Anini
Chlorite schist and quartzite of Dibang Group
The rock slide occurred due to highly weathered and jointed nature of country rock in which prolonged infiltration of rainwater through joint planes and saturation of rock mass weakens the whole lithopackage resulting in failure.
1. Removal of rock fragments occurring at critical angle. 2. Construction of hill side road drainage. 3. Plantation of bamboo, vetiver on slope surface to prevent erosion.
1. Highly weathered, fragile and jointed nature of rock. 2. Saturation of rock mass and fracture planes leads to weathering and widening of joints resulting in failure.

Chlorite schist with phyllite of Dibang Group
The shallow rotational debris slide has occurred along Roing-Anini road section (NH-313), due to over saturation of slope forming material by rainfall and toe cutting of hill slope for road construction.
1. Repairing of damaged gabion wall. 2. Removal of rock boulders and slided material at critical angle from slope of the slide. 3. Plantation of bamboo, vetiver on slope surface to prevent erosion. 3. Provision for hill side drainage.
1. Weak and unconsolidated SFM comprising of rock fragment of parent rock mixed with soil. 2. Toe cutting of hill slope for road construction. 3. Oversaturation of SFM due to rainfall creating a local hydrostatic pressure and loss of cohesion.

The prolonged infiltration of rainwater along the unconsolidated overburden material leads to the increased pore water pressure and resulted in failure along the slope.
1. Removal of slided material from retaining wall and repairing of damaged wall. 2. Removal of rock boulders and slided material occurring at critical angle from slope surface. 3. Provision form hill side drainage.
1. Unconsolidated overburden material (2 m) composed of unconsolidated parent rock mass intermixed with soil. 2. Prolonged saturation of overburden by rain water develop local hydrostatic pressure and reduction of shear strength resulting in failure.

Chlorite schist and quartzite of Dibang Group
The slide has occurred due to the slope disturbance for road construction in highly jointed chlorite schist and quartzite. Infiltration of rainwater along the weak planes and saturation of rock mass leads to weakening of rock and failure.
1. Removal of slide material from road and from slope surface which is occurring at critical angle. 2. Removal of protruded rock masses and trimming at crown scar. 3. Construction of retaining wall for toe support.
1. Toe cutting of hill slope for road construction. 2. Highly jointed nature of the country rock (chlorite schist and quartzite). 3. Infiltration of rainwater along the weak planes and saturation of rock mass.

Yelmo landslide. From Hunli 42.8 kms along NH-313 towards Anini
The Yelmo debris slide has occurred along the Hunli-Anini road section, due to oversaturation of slope forming material due to rainfall causing local hydrostatic pressure and loss of cohesion on the affected slope.
1. Removal of rock boulders and slided material at critical angle from slope of the slide. 2. Plantation of bamboo, vetiver on slope surface to prevent erosion. 3. Provision for hill side drainage.
1. Unconsolidated SFM comprising of rock fragment of parent rock mixed with soil. 2. Rill erosion on slope surface. 3. Oversaturation of SFM due to rainfall creating a local hydrostatic pressure and loss of cohesion on the affected slope.

The slide has occurred along the Hunli-Anini road section, due to oversaturation of slope forming material due to rainfall causing local hydrostatic pressure and loss of cohesion on the affected slope.
1. Removal of slided material from retaining wall which has damaged it in many places. 2. Repairing of damaged retaining wall. 3. Cleaning of chocked culvert in right flank of the slide. 4. Provision for hill side drainage.
1. Weak and unconsolidated SFM comprising of rock fragment of parent rock mixed with soil. 2. Oversaturation of SFM due to rainfall creating a local hydrostatic pressure and loss of cohesion on the affected slope.

The rock slide has occurred due to aadverse condition of rock mass consists of highly jointed quartzite, which gets saturated by rainwater along the weak planes and diminish its strength resulting failure.
1. Removal of slided material from retaining wall and repairing of damaged retaining wall. 2. Removal of rock boulders occurring at critical angle from slope surface. 3. Plantation of bamboo, vetiver on slope surface to prevent further erosion.
1. Highly jointed and weathered quartzite. 2. Rill erosion on slope surface. 3. Saturation of rock along the weak planes due to rainwater.

Chlorite schist and quartzite of Dibang Group
The debris slide triggered due to adverse condition of slope forming during heavy rainfall slope forming material gets oversaturated leading to increase in pore water pressure and loss of cohesion.
1. Removal of slided material along with plants from road and retaining wall. 2. Trimming of crown scar. 3. Repairing of collapsed and damaged retaining wall. 4. Construction of lined drainage along the toe of the slide.
1. SFM is composed of loose unconsolidated rock fragments intermixed with soil. 2. Toe cutting of hill slope for road construction. 3. Saturation of SMF during rainfall leading to pore pressure and loss of cohesion.

The debris slide triggered due to oversaturation of SFM comprising of highly weathered, friable and fractured chlorite schist intermixed with soil during heavy rainfall leading to increase in pore water pressure and loss of cohesion.
1. Removal of slided material from slope surface. 2. Trimming of crown scar. 3. Cleaning and maintains of retaining wall. 4. Construction of lined drainage along the toe of the slide.
1. SFM is composed of loose unconsolidated rock fragments intermixed with soil. 2. Toe cutting of hill slope for road construction. 3. Saturation of SMF during rainfall leading to pore pressure and loss of cohesion.

Chlorite schist with phyllite of Dibang Group
The debris slide triggered due to oversaturation of SFM comprising of highly weathered, friable and fractured chlorite schist intermixed with soil during heavy rainfall leading to increase in pore water pressure and loss of cohesion.
1. Removal of slided material from slope surface. 2. Trimming of crown scar. 3. Cleaning and maintains of retaining wall. 4. Construction of lined drainage along the toe of the slide.
1. SFM is composed of loose unconsolidated rock fragments intermixed with soil. 2. Toe cutting of hill slope for road construction. 3. Saturation of SMF during rainfall leading to pore pressure and loss of cohesion.

The rock slide has triggered due to adverse condition of rock mass consists of highly jointed and fractured chlorite schist, prolonged infiltration of rainwater through joint planes and saturation of rock mass weakens the rock mass resulting in failure.
1. Trimming of crown scar. 2. Removal of slided material from retaining wall and slope face occurring at critical angle. 3. Provision for hill side drainage.
1. Steep hill slope. 2. Highly weathered and jointed nature of country rock i.e. chlorite schist. 3. Rill erosion on the affected slope face. 4. Infiltration of rainwater through joint planes and saturation of rock mass.

Tiwarigaon landslide. From Hunli 51.9 kms along NH-313 towards Anini
The slide has occurred due to the slope disturbance. Prolonged percolation due to flowing drainage and rainwater along the closely spaced increased weathering and pore water pressure resulted in failure
1. Repairing of damaged retaining wall. 2. Proper diversion of flowing water from crown portion. 3. Provision for hill side road drainage. 4. Removal of loose material occurring at critical angle. 5. Removal of unstable plantation from the crown.
The SFM is made highly weathered chlorite schist get oversaturated during the rain fall resulting the increased pore water pressure.

It is a major debris slide triggered due to oversaturation of thick (4 m) overburden soil due to rainwater and flowing stream, resulting in increase of pore water pressure and shear strength and slope failure along steep slope cut.
Road partially blocked by slided material
1. Trimming of slope on either flank of the slide. 2. Removal of material and rock fragments occurring at critical angle. 3. Proper diversion of flowing water from the crown portion. 4. Provision for hill side road drainage.
1. Thick overburden material (4 m) comprising of soil admixed with rock fragments of country rock. 2. Extensive dissection of slope forming material by flowing stream and rainfall. 3. Steep slope cut for road construction.

The slide has occurred along Hunli to Anini road section, due steep slope cut and saturation of slope forming material during rainfall.
1. Removal of slided and loose material occurring at critical angle. 2. Easing of slope.
1. Steep slope cut for road construction. 2. Slope forming material is composed of highly jointed and fractured chlorite schist intermixed with loose soil. 3. Loss of cohesion and saturation of SFM during rainfall.

From Hunli 2.4 km along HMH road
The debris slide, has triggered due to saturation of thick overburden material by rainfall.
1. Repairing and extension of retaining wall present towards the left slide of slide along the affected hill slope. 2. Plantation of bamboo, vetiver on slope surface to prevent erosion. 3. Provision for hill side drainage.
1. Oversaturation of loose and thick (2.5 m) overburden material. 2. Presence of natural drainage in left flank of the slide.

The rock slide has occurred due to prolonged rain water percolation leads to saturation of rock mass and fracture planes causing weathering and widening of joints and weakening of rock mass resulting in failure
1. Trimming of crown scar and slope face. 2. Removal of tilted and uprooted plantation from the crown which are likely to fall. 3. Provision of hill side road drains.
1. Highly weathered, fragile and jointed nature of rock. 2. Rill erosion on slope surface. 3. Saturation of rock mass and fracture planes leads to weathering and widening of joints resulting in failure.

Highly weathered and jointed rock mass coupled with steep slope and prolonged rain water percolation leads to saturation of rock mass and fracture planes causing weathering and widening of joints resulting in failure.
1. Removal of slided material form road and slope surface occurring at critical angle. 2. Removal of protruding and loose rock fragments form crown scar. 3. Construction of retaining wall for toe support. 4. Provision of hill side road drains.
1. Steep slope cut for road construction. 2. Highly jointed and fractured chlorite schist. 3. Saturation of rock mass and fracture planes leads to weathering and widening of joints resulting in failure.

The debris slide has occurred due to toe cutting of hill slope cut for road construction. Rainwater causes saturation of overburden (2.5 m) material leading to the increase in pore water pressure and reduction of shear strength causing failure.
1. Repairing of retaining wall and removal of slided material to avoid blockage of weep holes. 2. Removal of slided material from road and slope surface. 3. Plantation of bamboo, vetiver on slope surface to prevent erosion.
1. Toe cutting of hill slope. 3. Minor drainage dissection on the affected slope. 3. Oversaturation of thick overburden material (2.5 m), causes saturation of overburden leading to the increase in pore water pressure.

Arzoo landslide. From Hunli 53.7 kms along NH-313 towards Anini
The slide has occurred due to weak condition of slope forming material, minor drainage dissection on the affected slope. During rainfall the slope forming material gets oversaturation leading to increase in pore pressure and loss of cohesion
1. Removal of loose material occurring at critical angle. 2. Trimming at crown scar. 3. Construction of retaining wall for toe support with sufficient weep holes and hill side drainage. 4. Plantation of bamboo, vetiver on slope surface.
1. SFM is composed of loose unconsolidated rock fragments intermixed with soil. 2. Saturation of SMF during rainfall leading to loss of cohesion. 3. Minor drainage dissections on the affected slope surface.

The prolonged infiltration of rainwater along the unconsolidated overburden material leads to the increased pore water pressure and resulted in failure along the slope.
The slided material is dumped on the opposite side of the slide.
1. Provision of hill side road drainage. 2. Removal of loose material occurring at critical angle and unstable uprooted plantation from slope surface. 3. Construction of retaining wall for toe support.
1. Weak overburden material comprises of rock fragments of parent rock intermixed with soil. 2. Loss of cohesion and saturation of overburden resulting in increase of pore pressure during rainfall. 3. Rill erosion on the affected slope.

Upstream of River near Pasighat Bridge
1. Removal of slided debris 2. Construction of lined hill side road drainage.
Toe cutting by river, poorly consolidated rock material.

Overburdened loose debris has to be removed, Retaining wall height has to be incresased
1. Removal of slided debris material on the road side.2. Scaling of loose material which is likely to fall

Slide occurred at the river bank due to toe cutting
1. Removal of slided debris material on the road side 2. Construction of lined hill side drainage with proper gradient
Toe cutting by river, poorly consolidated rock material.

Etalin slide
1.Removal of failed rock blocks/material on the road side. 2. Trimming of crown scar along its length.
The toe cutting of slope during road construction, widening work and the weathered material and loose debris material lying along the steep road faces lead to instability and during rainfall lead to super saturation and subsequently slope failure.

1. Removal of slided debris material. 2. Construction of toe support retaining wall with sufficient weep holes along the affected road stretch. 3. Providing lined hill side road drain.
Toe cutting during road widening, weathered rock mass, Steep slope, Lack of slope moderation

Annini slide
1.Removal of failed debris material. 2. Trimming of crown scar along its length.
The toe cutting of slope during road construction, widening work and the weathered material and loose debris material lying along the steep road faces lead to instability and during rainfall lead to super saturation and subsequently slope failure.

Annini Slide
1. Removal of slided debris material 2. Construction of hillside drainage
The toe cutting of slope during road construction, widening work and the weathered material and loose debris material lying along the steep road faces lead to instability and during rainfall lead to super saturation and subsequently slope failure.

Retaining wall height has to be incresased, Toe cutting has to be prevented.
1. Removal of slided material. 2. Construction of toe support retaining wall with sufficient weep holes.
Toe cutting during road widening, weathered rock mass, Steep slope, Lack of slope moderation

Mipi Slide
1. Removal of failed rock blocks / fragments on the road side 2. Scaling of loose rock and trimming of crown scar overlying soil from the crown portion. 3. Provision of lined hill side dran.
Loose and uncoslidatedsoil material lying along the steep road face lead to super saturation of soil and slope failure during rainfall.

Mipi slide
Overburdened loose debris has to be removed, Construction of Retaining wall is required, Proper cemented linned/gradient drainage system is to be constructed. Toe cutting has to be prevented.
1. Extension of an existing gabion wall on both sides along the affected road section for at least 4m each. 2. Plantation of fast-growing deep-rooted grass / shrubs on the affected slope for protection of slope erosion.
Toe cutting of slope during road construction and drainage line along the crown portion of the landslide.

1. Construction of retaining wall with sufficient weep holes.
Lack of proper linned drainage has lead to mass wasting and erosion and has percolated the water beneath induced the increased the pore water pressure and triggred slide.

Along the river bank
NH-13, Komlighat park, Pasighat bridge slide
1. Removal of slided rock material 2. Construction of lined hill side road drainage with proper gradient
Steep slope, poorly consolidated rock material

NH-13, Komlighat park, Pasighat bridge slide
1. Removal of the dislodged boulder resting on the slope in planned manner, 2. Construction of retaining concrete wall upto 2-3m height with weep holes and lined toe drain all along the affected road stretch

Mipi slide
Construction of retaining wall upto2m height.
Toe cutting of slope during road construction and with steep slope and loosely consolidated material

Mipi slide
Construction of retaining wall below the raod on proper foundation.
Toe cutting of slope by river flowing beneath the road and, Steep slopeand loose soil material along the road face.

Construction of retaining wall upto3m height.
Toe cutting of slope during road construction, widening and highly weathered debris lying along the steep slope lead super saturation resulting in slope failure during the rainfall.

Construction of retaining wall 2-3 m height, and , Line drainage and removal of loose debris material.
Toe cutting of slope during road construction, widening and , Highly weathered debris lying along the steep slope.

Anini-Dambuen Slide
Dembuen-Anini road corridor - 6 km mile stone
Construction of a gabbion wall/retaining wall with sufficient weep holes and proper linned drainage.
Extensive Slope cutting during road widening, Lack of slope moderation, poorly consolidated rock material.

Overburdened loose debris has to be removed, Retaining wall height has to be incresased, Toe cutting has to be prevented.
1. Trimming of crown scar along its length 2. Plantation of fast-growing grass/ shrubs on affected slope.
Toe cutting during road widening, weathered unconsolidated material Lack of slope moderation

Dambuen Slide
Overburdened loose debris has to be removed, Construction of Retaining wall is required, Proper cemented linned/gradient drainage system is to be constructed. Toe cutting has to be prevented.
Anini-Dambuen road corridor 8 km mile stone
Removal of loose debris, Construction of a gabbion wall/retaining wall with sufficient weep holes and proper linned drainage.
Extensive Slope cutting during road widening, Toe cutting during road widening, Lack of slope moderation, improper drainage alignment

North of Damro-Gingkong Slide 3
A rotational debris slide has occurred due to the adverse condition of rock mass where drainage dissection was observed on the affected slope leading to major erosion.
1.Removal of slide material especially from the damaged retaining wall.2.Reconstruction/remodification of already constructed retaining wall with sufficient weep holes.
1.Adverse condition of rock mass. Geology is highly friable and splintery shale intermixed with soil.3.Drainage dissection in the affected slope hence leading to major erosion.

Millang-Longpong Slide
A translational debris slide has occurred to the adverse condition of SFM composed of loose unconsolidated materials and damp hydrological condition. Mitigation measures suggested is that Sufficient weep holes to be maintained or provided on the already
1.Left side of the slide major drainage.2.Minor cracks observed on the road below the slide.
1.Removal of slide material along the portion blocking the drainage.
1.SFM is composed of splintery shale intermixed with soil.2.Loss of cohesion on the affected slope.3.Minor drainage dissection on the affected slope.

Mariyang Slide 1
A translational debris slide has occurred to the adverse condition of SFM composed of splintery shale intermixed with soil. Mitigation measures suggested is that Sufficient weep holes to be maintained or provided on the already constructed retaining wall
1.Minor slide on the left flank of the slide.
1.Construction of retaining wall.2.Removal of material from the blocked drain.
1.SFM is composed of splintery shale intermixed with soil.2.Loss of cohesion on the affected slope.

Mariyang Slide 2
A translational debris slide has occurred to the adverse condition of SFM composed of splintery shale intermixed with soil. Mitigation measures suggested is that Sufficient weep holes to be maintained or provided on the already constructed retaining wall
Construction of Mariyang petrol pump in progress.
1.Height of the retaining wall can be increased.2.Removal of material blocking the drain.
1.SFM is composed of weathered and highly splintery shale intermixed with soil.2.Loss of cohesion on the affected slope.

Mariyang Slide 4
A translational debris slide has occurred to the adverse condition of SFM composed of highly fissile and splintery shale with overburden soil and loss of cohesion on the affected slope. Mitigation measures suggested is that removal of slide materials and
1.Removal of slide materials and proper maintainence of hill side drain.
1.SFM is composed of highly fissile and splintery shale mixed with overburden soil.2.Loss of cohesion during rainfall events.3.Wet hydrological condition at the toe of the affected slope.

A translational debris slide has occurred to the adverse condition of SFM composed of highly jointed and weathered parent rock mass and loss of cohesion on the affected slope. Mitigation measures suggested is that construction of retaining walls and prop
1.Construction of retaining walls.2.Proper maintainence of hill side drain
1.SFM is composd of weathered unconsolidated fragments of rock intermixed withsoil.2.Loss of cohesion in the affected slope.

Mariyang-Yingkiong road Slide 1
A translational debris slide has occurred to the adverse condition of SFM composed of highly weathered and friable shale intermixed with soil and loss of cohesion on the affected slope. Mitigation measures suggested is that removal of slide materials and
Retaining wall cracked at places.
1.Weight of already constructed retaining wall can be increased (middle/side portion) can be increased with sufficient weep holes.2.Drippng hydrological condition at the toe of the slide.3.Loss of cohesion and saturation of rock mass during rainfall even
1.SFM is composed of weathered and friable shale intermixed withsoil.2.Dripping hydrological condition at the toe of the slide.3.Loss of cohesion and saturation of rock mass during rainfall events.

Mariyang-Yingkiong road Slide 5
Rainfall led to increase in discharge and velocity of flowing nala and also caused saturation of slope material resting on steep slope with natural drainages, which eventually resulted in slope failure by toe erosion.
Toe erosion by river
Since there are no elements at risk, no remedial measures are suggested.

Mariyang-Yingkiong road Slide 4
The affected area is lithologically composed of weathered and friable parent rock mass along with boulders and over burden soil cover. Unscientific modification of slope for road construction
i. Removal of loose boulders to prevent from falling on the road bench ii. Extension of retaining wall on the left flank of the slide with sufficient weep holes. Iii. Removal of slide materials from the blocked drain and proper maintenance of hill side d
i. Slope forming material is composed of weathered and friable parent rockmass along with boulders intermixed with soil

A translational debris slide has occurred as SFM is composed of rock fragments intermixed with soil, dripping hydrological condition, Loss of cohesion and saturation during rainfall. Mitigation measures suggested is that extension and increase the height
1.Extension and increase the height of the already constructed retaining wall with sufficient weep holes.2.Proper maintainence of hill side drain.
1.SFM composed of rock fragments intermixed with soil.2.Driping hydrological condition at the toe of the slide.3.Loss of cohesion and saturation during rainfall.

The slope forming material is predominantly composed of shale intermixed with soil. Rainfall events resulted in saturation of fragile overburden material, increase of pore water pressure and loss of cohesion
i. Wire mesh can be provided at the upslope portion of the slide ii. Removal of loose boulders at the toe of the slide which is damaging the already constructed gabion wall
i. Slope forming material is composed of rock boulders intermixed with unconsolidated parent rockmass and soil ii.Loss of cohesion and saturation during rainfall events

The shallow translational rock slide occurred due to the ill planned modification of slope where the SFM composed of highly jointed and fractured quartzite. During heavy precipitation seepage water flows along these joints
1.Removal of slide materials to avoid boulders falling on the road side.2.Construction of retaining structures.
1.SFM is composed of loose detached boulders of parent rock mass intermixed with soil.2.Loss of cohesion on the affected slope.

The translational rock slide occurred during rainfall due to extensive slope cut (anthropogenic activity). Slope forming material is composed of highly weathered and fissile parent rockmass.
1.Removal of slide materials (partly) to avoid blockage of hill side drain.
1.Slope forming material is composed of highly weathered and fissile parent rockmass.

Loose detached boulders intermixed with weathered shale exposed on cut slope and seepage of water along discontinuity planes during rainfall event led to rock fall.
1.Removal of slide materials from the affected slope, so as to avoid blockage of hill side drain.2. Wire mesh can be provided at the upslope
1.Slope forming material is composed of loose detached boulders intermixed with other parent rock mass (weathered shale) 2.Wet hydrological condition.

West of Kolung Slide 6
Loose detached boulders intermixed with weathered shale exposed on cut slope and seepage of water along discontinuity planes during rainfall event led to rock fall.
1.Removal of slide materials from the affected slope, so as to avoid blockage of hill side drain.2. Wire mesh can be provided at the upslope
1.Slope forming material is composed of loose detached boulders intermixed with other parent rock mass (weathered shale) 2.Wet hydrological condition.

West of Kolung Slide 5
Geologically, the terrain comprises of loose detached boulders and friable shale intermixed with soil. Excavated slope exceeding the critical angle along with weak overburden material and drainages on the hillslope played a vital role in the process of s
A part of retaining wall has been damaged
i. Removal of loose boulders and debris which is blocking the hill side drain ii. Damaged retaining wall can be reconstructed
i.SFM is composed of loose detached boulders and friable shale intermixed with soil ii.Damp hydrological condition iii.Major drainage dissections of the affected slope

West of Kolung Slide 4
Averse condition of rockmass composing of highly weathered parent rockmass intermixed with soil. Rainfall resulted in saturation of fragile overburden material, increase of pore water pressure and loss of cohesion. Extensive slope cut on vulnerable slope
Parent rockmass is highly weathered
i. Removal of slide materials and loose detached boulders from the affected slope ii. Blocked drainage, hence its proper maintenance is required iii. Construction of retaining wall
i. Slope forming material is composed of loose and highly friable parent rockmass mixed with soil ii. Loss of cohesion and saturation during rainfall events.

Slope excavation for road construction, dissection of hillslope by major drainages, absence of systematic drainage system for proper disposal of surface water runoff, saturation of in-situ soil cover and loss of cohesion during rainfall are the major con
Another slide has been observed on the top left flank of this slide. This road stretch (almost 500m) is vulnerable to slide.
i. Proper maintenance of hill side drain ii. Damaged gabion wall can be repaired or modified after removing the slide materials.
i. Adverse condition of rockmass. Slope forming material is composed of loose fragments of parent rockmass intermixed with soil ii. Flowing hydrological condition iii. Drainage dissections on the affected slope which is in flowing condition.

The shallow translational debris slide occurred where the SFM material is composed of highly friable and fissile shale, jointed parent rockmass intermixed with soil. Saturation of overburden and loss of cohesion mainly during rainfall events has affect
i. Slope forming material is composed of friable and fissile shale, jointed parent rockmass intermixed with soil ii. Rill erosion on the affected slope

Excavated slope for road construction, weak slope forming material, saturation of slope material and loss of cohesion during rainfall are the chief causative factors in inducing slope instability.
Flowing drainage is observed on the left flank of the slide
i.i.Removal of debris and hanging trees from the affected slope ii. Proper maintenance of hill side drain
"i.Slope forming material is composed of loose fragments of parent rock intermixed with soil ii . Rill erosion on the affected slope iii.Saturation of overburden and increase in pore pressure and loss of cohesion during rainfall.

Overburdened loose debris has to be removed, benching and Slope moderation
Removal of loose debris, benching and Slope moderation
Steep slope and weathered rocks , poorly consolidated rock material

Overburdened loose debris has to be removed, benching and Slope moderation
Removal of loose debris, benching and Slope moderation

Overburdened loose debris has to be removed, Construction of Retaining wall is required, slope moderation
Benching, Removal of loose debris, Construction of a gabbion wall/retaining wall with sufficient weep holes, Slope moderation
Extensive Slope cutting during road widening, Insufficient Weep holes in retaining wall, weathered rock mass, Lack of slope moderation during road widening, toe cutting, highly jointed, fractured and weathered rocks

Dumped waste material on road side triggered slide.
Slide triggred due to Dumping of road construction/widening waste material, incessant rainfall and extensive slope cutting during road widening, Suitable suggested remedial measures are to be taken.
Increase the height of the retaining wall with sufficient weep holes and Removal of waste/loose debris
Dumping of road construction/widening waste material triggred the slide, poorly consolidated rock material

Road cut/damaged valley side. Construction of a gabbion wall/retaining wall with benching and sufficient weep holes and proper linned and gradient drainage.
Slide triggred due to Dumping of road construction/widening waste material, incessant rainfall and extensive slope cutting during road widening, Suitable suggested remedial measures are to be taken.
Construction of a gabbion wall/retaining wall with benching and sufficient weep holes and proper linned and gradient drainage.
Dumping of road construction/widening waste material triggred the slide, poorly consolidated rock material, incessant rainfall increased the pore water pressure in the loose debris waste and triggred slide.

Dambuen road Slide
Anini-Dambuen road corridor 4 km mile stone
Removal of loose debris, Construction of a gabbion wall/retaining wall with sufficient weep holes and proper linned drainage. Slope moderation

Dambuen Slide
Slope moderation. Toe cutting has to be prevented.
Slope moderation, Prevention of the toe cutting.
Extensive Slope cutting during road widening, Toe cutting during road widening, weathered unconsolidated material, Lack of slope moderation, poorly consolidated rock material

Overburdened loose debris has to be removed, Retaining wall height has to be incresased, Construction of Retaining wall is required, Proper cemented linned/gradient drainage system is to be constructed. Toe cutting has to be prevented.
Increase the height of the retaining wall with sufficient weep holes, Slope moderation, Prevention of the toe cutting.
Extensive Slope cutting during road widening, weathered unconsolidated material , Lack of slope moderation, poorly consolidated rock material.

Slope moderation, Prevention of the toe cutting.
Extensive Slope cutting during road widening, Toe cutting during road widening, weathered unconsolidated material, Lack of slope moderation, poorly consolidated rock material

Dambuen Slide
Removal of loose debris, proper linned and gradient drainage. Slope moderation, Construction of a gabbion wall/retaining wall with sufficient weep holes
Extensive Slope cutting during road widening, Toe cutting during road widening, Lack of slope moderation, improper drainage alignment

MipiSlide
Construction of Retaining wall is required, Toe cutting has to be prevented.
Construction of retaining wall upto, 5 m height , Proper drainage.
Toe cutting of slope during road construction, widening and highly weathered and loose debris material overlying the slope led to failure during heavy rainfall due to oversaturation of the slope material.

Toe cutting of slope during road construction, widening and weathered and loosely weathered debris material along the steep slope.

Construction of a gabbion wall/retaining wall with sufficient weep holes and proper linned drainage.
Toe cutting during road widening, weathered unconsolidated material, Steep slope, Lack of slope moderation, poorly consolidated rock material.

Acheso slide
Partial blockage of linned drainage along the road
Construction of a gabbion wall/retaining wall with sufficient weep holes and proper linned and gradient drainage.
Highly weathered unconsolidated material, water seepage and improper gradient drainage

Construction of retaining wall of , 5 m height set on proper basement rock
Toe cutting of slope on the downslope of the road and dumping of overburden during road construction without proper drainage/nala has led to slope failure.

Mile stone Anini 9 km Dembuen-Anini road
Removal of loose debris, Construction of a gabbion wall/retaining wall with sufficient weep holes and proper linned drainage.
Extensive Slope cutting during road widening, Toe cutting during road widening, weathered unconsolidated material, poorly consolidated rock material.

Removal of loose debris, Construction of a gabbion wall/retaining wall with sufficient weep holes and proper linned drainage.
Extensive Slope cutting during road widening, Toe cutting during road widening, weathered unconsolidated material, poorly consolidated rock material.

Partial blockage of linned drainage along the road
Extensive Slope cutting during road widening, Steep slope, Lack of slope moderation, toe cutting, poorly consolidated rock material

Construction of a gabbion wall/retaining wall to the valley side along the road corridor with sufficient weep holes

Etabe slide
Construction of a gabbion wall/retaining wall with sufficient weep holes and proper linned drainage.
Lack of slope moderation, poorly consolidated rock material.

Dembuen Acheso slide
Construction of a gabbion wall/retaining wall with sufficient weep holes and proper linned drainage. Slope moderation,
Extensive Slope cutting during road widening, Toe cutting during road widening, weathered unconsolidated material, water seepage and improper gradient drainage

Near Mipi slide
Construction of Retaining wall is required, Proper cemented linned drainage system is to be constructed. Toe cutting has to be prevented.
Construction of retaining wall of 2 - 3m below the road and proper drainage.
Toe cutting of slope during road construction and loosely consolidated soil with high percolation during rainfall has led to over saturation leading to failure. The teo cut of by the river below the road also has compounded the slide.

Mipi Slide
Toe cutting of slope during road construction, widening.

Mipi Slide
Construction of retaining wall of 2 - 3m and proper , Drainage system along the crown section.
Toe cutting of slope during road construction and , No drainage especially along the crown section.

Miju Rondo Slide
Removal of debris and proper drainage system., retaining wall upto 2 metres high.
Toe cut for road widening leading to highly weathered and poorly consolidated material or loose debris lying along the steep slope face.

1.Removal of sided material. 2. Scaling of loose rock formed at critical angle.

Overburdened loose debris has to be removed, toe cutting has to be prevented.
NH-13, komlighat park, Pasighat bridge slide

Construction of Retaining wall is required, Proper cemented linned drainage system is to be constructed. Toe cutting has to be prevented.
Toe cutting of slope during road construction, widening and, Poorly consolidated debris during rainfall slip along the contacts betweensoil and underlying impervious rock beds.

Retaining wall height has to be incresased, Toe cutting has to be prevented.
1. Removal of slided debris material. 2. Construction of hill side drainage.
Steep slope, Lack of slope moderation, toe cutting, poorly consolidated rock material

Anini-Mipi slide
Removal of debris material along the slope.
Toe cutting of slope during road construction, widening and poorly consolidated debris lying along the steep slope lead to failure during rainfall due to super saturation of the soil.

Toe cutting of slope during road construction, widening work has unstablilized the slope section lead to super saturation of soil of the soil leading to slope failure.

Marwali Slide
Toe cutting of slope during road construction, widening and , Highly weathered debris lying along the steep slope.

Chlorite Schist and quartzite of Dibang Group
The rock slide has occurred in steep hill slope, in highly weathered and jointed chlorite schist and quartzite due to percolation of rain water through weak planes causing weathering and loosing of joint planes resulting in failure of the rock mass.
No element at risk as slided material is falling in river.
1. Highly jointed and weathered country rock. 2. Due to heavy rain the water percolation through weak planes causing weathering and loosing of joint planes. 3. Steep slope.

From Hunli 7.6 km along HMH road
The shallow rotational debris slide, has triggered due to over saturation of slope forming material by rainfall and toe cutting of hill slope for road construction.
1. Weak and unconsolidated SFM comprising of rock fragment of parent rock mixed with soil. 2. Toe cutting of hill slope. 3. Oversaturation of SFM due to rainfall creating a local hydrostatic pressure and loss of cohesion on the affected slope.

From Hunli 8.3 km along HMH road
The rock slide has occurred due to extensive slope cut along highly jointed and fragile country rock. Oversaturation of slope forming material due to rain causing loosening of blocks along the joint planes and failure
1. Provision of hill side road drains. 2. Removal of loose material occurring at critical angle from slope face. 3. Construction of toe support retaining wall.
1. Extensive slope cut. 2. Highly jointed and fragile chlorite schist with carbon phyllite of Dibang Group.

The debris slide has occurred due to steep slope cut, adverse condition of overburden and drainage dissection on the affected slope. During rainfall the overburden material gets oversaturation leading to increase in pore pressure and loss of cohesion.
1. Provision for lined drainage and culvert at road bench level should be provided for effective drainage and to avoid toe erosion by water. 2. Proper diversion of water flowing from crown portion. 3. Scaling of slope and scar face.
1. Steep slope cut. 2 Adverse conditions of overburden comprising of highly friable and splintery chlorite schist intermixed with soil. 3. Rill erosion 4. Oversaturation of SFM leading to increase in pore pressure and loss of cohesion during rainfall.

The debris triggered occurred along steep slope cut in weak slope forming material. During heavy rainfall the SFM gets oversaturated resulting in failure due to increase in pore water pressure.
1. Construction of hill side drainage for excess water discharge. 2. Scaling of the slope surface. 3. Removal of tilted and loose plants in the crown portion.
1. Steep slope cutting of the hillslope 2. Weak SFM comprising of soil intermixed with rock fragments of country rock 3. Increase of pore water pressure in the SFM resulted in reduced the shear strength and slope failure.

Hunli landslide. From Mayudia Pass 27.6 kms along NH-313 towards Hunli
2 set of joint intersecting at a near perpendicular angle with each other forming a wedge. In addition weathering and percolation of surface water along weak planes leads to the widening of the joint aperture resulti detachment of blocks.
Road partially blocked by slided material
The rock slide has occurred due to the wedge failure, percolation of rainwater through joint plane makes the condition more adverse for failure. The slide is presently active and rock blocks detaches and fall frequently.
Road was blocked from 20-09-20 to 02-10-2020.
1. The highly jointed quartzite dissected by 4 sets of joints. 2. Formation of wedge by intersection of joints. 3. Percolation of rainwater through joint plane make the condition more adverse for failure.

The shallow rotational debris slide, has triggered due to over saturation of slope forming material by rainfall and toe cutting of hill slope for road construction.
1. Scaling of slope surface. 2. Plantation of bamboo, vetiver on slope surface to prevent erosion. 3. Provision for hill side drainage.
1. Weak and unconsolidated SFM comprising of rock fragment of parent rock mixed with soil. 2. Toe cutting of hill slope. 3. Oversaturation of SFM due to rainfall creating a local hydrostatic pressure and loss of cohesion on the affected slope.

Chlorite schist with quartzite of Dibang Group
The slide has occurred along the Hunli-Metengliang-Hayuliang (HMH) road, due to the slope modification and saturation of slope forming material by rainfall resulting in failure.
1. Provision of hill side road drainage. 2. Removal of loose material occurring at critical angle.
1. Slope modification during road construction. 2. Saturation of slope forming material causing increase in pore pressure and loss of cohesion during rainfall.

65kms landslide. From Mayudia Pass 11.9 kms along NH-313 towards Hunli
Chlorite schist with quartzite of Dibang Group
The slide has occurred due rainwater, freezing and thawing by snow lead infiltration water along the weak planes and saturation of overburden material.
Removal of loose unconsolidated rock material occurring at critical angle from slope face.
1. Rill erosion and flowing hydrological condition on slope surface. 2. Rainwater, freezing and thawing by snow causes saturation of overburden leading to the increase in pore water pressure and reduction of shear strength causing failure.

From Mayudia Pass 10.75 kms along NH-313 towards Hunli
Basic schist of Mayudia Ultramafic complex
Rainfall along with continuous freezing and throwing by snow, widens the joints/ fractures and weakening of slope mass and increase in pore water pressure and reduction of shear strength causing failure.
1. Scaling of material occurring at critical angle from slope surface. 2. Construction of retaining wall along the affected slope for toe support. 3. Provision for hill side drainage.
1. Toe cut of slope 2. SFM is composed of highly weathered and jointed country rock 3. Rainwater and freezing and thawing by snow causes saturation of overburden

From Mayudia Pass 3.5 kms along NH-313 towards Hunli
The rock slide has triggered due to the wedge failure formed by the intersection of joints. The other contributing factors for the sliding are rainfall, freezing and thawing by snow which cause widening of the joint planes.
Removal of precariously occurring loose rock blocks at critical angle.

From Mayudia Pass 3.1 kms along NH-313 towards Hunli
The rock slide occurred due to highly fractured and jointed rock mass, the Infiltration of rain water along these weak joint planes and fracture planes leads to weathering and widening of the joints.
1. Removal of loose rock blocks from the slope face and failed rock blocks on the road side. 2. Provision of hill side drains.
1. The slope forming material predominantly composed of highly fractured and jointed rock mass. 2. Infiltration of rain water along the weak joint planes and fracture planes leading to weathering and widening of the joints.

The rock slide has occurred due to highly weathered and jointed nature of chlorite schist. Also, heavy rainfall, freezing and thawing by snow are major contributing factors for the failure.
1. Removal of loose rock boulders and fragments from the slope surface. 2. Removal of slided debris material on the road side, 3. Provision of lined hill side drains.

Rainfall along with continuous freezing and throwing by snow, widens the joints and weakening of slope mas. and saturation by water causes increase in pore water pressure and reduction of shear strength causing failure
1. Trimming and removal of unstable plants in crown scar. 2. Scaling of protruding rock mass occurring at critical angle from slope surface. 3. Construction of retaining wall with sufficient weep holes for toe support.
1. Toe cut of slope for road construction. 2. SFM is composed of highly weathered and jointed peridotite intermixed with soil. 3. Rainwater, freezing and thawing by snow causes saturation of overburden leading to the increase in pore water pressure.

The shallow rotational debris slide, has triggered due to saturation of thick overburden material (3.5 m) by rainfall and flowing water, steep slope cut for road construction.
1. Proper catchment and diversion of flowing water through slope surface. 2. Provision of hill side drainage. 3. Removal of material and rock fragments occurring at critical angle from slope face.
1. Steep slope cut for road construction. 2. Oversaturation of overburden material (3.5 m) comprising of rock fragments of parent rock admixed with soil. 3. Rill erosion by flowing water.

The shallow rotational debris slide, has triggered due to saturation of thick overburden material (4 m) by rainfall and toe cutting of slope for road construction.
1. Provision of hill side road drainage. 2. Removal of loose material and rock fragments occurring at critical angle. 3. Plantation of deep-rooted grass on slope face.
1. Toe cutting of the hillslope. 2. Unconsolidated overburden material comprising of rock fragments of country rock and soil. 3. Saturation of thick (4 m) overburden material due to rainfall resulted in reduced the shear strength and slope failure.

The rock slide has due to extensive slope cut, saturation of weathered loose rock mass along the weak planes due to rainfall and natural drainage dissections on the affected slope. flowing from crown through the slope face.
1. Removal of slided material and rock fragments at critical angle from the crown and slope surface. 2. Provision of hill side drainage. 3. Construction of retaining wall for toe support with sufficient weep holes.
1. Toe cutting of the hill slope for road construction. 2. Adverse and weak (highly jointed) condition of rock mass. 3. Drainage dissection on the affected slope. 4. Saturation of weathered loose rock mass along the weak planes.

The slide has occurred along the newly constructing HMH road in north eastern part of the area, in Dibang valley district. The main triggering factors for slide are incessant rainfall and extensive slope cutting for road construction.
"1.Clearing of loose debris material and fragments of rock from the slope face.
1. Thick unconsolidated overburden material (3.5 m). 2. Toe cutting of the hill slope for road construction. 3. Rill erosion 4. Saturation of overburden material due to rainfall creating a local hydrostatic pressure and reduction of shear strength on.

The slide triggered due to adverse condition of SFM comprising of highly weathered, friable and fractured chlorite schist intermixed with soil with rill erosion and saturation of SFM during rainfall leading to increase of pore water pressure.
1. Removal of loose slided material and rock fragments at critical angle from the crown and slope surface. 2. Provision of hill side drainage. 3. Construction of retaining wall for toe support with sufficient weep holes.
1. SFM comprising of highly weathered, friable and fractured chlorite schist intermixed with soil. 2. Rill erosion on the slope face. 3. Oversaturation of SFM during rainfall leading to increase of pore water pressure and loss of cohesion.

The debris slide triggered due to slope cut for road construction, weak slope forming material and saturation of slope forming material due to rainfall leading to increase of pore water pressure and loss of cohesion.
1. Removal of slided material from road and slope face. 2. Trimming of slope face and crown scar. 3. Provision of hill side drainage. 4. Construction of retaining wall with sufficient weep holes for toe support.
1. Slope cut for road construction. 2. Weak SFM comprising of highly weathered, friable and fractured chlorite schist intermixed with soil. 3. Oversaturation of fragile SFM leading to increase of pore water pressure and loss of cohesion during rainfall.

From Hunli 11 km along HMH road
The debris slide triggered due to weak SFM comprising of highly weathered, friable and fractured chlorite schist intermixed with soil which gets over saturation due to rainfall leading to increase of pore water pressure and loss of cohesion.
1. Removal of slided material from road. 2. Removal of rock fragments at critical angle in crown portion. 3. Provision of hill side drainage. 4. Construction of retaining wall with sufficient weep holes for toe support.
1. SFM comprising of highly weathered, friable and fractured chlorite schist intermixed with soil. 2. Rill erosion on the slope face. 3. Oversaturation of fragile SFM during rainfall leading to increase of pore water pressure and loss of cohesion.

Mayudia Pass landslide. From Mayudia Pass 0.2 kms along NH-313 towards Hunli
Slope failure occurred due to weak and unconsolidated slope forming material triggered by incessant rainfall. Loose rock blocks may be removed from slope face.
Removal of loose rock blocks from the slope face.
Slope failure occurred due to weak and unconsolidated slope forming material triggered by incessant rainfall.

Mayudia Pass landslide.
The slide has occurred due to weak SFM comprised of highly weathered and jointed country rock with soil. During rainfall, oversaturation of SFM leads to increase in pore water pressure which reduced the shear strength and resulted to slope failure.
Rainfall and continuous freezing and thawing by snow
1. Removal of loose rock blocks at crown and failed material on the road. 2. Construction of toe support retaining wall along the affected road stretch. 3. Provision of hill side road drainage.
1. The SFM predominantly comprised of highly weathered and jointed rock with soil. 2. During rainfall, increase pore water pressure in the overburden material due to oversaturation reduced the shear strength and resulted to slope failure

Mayudia Pass landslide.From Mayudia Pass 0.4 kms along NH-313 towards Hunli
The rock slide has occurred due to highly jointed and fracture nature of rock mass leading to wedge failure formed by the intersection of joints. Also, freezing and thawing by snow resulted to weathering and widening joints.
Rainfall and continuous freezing and thawing by snow
1. Removal of failed rock blocks on the road side. 2. Removal of loose rock blocks / material from the slope face. 3. Construction of lined hill side drainage.
1. Wedge failure due to intersection of joints. 2. Highly jointed and fracture nature of rock mass. 3. Also, freezing and thawing by snow resulted to weathering and widening joints.

Mayudia Pass landslide. From Mayudia Pass 0.3 kms along NH-313 towards Hunli
The rock slide has occurred due to highly jointed and fracture nature of rock mass leading to wedge failure, oversaturation of unconsolidated SFM due to incessant rainfall. Also, freezing and thawing by snow resulted to weathering and widening joints.
Rainfall and continuous freezing and thawing by snow
1. Removal of loose blocks material from the crown portion and slope face. 2. Extension of already constructed retaining wall toward left hand side along the affected road stretch.
1. Wedge failure due to intersection of joints 2. Oversaturation of unconsolidated SFM due to incessant rainfall and 3. Continuous freezing and thawing by snow loosening the rock and making it susceptible to slope failure.

Mayudia Pass landslide. From Mayudia Pass 0.45 kms along NH-313 towards Hunli
The rock slide has occurred due to highly jointed and fracture nature of rock mass leading to wedge failure formed by the intersection of joints. Also, freezing and thawing by snow resulted to weathering and widening joints.
1. Removal of failed rock blocks on the road side. 2 Removal of loose unconsolidated rock material from the slope face. 3. Construction of lined hill side drainage.
1. Wedge failure due to intersection of joints. 2. Highly jointed and fracture nature of rock mass. 3. Also, freezing and thawing by snow resulted to weathering and widening joints.

The rock slide has occurred due to highly jointed and fracture nature of rock mass leading to wedge failure formed by the intersection of joints. Also, freezing and thawing by snow resulted to weathering and widening joints.
1. Removal of loose rock blocks from the slide zone along slope. 2. Construction of lined hill side drainage.
1. Wedge failure due to intersection of joints. 2. Highly jointed and fracture nature of rock mass of Peridotite/ serpentinite of Mayudia Ultramafic Complex. 3. Also, freezing and thawing by snow resulted to weathering and widening joints.

The rock slide occurred due to highly fractured and jointed nature of rock mass formed planer failure along bedding plane. Freezing and thawing by snow results in weathering and widening of joints.
1. Removal of failed rock blocks on the road. 2. Removal of loose blocks from the slope face. 3. Construction toe support concrete retaining wall with sufficient weep holes along the affected road stretch. 4. Provision of hill side drainage.
1. Highly fractured and jointed nature of rock mass formed planer failure along bedding plane. 2. Freezing and thawing by snow results in weathering and widening of joints.

SFM comprising of highly weathered and fractured rock mass intermixed with soil. During rainfall the increase of hydrostatic pressure in the SFM due to oversaturation reduced the shear strength and resulted to slope failure.
1. Removal of failed rock blocks on the road side and 2. Trimming of crown scar along its length.
The weak SFM comprising of highly weathered and fractured rock mass intermixed with soil. During rainfall the increase of hydrostatic pressure in the SFM due to oversaturation reduced the shear strength and resulted to slope failure.

IHO Viewpoint landslide. From Roing 46.3 kms along NH-313 towards Mayudia Pass
The debris slide has occurred in weak SFM predominantly composed of weathered quartzite with soil due to increase of pore water pressure in the thick overburden soil reduced the shear strength during heavy rain and resulted to slope failure.
1. Construction of toe support retaining breast wall along the affected road stretch. 2. Provision of hill side road drainage.
The slope failure occurred due to increase of pore water pressure in the thick overburden soil reduced the shear strength and resulted to slope failure.

IHO Viewpoint landslide. From Roing 46.2 kms along NH-313 towards Mayudia Pass
SFM predominantly comprised of highly weathered and jointed quartzite intermixed with soil. During rainfall, increase pore water pressure in the SFM due to oversaturation reduced the shear strength and resulted to slope failure.
1. Removal of slided debris material on the road side. 2. Slope moderation by trimming at the crown portion. 3. Construction of hill side drainage.
The slope forming material predominantly comprised of highly weathered and jointed quartzite intermixed with soil. During rainfall, increase pore water pressure in the SFM due to oversaturation reduced the shear strength and resulted to slope failure.

The shallow translational rock slide has occurred due to highly weathered and fractured chlorite schist. The weak SFM material get oversaturated during rainfall and continuous freezing and thawing of ice leads weathering and widening of joint planes.
1. Weak SFM predominantly composed of highly weathered and fractured rock mass intermixed with soil 2. Reduction of shear strength due to oversaturation of SFM 3. Freezing and thawing by snow leads to weathering and widening of joint planes.
Extensive slope cut for road construction. It is also contributed by concentrated continuous freezing and thawing of ice, develop a local hydrostatic pressure on the SFM.

The debris slide in wake SFM comprised of highly weathered and jointed granitic gneiss intermixed with soil. During rainfall, increase pore water pressure in the SFM due to oversaturation reduced the shear strength and resulted to slope failure.
1. Removal of slided debris material on the road side. 2. Slope moderation by trimming at the crown portion.
The SFM predominantly comprised of highly weathered and jointed granitic gneiss intermixed with soil. During rainfall, increase pore water pressure in the SFM due to oversaturation reduced the shear strength and resulted to slope failure.

Toflagam slide
Colluvial debris of rock boulders and fragments embedded in a sandy matrix.
Theophilus, P.K. and Megotsohe Chasie, 2014. Updation of existing landslide inventory of North Eastern Region. GSI, RHQ, NER, Shillong, Item Code: SER/NER/RHQ/2013/030; Unpub. GSI Report of FS 2013-2014
Flowing to dripping hydrological conditions observed even in dry months. Road bench, one electric pole are element at risk on further instability.
Major road corridor, Sparsely vegetated/ Cultivated land.
Road bench and electric pole upslope of road bench
Near vertical cut slope, unfavourable slope forming material, pore / hydrostatic pressure

Chaglogamnala slide
Colluvium (10 – 15 m) consisting of rock boulders embedded in sandy matrix
Road corridor, Sparsely vegetated/ Cultivated land.
Unfavourable steep slope, cohesionless slope forming material, pore / hydrostatic pressure, rill erosion of the cut slope face

Colluvial debris consisting of large rock boulders and rock fragments in a sandy matrix
Deforestation for cultivation of Cardamon plantation
Unfavourable slope, pore or hydrostatic pressure, weak slope forming material.

In the event of higher magnitude seismic activity, the rock mass may likely generate a very huge rock flow situation.
Inherent rock mass condition, unfavorable slope, pore / hydrostatic pressure

Metumna slide
Already adopted remedial measures - partial removal of the failed debris dumped on road bench for the smooth passage of traffic.
Unfavorable slope, inherent rock mass condition, discontinuity planes getting day-lighted, pore / hydrostatic pressure

Colluvial debris consisting of rock boulders (as large as 2m) and rock fragments embedded in a sandy matrix
Inherent slope forming material, incipient water seepage giving rise to flowing condition, pore / hydrostatic pressure

Unfavorable slope, pore or hydrostatic pressure, day-lighting of the discontinuity plane during excavation, inherent rock mass condition

Chipru slide
Highly jointed gneisses. Gneissosity well defined with mice rich band
Unfavorable steep slope, jointed rock, pore/ hydrostatic pressure

Colluvial debris of rock boulders and fragments embedded in a sandy matrix
Inherent slope forming material, unfavourable slope, flowing stream

Colluvial debris consisting of rock boulders and fragments in a sandy-clayey matrix.
A large crack is seen to be developed in the centre of the road bench
Colluvial debris, severe toe erosion by the stream flowing at the left flank and foot of the slide leading to piping action removing finer materials from the road bench.

Chipra rock slide
Weathered and jointed gneissic bedrock with pegmatite veins.
Rocks highly fracture with prominent joint sets.
Major road corridor and thick vegetation upslope
Severe toe erosion by perennial stream, ill-planned slope cutting in rock face for construction of road bench

Steep slope and very poor rockmass traversed by multiple discontinuity planes.
Inherent rock mass condition, unfavourable steep slope

9 km Slide
High grade schist interbanded in the gneisses of Lohit Group.
An approx. length of 70-75 m of the road stretch has been affected by rock slides.
Severe toe cutting by turbulent nala stream. Road bench widening – shifting towards hillside as road bench are eroded off/ consumed by nala.

Chipru slide
RMR: Class II, Good Rock, Slope aspect: 250° to 260°, Slope amount: 66°.
Wet to dripping condition anticipated at the time of failure
Inherent rock mass condition and deposition. Development of pore or hydrostatic pressure. Unfavourable steep slope

Teapani river slide
Colluvial debris and alluvial river terrace deposit (both in sandy matrix) resting over bed rock
Inherent slope forming material resting over bed rock in near vertical slope and development of pore/hydrostatic pressure.

Weathered gneissic bedrock traversed by multiple joint sets overlain by thin clayey soil
Masonry retaining wall downslope of road bench, partially damaged by shooting stones.
Major communication road corridor and thick vegetation cover upslope.
Inherent rockmass condition, development of hydrostatic pressure condition and steepening of slope due to cutting for road bench.

Accumulated debris material on road bench has been removed for traffic flow conveniences by road maintaining authority.
Slope forming material consisting of poorly compacted colluvial material, steepening of slope due to cutting for road bench, severe toe erosion by swift flowing nala, development of hydrostatic pressure.

Colluvium (thick) consisting of rock boulders and fragments embedded in a sandy matrix
Failure occured on the scree/colluvial deposit, as such no bedrock is observed.
Cause attributed to Inherent slope forming material, Damp to flowing condition of slope, Development of pore / hydrostatic pressure, Probably gully erosion

Metengliang slide
Colluvial debris of rock boulders and fragments in a sandy matrix
Detouring of road bench toward hill is noticed 2-3 m for maintaining traffic flow. Downslope of road bench the slope gradient drop sharply approx. 65-75° to Dalai river.
Road, settlement area and cultivated land upslope
Inherent slope forming material, pore / hydrostatic pressure, surface drainage and construction of a heavy retaining wall on weak slope material

Bamlan Slide
Old debris slide material, Gniessic bedrock moderately to highly weathered.
H. M. C Road bench, almost the whole village of Bamlan, since subsidence has been observed almost the whole village area.
Inherent slope forming material super saturation during rainfall of the already saturated slope of the flowing stream, toe erosion/cutting at the foot of slide by the convergence/confluence of 3 - 4 streams

Metenliang 2.5 km slide
Weathered bedrock of quartzo-felspathic-gniess overlain by riverine deposits.
Already adopted Remedial measure: Masonry retaining wall erected downslope of road bench, which has been partially damaged.
Poorly compacted slope forming material, severe toe erosion, steepening of slope due to cutting for road bench.

32.4 km Slide
Moderately weathered schist with gneissic bands with thin older colluvial debris.
Failure plane f1:N72°W/48°dueNNE; J1: N45°W/72°due SW
Cardamon plantation observed in adjacent slope both downslope and upslope of road bench.
Severe toe erosion by the river flowing at the foot of the slide, bank erosion by the stream flowing in between the two prominent distressed slide scars, overstressing by contruction of a zig-zag road consisting of 3 road benches.

33.3 km slide
Weathered gneissic bedrock overlain by loose colluvial debris in sandy matrix.
Road bench wash off, bailey bridge totally damaged and water canal to mini hydro power house completely damaged.
Major road corridor, thickly vegetated/ forested
Inherent slope conditions, severe toe erosion by perennial stream, unguided surface run-off, development of pore or hydrostatic pressure condition.

Colluvium (thin) of 1 – 4 m resting over highly fissile schist inter-bedded between competent, massive gneiss
Road, cultivated land and settlement area.
Inherent slope forming material combined with weak bed rock. Flowing hydrological condition. Toe/bank erosion.

Road, cultivated land and settlement area
Old road bench destroyed and one electrical pole
Causes attributed to Inherent slope forming material resting over inherent rock mass and Pore / hydrostatic pressure

29.9 km Slide
Inherent rock mass condition, excessive steepening of slope, pore or hydrostatic pressure development.

37.6 km rockslide
Road bench and retaining wall are partially damaged
Inherent rock mass condition, unfavourable excessively steep slope, pore / hydrostatic pressure

From Khupa/ KVK Anjaw 12.2 kms along HMH road towards Hunli
The slide occurred due to the slope disturbance resulted due to the removal of overburden material for road construction. The slope saturation increased during rain its results the pore water pressure and reduced the shear strength of the SFM.
1.Deep hillside lined ditches on toe of slope may be constructed and maintain regularly so that water does not flow on the road bench. 2 Removal of protruded overburden and plants/ trees from the crown portion of the slide.
Extensive slope cut and the prolonged percolation of water along the weak planes resulted the failure

From Khupa/ KVK Anjaw 12.1 kms along HMH road towards Hunli
The rock slide occurred due to the slope disturbance resulted due to the removal of overburden material for road construction. The slope saturation increased during rain its results the pore water pressure and reduced the shear strength of the SFM.
1.Deep hillside lined ditches on toe of slope may be constructed for discharge of water. .Reducing the general slope by slope dressing may be considered. 3.Removal of protruded overburden and plants/ trees from the crown portion of the slide.
Extensive slope cut for road construction. Thick over burden material coupled with incessant rainfall as well as oversaturation may cause for the slides.

From Khupa/ KVK Anjaw 12 kms along HMH road towards Hunli
The slide has occurred due to the slope disturbance that leads to the infiltration of water along the weak planes along with intersection of joint forming wedges towards the road side are the causative factor for failure.
1.Deep hillside lined ditches on toe of slope may be constructed and maintain regularly so that water does not flow on the road bench. 2. Reducing the general slope angle by slope dressing at the crown portion of the slide may be considered.
Extensive slope cut and the prolonged percolation of water along the weak planes resulted the planar failure of rock, .

From Khupa/ KVK Anjaw 11.5 kms along HMH road towards Hunli
The debris slide has occurred due to slope disturbance for road construction. The development of local hydrostatic pressure and reduction of shear strength on over-saturation of weak overburden material due to incessant rainfall.
1.Clearing of weathered and potentially unstable material from the slope face. 2. Hillside lined ditches may be constructed and maintained regularly to prevent runoff infiltration. 3. Plantation of deep-rooted local plant at the slope surface.
Extensive slope cut and the prolonged percolation of water along the weak planes resulted the planar failure of rock.

The debris slide occurred along HMH road due to the slope disturbance. Prolonged infiltration of water increases the pore water pressure and reduced the shear strength of the slope forming material during heavy rainfall.
1.Reducing the general slope by slope dressing may be considered. 2.Clearing of uprooted/ loose vegetation and slide debris from the slope face.
Extensive slope cut for road construction along with wedge failure

The debris slide occurred along HMH road due to the slope disturbance. Prolonged infiltration of water increases the pore water pressure and reduced the shear strength of the slope forming material during heavy rainfall.
1.Plantation of deep-rooted species of grass such as vetiver grass to strengthen slope. 2. Construction of reinforced retaining wall with sufficient weep holes at the toe can help strengthened the slope by sustaining the weight of the slope mass.
Extensive slope cut for road construction without proper remadial measures and the prolonged percolation of water along the weak planes resulted the planar failure of rock, .

The debris slide occurred in the south eastern part of the area in Anjaw district. Weathering and widening of joint planes causing loosening of blocks. Development of local hydrostatic pressure leads to the reduction of shear strength.
1.Clearing of weathered and potentially unstable material from the crown portion of the slide.
The slope modification initiated by road construction and the prolonged percolation of water along the weak planes resulted the planar failure of rock.

The rock slide is due to extensive slope cut along the two prominent joint, are forming a wedge. As well as the percolation of water along joints further leads to the widening and resulted the detachment of blocks along the weak planes.
1.Clearing of loose debris material and protruded fragments of rock from the slope face. 2. Construction of retaining structure.
Extensive slope cut for road construction along with wedge failure

The debris slide occurred in the south eastern part of the area in Anjaw district. Weathering and widening of joint planes causing loosening of blocks. Development of local hydrostatic pressure leads to the reduction of shear strength.
1.Clearing of loose debris material and fragments of rock from the slope face.
the extensive slope cut for road constructon. During incessant rainfall oversaturation of SFM.

From Khupa/ KVK Anjaw 3 kms along HMH road towards Hunli
The affected area is comprised of thick section of unconsolidated material. Extensive slope excavation on natural slope are the major role in this slope failure. In addition development of pore water pressure increase the overburden weight.
1. Provision of hill side road drains. 2. Removal of protruded rock fragments and loose material occurring at critical angle. 3. Trimming of crown scar and slope face. 4. Removal of unstable plantation from the crown.
The toe cutting of hillslope for road construction and prolonged infiltration of rain water along the loose debris reduce the shear strength of the weak SFM.

The affected area is comprised of thick section of unconsolidated material. Extensive slope excavation on natural slope are the major role in this slope failure. In addition development of pore water pressure increase the overburden weight.
1.Slope failure occurs along the extensive slope cut having thick overburden comprising of rock fragments admixed with soil.

The debris slide has occurred along the NH-13 (Anjaw-Tezu road) road due to the extensive slope cut. The prolonged infiltration of water in the SFM has develop a local hydrostatic pressure and reduction of shear strength of the material.
Road is partially blocked the slided material
1.Clearing of loose debris material and fragments of rock from the slope face. 2.Construction of hill side drain for excess water discharge. 3.Plantation of deep-rooted species of grass such as vetiver grass on crown and scrap portion of the slide.
Extensive slope cut for road construction. The incessant rainfall over a weak overburden leads to increasing the pore water pressure and develop a local hydrostatic pressure it reduce the shear strength.

Rock slide has occurred south eastern part of the area in Anjaw district. The SFM oversaturated during rainfall increases the pore water pressure and pronounced weathering reduced the shear strength of the slope forming material during heavy rainfall.
1.Clearing of weathered and potentially unstable material from the crown portion of the slide. 2. Scaling of the slope.
the extensive slope cut for road constructon. During incessant rainfall oversaturation of SFM.

Rock slide has occurred south eastern part of the area in Anjaw district. The SFM oversaturated during rainfall increases the pore water pressure and pronounced weathering reduced the shear strength of the slope forming material during heavy rainfall.
1.Clearing of weathered and potentially unstable material from the crown portion of the slide.
The slope modification initiated by road construction and the prolonged percolation of water along the weak planes resulted the planar failure of rock.

The shallow rotational debris slide has occurred due to slope modification. During rain fall, prolonged infiltration of water along the slope surface, developed a local hydrostatic pressure its leads to the reduction in shear strength.
1.Clearing of weathered and unstable material from the slope face. 2.Hillside lined ditches may be constructed and maintained regularly to prevent runoff infiltration. 3. Reducing the general slope angle by slope dressing may be considered.
The slope modification initiated by road construction and the prolonged percolation of water developed a local hydrostatic pressure on the overburden material and its leads to the reduction in shear strength.

The slide is due to the extensive slope cut for road construction. Weathering and widening of joint planes causing loosening of blocks. During rainfall, a local hydrostatic pressure developed, reduce the of shear strength of the SFM.
1.Clearing of weathered and potentially unstable material from the slope face. 2.Hillside lined ditches may be constructed and maintained regularly to prevent infiltration of excess water.
The slope modification initiated by road construction and the prolonged percolation of water along the weak planes resulted the planar failure of rock.

Rock slide has occurred south eastern part of the area in Anjaw district. The SFM oversaturated during rainfall increases the pore water pressure and pronounced weathering reduced the shear strength of the slope forming material during heavy rainfall.
1.Clearing of weathered and potentially unstable material from the crown portion of the slide.
The primary causative factor for the slide, predominance of highly weathered quartzite coupled with steep slope cutting and toe removal for road widening.

From Khupa/ KVK Anjaw 6 kms along HMH road towards Hunli
The slide has occurred along theHMH road. The development of local hydrostatic pressure and reduction of shear strength on over-saturation of weak overburden material due to incessant rainfall.
1.Clearing of loose debris material and fragments of rock from the slope face. 2.Construction of hill side drain for excess water discharge.

The debris slide occurred due to slope failure. In addition to that heavy downpour resulted in over saturation of which contributed to the driving force by development of pore water pressure and increase in overburden weight.
1.Clearing of loose debris material and fragments of rock from the slope face. 2.Construction of retaining structures with sufficient weep holes to avoid toe erosion3. Removal of uprooted tree/ plants from the crown portion of the slide.
Extensive slope cut for road construction. Thick over burden material (up to 2-3m thick) coupled with incessant rainfall as well as rill erosion may cause for the slides.

The slide has occurred along theHMH road. The development of local hydrostatic pressure and reduction of shear strength on over-saturation of weak overburden material due to incessant rainfall.
1.Removal of loose material from the slope surface. 2.The deep hillside lined ditches at toe of the hill slope should be cleaned.

Tilua Bridge Slide
Colluvial debris and alluvial terrace deposits
Road bench and left bank abutment of the suspension bailey bridge are at risk
Weak slope forming material (colluvial debris and alluvial terrace deposits), severe toe erosion by the Tilua river, erosion by the streams flowing within the distressed zone, construction of a zig-zag road in the distressed slope face.

88 km Slide
Road bench (Tezu-Hayuliang) is at vulnerable risk.
Extensive slope cutting for road bench widening

Gully erosion on the overhead region due to heavy rainfall. Also toe cutting is present in the area.

Severe toe erosion by the stream flowing at the foot of the destabilised slope face, unguided surface run-off upslope of the road bench, development of localized pore/hydrostatic pressure.

Major road, Moderately vegetated and inhabitat
Inherent slope conditions, headward erosion by stream due to heavy discharge, development of pore/hydrostatic pressure.

Khupapolice check gate
Old road bench completely consumed, visible cracks of 15 m width, 0.5 m depth and more than 10 m length at crown area (parellel to the curvilinear scarp).
Wet to dripping condition anticipated at the time of failure
Damming of river due to large rockslide on the opposite bank slope, which leads to river channel diversion and toe cutting/ incision towards the alluvial river terrace deposits where road bench was totally consumed.

Inherent slope conditions, development of localized pore or hydrostatic pressure.

Weak slope forming material (alluvial deposits, colluvial debris, poor rockmass conditions etc.), pore/hydrostatic pressure, erosion by the 2-3 unguided streams draining the diatressed slope face.

Meta-volcanics associated with thin crystalline limestone of the Tidding Formation.
Development of localized pore/hydrostatic pressure, severe toe erosion.

Steepening of slope for construction of road bench
Loose boulders upslope of road bench may be removed periodically
Highly jointed rock. The criss-crossed nature of joints renders the rock susceptible to failure along the fractures which gets loosen in the process of weathering.

Hayuliang Slide
A sinkhole like feature is developed on the road bench. Road bench, 3 residential Assam type houses upslope of crown area is element at risk.
Major road corridor and settlement/rural township.
Slope steepened due to road bench cutting, natural toe erosion by Lohit river downslope of road bench. The slope forming materials consisting of well sorted pebble and boulder in sandy matrix resting on steep slope loss retaining strength and over satur

9 JAK Camp slide
Thick vegetation above road and sparse downslope
Severe natural toe erosion. Unguided surface run-off. Extensive slope cutting for construction of new road, which has generated huge volume of debris.

RMR: Class IV, Blasting involved during recent road cutting.
Wet to dripping condition anticipated at the time of failure
Inherent rockmass condition, Unfavourable slope and development of pore and hydro static pressure.

3.5 km slide
Weathered bedrock comprising of quartzo-felspathic-gniess traverse by multiple joint system
Masonry retaining wall downslope of road bench which has been partially damaged by shooting stone.
Invariably weathered bedrock condition which is traversed by multiple joints and fracture system, natural toe erosion, road bench cutting in unfavourable steep slope

Highly jointed mesocratic granite or amphibolites (?)
No overhang observed, the slide appears to have stabilized.
Cause attributed to Inherent rock mass condition, Unfavourable slope, Pore or hydrostatic pressure

Intrusive rock (amphibolites ?) which is jointed with wedge formation, parallel to slope and daylighted
Shooting stoneS and may cause havoc to traffic and road bench.
Inherent rock mass condition in unfavourable slope. Wedges formation by intersection of joints. Development of pore/hydrostatic pressure.

5.4 km HMC slide
Colluvial debris deposited on the banks of the turbulent streams.
Subsidence of road bench by 1-1.5 m on the left flank due to toe erosion. The debris flow on the right side of the distressed zone washed off the road bench disrupting communication for two days
Major road corridor and thick vegetation cover upslope.
Construction of road bench over the active river channel without construction of culvert/bridge. Steepening of slope due to cutting for road bench in poor slope forming material, severe toe erosion, unguided surface run-off

78 km slide
Old road bench of the Tezu-Hayuliang road completely consumed due to severe toe erosion by the Lohit river. A new road bench is under construction at the time of the study for maintaining the connectivity.
Slope forming material (alluvial deposits, colluvial debris, poor rockmass conditions etc.), pore/hydrostatic pressure, erosion by the 2-3 unguided streams draining the diatressed slope face, severe toe erosion by the Lohit river.

From Khupa/ KVK Anjaw 16.4 kms along NH-13 towards Tezu
The slide has occurred due to the development of local hydrostatic pressure and reduction of shear strength on over-saturation of weak overburden material due to incessant rainfall and rill erosion.
1. Provision of hill side road drains. 2. Removal of loose material occurring at critical angle. 3. Planation of fast-growing grass to reduce the soil erosion. 4. Construction of retaining wall for toe support.
1. Slope forming material comprises of rock boulders of parent rock intermixed with soil. 2. Loss of cohesion and saturation of overburden resulting in increase of pore pressure during rainfall. 3. Rill erosion on the affected slope.

From Khupa/ KVK Anjaw 16.6 kms along NH-13 towards Tezu
The affected area is comprised of thick section of unconsolidated material. Extensive slope excavation on natural slope are the major role in this slope failure. In addition development of pore water pressure increase the overburden weight.
2.Removal of loose material occurring at critical angle.
2.Development of pore water pressure in the slope forming material during heavy rainfall.

Granitoids ( bouldery outcrop)of Lohit Granitoid Complex
Steepening of slope during new road bench cutting
Loose boulders overhang sporadic falls under the influence of heavy surface run-off.

Leuco granitic rocks of Lohit Granitoid Complex
Weak slope forming material (colluvial debris and alluvial terrace deposits), pore/hydrostatic pressure.

Slope forming material being the colluvial debris, development of localized pore/hydrostatic pressure, severe toe and gully erosion by the stream.

Rock boulders embedded in a clayey matrix
Probable toe cutting by the Lohit river as well as the turbulent stream flowing on the right flank of the distressed slope.
Subsidence of road bench by 0.5. m observed. 1 electric pole and 3 telephone poles extremely at vulnerable risk.
Weak slope forming materials resting over bedrock, development of localised pore and hydrostatic pressure, unfavorable slope, etc.

Steepening of slope, vibration from vehicle
Major communication road corridor and forested.
Gully erosion initiated by the torrential rainfall in the area on the upstream region. Huge boulders of rock have even been brought down in the manner of flow and topple.

Steepening of slope, vibration from vehicle
Major communication road corridor and forested.
Supersaturation and consequently the action of pore water pressure developed on the soil/phyllitic rocks rendered the overall mass prone to failure by means of flow.

Major communication road corridor and forested.
Supersaturation and consequently the action of pore water pressure developed on the soil/phyllitic rocks rendered the overall mass prone to failure by means of flow.

Phyllite (grey) /schistose rocks of Yang Sang Chu Formation
Major communication road corridor and forested
Inherent slope conditions and development of local pore or hydrostatic pressure condition.

52 km slide
Micaceous metasedimentaries of Tiding Formation (schist).
Reactivated during monsoon of 2013 (as per BRO workers at the site), landslide initially occurred in 2012 which has completely block the road.
Inherent slope conditions, severe toe erosion by the stream flowing at the foot of the distressed slope face, unguided surface run-off upslope of the road bench, development of localized pore/hydrostatic pressure.

Phyllite (grey) /schistose rocks of Yang Sang Chu Formation
Slope cutting for widening of road bench
Major communication road corridor and forested
Inherent slope conditions and development of local pore or hydrostatic pressure condition.

Closely spaced fissile, biotite schist intrutedby quartz vein (moderately weathered)
Inherent rock mass condition (low RMR and SMR) unfavorable slope, rill erosion by surface runoff, toe erosion by the stream

Arrowa-Tidding Bridge
Colluvial debris and alluvial river deposits and thin column of overburden
Road bench destroyed at two places along the distressed zone. Tezu-Hayuliang road corridor, the Tidding bridge has been reportedly washed-off three times (as per BRO).
Inherent slope conditions, severe toe erosion by the debris-laden, turbulently flowing Tidding river, erosion by the presence of numerous unguided water courses on the distressed slope face

Rock boulders (schist) embedded in a clayey matrix. Bedrock appears to be at a deeper level.
New road bench alignment has been laid on failed debris materials which may further subside during extreme hydrological situation.
Subsidence of road bench by 1-2.5 m observed. Old road bench completely abandoned, one electric pole at crown is vulnerable if slide retrograde.
Weak slope forming materials, flowing hydrology condition, pore and hydrostatic pressure, probable toe cutting by the seasonal stream flowing in the flanks.

Highly sheared, shattered and profusely jointed gniesses
Multiple discontinuity planes traversing on the bedrock noticed.
Poor rockmass, overhanging situation, pore/hydrostatic pressure. Proximity to prominent Mishmi thrust.

J1: N150°/88°due N240° (planar and toppling)
Natural slope was extensively cut for construction of road bench
Poor rockmass, overhanging situation, pore/hydrostatic pressure. Proximity to prominent Mishmi thrust.

Quartzofelspathic biotite gneiss of the Roing Gneiss
The slide was responsible for road blockage in the past few days.
Planar failure along the SW dipping joint is compounded by the numerous fractures which gives rise to failure by way of topple.

Quartzo-felsphatic gneiss. Rockmass infested by vein quartz and feldsphathic veination
Wedge formation J1 and J2 plane: 75°due N265°, J1: N128°/60°due N218°, J2 : N45°/75°due N315°
Slide is within the vicinity of the Mishmi thrust
Causes are: Inherent rock mass condition, Very steep slope, Lubrication along discontinuity planes during monsoon, Extensive slope cutting for widening of road bench.

J1: N150°/88°due N240° (planar and toppling)
Poor rockmass, overhanging situation, pore/hydrostatic pressure. Proximity to prominent Mishmi thrust.

Quartzofelspathic biotite gneiss of the Roing Gneiss
Main factor is the toe cutting by the river
Wedge failure. Joints developed across the foliation with high dips towards the river. Toe erosion by river is the main factor.

Quartzofelspathic biotite gneiss of the Roing Gneiss
The slide was responsible for road blockage in the past few days.
Toe erosion by stream and gully erosion overhead contributes primarily to the cause of the failure

Profusely jointed, moderately weathered, shattered gneisses.
Parallelism of the slope aspect (NW) with the vulnerable discontinuity planes, severe toe erosion by the stream flowing at the foot of the distressed slope face, ground vibration caused by passing of heavy vehicles.

Anthropogenic acivity, blasting for road cutting.
One of the main slides responsible for road blockage. For blasting, Emuldyne is being used. The above information stated by Riju Mahli, Driller, GREF.
Road bench damaged, 2-3 barrages collapsed
The primary factor is the toppling effect induced by the moisture along the joints and fractures in the rock.

Quartzo feldspathic gneissic rocks belonging to Roing Gneiss.
The foliation dips towards the hill, the weak planes mostly dip across the foliation. Moisture along these planes render the mass weak. It has given rise to wedge failure.

Road bench was shifted toward the hillside slope.
Poor rockmass, unfavorable slope, pore/hydrostatic pressure and natural toe erosion. [Proximity to prominent Mishmi thrust].

Profusely jointed, moderately weathered, shattered gneisses.
F1: EW/28°due N, J1: N55°E/50°due N40°W (failure plane)
The failed slope lies in close proximity/within the influence zone of the Mishmi Thrust
Parallelism of the slope aspect (NW) with the vulnerable discontinuity planes, severe toe erosion by the stream flowing at the foot of the distressed slope face, ground vibration caused by passing of heavy vehicles.

Colluvium (thin cover) over sheared & highly shattered gneisses.
Old road bench entirely consumed along the stretch and abandoned, new/existing road bench at risk
Unfavorable slope, erosion by the unguided water course, inherent rockmass condition, pore/hydrostatic pressure development.

Highly shattered rockmass consisting of gneisses.
J1: N87°E/74° due SSE, J2: N24°W/45° due SW; Most vulnerable plane is J3: N68°W/80° due SW
Installation of wire-nets upslope of the road bench to prevent shooting stones falling on passing traffic. The concrete footwall of the road bench to be preferably constructed on sound bedrock.
Unfavorably very steep slope, erosion by the unguided surface run-off, development of localized pore/hydrostatic pressure, proximity to the Mishmi thrust, inherent rockmass condition (RQD of rockmass gives a value of 10-15).

Schistose rocks (grey) of Yang Sang Chu Formation.
The primary reason of failure is the reduction of strength of the mass on super saturation

Lalpani slide
Earlier workers have indicated the presence of localized faults along the Lalpani as well as the Arroha nala. Road bench cutting (5-6 road bench level) along the affected slope observed.
Weak geological formation (garnetiferous schist), severe toe erosion as well as bank erosion by the Lalpani river, overstressing by contruction of a zig-zag road consisting of 5-6 road benches along the distressed slope face.

Hydrology: Flowing condition.
The foliation dips toward the hill, the fractures provide channels for water during rainfall to pass through and subsequently loosens the rigidity of the structure.

Deban, Namdapha Natonal Park
The shallow planar failure occurred due to the weathered slope forming material along the extensive slope and the beds dipping towards valley side.
Ramesh Guguloth, Neethu Alpho Joseph, 2022, Remote Sensing based Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in Toposheets 83M/4, 8,12,15,16; 83N/01, 2, 5, 6, 9,13; 92A/03, 4, 6, 7, 11,14,15,16; 92E/02, 3 & 4 covering parts of Tirap, Changan
1. Removal of slided debris material 2. Trimming of crown scar along its length
Debris slide occurred on steep slope due to highly weathered and jointed mudstone and sandstone rocks.

Deban, Namdapha Natonal Park
Weathered top soil slided due to steep slope topography.
Ramesh Guguloth, Neethu Alpho Joseph, 2022, Remote Sensing based Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in Toposheets 83M/4, 8,12,15,16; 83N/01, 2, 5, 6, 9,13; 92A/03, 4, 6, 7, 11,14,15,16; 92E/02, 3 & 4 covering parts of Tirap, Changan
1. Removal of slided debris material 2. Construction of retaining wall.
Weathered slope forming material of Tipam Formation is unstable along the steep sloping topography.

Deban, Namdapha Natonal Park
Shallow rotational debris slide occurred due to Increase pore pressure in slope forming material along with 2 m thick top soil slided during the rainfall along the drainage.
Ramesh Guguloth, Neethu Alpho Joseph, 2022, Remote Sensing based Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in Toposheets 83M/4, 8,12,15,16; 83N/01, 2, 5, 6, 9,13; 92A/03, 4, 6, 7, 11,14,15,16; 92E/02, 3 & 4 covering parts of Tirap, Changan
Increase pore pressure in slope forming material along with 2 m thick top soil slided during the rainfall along the drainage.

The shallow rotational debris slide occurred due to the weathered slope forming material (intercalation of sandstone and weathered mudstone of Tipam Formation) and the beds dipping towards valley side.
1. Removal of slided material 2. Construction of Gabion wall and hill side drainage
The weathered rock material slided during the rainfall and the attitude (dip of beds and slope of the slide) of beds exposed towards valley side.

The shallow rotational debris slide occurred due to the weathered slope forming material sandstone and mudstone of Tipam Formation is unstable along the steep sloping topography and loose material slided along the slope.
1. Removal of slided material 2. Construction of retaining wall
Weathered slope forming material sandstone and mudstone of Tipam Formation is unstable along the steep sloping topography and loose material slided during the rainfall.

Shallow rotational slide occurred along the geomorphic lineament (drainage).
Unmetalled road
1. Romovel of slided material 2. Construction of Gabion wall and hill side drainage
1. Increased pore pressure in the slope forming material (sandstone, clay & soil) along the drainage during the rainfall.

Weathered top soil material slided during the rainfall
1. Construction of Gabion wall and hill side drainage
Intercalation of weathered siltstone and sandstone is unstable along the slope.

Weathered top soil slided during the rainfall
1. Romovel of slided debris material 2. Construction of Gabion wall and hill side drains.
Slope failure occurred due to oversaturation in the thick (3m) overburden soil during heavy monsoon.

The srock slide due to jointed and weathered slope. The weathered shale overlain by siltstone is exposed along the slope. The unstable shale is not supporting to sandstone
1. Steep sloping topography and jointed sandstone

Geologically the area exposed intercalation of sandstone and weathered siltstone. Siltstone is overlain by sandstone beds and dipping towards valley side. The steep topography of weathered siltstone made shallow rotational debris cum rock slide during th
1. Construction of Gabion wall 2. Construction of hill side darning.
1. Bedding palne dipping towards valley side. 2. Weathered siltstone slided

Intercalation of Sandstone- siltstone of Tipam Formation.
Geologically the area exposed Intercalation of sandstone-weathered siltstone. The steep topography of weathered siltstone made shallow rotational debris slide during the rainfall.
Weak Slope forming material predominantly composed of Intercalation of Sandstone- siltstone of Tipam Formation.

Intercalation of weathered sandstone -siltstone –mudstone of Tipam Formation.
The debris slide occurred due to weathered slope forming material of sandstone-weathered siltstone. The SFM is unstable along the extensive slope cut.
Trimming of crown scar along its length.
Highly weathered and fractured nature of siltstone caused failure along steep slope during the heavy rainfall.

Sandstone siltstone intercaltions of Tipam Fm
Debris slide occurred due to extensive slope cut and weathered jointed sandstone unstable along the slope
1 Removal of failed rock material on the road side.2. Removal of loose precariously occurring rock blocks at crown portion
Steep slope and jointed nature of rocks (sandstone) resulted rock fall.

Highly weathered siltstone of Tipam Formation slided along steep slope due to increased pore pressure.
1. Removal of slide debris material. 2. Providing hill side lined drain with proper gradient.
The thick overburden got saturated during heavy monsoon which increases pore water pressure and reduced the shear strength of the slope forming material.

700m E of New Potuk
Siltstone intercalated with shale, Barail Group
The rotational debris slide due extensive slope cut and weathered shale and siltstone of Barail Group is unstable along the slope and the loose material slided during the rainfall.
1. Construction of retaining wall with sufficient weep holes.
1. Unplanned slope extensive slope cut without stabilizing the slope. 2. Weak slope forming material of weathered shale and siltstone intercalations of Barail Group with 2.5 m thick top soil make unstable along the slope.

300 SW of Rima
The shallow rotational debris slide due to anthropogenic activity and weak lithology mainly composed of weathered carbonaceous shale and shale of Barail Group.
1. Trimming of crown scar along its length 2. Plantation of fast-growing grass/ shrubs on affected slope.
1. Extensive slope cut without stabilizing the slope. 2. Weathered slope forming material (Shale and Carbonaceous shale, Barail Group) is unstable along the slope.

400m W of Machum
In the presence of weathered unconsolidated shale along the extensive slope cut, the shallow rotational debris slide occurred during rainfall.
1. Removal of slided debris material. 2. Construction of hill side drainage.
1. Weathered slope forming material (Shale) is unstable along the extensive slope cut.

400m E of Nogthey
The debris slide occurred due to weathered slope forming material (Shale) is unstable along the geomorphic lineament (drainage).
Plantation of fast-growing grass/ shrubs on affected slope.
1. Weak slope forming material predominantly composed of weathered shale 2. Slope erosion during heavy monsoon.

1.5 km S of Nampong
Intercalation of shale and carbonaceous shale, Barail Group
The debris slide occurred due to extensive slope cut. Weak shale of Barail Group is unstable along the slope and blockage of drainage while road construction.
Slope failure occurred due to increase of pore pressure in the thick overburden soil during heavy monsoon.

3.3 km E of Rima
Shallow rotational debris slide occurred due to weathered unconsolidated shale of Barail Group and top soil is slided along the slope during the rainfall.
No remedial measures recommended
1. Weathered frazil slope forming material (shale and 2m thick top soil) is unstable along the slope cut.

700 m E of Taipi Dudam
Interclation of shale and carbonaceous shale, Barail Group
Debris slide occurred due to weak unconsolidated shale and carbonaceous shale of Barail Group is unstable along the extensive slope.
1. Removal of slided debris material 2. Stabilize the slope by the three benching. 3. Proper diversion drainage with construction of culvert 4. Reconstruction of damaged concrete wall with suitable height.
1.Weathered unconsolidated shale and carbonaceous shale of Barail Group is unstable along the slope cut.

800m W Hetlong
Shale-Carbonaceous shale intercalation of Barail Group
The rock slide occurred due to wedge failure and the exposed rock beds dip and slope towards valley side. The weathered rock material is unstable along the extensive slope cut.
1. Removal of slided debris material. 2. Construction of toe support retaining wall with sufficient weep holes along the affected road stretch. 3. Providing lined hill side road drain.
Slope failure occurred on cut slope due to oversaturation of thick slope forming material predominantly composed of highly weathered shale and carbonaceous shale.

500m NE of Longvi
The shallow planar rock slide due to anthropogenic activity. The weathered shale overlain by siltstone is exposed along the slope. The unstable shale is not supporting to siltstone hence, the jointed siltstone with debris material slided during the rainf
1. Removal of slided material. 2. Construction of toe support retaining wall with sufficient weep holes.
1. Toe cutting of the slope for road construction. 2. The weathered shale overlain by siltstone is exposed along the slope.

S of Longvi, 8 km Tea Garden
Carbonaceous shale-shale-siltstone intercalation of Barail Gruop
The translational debris slide occurred due to extensive slope cut. The slope forming material is weathered intercalation of carbonaceous shale- shale-siltstone is unstable along the slope during the rainfall.
Slope failure on steep cut slope due to weak lithology comprises of highly weathered carbonaceous shale-shale-siltstone intercalation of Barail Gruop

S of Longvi, 8 km Tea Garden
Carbonaceous shale-shale-siltstone intercalation of Barail Gruop
The shallow translational debris slide occurred due to unstable slope forming material (weathered intercalation of carbonaceous shale- shale-siltstone) along the slope during the rainfall.
1. Construction of retaining wall with weep holes 2. Removal of slided debris material 3. Construction of hill side drainage.
1. The slope forming material is weathered intercalation of carbonaceous shale- shale-siltstone is unstable along the slope during the rainfall.

1km E of Old Kamlao
Overburden covered slope with weathered interaction of shale and siltstone of Barail Group
The shallow rotational debris slide occurred due to weathered SFM is unstable along the extensive slope cut.
1. Removal of failed debris material on the road. 2. Trimming of crown scar along its length.
1. Toe cutting of slope during road construction and road widening

1.8 km SW of Old Kamlao
The deep rotational debris slide occurred due to weathered SFM is unstable along the extensive slope cut.
1. Removal of slided material on the road side. 2. Construction of toe support retaining wall with sufficient weep holes and hill side drain.
1. Toe cutting of slope during road construction and road widening, 2. Pore water pressure developed in slope forming material during heavy rainfall reduces its shearing strength and thereby leading to slope failure.

1.7 km SW of old Kamlao
The rock slide occurred due to intersection of joints and the exposed rock beds dip and slope towards valley side. The weathered rock material is unstable along the extensive slope cut.
1. Construction of toe support retaining wall with sufficient weep holes. 2. Removal of slided material on the road side. 3. Trimming of crown scar along its length. 4. Removal of loose rock blocks precariously occurring at crown portion.
1. Toe cutting of slope during road construction and road widening, 2. Slope forming material predominantly comprised of highly weathered intercalation of shale-siltstone, which is dipping towards valley side leading to slope failure.

900 W of New Kamlao
The weathered rock material slided during the rainfall and the attitude (dip of beds and slope of the slide) of beds exposed towards valley side.
1. Removal of slided material. 2. Construction of retaining wall with sufficient weep holes. 3. Removal of slided material from the hill side drainage to allow the free flow the water in order to avoid water logging.
1.Removal of failed material on the road and uprooted trees in the slide zone 2. Construction of toe support retaining wall with sufficient weep holes along the affected road stretch.3. Trimming of crown scar along its length

1km W Hetlongx
The shallow rotational debris slide occurred due to extensive slope cut. The weak shale and siltstone material unstable along the slope.
1. Removal of slided material. 2. Construction of retaining wall with sufficient weepholes. 3. Stabilize the slope by benching 4. Maintenance of hillside drainage.
Slope failure occurred on cut slope due to oversaturation of thick slope forming material predominantly composed of highly weathered shale and carbonaceous shale.

1.6km W Hetlong
Shallow rotational debris slide occurred due to anthropogenic activity. The extensive slope cut made for road construction without stabilizing the slope. The slope forming material is weathered intercalation of carbonaceous shale- siltstone-shale and is
Stabilize the slope by benching. Plantation of fast-growing grass/ shrubs to protect slope erosion
Slope failure occurs due to extensive slope cut for road construction on highly weathered Shale-Siltstone intercalation of slope forming material.

1.4km W Hetlong,
The Debris slide occurred due to extensive slope and the exposed rock beds dip and slope towards valley side. The weathered rock material is unstable along the extensive slope cut.
Plantation of fast-growing grass/ shrubs to protect slope erosion
Slope failure occurs due to extensive slope cut for road construction on highly weathered Shale-Siltstone intercalation of slope forming material.

1.2km W Hetlong
Shale-Carbonaceous shale intercalation of Barail Gruop
During the rainfall shallow rotational debris slide occurred due to extensive slope cut without stabilizing the slope for road construction and geologically the area comprises of carbonaceous shale –shale intercalation. The weathered carbonaceous shale
1. Removal of slided debris material. 2. Construction of retaining wall with sufficient weepholes. 3. Stabilize the slope by benching 4. Maintenance of hillside drainage.
1. Extensive slope cut for road construction without stabilizing the slope. 2. Geologically the area comprises carbonaceous shale –shale intercalation. Lower part occupied by highly weathered and unstable carbonaceous shale. Hence the slope failed alo

400 E of New Kamlao
Carbonaceous shale-Shale intercalation of Barail Group
Deep rotational debris slide occurred due to anthropogenic activity. The extensive slope cut made for road construction without stabilizing the slope. The slope forming material is weathered intercalation of carbonaceous shale- shale and is unstable alo
1.Replacement of concrete wall in a phase manner with sufficient weep holes
1. Extensive slope cut without stabilizing the slope for road construction. 2. The slope forming material is weathered intercalation of carbonaceous shale- shale and is unstable along the slope during the rainfall.

400 W of New Kamlao
Carbonaceous shale-Shale intercalation of Barail Gruop
Shallow rotational debris slide occurred due to anthropogenic activity. The extensive slope cut made for road construction without stabilizing the slope. The slope forming material is weathered intercalation of carbonaceous shale- shale and top soil is u
1. Trimming of crown scar along its length. 2. Removal of slided debris material on the road side. 3. Provision of gabion wall and hill side drain along the affected road stretch.
1. Extensive slope cut without stabilizing the slope for road construction. 2. The slope forming material is weathered intercalation of carbonaceous shale- shale and is unstable along the slope during the rainfall.

600m E of Old Kamlao
Highly weathered carbonaceous shale-siltstone intercalation of Barail Gruop
The debris slide occurred due to weathered SFM is unstable along the extensive slope cut.
1. Removal of uprooted trees from the slide zone. 2. Plantation of fast-growing grass/ shrubs to protect slope erosion.
1.Toe cutting of slope during road construction and road widening, 2. Pore water pressure developed in slope forming material during heavy rainfall reduces its shearing strength and thereby leading to slope failure.

200m E of Old Kamlao
The shallow rotational debris slide occurred due to weathered SFM is unstable along the extensive slope cut.
1. Construction of toe support retaining wall with sufficient weep holes 2. Provision of hill side drain along the affected zone.
Toe cutting of slope during road construction and road widening, 2. Pore water pressure developed in slope forming material during heavy rainfall reduces its shearing strength and thereby leading to slope failure.

Yagrung village Slide 1
A shallow translational soil slide occurred due to the adverse condition of SFM. Saturation of overburden and increase in pore pressure and loss of cohesion during rainfall causes material to slide
1.The slope was excavated for material for construction purposes.2.Both flanks of the slide is prone to more failure due to the presence of drainages during monsoon.
1.Proper diversion of surface water run off at the top part of the affected slope.2.Further removal of materials at the affected slope should be avoided to prevent failure.3.Plantation of fibrous trees on the slope.
1.SFM is composed of loose unconsolidated material intermixed with pebbles and cobbles.2.Ill planned modification of slope.3.Prominent drainage dissection n both flanks of the affected slope.

1. Scaling of loose material from the crown of the slide. 2. Removal of slide material on the road

Yagrung village Slide 2
A deep translational debris flow has occurred where SFM is composed of loose unconsolidated material intermixed with recent alluvium. Major drainage dissection is observed on the affected slope which cause slope failure during incessant and heavy rainfal
Massive debris flow on top of the existing stream.
1.Proper diversion of surface water runoff (Systematic channeling of hill slope drainage for proper disposal of surface water runoff through construction of culvert.
1.SFM is composed of loose unconsolidated material intermixed with recent alluvium.2.Ill planned modification of slope.3.Major drainage dissections of the affected slope

North of Damro-Gingkong Slide 2
A rotational debris slide has occurred due to the adverse condition of rock mass where drainage dissection was observed on the affected slope leading to major erosion
Another silmilar slide on the left flank of this slide.2.Major drainage observed on the left flank of the slide.3.Diversion of water from the crown portion has already been provided/constructed till the midslope.
1.Removal of slide material especially from the damaged retaining wall.2.Reconstruction/remodification of already constructed retaining wall with sufficient weep holes.
1.Adverse condition of rock mass. Geology is highly friable and splintery shale intermixed with soil.3.Drainage dissection in the affected slope hence leading to major erosion.

North of Damro-Gingkong Slide 1
A shallow translational rock slide occurred where SFM is composed of jointed, weathered splintery shales. Saturation of overburden and increase in pore pressure and loss of cohesion during rainfall causes material to slide
1. Construction of retaining walls.2.Proper mainatainence of hill side drain.3.Construction of retaining wall of appropriate height and width for toe support.
1.SFM is composed of jointed,weathered and splintery shale.2.Regolith thickness is less than 0.5m.3.Loss of cohesion of parent material during rainfall events.

600m S of Nagoithong
The weathered rock material slided during the rainfall and the attitude (dip of beds and slope of the slide) of beds exposed towards valley side.
1. Construction of lined hill side drainage with proper gradient. 2. Provision of gabion wall along the affected road stretch.
Increase pore water pressure in highly weathered slope forming material during heavy monsoon, reduced the shear strength of the SFM and thus initiated subsidence in the area.

1.5km SW of Thingdang
1. Removal of slided material on the road side. 2. Removal of precariously occurring loose rock blocks at critical angle.
This may be wedge failure due to intersection of two or more joints.

200m N of Thamsung
Highly weathered intercalation of shale and sandstone of Barail Group
The debris slide occurred due to weathered SFM is unstable along the extensive slope cut.
1.Removal of slided debris material. 2. Trimming of crown scar along its length 3. Providing hill side lined drain.
2. Thick overburden got saturated during intense rain which increased the pore water pressure and reduced the shear strength of the slope forming material.

1.2km W of Simran New Thamlom
Intercalation of shale and sandstone of Barail Group
The rock slide occurred due to wedge failure and the exposed rock beds dip and slope towards valley side. The weathered rock material is unstable along the extensive slope cut.
1. Removal of slided material on the road side.2. Scaling of precariously occurring loose material on the upper part of the slope.
1. Intercalation of shale and jointed sandstone of Barail Group. 2.Wedge failure due to intersection of joints (S0:N20oW/25oNE, J1:N-S/69oW)

600 m West of Simnom
Intercalation of weathered shale-sandstone of Disang Group.
The shallow planar debris slide occurred as bedding plane dipping towards valley side and unconsolidated SFM is unstable along extensive slope cut during rainfall.
1. Removal of slided debris material 2. Repairing of damaged concrete retaining wall with sufficient weep holes. 3. Construction of lined hill side road drainage with proper gradient.
1.Bedding plane dipping towards valley side. 2. The slope forming material comprises of highly weathered intercalation of shale and sandstone of Disang Group intermixed with loose soil.

500 N of Changlang
The shallow planar debris slide occurred due to overburden soil of 3.3m is unstable along the extensive slope cut in steep sloping topography during rainfall
1. Trimming of crown scar along its length 2. Providing hill side lined drain. 3. Plantation of fast growing plants/shrubs to protect slope erosion
This slide occurred on steep slope due to the pore water pressure developed in the thick overburden soil due to oversaturation during heavy rainfall.

300 N of Changlang
The debris slide occurred due to weathered slope forming material and the exposed rock beds dip and slope towards valley side. The weathered rock material is unstable along the extensive slope cut.
1. Extension of an existing gabion wall on both sides along the affected road section for at least 4m each. 2. Plantation of fast-growing deep-rooted grass / shrubs on the affected slope for protection of slope erosion.
1.Extensive toe cutting of slope during road construction 2. Increase of pore water pressure in the thick (5m) overburden soil reduced the shear strength of the slope forming material and leading to slope failure.

200 m N of Army, Changlang
Loose unconsolidated material mainly composed of shale and sandstone of Disang Group.
The debris slide occurred due to planer failure. overburden soil is unstable along the extensive slope cut in steep sloping topography during rainfall
Moderately vegetation along slope cut road section
1. Removal of slided debris material on the road side. 2. Trimming of crown scar along its length 3. Providing hill side lined drain.
Pore pressure developed in the unconsolidated slope forming material during heavy rainfall reduces its shear strength and leading to slope failure on gravity.

1.6km SE of Simran New Thamlom
Overburden covered slope predominantly composed of weathered shale and sandstone of Barail Group.
The debris slide occurred due to weathered SFM is unstable along extensive slope cut in steep sloping topography during rainfall
Removal of slided debris material. 2. Trimming of crown scar along its length 3. Providing hill side lined drain.
Due to increase of pore water pressure in the unconsolidated slope forming material during heavy rainfall reduces its shear strength and leading to slope failure.

Near Army camp
Shale- Siltstone intercalation of Disang Group
The debris slide occurred due to weathered slope forming material and the exposed rock beds dip and slope towards valley side. The weathered rock material is unstable along the extensive slope cut.
1.Removal of failed debris material 2. Trimming of crown scar and construction of retaining) Breast wall) wall along the affected road section
Slope failure occurred on steep slope due to increase pore water pressure in slope forming material comprises of highly weathered siltstone-shale of Disang Group

2.2 km NE of Amchung
Shale- mudstone-siltstone intercalation of Disang Group
The shallow rotational debris slide occurred due to unconsolidated weathered SFM is unstable along the extensive slope cut during the rainfall.
1. Construction of lined hill side drain.
The slope forming material predominantly composed of unconsolidated weathered siltstone-shale-mudstone intercalation of Disang Group with 2m thick overburden soil.

1.8 km NE of Amchung
Splintery Shale-mudstone-siltstone intercalation of Disang Group
The shallow rotational debris slide occurred due to unconsolidated weathered SFM is unstable along the extensive slope cut during the rainfall.
The SFM is comprised of unconsolidated weathered siltstone-shale-mudstone intercalation of Disang Group

600m NE of Amchung
The shallow rotational debris slide occurred due to the weathered shale-siltstone intercalation of Disang Group is, unstable along extensive slope cut and Increase pore pressure in the slope forming material due to blockage of drainage while road constru
1. Removal of slided debris material 2. Construction of hillside drainage
Weak SFM mainly composed of weathered splintery shale –siltstone intercalation of Disang Group intermixed with soil.

1.4 NE of Amchung
The rock fall due to anthropogenic activity. The weathered splintery shale-siltstone intercalation of Disang Group is the SFM, unstable along the extensive slope.
1.Removal of failed rock blocks/material on the road side. 2. Trimming of crown scar along its length.
Weak SFM mainly composed of weathered splintery shale –siltstone intercalation of Disang Group intermixed with soil.

1 km NE of Amchung
Overburden covered soil underlain by Shale-siltstone intercalation of Disang Group
The shallow rotational debris slide occurred due to the weathered shale-siltstone intercalation of Disang Group is, unstable along extensive slope cut.
1.Removal of failed debris material. 2. Trimming of crown scar along its length.
Steep slope with unconsolidated slope forming material of weathered shale-siltstone intercalation leading to slope failure triggered by rainfall

500m Swof Rangran
The debris slide occurred due to unstable slope forming material along the slope extensive slope cut.
1. Removal of slided debris material 2. Construction of hill side drainage.3. Modification of slope at crown part of the slide
Debris fall/slide occur on steep slope due to weathered shale triggered by intense rainfall.

200m S of Rangran
The debris slide occurred due to Increase pore water pressure in the slope forming material due to blockage of natural nala for road construction. The SFM (weathered shale and 4m thick top soil) is unstable along the extensive slope cut.
Draining out of water logged observe on the left side of the hill side drain. 2. Extension of at least 3 m long of the already constructed retaining wall with sufficient weep holes.
The thick (4m) slope forming material got oversaturated during heavy rainfall which increased the pore water pressure thereby, reduced the shear strength of the slope forming material.

200m SE of Salang
The shallow translational debris slide occurred due to unstable slope forming material (weathered splintery shale and 1 m thick top soil) along the slope during the rainfall.
1. Removal of slided debris material 2. Construction of hill side drainage.
The slope forming material is weathered splintery shale of Disang Group and 1 m thick top soil is unstable along the slope.

500 m SE of Negchang
Rock slide occurred as the bedding plane dipping towards valley side
Bedding plane dipping towards valley side

700 m SE of Negchang
Wedge failure occurred due to intersection of bedding plane and joint
1.Removal of sided material. 2. Scaling of loose rock formed at critical angle.
Wedge failure due to intersection of bedding plane and joint i.e. S0:N60oE/78oSE, J1:E-W/22oN

1 Km SE of Negchang
The shallow planar failure occurred due to oversaturation of slope forming material during rainfall which increased pore water pressure and reduced the shear strength of the slope forming material.
During heavy rainfall, the slope forming material got oversaturated which increased in pore water pressure and reduced the shear strength of the slope forming material.

Bubang slide
The shallow planar debris slide occurred at 700 m SW of Bubang is due to reduction of shear strength of the slope forming man slide37.infall l nt)ionf osed of weathered shale of Disanf Group with d sidle. overburden material due to oversaturation during
Removal of slided debris material on the road side
Reduction of shear strength of thick (1.5m)man slide37.infall l nt)ionf osed of weathered shale of Disanf Group with d sidle. overburden material due to oversaturation during heavy rainfall resulted to slope failure

200 S of Bubang
The affected slope comprises predominantly of weathered shale of Disang Group intermixed with soil. The slope failure occurred due to intersection of J1 and J2 joints which makes a wedge formation.
1. Scaling of loose material from the crown of the slide. 2. Removal of slide material on the road
Wedge failure due to intersection of joints (J1:N10oE/62oNW & J2:N65oW/68oNE)

500m NE of Yanman
The shallow rotational debris slide occurred due to increase of pore water pressure man slide37.infall l nt)ionf osed of weathered shale of Disanf Group with d sidle. in weak slope forming material due to oversaturation during heavy rainfall.
Removal of slided debris material on the road side.
Weak slope forming material predominantly composed of weathered shale with soil 2.Increase of pore water pressure man slide37.infall l nt)ionf osed of weathered shale of Disanf Group with d sidle. in the slope forming material due to oversaturation durin

Yanman slide
The shallow rotational debris slide occurred due to increase of pore water pressure man slide37.infall l nt)ionf osed of weathered shale of Disanf Group with d sidle. in the slope forming material due to oversaturation during heavy rainfall
1. Removal of slided debris material 2. Construction of retaining wall along the affected road stretch. 3. Construction of lined hill side road drainage with proper gradient
1.Weak slope forming material predominantly composed of weathered shale with soil 2.Increase of pore water pressure man slide37.infall l nt)ionf osed of weathered shale of Disanf Group with d sidle. in the slope forming material due to oversaturation dur

2km NE of Yanman
The shallow planar debris slide occurred due to weak slope forming material composed of weathered shale of Disang Group with thick (1m) overburden soil.
Removal of slided debris material on the road side
Weak slope forming material composed of weathered shale of Disang Group with thick (1m) overburden soil.

1.5 km N of Longkey
Overburden covered slope with shale-sandstone intercalation of Disang Group.
The debris slide occurred due to slope failure. Increase pore water pressure in slope forming material during rainy season along natural nala, which reduced the shear strength of SFM in the extensive slope cut
1. Removal of slided debris material. 2. Construction of gabion walls and hill side road drainage along the affected road stretch
1. Weak slope forming material predominantly composed of weathered shale –sandstone interaction with soil.2. Pore water pressure developed in the slope forming material due to oversaturation during heavy rainfall resulted to slope failure

2.7km SE of Yanman
Shale of Disang Group with overburden soil
The shallow rotational debris slide occurred due to increase of pore water pressure man slide37.infall l nt)ionf osed of weathered shale of Disanf Group with d sidle. in the slope forming material due to oversaturation during heavy rainfall.
1.Construction of retaining wall with sufficient weep holes along the affected road stretch.2. Construction of lined hill road side drainage with proper gradient. 3.Plantation of deep-rooted plants to prevent slope erosion.
1.Unplanned cutting of hill slope for road construction without stabilizing of slope.2. Increase of pore water pressure man slide37.infall l nt)ionf osed of weathered shale of Disanf Group with d sidle. in the slope forming material due to oversaturation

500 m N of Longkey
The shallow planar debris slide occurred at steep slope due to increase pore water pressure in thick (2m) unconsolidated SFM during heavy rainfall.
1. Removal of slided debris material. 2. Scaling of loose material from the slide zone.
Weak slope forming material mainly composed of weathered shale-sandstone interaction with thick soil at steep topography.

1.7 km SW of Lazu
Sandstone –siltstone intercalation with shale , Barail Group
The shallow rotational debris slide occurred due to weathered SFM along the slope. This loose and unconsolidated SFM slided during rainfall
1.Moderation of slope 2. Provision of lined drainage along the road section.
Weak slope forming material predominantly composed of intercalation of weathered fine grained sandstone, siltstone and shale of Barail Group intermixed with soil.

3.5 km N of Sinnu
The rock fall occurred due to the presence of a big boulder of sandstone long the slope near to the nala, which fell down along nala during rainfall
1. A big boulder of sandstone unstable along the slope fell along nala during rainfall.

3.7 km SE of Sanliam
Intercalation of carbonaceous shale- siltstone, Barail Group
The deep rotational debris slide occurred due to weathered SFM along steep slope. Thick unit of weathered carbonaceous shale occupies the lowermost part of exposed slope cut and makes the overlying rocks unstable. Also, pore pressure of SFM increasing du
1. Construction of gabion wall 2. Stabilize the slope with bench marks 3. Removal of debris material from the drainage in order to avoid excess infiltration.
1. Slope forming material is intercalation of carbonaceous shale –siltstone of Barail Group. The lower part of the exposed slope cut occupied by thick unit of weathered carbonaceous shale makes the overlying rocks unstable 2. Landslide occurred along t

1.5 km SE of Sanliam
The shallow rotational debris slide occurred due to steep slope angle with thick slope forming material led to slope instability and subsequently, slope failure due to oversaturation during heavy rainfall.
1.Removal of debris material 2. Slope moderation.
Steep slope angle with thick slope forming material has led to slope instability and subsequently, slope failure due to oversaturation during heavy rainfall.

700m SE of Thinsa
The shallow rotational debris slide occurred due to toe cutting of slope during road construction has in- stabilized the slope along the road face.
1.Removal of detached boulder and debris materials. 2. Construction of gabion structure with suitable height and 3. Construction of drainage along the road.
Toe cutting of slope during road construction has in- stabilized the slope along the road face.

1.7 SE of Keti
The shallow rotational debris slide occurred due increase pore water pressure in slope forming material during heavy rainfall. This reduced the shear strength of SFM and thus initiated slope failure.
1. Construction of toe support retaining wall with sufficient weep holes 2. Construction of lined hill side drainage with proper gradient along the affected road section.
Developed pore water pressure in the slope forming material due to oversaturation during heavy rainfall thereby, reduces the shear strength of SFM.

3 km E of Khela
S0:N40°E/25°SE, J1:N40°W/62°SW, Slicken slide on bedding plane. Plunge: 33°E, pitch: 52° from 040.
The shallow rotational debris slide occurred due to highly weathered SFM. This made the slope unstable especially during rainy season. The slide occurred along a fault plane.
Construction of lined hill side road drainage with proper gradient.
1.The slope forming material comprises of predominantly weathered intercalation of splintery shale and shale of Disang Group intermixed with soil. 2.Slide occurred along a fault plane identified by slicken slides along bedding plane.

500 m SE of Khonsa
Intercalation of weathered fine grained sandstone and shale of Disang Group intermixed with soil.
Soil slide occurred due to under cutting by nala

Lamsa slide
The shallow planar soil slide occurred due to the presence of overburden soil of 8m along the slope constructed for road construction
1.Removal of slided material 2. Construction of lined hill side drainage
1. Slope cutting for construction of road 2. Thick overburden soil of 8m

500 m NE of Lamsa
Intercalation of weathered siltstone- splintery shale of Disang Group.
The shallow rotational debris slide occurred due to instability of weathered unconsolidated SFM along extensive slope cut during rainfall
1. Construction of retaining wall with sufficient weep holes 2. Maintenance of hill side drainage 3. Modification of slope
1.Unplanned cutting of steep slope for road construction. 2. Weak slope forming material predominantly comprises of weathered splintery shale intercalation with siltstone of Disang Group.

1.5 km NE of Lamsa
Intercalation of weathered siltstone - Splintery shale of Disang Group.
The shallow planar debris slide occurred due to blocking of natural nala for road construction. It increased the pore pressure in the unconsolidated weathered SFM (siltstone intercalated with splintery shale of Disang Group) especially during rainfall.
1. Removal of slided debris material 2. Diversion of nala with the construction of culvert. 3. Construction of gabion wall along the affected road section.
1.Blocking of natural nala for road construction. 2. Pore water pressure developed in the slope forming material due to oversaturation during heavy rainfall thereby reduces its shear strength.

4.7 km S of Natun Kheti
Intercalation of weathered siltstone - shale of Disang Group.
The shallow rotational debris slide occurred due weathered unconsolidated SFM with 5.5m thick overburden soil, which is unstable along extensive slope cut during rainfall.
1.Removal of slided debris material on the road side. 2. Modification of slope by benching.
1.Extensive steep slope cutting for road construction 2. The slope forming material is weathered intercalation of siltstone-shale-grey shale-mudstone of Disang Group intermixed with thick (5.5m) soil.

200 m S of Katang
Intercalation of Siltstone-grey shale - shale of Disang Group
The shallow planar debris slide occurred due to weak SFM along extensive slope cut
1. Removal of slided debris material 2. Construction of toe support retaining wall with sufficient weep holes 3. Construction of lined hill side road drainage with proper gradient.
1. Extensive slope cutting for road construction without stabilizing the slope 2. Weathered unconsolidated loose slope forming material consist of intercalation of siltstone-shale-grey shale of Disang Group

400m S of Lanwang
The rock slide occurred due to intersection of joints.
1. Wedge failure due to intersection of joints. 2. Extensive cutting of slope for road construction.
1.Wedge failure due to intersection of joints 2. Extensive slope cut

1.5 km SE of Lanwang
Intercalation of weathered siltstone-shale and sandstone of Disang Group
The shallow rotational debris slide occurred due to weak SFM is unstable along the extensive slope cut during rainfall.
1. Removal of the dislodged boulder resting on the slope in planned manner, 2. Construction of retaining concrete wall upto 2-3m height with weep holes and lined toe drain all along the affected road stretch
1. Extensive slope cutting for road construction 2. Slope forming material is weathered intercalation of siltstone, shale and sandstone of Disang Group. This makes the SFM unstable along extensive slope cut during rainfall

800m W of Yankang
Shale-grey shale-siltstone intercalation of Disang Group.
The shallow rotational debris slide occurred due to weathered SFM is unstable along the extensive slope cut. Also, pore pressure of SFM increasing during rainy season, which reduces the shear strength of SFM and the material slided.
1. Removal of slided debris material 2. Repairing of damaged concrete retaining wall with sufficient weep holes.3. Natural drainage has to be diverted with culvert
1. Slope forming material is comprised of weathered intercalation of grey shale, shale and siltstone of Disang Group. This makes the SFM unstable along extensive slope cut during rainfall 3. The affected slope is dissected by drainage, which increases po

200m E of Kangkho
Sandstone intercalated with shales of Barail Group
The shallow rotational debris slide occurred due to weathered SFM is unstable along the extensive slope cut.
1. Removal of slided debris material on the road side 2. Construction of retaining wall with sufficient weep holes
1. Extensive slope cutting for road construction 2. The slope forming material is weathered sandstone intercalated with shales of Barail group.

400m NE of Kangkho
Flaggy sandstone with siltstone and shale of Barail Group
The shallow rotational debris slide occurred due to increased pore water pressure on 3.5m thick overburden soil during rainfall caused the slope to fail
1. Extensive slope cutting for road construction without stabilizing slope 2. Increased pore water pressure on 3.5m thick overburden soil during rainfall caused the slope to fail

Yankang slide
Intercalation of Shale- Siltstone of Barail Group
The shallow planar debris slide occurred due to weathered SFM is unstable along the extensive slope cut.
1. Slope forming material is weathered intercalation of shale and siltstone of Barail Group. This makes the SFM unstable along extensive slope cut during rainfall.

200m E of Kolagaon
The rock slide occurred due to wedge failure and the exposed rock beds dip and slope towards valley side. The weathered rock material is unstable along the extensive slope cut.
1. Removal of slided rock material 2 Scaling of unstable material near to the crown of landslide
Intersection of bedding plane with J1 joint makes a wedge, which is dipping towards valley side

800 m W of Lainwang
Rock slided due to wedge failure. The interaction two sets of joints with bedding plan made the wedge failure and the siltstone beds of Disang Group is dipping towards valley side.
1. Removal of failed rock blocks / fragments on the road side 2. Scaling of loose rock and trimming of crown scar overlying soil from the crown portion. 3. Provision of lined hill side dran.
Thinly bedded and jointed nature of siltstone with bedding dipping towards valley leading to planer failure of the slope

Jadthungithong slide
Intercalation of Shale-sandstone-siltstone of Barail Group
Wedge failure occurred due to intersection of J1 & J2 joints and intersection of bedding & J1 joint makes a wedge dipping towards valley side
1. Removal of slided rock material 2.Scaling of loose material near to the crown of landslide
Intersection of J1 & J2 joints and intersection of Bedding & J1 joint makes a wedge dipping towards valley side prone to failure

500 m W of Jadthungthong
Intercalation of sandstone-siltstone – shale of Barail Group.
Highly weathered and jointed SFM is unstable along the slope cut and slided
1. Removal of slided debris material on the road side.2. Scaling of loose material which is likely to fall
The slope forming material is weathered and jointed intercalation of siltstone-shale-carbonaceous shale-mudstone of Barail Group during rainfall.

1.5 m W of Jadthungthong
Overburden covered slope: predominantly weathered intercalation of sandstone- shale-silstone of Barail Group.
The shallow rotational debris slide occurred due to thick overburden got saturated during intense rain which increased the pore water pressure, reduced the shear strength, cohesion and internal friction angle of the slope forming material.
1. Removal of slided debris material on the road side 2. Construction of lined hill side drainage with proper gradient
Weak slope forming material predominantly composed of unconsolidated material 2. Thick overburden got saturated during intense rain which increased the pore water pressure, reduced the shear strength, cohesion and internal friction angle of the slope for

1 km NE of Lanwang
Intercalation of Siltstone-Sandstone- Shale of Disang Group
The wedge failure occurred due to intersection of joints
1. Removal of slided rock material 2. Construction of lined hill side road drainage with proper gradient
1. Wedge failure due to intersection of joints. 2. Extensive cutting of slope for road construction.

1.5km NE of Lanwang
Overburden covered slope: predominantly weathered intercalation of sandstone- shale-silstone of Disang Group.
The shallow rotational debris slide occurred due to over saturation of SFM during intense rainfall
1. Removal of slided debris 2. Construction of lined hill side road drainage.
Overburden got saturated during intense rainfall which increased the pore water pressure, reduced the shear strength, cohesion and internal friction angle of the slope forming material.

1 km N of Yankang
Intercalation of shale-grey shale of Disang Group.
The shallow planar debris slide occurred due to weak slope forming material predominantly composed of intercalation of carbonaceous shale and shale of Disang Group. During heavy rainfall, the SFM developed pore water pressure due to oversaturation and th
Weak slope forming material predominantly composed of intercalation of carbonaceous shale and shale of Disang Group. During heavy rainfall, the SFM developed pore water pressure due to oversaturation and thereby reduces its shearing strength.

Yatdam slide
The shallow planar debris slide occurred due weathered unconsolidated SFM is unstable along extensive slope cut during rainfall.
1.Moderation of slope by benching in between along the slope. 2. Plantation of fast growing plants.
1.Unplanned cutting of slope without stabilizing the slope. 2. Weak slope forming material i.e. intercalation of weathered mudstone and shale of Disang Group.

500 m S of Saban-Wawoi
The shallow planar debris slide occurred due weathered unconsolidated SFM is unstable along extensive slope cut during rainfall.
No remedial measures suggested as concrete wall with sufficient weep holes and lined hillside drainage is already constructed.
1. Extensive slope cutting for road construction 2. Pore water pressure developed in the slope forming material due to oversaturation during heavy rainfall and thereby reduces its shearing strength.

2.5 km SE of Longding
The shallow rotational debris slide occurred during rainfall due to unplanned cutting of slope and weak slope forming material comprised of intercalation of siltstone - shale of Disang Group.
1. Removal of slided debris material on the road side. 2. Construction of retaining structure along the affected roads section. 3. Construction of lined hill side drains along the road.
1. Unplanned cutting of slope for road construction. 2. Weak slope forming material comprised of intercalation of siltstone - shale of Disang Group

2 km W of Tissa
The debris slide documented along the Longding -Khonsa road due to extensive slope cut. Grey shale and shale with unconsolidated soil (3 m overburden ) slide along the extensive slope cut during the rainfall
Stabilize the slope by benching 2. Construction of retaining wall with sufficient weep holes. 3. Construction of hill side drainage.
1. Extensive slope cut without stabilizing slope. 2. Grey shale and shale with unconsolidated soil (1-3m thick) along the slope.

4 km E of Longding
Increase pore water pressure in SFM during rainfall and weathered material slided
1.Removal of slided debris material. 2. Construction of lined road side drains.
1. Unplanned cutting of slope without stabilizing the slope. 2. Weak slope forming material comprising intercalation of siltstone and shale of Disang Group intermixed with soil

1.3 km E of Longding
Increase pore water pressure in SFM during rainfall and weathered material slided
1. Construction of toe support retaining wall with sufficient weep holes along the affected road zone. 2. Construction of hill side drains along the road with proper gradient. 3. Plantation of fast-growing plants with deep and fibrous root system to anc
1. Extensive slope cut. 2. Geological structure (because of fault, slope forming material is crushed and it is unstable along the natural nala. Fault plane trends in N20?W direction)

1.5 SW of Pangchau
The deep rotational debris slide caused due to weathered SFM (intercalation of shale and grey shale of Disang Group) along the extensive slope cut.
1. Removal of slided debris material 2. Construction of toe support retaining wall with sufficient weep holes. 3. Construction of hill side road drains. 4. Moderation of slope by benching.
1. Extensive slope cut without stabilizing slope. 2. Weak slope forming material predominantly comprises of highly weathered dark grey intercalation of shales and grey shale of Disang Group. 3. Pore water pressure developed due to oversaturation of SFM

5 km SW of Pangchau
The shallow rotational debris slide caused due to weathered SFM (intercalation of shale and grey shale of Disang Group) along the extensive slope cut.
1. Removal of slided debris material 2. Construction of toe support retaining wall with sufficient weep holes. 3. Construction of hill side road drains.
1. Unplanned cutting of slope for road construction without stabilizing the slope. 2. Weathered SFM is unstable along the slope (intercalation of shale and greyshale of Disang Group).

4 km SW of Pangchau
Shale and grey shale shale, Disang Group
The shallow rotational debris slide caused due to weathered SFM (intercalation of shale and grey shale of Disang Group) along the steep extensive slope cut.
1. Removal of slided debris material on the road side. 2. Construction of retaining wall with suitable height along the affected road section. 3. Provision of hill side drains.
1.Steep cut slope for road widening without stabilizing slope. 2. Weak slope forming material predominantly composed of intercalation of siltstone and shale of Disang Group intermixed with soil.

2 km NE of Tissa
The shallow planar debris slide caused due to weathered SFM (intercalation of shale and grey shale of Disang Group) along the extensive slope cut.
1. Removal of slided debris material 2. Construction of toe support retaining wall with sufficient weep holes.
1. Steep slope cutting without stabilizing slope 2. Weak slope forming material (Weathered intercalation of shale and grey shale of Disang Group).

300 m SE of Longo
The shallow planar debris slide occurred because siltstone and shale beds dipping towards valley side along extensive slope cut.
1. Removal of slided debris material of the road side. 2. Provision of lined toe drain with adequate gradient along the affected road zone to avoid water logging.
1. Slope material comprises of weathered shales intercalation with siltstone of Disang Group. 2. Unplanned cutting of slope for road construction.

1 Km W of Lapnan
The rotational debris slide occurred due to weak jointed SFM is unstable along the slope.
1. Removal of slided debris material 2. Construction of retaining wall with sufficient weep holes. 3. Construction of hill side drainage. 4. Stabilize the slope by benching.
1.Weak Slope Forming Material unstable along the slope.

500 m E of Lapnan
Shale with intercaltion of fine-grained sandstone, Disang Group
The deep rotational debris slide occurred due to increase pore water pressure in the slope forming material. This reduced the shear strength of SFM and the material slided.
Debris slide along the Longding-Khonsa road sector.
1. Removal of slided debris material from the drainage. 2. Reconstruction of damaged concrete wall with sufficient weep holes.
1. Increased pore water pressure in the slope forming material due to oversaturation during heavy rainfall and thereby reduces the shear strength of SFM.

500 m E of Niausa village
The shallow rotational debris slide occurred during rainfall due to unplanned cutting of slope and weak slope forming material comprised of intercalation of siltstone - shale of Disang Group
1. Extensive slope cut for road construction. 2. Intercalation of siltstone and shale of Disang Group is the slope forming material (SFM), which is unstable along the slope during rainfall.

800 m S of Bonia
It is a shallow rotational debris slide triggered by incessant rainfall. Infiltration of surface water runoff due to rainfall along the weak slope forming material attributed to the slope failure
1. Construction of hill side road drains. 2. Modification of slope angle.
Weak slope forming material predominantly composed of intercalation of siltstone and shale of Disang Group intermixed with soil.

Treated
Strong retention wall is constructed at the base

Retention wall with weepholes at the base
Unscientific slope modication and movement of vehicles caused the subsidence of the road

Loose material failed due to extensive slope cut after being satureted with water

Slope treatment and retention wall with weep holes

1.7km SW of Lungsang
1.Removal of uprooted trees from the slide zone. 2. Construction retaining structure with weep holes along the affected road section.
1.Toe cutting of slope during road construction and road widening, 2. Pore water pressure developed in slope forming material during heavy rainfall reduces its shearing strength and thereby leading to slope failure.

Retention wall on the downslope of the road.

retention wall on the downslope of the road.
Reduction of strength on supersaturation with water

Dark grey, fine grained shale with thin intercalations of siltstone and sandstone belonging to Upper Disang Formation with clayey regolith soil.
Weak geological formation and unfavorable slope

Roadside Landslide facing 283╦Ü.
Removal of slided material and slope easing and proper drainage at toe

Dark grey, fine grained shale with thin intercalations of siltstone and sandstone belonging to Upper Disang Formation with clayey regolith soil
Weak geological formation and unfavorable slope

Removal of the materialand slope treatment.

Proper drainage management and construction of culvert.
Spring water is fecilitating the over saturation of material and stagnation of rain water is also responsible for the failure.

Unscientific slope cutting and stagnation of rain water

Unscientific slope cutting over a highly weathered rock

Slope trimming and construction of retention wall at the downslope of the road
Unscientific slope cutting and addition of load by the dumped waste

Spreading of the loose material and diversionof drainage or lined drainage.
dumping of the waste downslope which added loadon the slope and toe erosion by nala.

Unscientific slope cutting, toe erosion by nala

Slope trimming and retention wall downslope of the road
Unscientific slope cutting, toe erosion by nala

Retention wall on the downslope of the road and contour drainage.
Unscientific slope cutting and lubrication by the spring water.

Trimming of the slope and drainage management.
Unscientific slope cutting and stagnation of rain water

Trimming of the slope and spreading of the loose material.
Unscientific slope cutting and dumping of the waste materialdownslope

Construction of culvert, retention wall on the downslope and upslope of the road at different levels
Transported soil being eroded by the nala and toe erosion by nala at the downslope of the road

Removal of the slope materialand its benching, diversion of the road.
Unscientific slope cutting and toe erosion by nala

Benching of the slope and fast growing grass plantation
Unscientific slope cutting and dumping of the waste materialdownslope

Retention wall, proper drainage and culvert

Benching of the slope and retention wall at the base.

Retention wall downslope of the road with proper backfilling.

Reduction of strength on supersaturation with water

Retention wall with weepholes on the upslope of the road.
Reduction of strength on supersaturation with water

Retention wall at different steps, detailed study is recommended, long term remedial can be given only after dtailed study
Loose material is being supersaturated after heavy rainfall, addition of load due to constructional activities, also affected by geological fault

Persistent ground cracks,breaching of the walls/buildings,ground subsidence, development of secondary scarp downslope are giving indication of major landslide in future.
rehabilitation of the affected families and retention wall at different levels to prevent the movement of the material.
Road is damaged. About 500 houses are affected by the slow moving slide.

Retention wall of 01 m height, on the upslope of the road with weep holes.

Retention wall on the upslope of the road with weep holes.

Borah.,A and Mudi M,. 2017. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 83 J/12 and 83J/16, Tuensang and Zunheboto districts , Nagaland. Unpubl. GSI report FS 2016-17
Retention wall with netting and proper drainage at toe

Borah.,A and Mudi M,. 2017. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 83 J/12 and 83J/16, Tuensang and Zunheboto districts , Nagaland. Unpubl. GSI report FS 2016-17
Weathered rock has undergone failure
Retention wall with netting and proper drainage at toe

Borah.,A and Mudi M,. 2017. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 83 J/12 and 83J/16, Tuensang and Zunheboto districts , Nagaland. Unpubl. GSI report FS 2016-17
Weathered rock has undergone failure

Weathered rock has undergone failure
Removal of slided material, proper drainage at toe.

Highly weathered rock, Heavy rainfall, anthropegenic activity
Removal of fallen material.Putting up of hazard area sign board.

Highly weathered rock, Heavy rainfall, anthropegenic activity

Removal of slided material. Putting up of hazard area sign board.

rainfall, loose colluvial material

Weathered loose material, steep slope
Major landslide affecting settlement area. Landslide facing 240╦Ü.
Slope stabilization with proper scientific methodology

Roadside Landslide facing 100╦Ü. New road construction going on towards Noksen.
Slope easing and proper drainage. Also plantation of deep rooted trees
Weathered rock, toe cutting by flowing nala,Steep slope and extensive slope cut

Natural Landslide facing 90╦Ü
700 m North of L8, opposite bank of river.
Loose debris, weathered rock,toe erosion by nala

Road side Natural Landslide facing 155╦Ü.
Removal of slided material, proper drainage at toe.
Slide caused by heavy rainfall on weathered rock.

Down part of the road is slided. Natural landslide facing 245╦Ü.
Slope easing, retension wall and proper drainage at toe.
Weathered rock, heavy rainfall and toe erosion by nala.

roadside rockfall facing 255╦Ü
Steep slope of the surface, Quarry activity

Natural Landslide facing 75╦Ü
General topographic slope is veru high(around 45 degree). Weathered rock, erosion by gullies and laterly toe erosion by following nala.

Landslide facing 336╦Ü.
Removal of slided material, slope easing and checking of unscientific building construction

Shale Dominence with intercalation of siltstone.
Roadside Landslide facing 28╦Ü
Construction of breast wall and proper drainage at toe
weathered shale dominated area, extensive slopecut

Roadside natural landslide facing 110╦Ü
Construction of retention wall, proper drainage at toe
Extensive cutslope, weathered rock, toe erosion by nala. Improper drainage causes the rain water to pass through the road, which causes the erosion of road materials.

Shale dominant with siltstone and sandstone.
Natural Landslide facing 300╦Ü.
Removal of slided material, proper drainage at toe.

Landslide partially damaging the road and facing 144╦Ü.
Steep slope with fractured rock, and flowing nala.

Natural Landslide facing 340╦Ü.

Subsidence followed by landslide damaging the road, several cracks developed on the road due to subsidence. Those ground crack may cause crown forming of a new slide.Landslide facing 35╦Ü
Removal of slided material, proper drainage at toe

Weathered shale with siltstone and sandstone
Roadside Natural Landslide facing 313╦Ü. Crown cracks are visible on the affected road.
Removal of slided material, proper drainage and putting of landslide hazard signboard

Roadside landslide. Landslide facing 270╦Ü
Removal of loose debris material, proper drainage at toe, benching, putting up of landslide warning signvoard.

Highly weathered Shale intercalated with Siltstone
Highly weathered rock, Heavy rainfall, huge overburden load and anthropegenic activity
Massive landslide causing damage to Tuengsang Village. LS facing 120╦Ü.
Shifting of the entire village settlement recomended as early as possible. Putting up of hazard area sign board.

Tuensang slide

Roadside Landslide facing 242╦Ü and slope is around 60╦Ü.
Removal of slided material and slope easing
Toe cutting by flowing nala,loose debris material, weathered rock, Heavy rainfall and anthropegenic activity

anthropogenic landslide causing damage to house, Landslide facing 240╦Ü
Slope stabilization with proper scientific methodology
Weathered and daylighted shale dominence, anthropogenic activity

Shale dominant with siltstone and sandstone.
Roadside landslide which has washed away about 25meters of the road facing 160╦Ü.
Removal of slided material, proper drainage at toe, construction of retension wall.

Landslide facing 155╦Ü.
Slope easing and proper drainage at toe.
Loose debris material and jhum cultivation.

Landslide near cultivated land. Natural Landslide facing 160╦Ü
Near Cultivated land of Hakchang Village

Subsidence followed by Landslide.(Damage to village road). Landslide facing 80╦Ü

Roadside Landslide facing 252╦Ü.
Removal of loose materials, proper drainage at toe to pass out the rill water
Fractured Shale, Rill erosion, Unscientific slope cutting

landslide after the road causing narrowing of the road. Landslide facing 270╦Ü.
making proper retention wall to stop further retrograsion of thr crown of the slide.
Subsidence of the weathered rock leading to landslide

Deep seated landslide, heavy volume of overburden material, Landslide facing 305╦Ü.
reconstruction of retention wall, removal of debris material. Making signboard of Landslide.
Loose debris, weathered rock, fractured and shale, deep guly erosion and seasonal rill erosion

Natural landslide initiated by groung water flowing nala. Landslide facing 82╦Ü.
Removal of overborden material to stop the blockage of the flowing spring,

Subsidence in Tobu Town settlement area, facing 105╦Ü.
Systematic slope easing and proter drainage
Weathered Shale and rainfall, toe erosion by Teyei nala

Roadside natural landslide facing 30╦Ü.
Slope easing and proper drainage at toe and completion of the ongoing construction of retension wall.
The slide also damaged the culvert present in the area.
Highly weathered rock, Heavy rainfall, inadeaquate drainage

Roadside Natural Landslide facing 55╦Ü.
Highly weathered splintery shale, Heavy rainfall.

Subsidence on Road facing 335╦Ü.

Shamnyu slide
Sandstone of Upper Disang Formation with clayey regolith soil.
Mudslide (Dark grey, fine grained shale with thin intercalations of siltstone and sandstone of Upper Disang Formation).
Weak geological formation and unfavourable slope

Shense slide
Siltstone and sandstone of Upper Disang Formation
Weak geological formation and unfavourable slope

Roadside Palaeo Landslide facing 200╦Ü.

Roadside Landslide facing 265╦Ü.
Steep slope and loose material,heavy rainfall.

Roadside Subsidence facing 27╦Ü. 100meters of the road subsided.
Slope easing and proper drainage. Also plantation of deep rooted trees
Subsidence due to weathered rock and heavy rainfall

Roadside subsidence causing damage to road facing 108╦Ü.
Removal of slided material, slope easing and construction of retension wall
Damage to concrete culvert and about 40 meters of the road
Highly weathered rock, flowing stream, steep slope

Yangpi Village slide
Shale and sandstone (Disang Group) of Tertiary age

Noksen-Tuengsang road slide

Washomung (Bhumbak Village) slide

Ajang (Bhumbak Village)

Road side Landslide facing 14╦Ü.
Removal of debris material and proper drainage at toe

Natural Landslide partially damaging the road and facing 210╦Ü.
Removal of debris material and proper drainage at toe. Construction of brest wall.
Steep slope with fractured rock, and flowing nala.

Lakhi Patra et al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 83J/8, J/11, Mokokchung and Wokha districts, Manipur and Nagaland. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2015-2016.
old and reactivated,causing threat to life and properties
Removal of fallen debris from toe, slope easing in the form of benches and proper lined drainage at toe.

Sangdok slide

Highly weathered rock, wxtensive quarry activity, anthropegenic activity

Lakhi Patra et al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 83J/8, J/11, Mokokchung and Wokha districts, Manipur and Nagaland. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2015-2016.
Old and Suspended landslide initiated in 2010
Removal of fallen debris from toe, slope easing in the form of benches, proper lined drainage at toe are recommended.

Lakhi Patra et al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 83J/8, J/11, Mokokchung and Wokha districts, Manipur and Nagaland. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2015-2016.
Removal of fallen debris from toe, slope easing in the form of benches, proper lined drainage at toe are recommended.

Old and reactivated initiated in 2009. Toe erosion by Romro Nala
Removal of fallen debris from toe, slope easing in the form of benches, proper lined drainage at toe are recommended.

Removal of fallen rock debris,slope easing in the form of benches and proper lined drainage at toe.

7 km NE of Longkang Village on the way to Yoongimiti Vllage

Near the entrance gate of Longkang village

old and reactivated,causing threat to life and properties
Removal of fallen debris from toe, slope easing in the form of benches and proper lined drainage at toe,display of hazard sign boards and construction of retention wall.

Rinmauunpuii, P. And Zaphu, V. 2017. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 83 J/4 and 83J/7 in Wokha, Zunheboto and Sibsagar districts , Nagaland and Assam. Unpubl. GSI report FS 2016-15
1.Removing loose materials from the slope. 2. Benching of cut slope

Rinmauunpuii, P. And Zaphu, V. 2017. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 83 J/4 and 83J/7 in Wokha, Zunheboto and Sibsagar districts , Nagaland and Assam. Unpubl. GSI report FS 2016-15
1.Removing loose materials from the toe. 2.Construction of lined drainage at the toe.

Rinmauunpuii, P. And Zaphu, V. 2017. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 83 J/4 and 83J/7 in Wokha, Zunheboto and Sibsagar districts , Nagaland and Assam. Unpubl. GSI report FS 2016-15
1.Removing loose materials from the slope. 2.Construction of lined drainage.

S0 N25┬░E/28┬░SE, J1 N80┬░W/Subvertical, J2 N35┬░W/Subvertical
Cut slope failure, weak geology and rainfall
1.Removing debris from the road. 2.Construction of lined drainage. 3. Packing of the road with gravel and covering with impervious layer of asphalt for length of 10mts.

Toe erosion by nala, rainfall, sinking zone
1.Removing debris from the slope and road. 2.Construction of lined drainage. 3. Packing of the road with gravel and covering with impervious layer of asphalt for length of 10mts.

1.Removing unstable portion at crown. 2.Construction of lined drainage at toe.

Increase in pore pressure due to rainfall
1.Removing unstable portion at crown. 2.Construction of lined drainage at toe.

Increase in pore pressure due to rainfall and weak geology
1.Removing unstable portion at crown. 2.Construction of lined drainage at toe.

1.Removing loose materials from the slope. 2. Construction of lined drainage at toe. 3. Strengthening the existing retaining wall

Cut and fill failure of the road, toe erosion by nala
1.Construction of retaining wall from downslope of the road and backfill of the road for length of 2mts. 2.Construction of lined drainage.

S0 N38┬░E/30┬░SE, J1 N30┬░W/Subvertical, J2 N65┬░W/Subvertical, J3 NS/58┬░W
Joint failure in the highly jointed Barail sst
1.Removing loose materials from the toe. 2.Construction of lined drainage at the toe.

1.Removing loose materials from the crown. 2.Construction of lined drainage at the toe.

12 km SW of Mokokchung on the way to Lumami

New landslide. Damage to Councul Hall of the vllage.

Old and reactivated. Risk to life and properties.

Old and reactivated. Risk to life and properties.Damage to Church building of the village.

Breaking of retaining wall at Nagaland University Campus of Lumami

Old and reactivated, initiated during 1990.

Ground cracks developed in the road. That crack may cause crown forming of a new slide. The general slope is > 40╦Ü. Landslide facing 185╦Ü
Removal of slided material, proper drainage at toe

Toe cutting by nala
Subsidence evidence found along the nala.
Cracks developed in house due to subsidence, another structure of house damaged as material is eroded by toe cutting of nearby nala.
Not to build any further construction nearby nala, making proper drainage to pass out rail water to stop further erosion of soil

Landslide posing high threat to life and village church.

Removal of fallen debris from toe, slope easing in the form of benches, proper lined drainage at toe and construction of retention wall are recommended.

Coco-Doyang Road was damaged and blocked.
Removal of fallen debris from toe, slope easing in the form of benches, proper lined drainage at toe and construction of retention wall are recommended.

Removal of fallen debris from toe, slope easing in the form of benches and proper lined drainage at toe.

Subsidence in Roadside of 300 meters East of Philimi Village posing high threat to the life and property of people.

Philimi Village, 7.5 km SE of Coco Bridge.
Subsidence in Roadside of Philimi Village posing high threat to the life and property of people.
Removal of fallen debris from toe, slope easing in the form of benches, proper lined drainage at toe and construction of retention wall are recommended.

New Rotomi Village, 10km SE of Coco Bridge.
Subsidence in Roadside of New Rotomi Village posing high threat to the life and property of people.

Old Rotomi Village, 12km SE of Coco Bridge.
Subsidence in Roadside of Old Rotomi Village posing high threat to the life and property of people.

Shale Dominence with intercalation of Sandstone and siltstone. Carb shale also present in some places
Erosion by gullies,nalas,rivers all together in this weathered shale dominated area. Cheboki nala causes the major toe erorion here. Formation rocks are highly jointed.
Subsidence(mainly) followed by Landslide. 7-8 ft all total from 2011. major damage took place in 2011 and 2012. Landslide facing 320╦Ü

Broken and tilted fencing, moderate threat to school building. Landslide facing 80╦Ü.
Damage to frncing and school building below

Steep slope of the surface, weathered shale, anthropegenic activity
Cause of severe damage in SP Office and may block the road. Landslide facing 120╦Ü
Formation of retention wall, removal of weathered shale, prooer drainade at toe.

Proper drainage at toe, removal of debris material.

30 degree general slope, subsidence followed by landslide, deforestation in this part. Landslide facing 330╦Ü
Removal of loose debris material, proper drainage at toe, benching, putting up of landslide warning signboard.

31 degree general slope, subsidence followed by landslide, deforestation in this part. Landslide facing 0╦Ü
Removal of loose debris material, proper drainage at toe, benching, putting up of landslide warning signvoard.

Subsidence followed by Landslide.(Damage to retention wall). Landslide facing 246╦Ü
Removal of loose debris material, proper drainage at toe, benching.

General topographic slope is veru high(around 45 degree). Weathered rock, erosion by gullies and laterly toe erosion by following nala.
Retention wall is alredy built. Some part of it is tilted due to the material movements. Landslide facing 275╦Ü

Jointed and weathered rocks, Rainfall, Anthropegenic
Removal of fallen/toppled material. Putting up of hazard area sign board.

old and reactivated initiated during 1995
Removal of fallen debris from toe, slope easing in the form of benches and proper lined drainage at toe.

Dominantly weathered Sandstone with Shale bands
Damage to village households and fishery

Removal of fallen material, stop quarring activity to prevent farther damage.

Removal of slided material, proper drainage at toe

Removal of debris material and proper drainage at toe

Loose debris, weathered rock, fractured and splintery shale
Way to Baimho Village from Zunheboto Town.
Deep seated landslide, high threat to road and water pipeline to the village. Landslide facing 80╦Ü.
Making retention wall, removal of debris material. Making signboard of Landslide.

Weathered Shale, Extensive slope cut
LS having very high slope, movement of fallen blocks are rapid, rill erosion present, Landslide facing 225╦Ü.
Road is damaged due to the fallen blocks of sandstone

2 km NE of Suruhuto Village, towards Yehimi village
Extensive cutslope for road construction, water seepage and formation of small rills .
Deep seated landslide, high threat to road. Overburden material amount is huge and due to water seepage its getting heavier. General slope of the ground (downslope side of road) is too high to rest ant slided material. Landslide facing 210╦Ü.
Ground cracks developed in the road. New retention wall is made but not sufficient to block the slided material due to its small dimension.
Removal of slided material, proper drainage at toe. Putting up of hazard area sign board.

Weathered Shale, Extensive slope cut
LS having very high slope, movement of fallen blocks are rapid, rill erosion present, Landslide facing 205╦Ü.

Road side landslide causing damage to road.Landslide facing 90╦Ü.

Bandarkhal landslide.
The affected slope is largely composed of colluvium. But on regional scale, the surrounding area is composed of nearvertical inclined Tertiary sediments, chiefly massive and bedded sandstone with shale of Renji Formation belonging to the Barail Group of
According to local sources, several landslides in the adjacent areas and also on the upslope portion of the hill had occurred in the past. Construction of gabion wall was under progress during the time of investigation. Geotechnical studies are being
Between NFR Bridge No. 305 and Tunnel No. 19 (~2 km SW of Bandarkhal Railway Station).
NFR LumdingΓÇôBadarpur line railway service was suspended for 03 days.
In order to prevent further undercutting by river, substantial amount of large boulders/riprap be placed at the toe portion of slide and also on sinuous curves near the affected slope. Toe support for the affected slope through construction of strong RCC
Geologically, the affected slope comprises of unconsolidated materials or loose debris. Soil cum sandstone fragments of considerable thickness constitute the slope forming material, perhaps brought down at the footslope by the action of gravity. Incessa

John, E. And Shijoh, V. 2017. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 83 K/9 and 83K/13, Kiphire, Zunheboto, Phek and Tuensang districts , Nagaland. Unpubl. GSI report FS 2016-16
Extensive slope cut on weak geological formation and increase in pore water pressure due to monsoonal rainfall
Removal of fallen debris from toe, Slope easing in the form of benches and proper lined drainage at toe are recommended.

John, E. And Shijoh, V. 2017. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 83 K/9 and 83K/13, Kiphire, Zunheboto, Phek and Tuensang districts , Nagaland. Unpubl. GSI report FS 2016-16
Weak geological formation and increase in pore water pressure due to monsoonal rainfall
Removal of fallen debris from toe, Slope easing in the form of benches and proper lined drainage at toe are recommended.

John, E. And Shijoh, V. 2017. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 83 K/9 and 83K/13, Kiphire, Zunheboto, Phek and Tuensang districts , Nagaland. Unpubl. GSI report FS 2016-16
North of Tethezu village near suspension bridge
Extensive slope cut on weak geological formation and increase in pore water pressure due to monsoonal rainfall
Removal of fallen debris from toe, Slope easing in the form of benches and proper lined drainage at toe are recommended.

Between Old Seyochong and Old Mungre villages
Extensive slope cut on weak geological formation and increase in pore water pressure due to monsoonal rainfall

Extensive slope cut on weak geological formation and increase in pore water pressure due to monsoonal rainfall, weakness along joint planes

Weak geological formation and increase in pore water pressure due to monsoonal rainfall

Mustak T., and Raj, E. M., 2017. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 83 K/1 and 83K/5, Tkohima, Phek, Wokha and Zunheboto districts , Nagaland. Unpubl. GSI report FS 2016-17

Mustak T., and Raj, E. M., 2017. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 83 K/1 and 83K/5, Tkohima, Phek, Wokha and Zunheboto districts , Nagaland. Unpubl. GSI report FS 2016-17
Benching on the upslope side in order to reduce the slope gradient

Mustak T., and Raj, E. M., 2017. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 83 K/1 and 83K/5, Tkohima, Phek, Wokha and Zunheboto districts , Nagaland. Unpubl. GSI report FS 2016-17
Weathered rock failed due to cutting by sideby nala
Retention wall and slope modification by benching.

Retention wall at the base. Slope benching on the upslope side can also be done to reduce the slope gradient

Benching and slope modification by benching.

Rock failed on account of unscientific mining of building stones
Sandstone mining may be stopped. Retention wall at the road level can be done

Slope failed on modification for road cut

Highly weathered rock become vulnerable on road cutting and further failed due cutting by sideby nala.
Retention wall at the road level may be provided. Slope modification can also be done for longer term

Slope failed on modification for road cut
Removal of loose boulders on the upslope side. Nailing/Rock bolting can be done to avoid falling of boulders. Benching on the upslope side can be done for better results.

Due to rainfall water and high pore pressure of the weathered shale.
Cracks are extending upto 70M along the left flank of the slide as this will leads to further failure.
Brest wall of (80*2m) is essential on the left flank of the slide.

weathered shale fails due to unplanned road cut.
]Measures like retention wall of (60*2m) and have to maintain proper bencing ratio of (6*3m) over the weathered portion to make the slope stable.

Highly weathered shale fails due to nearby nala water pore water pressure.
Nearby nalawater is flowing along this slide. It has to be taken care.Otherwise problem will persist.Since the area is highly weathered shale.
Breast wall of (40*2m) over the bed rock and have to maintain the flowing spring through proper culvert.

Slope hardening by planting vegetation and lined drainage along the road
Excessive pore pressure on overburden due to rainfall, extensive cut slope failure and weak lithology

Retention wall and slope modification by benching.

Slope can be modified by having a retention wall of of (20*1.5)meters.

Steep slope and road cut are the reasons for the failure.
Retention wall of (15*1) meters can be placed across failure zone and benching can also be made.

Stability of the slope is disturbed due to road cut and the failured zone is moderate to highly weathered in state.
Retention wall of (18*2) meters can be made.

Stability of the slope is disturbed due to road cut and the failured zone is moderate to highly weathered in state.
Retention wall of (20*2) meters can be made and benching too to make the slope stable.

The overburden colluvial materials as well as black shale got supersaturated due to flowing spring water and steep slope also favours for the event .
Retention wall of (50*1.5) meters can be made and weep holes can be arranged to remove the flowing spring water. Benching can be made to reduce the steepness of the slope.

Retention wall of (15*2) meters can be made at the road level and proper benching of the slopes is required to make the slope stable.

Megotsohe Chasie et al., 2016. Preparation of GIS-based landslide susceptibility Maps for mountainous region. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2014-2016.
Communication corridor, Moderately vegetated cover at the crown, terrace cultivation on both the flanks.
Road bench seen partially covered by slide debris during the time of study
Forested at the crown slope, terrace cultivation on the flanks
Probability of further reactivation high if appropriate remedial measures not implemented at the earliest.
The upslope of the road bench may be moderated through benching, construction of a 2-tier flexible breast wall to the benched slope, provision of a lined hillside drain to the road bench, draining of the intermittent water seepages through installation o

Megotsohe Chasie et al., 2016. Preparation of GIS-based landslide susceptibility Maps for mountainous region. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2014-2016.
Settlement and Jhum cultivation at the crown slope
The 3-4 residential houses at the immediate crown slope at high risk in case of further reactivation. Probability of further retrogression under adverse hydrological conditions cannot be ruled out.
Regulated dumping of non-biodegradable wastes along the upstream course, training of the stream course, provision of a lined contour drain at the crown slope to prevent any ingress of surface runoff down the affected slope.

Megotsohe Chasie et al., 2016. Preparation of GIS-based landslide susceptibility Maps for mountainous region. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2014-2016.
The slide area was earlier used as terrace cultivation, terrace fields observed at the crown slope and on left flank
Moderately vegetated as well as cultivated on the adjacent slopes.
Probability of further retrogression under adverse hydrological conditions cannot be ruled out.
Regulated dumping of non-biodegradable wastes along the upstream course, training of the stream course, provision of a lined contour drain at the crown slope to prevent any ingress of surface runoff down the affected slope.

Jhum cultivation at the crown slope, terrace fields on the right flank.
Probability of further retrogression under adverse hydrological conditions cannot be ruled out.
Regulated dumping of non-biodegradable wastes along the upstream course, training of the stream course, provision of a lined contour drain at the crown slope to prevent any ingress of surface runoff down the affected slope.

Planar & wedge failure on the right flank, Translational at the central & left flank.
Road bench totally damaged and reportedly closed for 4-5 weeks (as per locals).
Considering the inherent slope conditions, further retrogression under adverse hydrological condition cannot be ruled out.
The failed upslope of the road bench may be moderated through benching. The benched slopes to the upslope of the roadbench may be stabilized through the construction of a strong breast wall with sufficient weep holes and founded over sound bedrock. The l

Communication corridor, Moderately vegetated cover at the footslope, Jhum cultivation on the left flank.
Valleyside edge of road bench and the constructed concrete retaining wall of the road bench taken down.
Forested at the footslope, Jhum cultivation on the left flank.
Construction of a strong retaining wall to the road bench with sufficient weep holes and founded over sound bedrock, provision of a lined hillside drain to the road bench to prevent any ingress of surface runoff down the affected slope, fullproof leakage

Communication corridor, Moderate vegetation in the peripheries
Road bench partially covered by slide debris.
The slide appears to be stabilising with growth of sporadic, new vegetation. However, precaution may be taken by constructing a flexible breast wall to the affected slope and provision of lined hillside drain to the road bench.

Settlement at the crown, Jhum cultivation at the downslope.
Road bench subsided by 10-12cm. Retaining wall to the road bench damaged.
Settlement at the crown slope, Jhum cultivation at the downslope.
Provision of a lined hillside drain to the approach road bench to prevent any ingress of surface runoff down the affected slope. A strong retaining wall of the road bench to be founded on sound bedrock may be constructed.

Settlement at the crown, Jhum cultivation in the periphery
Road bench partially covered by slide debris and partially damaged towards the valleyside.
Further retrogression under adverse hydrological condition cannot be ruled out.
Training of the seasonal stream channel, benching of the upslope of road, construction of a multi-tier flexible breast wall.

Eastern downslope of Army Establishment along Phek Town road
Valleyside edge of road bench consumed, part of a retaining wall of road bench damaged.
Provision of a lined hillside drain to the road bench to prevent any ingress of surface runoff down the affected slope. Dumping of any material down the slide affected slope may be regulated. A strong retaining wall to the road bench founded on sound bed

Communication corridor, Moderate vegetation in the peripheries
Road bench within the run-out path. Further, road bench reportedly washed off during the initiation stages and later blocked by slide debris during the reactivation phases.
The slide is diminishing and appears to be stabilizing. However, a rectangular block culvert to the road bench coinciding with the stream channel may be constructed for the smooth flow of water and slide debris in case of a reactivation.

Toppling upslope of the road bench, Translational downslope of the road bench
Communication corridor, thick vegetation in the periphery
Road reportedly blocked for nearly a month during the reactivation phase of 2011-12.
The road bench seen aligned over stable bedrock.
Trimming of the protruding rock exposures upslope of the road bench, the trimmed rock exposures upslope of the road bench may be shotcreted, provision of a lined hillside drain to the road bench.

Communication corridor, extensive quarry in the vicinity.
Chazouba-Phek road reportedly closed for 4-5 months due to this landslide, the culvert and road bench of the Phek-Ketsapo road situated at the lower slope has been washed off along the run-out path of the slide.
Stable bedrock comprising well bedded sandstone has been observed adjacent to the present road bench. Hillside shifting over the sandstones will solve the problem.
Hillside shifting of the road bench to align over stable bedrock, provision of a contour drain at the crown slope, provision of lined hillside drains, controlled/monitored quarrying activities.

Communication corridor, thick vegetation in the periphery
Valleyside edge of the road bench damaged and consumed in the slide, thereby drastically reducing the width of the road.
The road bench seen aligned over stable bedrock
Trimming of the protruding rock exposures upslope of the road bench, shotcreting of the rock exposure on the immediate downslope of the road bench, hillward shifting of the road bench by about 1m, provision of a lined hillside drain to the road bench.

Communication corridor, Moderately vegetated cover, terrace cultivation at the footslope.
Crown of slide within 1m of the road bench.
Forested in the vicinity, terrace cultivation at the foot of the slope.
The role of toe erosion may be further probed/studied.
Provision of a lined hillside drain to prevent any ingress of surface runoff down the affected slope. A retaining wall of the road bench founded on sound bedrock may be constructed.

Communication corridor, Moderately vegetated cover, terrace cultivation at the crown slope.
Road bench partially covered by slide debris
Forested in the vicinity, terrace cultivation at the crown slope.
Clearing of the slide debris resting on the road bench, construction of a flexible breast wall to the slide affected slope, provision of a lined hillside drain to the road bench. The downslope draining/ingress of excess water from the terrace fields at t

Complex (planar failure and topple i.e. initial planar failure along the vulnerable joint plane followed by toppling at the crown & flanks during subsequent reactivation/s).
Communication corridor, Moderately vegetated cover in the peripheries
Valleyside edge of the Pfiitsero-Sakraba-Phek road bench consumed significantly constricting the width. The agri-link/approach road to Losami aligned at the footslope has been washed out along the run-out path of the slide.
Since a significantly large volume of the slide debris still exists upslope of the lower road bench, the same is anticipated to flow down in the near future under adverse hydrological conditions further affecting the lower road bench.
The upper road bench (Pfiitsero-Sakraba-Phek road) is seen to be aligned over bedrock and looks stable. However, since the crown of the slide meets the valleyside edge of the road bench, further hillside shifting of the same may be carried out for safety

Initially translational followed by subsidence
Communication corridor, Moderately vegetated cover downslope, Jhum cultivation at the crown slope.
Forested in the vicinity, Jhum cultivation at the crown slope.
Road bench aligned over old slide debris.
Hillward shifting of the road bench to align over stable bedrock, provision of a lined hillside drain to the road bench to prevent percolation of surface runoff into the old slide debris. A retaining wall of the road bench founded on sound bedrock may be

Communication corridor, Moderately vegetated cover, Jhum cultivation at the crown slope
Road bench subsided by 12-15cm, retaining wall of road bench partially damaged.
Forested in the vicinity, Jhum cultivation at the crown slope.
Hillward shifting of the road bench to align over stable bedrock, provision of a lined hillside drain to the road bench to prevent percolation of surface runoff into the colluvial overburden. A retaining wall of the road bench founded on sound bedrock ma

Communication corridor, bushy cover, terrace cultivation at the crown slope.
Road bench reportedly covered by slide debris on a few occasions.
Bushy cover in the vicinity, terrace cultivation at the crown slope.
A 1m high breast wall to the affected slope seen constructed towards the right foot of the slide. The height of the existing wall may be increased through a 2-tier breast wall and extended to cover the whole foot of the slide. The upslopes of the road be

A retaining wall of the road bench under construction at the time of study. Provision of a lined hillside drain to the road bench. Moderation of the steep upslope of the road bench through benching.

Few toppled rock fragments seen lying on the road
Protruding and overhanging rock blocks may be removed, the rock exposure upslope of the road benched may be benched and shotcreted.

Communication corridor, Moderate vegetation in the peripheries
Road bench partially covered by slide debris.
Construction of a flexible breast wall to the slide affected slope. Provision of a lined hillside drain to the road bench.

Intermittent falls of the profusely jointed, weathered rock fragments.
Road bench frequently covered by falling rock debris
Removal of overhang rock exposures and slope moderation, shotcreting of the poor rockmass

Removal of loose material at the crown, lined drainage along the road and easing of slope by benching
Excessive pore pressure due to rainfall along the steep slopes and slope cut failure

SoN40oE/38o NW, J1 N52oE/68oSE, J2 N70oW/85oSW
Slope easing in the form of benching and lined drainage along the road
Extensive cut slope failure and failure along joint planes

Slope easing in the form of benching and lined drainage along the road
Excessive pore pressure on overburden due to rainfall and extensive cut slope failure

SoN35oE/80o NW, J1 N20oW/80oWSW, J2 N80oW/32oWSW
Slope easing in the form of benching and lined drainage along the road
Excessive pore pressure on overburden due to rainfall and extensive cut slope failure

SoN50oE/48o NW, J1 N65oE/65oSE, J2 N15oW/82oWNW
Extensive cut slope failure and failure along joint planes

Slope hardening by planting vegetation and lined drainage along the road
Excessive pore pressure on overburden due to rainfall and extensive cut slope failure

Slope hardening and lined drainage along the road

Cutfill failure below the road with with transverse crown cracks

SoN10E/17o WNW, J1 N45oW/Subvertical, J2 N40oE/55oESE
Extensive cut slope failure and weak lithology

Slope hardening and lined drainage along the road
Excessive pore pressure on overburden due to rainfall and weak lithology

SoN30oE/60o NW, J1 N70oW/61oSW, J2 N20oE/40oSE
Removal of loose material at the crown and lined drainage along the road
Widening of fractures and bedding planes due to infiltration of surface runoff water and extensive cut slope failure

Data taken from distance and the area is undisturbed forest.
Excessive pore pressure due to rainfall along the steep slopes

Demage road for NH-202 due to teo erosion by nala

Excessive pore pressure on overburden due to rainfall and slope cut failure and weak lithology

J1 N62oW/65oNNE, J2 N15oE/55oSE, J3 N10E/66oNW
Removal of debris at crown and slope easing by benching
Extensive slope cut failure and failure along joint planes

Removal of debris at toe and construction of culvert across the road

Weak lithology and excessive pore pressure due to rainfall

J1 N43oE/35oSE, J2 N20oW/65oNW, J3 N30E/87oSE
Lined drainage and removal of loose debris at the crown
Extensive slope cut failure and failure along joint planes

Lined drainage, slope easing by benching
Weak lithology and excessive pore pressure due to rainfall

Construction of retaining walls at the toe of the slide and lined drainage along the road
Increased pore pressure of overburden due to rainfall and cut slope failure

Data taken from distance and the area is undisturbed forest.
Excessive pore pressure on overburden due to rainfall and weak lithology

Data taken from distance and the area is undisturbed forest.
Increased pore pressure of overburden due to rainfall

J1 N45oW/Subverticle, J2 N65oE/78oSE, J3 N20oE/45oNW
Lined drainage along the road, removal of loose material at the crown, slope easing by benching
Failure along joint plane and extensive cut slope failure

Lined drainage along the road, removal of loose material at the crown, slope easing by benching
Failure along joint plane and extensive cut slope failure

Lined drainage,hardening of slope by planting vegetation, channelizing the spring and construction of culvert across the road.

Lined drainage and removal of loose debris at the toe
Weak lithology, slide along joint planes

Lined drainage and hardening of slope by planting vegetation

Proper back filling, hardening of slope by planting vegetation
Weak lithology, cut fill failure and toe erosion by nala

Removal of loose material at the toe, hardening of slope and lined drainage

Construction of retaining walls at the toe of the slide and lined drainage along the road
Increased pore pressure of overburden due to rainfall

Excessive pore pressure on overburden due to rainfall and slope cut failure

Loosening of joints and fractures during road construction

Widening of fractures due to infiltration of surface runoff water and extensive cut slope failure

Contour drainage along the edge of the ground and slope easing by benching
Excessive pore pressure on thick overburden due to rainfall

Increased pore pressure and weak lithology

Lithocontact zone could be triggering the slide

Removal of loose material at the toe and slope hardening
Extensive cut slope failure and tectonic disturbance

Removal of loose material at the toe, slope hardening and channelizing the spring.
Extensive cut slope failure, weak lithology and flowing spring

Shale with minor Quartzite of Avankhu Fm.
Increased pore pressure of overburden due to rainfall

S0=J1N40┬░E/55┬░SW, (Serpentinite beds) J2-NS/25┬░E (Sandstone bed)

Excessive pore pressure on sparsely vegetated overburden due to rainfalland subsequent deep gully erosion

Excessive pore pressure on overburden due to rainfall and deep gully erosion

Excessive pore pressure on sparsely vegetated overburden and weak lithology

Hardening of slope by planting vegetation and lined drainage along the road
Excessive pore pressure on overburden due to rainfall and slope cut failure

Slope easing in the form of bench and lined drainage along the road
Excessive pore pressure on overburden due to rainfall and slope cut failure

Excessive pore pressure on overburden due to rainfall and toe erosion by nala

Removal of loose material at the crown, lined drainage along the road
Wedge failure along joints and cut slope failure

Weak geological formation and increase in pore water pressure due to monsoonal rainfall
Construction of retaining wall from the teo of rapture.

Construction of retaining wall from the teo of rapture.

Shale with minor bands of siltstone and sandstone

Slope fill failure on the downslope side of the road due to weak geological formation and increase in pore water pressure due to monsoonal rainfall

Mission compound slide

Toe wall and proper drainage at the top of the slide.

Kesunisiki slide

5km before New Basti village from Pokphur village

1.5km away from Luthur village (GSI,Geoheritage site)

Extensive slope cut on weak geological formation and increase in pore water pressure and weakening along joint planes due to monsoonal rainfall

Cut fill failure of road, increase in pore water pressure due to monsoonal rainfall and toe erosion by nala.

Towards New Basti village from Pokphur village

Construction of retaining walls at the toe of the slide, lined drainage along the road and removal of unstable material at the crown
Increased pore pressure of overburden due to rainfall, cut slope failure and tectonic unstability

Removal of loose material at the toe and easing of slope by benching
Extensive cut slope failure and tectonic disturbance

Proper compact back filling, hardening of slope by planting vegetation

Construction of lined drainage along the road and removal of loose material at the crown

Construction of retaining walls at the toe of the slide, lined drainage along the road and hardening of the slope
Increased pore pressure of overburden due to rainfall, cut slope failure

Removal of loose material at the toe and hardening of slope
Extensive cut slope failure and tectonic disturbance

Increased pore pressure of overburden due to rainfall on steep slopes

Construction of retaining walls at the toe of the slide, lined drainage along the road and proper compaction of back filling
Increased pore pressure of overburden due to rainfall, cut slope failure and cut fill failure

Lined drainage and hardening of slope by planting vegetation
Weak lithology, cut slope failure and excessive pore pressure due to rainfall

Cut fill failure and toe erosion by nala

Construction of retaining walls at the toe of the slide, lined drainage along the road and hardening of the slope
Increased pore pressure of overburden due to rainfall, cut slope failure and weak lithology

Building wier with local material, oblique to the river channel to dessipate energy

open crown cracks are 510 cms. Movement at the toe has caused sinking zone at the road 20 m below the crown. Construction of the village church is abandoned due to the cracks at the crown.
Sealing of open cracks at crown, channelizing runnoff, lined drainage along the road
Excessive pore pressure on overburden due to rainfall, unchannelized surface runoff, weak lithology with standing water in the paddy field

from the slope and modification of the crown.
The thick soil overburden slided down
due to oversaturation of water during
heavy rainfall

Modification of slopes by
construction of benches
Highly weathered and fractured
materials slided down due to
slope cutting

Stream water flowing continously through the slope and made it unstable.

Highly weathered and fractured
materials slided down due to rainfall

Removing loose materials
from the slope, crown can be
modified by removing the
loose hanging material
The slope overburden has failed due
to oversaturation of water during
heavy rainfall

The slope overburden has failed due
to oversaturation of water during
heavy rainfall

The slope overburden has failed due to
oversaturation of water during

Highly weathered sandstone and
phyllites destabilised due to slope cut.

Modification of the slope by
construction of benches
Loose materials lying over the
slope slided due to slope cut

Due to road cutting on highly
weathered ophiolite

Modification of slopes by construction of benches
Road cutting resulted in the
desatbilisation of steep slope

Modification of slopes by construction of benches
Heavy rainfall and road cutting
resulted in the desatbilisation of
steep slope

Due to heavy rainfall highly
weathered slope got oversaturated
with water

Due to slope cutting on highly
weathered phyllites

Highly weathered ophiolites with
insitu soil fails due to steep slope
and heavy rainfall

Moderate to steep slope and
high rainfall resulted in the failure
of highly weathered slope

Steep slope and highly weathered
materials resulted the slide

Modification of the slope by
construction of benches
Highly weathered slope failed due
to oversaturation of water due to
rainfall accompanied by road cutting

Stream water flowing continously
through the slope and made it
unstable.

Due to heavy rainfall highly weathered
slope got oversaturated with water

Road cutting resulted in the
desatbilisation of steep slope

Borah, A., Mudi, M., 2019: MacroΓÇÉscale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheet nos. 83L/05, L/06 and L/10 falling in Imphal East, Ukhrul, Kamjong and Kangpokpi Districts of Manipur. Un pub. GSI report for FS 2018-131
Shallow translational failure. Debris slide facing 110╦Ü
Slope easing, proper drainage at toe and construction of breast wall.
Very Steep slope, Weathered rocks, heavy rainfall and improper drainage.

Due to road cutting and steep
slope acompanied by heavy
rainfall the slope failed

The slope overburden has failed
due to oversaturation of water
during heavy rainfall

Thick soil overburden of the slope
got oversaturated due to rainfall
resulted in the failure of slope

Modification of the slope by
The slope overburden has failed
due to oversaturation of water
during heavy rainfall

The highly weathered ophiolites
has slided due to slope cut.

Highly weathered slope destabilised
due to slope cutting and failure occured

Highly weathered slope destabilised
due to slope cutting and failure occurred

Removing loose materials
from the slope. Crown can be modified by removing the loose hanging material
Weathered overburden materials
saturated with water

Due to road cutting on highly
weathered Phyllite

Highly weathered Phyllite got
destabilised due to slope cutting

Removing loose materials
from the slope. Crown can be modified by removing the loose hanging material
Due to heavy rainfall highly
weathered slope got oversaturated
with water

from the slope. Crown can be modified by removing the loose hanging material
Continous flow of stream water
along the slope

SHALE, SILTSTONE, GREYWACKE RHYTHMITE & SANDSTONE
Borah, A., Mudi, M., 2019: MacroΓÇÉscale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheet nos. 83L/05, L/06 and L/10 falling in Imphal East, Ukhrul, Kamjong and Kangpokpi Districts of Manipur. Un pub. GSI report for FS 2018-58
Natural Landslide. Shallow translational failure. Landslide facing 225╦Ü.
Slope easing and proper drainage at toe.
Steep slope, highly weathered rock and rainfall.

SHALE, SILTSTONE, GREYWACKE RHYTHMITE & SANDSTONE
Borah, A., Mudi, M., 2019: MacroΓÇÉscale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheet nos. 83L/05, L/06 and L/10 falling in Imphal East, Ukhrul, Kamjong and Kangpokpi Districts of Manipur. Un pub. GSI report for FS 2018-59
Rockslide,Shallow translational failure. Landslide facing 185╦Ü.
Slope easing, Construction of breast wall, proper drainage at toe.
Steep slope,jointed and folded weathered rock and rainfall.

SHALE, SILTSTONE, GREYWACKE RHYTHMITE & SANDSTONE
Natural Landslide. Shallow translational failure. Landslide facing 137╦Ü.
Slope easing and proper drainage at toe.
Steep slope of 47╦Ü, Weathered shale, heavy rainfall causes deep groves.

Wedge failure because of four sets of joints. Rockslide facing 130╦Ü
Slope easing, Construction of breast wall, netting of weak rock mass, proper drainage at toe.
Steep slope, extensive slope cutting, highly jointed and weathered rock and rainfall.

Natural deep translational failure. Landslide facing 200╦Ü.
Weathered shale, heavy rainfall and failure in the debris material.

UNDIFF. RADIOLARIA & DIATOM BEARING SEDIMENTS
S0 ll J1(at right flank of the slide)= 15╦Ü/12╦ÜSE, S0 ll J1(at left flank of the slide)= 350╦Ü/56╦ÜSW
Natural Landslide,Deep translational failure. Landslide facing 86╦Ü. Road is part of the landslide. Huge amount of materials are involved. Stretch of around 200 m road is in vulnerable condition.
Slope easing with proper ratio, proper drainage at toe, removal of debris materials.
Cracks are seen in the road. Damage to road and village water supply line.
Steep slope, Weathered materials, heavy rainfall flowing spring and semiconsolidated materials as overburden.

UNDIFF. RADIOLARIA & DIATOM BEARING SEDIMENTS
Shallow translational failure. Rock slide facing 52╦Ü
slope cutting, weathered rock and rainfall.

UNDIFF. RADIOLARIA & DIATOM BEARING SEDIMENTS
Palaeo Debris Landslide,Shallow translational failure. Landslide facing 0╦Ü.
slope cutting, weathered rock and rainfall.

Shallow translational failure. Landslide facing 90╦Ü.
Slope easing, Construction of proper drainage at toe.
Weathered rocks, heavy rainfall causing gully erosions.

Palaeo landslide,Shallow translational failure. Landslide facing 7╦Ü.
Slope easing, Construction of proper drainage at toe.

Anthropogenic Landslide,Shallow translational failure. Landslide facing 48╦Ü.
Slope easing, Construction of proper drainage at toe.
Weathered rocks, heavy rainfall causing gully erosions, and extensive slope cut causes failure.

Deep translational failure. Old retention wall damaged. Landslide facing 142╦Ü.
Slope easing, Construction of proper drainage at and construction of breast wall at toe.
Damage to road and village water supply line and electric pole.
jointed and fractured rocks, very steep slope, heavy rainfall causing failure.

Debris Landslide in the downslope of the road, shallow translational failure. Landslide facing 187╦Ü.
Slope easing, construction of retention wall and stop dumping of materials.
Weatheredrocks, dumping of slope cut materials, heavy rainfall.

Road is part of the landslide, shallow translational failure. Landslide facing 195╦Ü.
Slope easing, construction of retention wall and stop dumping of materials.
Weatheredrocks, dumping of slope cut materials, heavy rainfall.

Debris Landslide in the downslope of the road, shallow translational failure. Landslide facing 310╦Ü.
Slope easing, construction of retention wall and stop dumping of materials.
Weatheredrocks, dumping of slope cut materials, heavy rainfall.

Shallow translational failure. Deep gully erosion due to rainfall. Landslide facing 273╦Ü.
Slope easing, proper drainage at toe and construction of breast wall.
Damage to road and village water supply line.
Weathered and jointed rocks, heavy rainfall and slope cutting.

Shallow translational failure. Landslide facing 262╦Ü.
Weathered rocks, heavy rainfall and slope cutting.

Shallow translational failure. Landslide facing 85╦Ü.
Slope easing, proper drainage and construction of breast wall.
Weathered and jointed rocks, well defines J1 plane, heavy rainfall.

Tahir M et al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 83K/7, K/8, Senapati, Ukhrul and Phek districts, Manipur and Nagaland. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2015-2016.

Tahir M et al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 83K/7, K/8, Senapati, Ukhrul and Phek districts, Manipur and Nagaland. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2015-2016.
Nearly 6km from Changa on the way to Gamnum
The slope material failed on supersaturation due to rainfall.

Tahir M et al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 83K/7, K/8, Senapati, Ukhrul and Phek districts, Manipur and Nagaland. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2015-2016.
Nearly 6km from Changa on the way to Gamnum

Removal of loose materials
from the slopes
Highly weathered and fractured
materials slided down due to
slope cutting

from the slopes
The thick soil overburden slided
down due to oversaturation
of water during heavy rainfall

from the slopes
Loose debris lying on high slope
slided due to excessive rainfall

The thick soil overburden slided
down due to oversaturation of
water during heavy rainfall

Slope cut resulted in sliding of
unstable weathered materials

Highly weathered slope failed
due to rainfall accompanied
by road cutting

from the slope, crown can be
modified by removing the
loose hanging material
The slope overburden has failed due to oversaturation of water during heavy rainfall

from the slope, crown can be
modified by removing the
loose hanging material
materials slided down due to
slope cutting

The thick soil overburden slided down

Weathered overburden materials
saturated with water

ophiolites got destabilised
due to slope cut

Modification of the slope
by construction of benches
ophiolites got destabilised due
to slope cut

The weathered rock got destabilised
due to oversaturation of water during
rainfall

The thick soil overburden slided down
due to oversaturation of water during

The weathered rock got destabilised
during rainfall

Slope cut resulted in sliding of unstable
weathered materials

Steep slope and highly weathered
material accompanies by heavy rainfall resulted the slope failure

4km N of Siruhi village, Ukhrul Jessami road.

Highly weathered shale oversaturated due to heavy rainfall and the slope failed

Stream water causing erosion on the downslope and the soil is oversaturated
with water

Cultivation on the loosely compacted slope material resulted in the failure

Soil oversaturated with water due to high rainfall

Due to oversaturation of water the
slope fails

The thick overburden fails due to
oversaturation of water

Extensive rainfall and soil
oversaturated with water

Extensive rainfall and soil oversaturated with water

Loose debris lying over a very high
slope became unstable due to slope
cut and subsequently slided down
due to rainfall.

The thick soil overburden slided
down due to oversaturation of water

Moderate to steep slope
and high rainfall

Highly weathered material fails due to oversaturation of water

Moderate to steep slope and
high rainfall

Due to rainfall the weathered shale
became oversaturated and slided down

Loose debris lying on the slope along
with fractured rock became unstable
due to slope cut

Loose materials lying over the slope
slided due rainfall

down due to oversaturation of water

Modification of slopes by
Highly weathered slope slided
down due to slope cut

Modification of slopes by
Highly weathered ophiolites with
insitu soil fails due to steep slope
and heavy rainfall

Highly weathered materials lying over
the steep slope got slided during rainfall

Removal of loose materials and benching of slopes
Loose debris lying over relatively steep
slope got unstable due to
oversaturation of water

from the slope and
modification of the crown.
The weathered rock got destabilised
during rainfall

during rainfall

Tuffaceous grwywacke, lithicfeldspathic arenite (Pokhpur Fm)
Lined drainage, removal of loose material at crown and hardening of slope by planting vegetation
Weak lithology, cut slope failure and excessive pore pressure due to rainfall

Tuffaceous grwywacke, lithicfeldspathic arenite (Pokhpur Fm)
Lined drainage and hardening of slope by planting vegetation
Weak lithology, cut slope failure and excessive pore pressure due to rainfall

Diversion and channelising of rain water and removal of remaining loose material from the crown.
Oversaturation of overburden deposited on the edge of a steep slope by water aggravated by extensive slope cut.

Geometrical modification of slope by benching and hardening of the slope by planting plants.

Hardening of the slope by planting plants.

Geometrical modification of slope by benching and hardening of the slope by planting plants.
Extensive cut slope and toe erosion by nala.

Geometrical modification of slope by benching and construction of drainage along the road

Cutfill failure
Providing culvert across the road to channelise water.
Improper drainage along the road and poor road construction

Cracks on the cutfill side of the road and has high risk of failure during monsoon
Construction of Gabian walls with weep holes along the road and lines drainage along the wall

Removal of loose rocks from the crown and diversion and channelising of rain water
Open joints which allowed for movement of the planes lubricated by water and aggravated by extensive slope cuts

Removal of loose material from the slope and modification of the crown.
Slope cut resulted in sliding of
unstable weathered materials

Removal of loose material from the slope and modification of the crown.
Highly weathered materials lying over
the steep slope got slided during
rainfall

Removal of loose material from the slope and modification of the crown.
The road cutting has disturbed the
highly weathered shale which
resulted in the slide

Highly weathered and fractured materials slided down due to slope cutting

heavy rainfall and also due to
road cutting

Highly weathered rock slided down
from the steep slope due to
oversaturation of water during rainfall

Planar (translational) along joint plane
Slide debris partially covering the road bench.
Road bench aligned over sound bedrock and therefore stable.
Removal of the accumulated slide debris on the road bench and benching upslope of the road bench, trimming/removal of overhanging rock blocks, provision of lined hillside drain to the road bench, retaining wall of the road bench founded over stable bedro

Planar (translational) along joint plane
Slide debris comprising rock boulders and fragments partially covering the road bench.
The protruding/overhanging rockmass may be removed, construction of a multi-tier flexible breast wall at the foot of the slide and adjacent to the road bench.

Communication corridor, Moderately vegetated cover, terrace cultivation at the right crown slope.
Breast wall to the affected slope damaged and overran at places
Forested in the vicinity, terrace cultivation at the right crown slope.
Trimming of the steep scarp of the slide and benching of the slide affected slope, construction of a lined contour drain at the crown slope to prevent ingress of surface runoff & excess water from the terrace fields.

Mesolumi, Chizami Bridge slide

Communication corridor, thick vegetation in the periphery
Road bench at risk from getting covered by slide debris
A breast wall at the foot of the slide affected slope adjacent to the road bench may be constructed.

Initial road bench seen damaged due to slide downslope of the road bench and, therefore, shifted hillward. The valleyside edge of the shifted road bench seen damaged.
Forested in the vicinity, cultivated further downslope.
Construction of a multi-tier breast wall towards the hillside of the road bench founded over sound bedrock, provision of lined hillside drain to the road bench, provision of a rectangular block culvert at the road bench coinciding with the central depres

Approx. 40m stretch of road bench subsided by 1m.
Forested in the vicinity, terrace cultivation at the foot of the slope.

The role of toe erosion may be further probed/studied.
Hillward shifting of the road bench to align over stable bedrock, construction of a strong retaining wall to the road bench and preferably founded over sound bedrock, provision of a lined hillside drain to the road bench to prevent any ingress of surface

Shallow translational along rock-overburden interface at crown and rotational towards the lower slope.
Settlement area, sparsely vegetated with occasional Jhum cultivation.
Road bench (agri-link road) partially damaged and taken down.
Construction of a strong breast wall with sufficient weep holes at the road bench level, founded over sound bedrock. Provision of lined hillside drains at the road bench suitably diverting to a safer slope. Training of the depression/seasonal nala at the

Splintery, crumpled, silicified and indurated shale (contact zone of Disangs and Barials)
A part of the slide shows shallow translational failure along rock-overburden interface while the other part shows planar (translational) failure along the vulnerable joint plane (J1).
Road bench partially damaged and consumed.
If necessary, site specific studies may be carried out to fully understand the causative factors and formulate appropriate remedial measures.
The identified irrigation canal towards the left crown of the slide may be lined to prevent any spillage/flow of water downslope into the slide zone. A lined contour drain at crown is seen constructed. The reported yearly dumping of excavated material to

Lasumivillage slide
Splintery/ speriodal like weathering (crumpled, silicified andurated shale)
Contour drain at crown is seen well constructed and lined. Creep and subsidence observed on road bench. Crack is reported earlier during 2011 and slides/subsidence occured during the same year.
Few house on right flank and at crown are vulnerable
Weak slope/very poor RQD, rock mass 10-15. Steep slope 40°-45°.Failure along joint plane with ingressof water lubricating. Piping anticipated.

Shallow translational along rock-overburden interface
Road bench seen partially covered by slide debris affecting the smooth flow of traffic
Considering the steep slope and the inherent slopemass conditions, retrogression to the crown slope may be high under adverse hydrological conditions.
Provision of a lined hillside drain at the upper agri-link road. A 1.5m high gabion breast wall of the slope may be constructed with provision of lined hillside drain to the Lekromi approach road. Large trees at the crown slope may be removed to prevent

Shallow translational along rock-overburden interface
Settlement at crown and right flank, forested on the left flank
Bushy cover growing over the slide body noticed at the time of study which indicates that the slide is stabilizing.
Provision of a lined contour drain at the crown slope to prevent any ingress of surface runoff down the affected slope. A 1.5m high gabion breast wall may be constructed with provision of lined hillside drain.

Partly translational, partly rotational
Communication corridor, Sparse vegetation cover, terrace cultivation at the footslope.
Crown of slide has reached the valleyside edge of the road bench and currently subsided by 0.5m.
Bushy vegetation in the vicinity, terrace cultivation at the foot of the slope.
The landslide is an old one which experiences yearly subsidence and periodic sliding.
Hillward shifting of the road bench to align over stable bedrock, construction of a strong retaining wall of the road bench which is to be founded on sound bedrock, provision of a lined hillside drain to the hillward shifted roadbench to prevent any ingr

Partly translational, partly rotational
Valleyside edge of the road bench subsided.
Bushy cover in the vicinity, Jhum cultivation at the foot of the slope.
Dewatering of the slope may be prioritized for stability of the same.
Hillward shifting of the road bench to align over stable bedrock. A strong retaining wall to the road bench with provision of sufficient weep holes and founded over stable bedrock may be constructed. Provision of a lined hillside drain to the road bench

Road bench at risk of getting covered by slide debris
The slide is basically a cut-slope failure initiated due to improper slope excavation.
Construction of 2-3 level, each 1.5m high gabion retaining wall along the foot of the excavated slope (approx. 115m length), benching of the upslopes at regular interval, provision of a lined hillside drain to the road bench

The stream channel may be trained and boulder crated walls may be erected to prevent further toe erosion. A lined drain may also be put in place at the immediate crown slope to prevent any ingress of surface runoff down the affected slope.

Translational (largely along rock-overburden interface).
Road bench initially covered by slide debris affecting the passage of traffic.
Some rock boulders seen precariously resting upslope of the road bench. Sliding of such precariously resting boulders under adverse hydrological conditions anticipated.
Opening of the blocked culvert, training of the mountain stream upslope of the road bench, construction of transverse structures to the slide body upslope of the road bench to stop the flow/fall of slide debris on the road bench.

Communication corridor, Moderately vegetated cover, settlement at the footslope.
The Pfiitsero-Tadubi road bench may be at risk in case of further reactivation
A 2-3 tier, each 1.5m high and 30m length gabion breast wall at the Pfiitsero-Tadubi road bench level may be constructed. The same road may be provided with a lined hillside drain for smooth flow of surface runoff. Dumping of slope excavated material fro

Wedge failure
75m downslope of Kohima-Pfiitsero-Meluri road (NH-150?)
Agri-link road, Jhum cultivation on the flanks.
Agri-link road completely consumed by the slide.
Further retrogression can put the upper road bench (NH-150?) at risk.
Hillward shifting of the agri-link road bench may encroach & destabilise the NH aligned at the crown slope. Accordingly, construction of a strong retaining wall of the agri-link road keyed/pegged into the bedrock may be carried out. The rockmass is found

Settlement area at the crown, terrace cultivation at the right foot slope
Moderately forested in the vicinity, terrace cultivation at the foot of the slope.
Further retrogression cannot be ruled out.
Training of the stream course. Provision of a lined contour drain at the crown slope. The steep channel wall of the stream may be moderated through benching.

Shallow translational along rock-overburden interface
The downslope movement of slide debris choking the culvert and disturbing the road bench in case of further reactivation cannot be ruled out.
The stream channel may be trained. The deforested portion, particularly within the slide body may be reclaimed for forestation.

Road bench at risk from getting covered by slide debris in case of further reactivation.
Construction of a 1.5m high, 60-65m length flexible breast wall at the foot of the slide, provision of a lined hillside drain to the road bench.

Road bench at risk from getting covered by slide debris
The Slide is basically a cut-slope failure. Road bench is seen aligned over stable bedrock.
Moderation of the upslope of the road bench through benching. Provision of a lined hillside drain.

Partly translational, partly rotational
About 10m stretch of the road subsided by 1m
Forested in the vicinity, Jhum cultivation towards the left flank
The role of toe erosion may be further probed/studied.
Hillward shifting of the road bench to align over stable bedrock, provision of a lined hillside drain for the hillward shifted road bench, construction of a strong retaining wall of the road bench founded on sound bedrock.

Disang formation, highly weathered shale and clayey in-situ soil.
Further failure/slope destabilising anticipated with on-set of rain/monsoon season. Downslope subsidence by 2-3 m is observed below the road bench.
Unfavourable steep slope with weak slope forming material weathered shale. Thick over burden debris material. Brownish clayed soil mixed with weathered mantle

On the immediate downslope of Kohima-Pfiitsero-Meluri road (NH-150?)

Shale dominant (Tertiary sedimentary rock). Disang group of rock.
Overloading of down slope by excavated dump material.

Tertiary sedimentary sequence (mainly grey splintery shale)
Weak slope forms naturally (weathered slide). Dumping of excavated road bench widening material downslope leading to static loading of natural slope (overloading).

Valleyside edge of road bench consumed by the slide

Sparsely vegetated in the vicinity, communication corridor, terrace fields at the crown slope.
Road bench partially covered by slide debris
Moderately vegetated in the vicinity, Terrace fields at the crown slope
The slide is basically a cut-slope failure.
Benching of the upslope of road, construction of a breast wall to the benched slope, provision of a lined hillside drain to the road bench, etc.

Sparsely vegetated in the vicinity, communication corridor
Road bench partially covered by slide debris
The slide is basically a cut-slope failure.
Benching of the upslope of road, construction of a breast wall to the benched slope, provision of a lined hillside drain to the road bench, etc.

Tertiary sedimentary sequence (mainly grey splintery shale)
Construction of retaining structure under progress in noticed during the time of observation.
Weak slope forming material weathered shale overlain by 2-3m overburden soil. Severe toe erosion by turbulent flowing Stream downslope (toe cutting)

Construction of retaining structure under progress at the time of study.
Hillward shifting of the road bench may be carried out to align over sound bedrock. Provision of a lined hillside drain to the road bench to drain the surface run-off and suitably diverted to a safer slope. The excavated upslope of the road bench may be

Variably weathered shale, Tertiary sediment belonging to Disang group.
3-5 m thick overburden material observed.
Overloading of downslope of road bench by dumping of excavated material.

Pudunamai II
Disang group of rocks, Shale variably weathered exposed adjacent area.
Thick colluvial loosely compaction overburden colluvial debris >5m thick observed.
Weak slope forming material. Extensive slope cutting beyond angle of repose. Development of local pore and hydrostatic pressure

Pudunamai I
Wedge failure along discontinuity. So plane day-lighted.Weak slope forming material.

Mao Song Song
Variably weathered Shale belonging to Disang group
Damaged earlier installed masonry retaining wall observed. Titling of tall tress downslope to road bench noticed. Road bench subsidence seen at places.
Road bench subsidence and partially taken down.
Three residential house and road bench titled
Weak slope forming material. Development of local pore and hydrostatic pressure. Seepage and piping action anticipated. Clayey damp soil, may have contributed to swelling shrinking.

Communication corridor, terrace cultivation at the footslope
Subsidence of NH-29 road bench by 12-15cm observed at the time of study
Moderately vegetated upslope of road bench, terrace cultivation at the foot of the slide

Old slide debris mixed with colluvial material.
The NH-29 may be at risk in case of further retrogression
Heavy retaining structure may be avoided to prevent overloading of weak slope. Existing concrete retaining walls has been damaged and a segmented portion of the wall has moved downslope by 6-7 m from its original position. Light weight retaining structur
Site specific studies may be required to ascertain the exact nature of failure for formulation of appropriate remedial measures. However, generic remedial measures may include suitable diversion of sewage drains away from the slide zone, channelling of t

Mao Gate
Variably weathered Shale belonging to Disang group
Existing concrete walls has been damaged and part of walls has moved downslope by 6-7 m below from its original position. Three concrete residential house has been displaced and tilted.
16-17 tin roof houses and 3 houses at risk
Overloading by construction of heavy structures. Haphazard dumping of non-biodegradable waste.

Partly rotational, partly translational
Settlement at the crown and flanks, terrace cultivation and moderately vegetated towards the toe.
NH-39 (now NH-29) was affected for a length of about 300m.

Subsidence of NH-29 road bench by 8-10cm observed at the time of study

Road bench subsided by 10-12cm at the time of study
Hillside shifting of road bench to align the same over sound bedrock, retaining wall of the hillward shifted road bench to be founded over sound bedrock, provision of a lined hillside drain to the road bench.

Settlement at the crown, communication corridor (NH-29 & Viswema-Kidima approach road)

Settlement at the crown, communication corridor (NH-29, Viswema-Kidima approach road)
NH-29 road bench seen subsided by 12-15cm during 2014, Viswema-kidima road bench subsided by 10-12cm.

Communication corridor (NH-29 and Viswema-Kidima road), Moderately forested in the peripheries
Subsidence of NH-29 by 0.5m seen during 2014, NH-29 & Viswema-Kidima road benches completely consumed during 2015 reactivation.

Variably weathered black carbonaceous shales of Disang Group.
Initially shallow translational to rotational, subsequently developed into debris flow on account of surcharge.
Moderately vegetated, part of the affected slopes used for Jhum cultivation.
The flow of debris and its subsequent accumulation at the lower basal slopes has led to temporary blockage/damming of the stream course. This has in turn partially diverted the channel/nala flow and initiated debris slides on the right bank of the stream
Site specific studies may be required to ascertain the exact failure mechanisms for formulation of appropriate remedial measures. However, generic remedial measures may include: Provision of a contour drain at the crown and suitably diverting to a safer

Variably weathered black carbonaceous shales of Disang Group.

Agri-link road covered by slide debris & damaged

Terrace cultivation at the crown slope, Agri-link road aligned at the immediate crown slope

Viswema slide
Tertiary sedimentary sequence (Variably weathered Shale of Disang group)
Transverse ground cracks observed at the crown slope. Further activities triggered by incessant rains cannot be ruled out.
Toe erosion by the stream might have initiated the failure. Incessant rain and unguided surface drainage flowing over the weak slope forming material aggravated the instability of the slope

Viswema slide
Tertiary sedimentary sequence (mainly grey splintery shale)
Plantation of banana and bamboo seen planted below road bench.Overhang boulders may be removed.
9 residential houses partially effected at crown.
Old slide reactivated during new road bench construction.Weak slow forming material. Dragging effect from toe erosion.Development of local pore and hydrostatic pressure.

Settlement and terrace cultivated land at the periphery.
Viswema-Kidima approach road consumed along the flow path, Viswema village approach road situated at the crown scarp consumed.
Site specific studies can only indicate the exact causative factors of such a large debris flow occurring over a gentle slope.
Detailed site specific studies may be required to ascertain the exact cause of such a large slide/flow occurring along a gentle slope with subsequent formulation of appropriate remedial measures. However, some generic remedial measures may include:
1. Pr

On the Northern slope of the Jakhama spur

John E et al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 83K/3, K/4, Senapati, Imphal East, Ukhrul and Phenk districts, Manipur and Nagaland. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2015-2016.
Removal of fallen debris from toe, Slope easing in the form of benches and proper lined drainage at toe are recommended

John E et al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 83K/3, K/4, Senapati, Imphal East, Ukhrul and Phenk districts, Manipur and Nagaland. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2015-2016.
Debris accumulation on Maram-Peren highway and damage to the road
Removal of fallen debris from toe, Slope easing in the form of benches and proper lined drainage at toe are recommended

John E et al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 83K/3, K/4, Senapati, Imphal East, Ukhrul and Phenk districts, Manipur and Nagaland. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2015-2016.
Removal of downslope side (shoulder) of the NH-39
Removal of fallen debris from toe, Slope easing in the form of benches and proper lined drainage at toe are recommended

Shajouba landslide
It is due to presence of soft material, water logging along the road without outlet

Retention wall with weep holes has been constructed

Slope failed due to its modification for road construction.

Due to water storage for paddy field on the upslope side, the area is already saturation and again gets supersaturated with rainfall.

New Heaven Slide
Intercalation of shale, siltstone and sandstone of Disang Group
Western flank of NNESSW trending hill ridge showing dipping bed 53┬░
II
Flowing during rainy season. NESW trending Thoubal River is flowing at downslope of the sliding zone.
Immediate removal of debris material which block the road (Old Imphal ΓÇô Ukhrul road). The newly developed nala (running along the middle part of the slide) be made functional clearing the debris material and making a proper drainage system. Geometri
Presence of topographic break in slope at upslope portion of the slide; Water flowing down from the upslope portion slow down at the topographic break and saturates the materials at downslope due to water percolation. Lack of support indicated by the pre
Old Imphal ΓÇô Ukhrul Road totally blocked by the landslide.
Generally, the area is represented by forest of thick to moderate vegetation. Terrace cultivations are observed at western flank of NESW flowing Thoubal River.

Longchari and Praveen, S., 2019: MacroΓÇÉscale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheet nos. 83H13, 83H/14, 83L/01 and 83L/02 in Imphal East, Imphal West, Thoubal and Bishnupur Districts of Manipur. Un pub. GSI report for FS 2
Reduction of strength on super saturation

Longchari and Praveen, S., 2019: MacroΓÇÉscale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheet nos. 83H13, 83H/14, 83L/01 and 83L/02 in Imphal East, Imphal West, Thoubal and Bishnupur Districts of Manipur. Un pub. GSI report for FS 2

Nearly 3 km away from Finchcorner, on the way to Shagshak

Ukhrul- Imphal Highway, Near Patkai College
Dumping of road cut material led to overloading which failed due to saturation by rainfall.

Dumping of road cut material led to overloading which failed due to saturation by rainfall.

Ukhrul- Imphal Highway, Near Patkai College

Nearly 6km from Ukhrul on the way to Imphal

This subsidence is subsididng the road and it is getting damaged.

Kotlen landslide
S0335┬░/5┬░ΓåÆ245┬░, J10┬░/sub vertical, J2290┬░/sub vertical, J3 310┬░/subvertical
Lying of mesh is very important.
Communication between Imphal and Jiribam affected.
Immediate removal of the slided material. Iron mesh of 7cmx 7cm grid size has to be place immediately as the rock fragments are falling continuously on the NH37 which is a busy road and it may be dangerous. A breast wall of 150m length x2m height with pr
The bedrock is highly weathered wherein nearly 25 meters thick weathered rock is developed. Unscientific slope cutting along the major joint plane is the main cause of the landslide. Due to cutting slope have become more than 600 which are above angle of

Partial damage and narrowing of the NH 102A in the slided area. Landslide facing 174╦Ü
Slope easing, proper drainage at toe, breast wall and covering the landslide with water proof material to minimise the effect of water percolation.
Weathered splintery shale, rill erosion, debris material and heavy rainfall

Length>>width of the slide. Landslide facing 180╦Ü.
Slope easing, proper drainage at toe stop deforestation.

Shallow translational failure. Landslide facing 172╦Ü
Slope easing, proper drainage at toe stop deforestation.

Length>>width of the slide. Landslide facing 33╦Ü.
Steep slope(general surface slope is 48╦Ü), Weathered shale and heavy rainfall.

Roadside shallow translational failure. Effect of subsidence is observer on the road in some portion. Landslide facing 237╦Ü
Steep slope, Weathered shale, heavy rainfall.

Landslide is downslope the road and road is at crown of the slide. Crown cracks are present and road is narrowed down. Landslide facing 252╦Ü.
Slope easing, Construction of retention wall proper drainage .
Steep slope, Weathered shale and grooving by rainwater.

Shallow translational failure. Landslide facing 321╦Ü
Slope easing, proper drainage at toe stop deforestation.
Steep slope, Weathered shale, heavy rainfall and slope cut causes failure.

Shallow translational failure. Rock topple facing 270╦Ü
Slope easing, proper drainage at toe and construction of breast wall.
Very Steep slope, Weathered and jointed shale, heavy rainfall and slope cut causes failure.

Old and reactivated landslide. Landslide facing 297╦Ü
Benching, proper drainage at toe, breast wall and covering the landslide with water proof material to minimise the effect of water percolation.
Weathered splintery shale, rill erosion, debris material and heavy rainfall

Thick sandstone bands present. Quarry activity is seen. Shallow translational failure. Rock fall facing 212╦Ü
Very Steep slope, Weathered and jointed rocks, heavy rainfall and slope cut causes failure.

Shallow translational failure. Rock topple facing 256╦Ü
Very Steep slope, Weathered and jointed rocks, heavy rainfall and slope cut causes failure.

Old and reactivated landslide. Landslide facing 290╦Ü
Benching, proper drainage at toe, breast wall and covering the landslide with water proof material to minimise the effect of water percolation.
Highly Weathered shale, unstable debris material and heavy rainfall

Slide at road culvert,deep translational failure. Road is also part of the slide. Prominent primary and fresh scarp face(around 6 ft) was formed. Landslide facing 344╦Ü.
Slope easing, Construction of proper drainage at toe and construction of breast wall. Reconstruction of the previous small retention wall.
Steep slope, rill erosion by seasonal spring/rainwater, weathered shale, soil proportion>> rock fragments.

Anthropogenic Landslide,Shallow translational failure. Landslide facing 340╦Ü.
Slope easing, Construction of breast wall, proper drainage at toe.
Steep slope, Weathered shale, heavy rainfall, slope cut causes failure.

Slide after the road, shallow translational failure, huge uverburden materials involved. Road is at the crown of the slide. Prominent crown cracks are noted. Road is also part of the slide. Landslide facing 68╦Ü.
Slope easing, Construction of proper retention wall. Reconstruction of the, stop unscientific dumping of materials.
Steep slope, erosion by rainwateron unconsolidated dumped materials, weathered shale, soil proportion> rock fragments on that particular damaged part.

Anthropogenic Landslide,Shallow translational failure affecting the bamboo plantation. Landslide facing 105╦Ü.
Steep slope, highly weathered rock and rainfall.

Anthropogenic Landslide,Shallow translational failure affecting the village house. Landslide facing 307╦Ü.
J2 responsible for failure, highly weathered rock and rainfall.

Natural Landslide,Shallow translational failure affecting the village property. Landslide facing 305╦Ü.
Slope easing, Construction of proper drainage at toe and reconstruction of old retention wall.
Damage to old retention wall, road and village water supply line.
Weathered shale, heavy rainfall and rill erosion causes failure in the debris material.

Anthropogenic shallow translational failure. Rockslide facing 332╦Ü.
Weathered shale, heavy rainfall and extensive slope cut causes failure in the debris material.

Palaeo Debris Landslide,Shallow translational failure. Landslide facing 110╦Ü.
Steep slope, highly weathered rock and rainfall.

Anthropogenic Landslide,Shallow translational failure. Landslide facing 281╦Ü.
Weathered shale, heavy rainfall, and extensive slope cut causes failure in the debris material.

Weathered shale, heavy rainfall and extensive slope cut causes failure in the debris material.

Palaeo Landslide,Shallow translational failure. Landslide facing 205╦Ü.
Weathered shale, heavy rainfall, and extensive slope cut causes failure.

Weathered shale, heavy rainfall, and extensive slope cut causes failure.

Weathered shale, heavy rainfall, and extensive slope cut causes failure in the debris material.

Shallow translational failure. Rockslide facing 252╦Ü.
Slope easing, Construction of breast wall, proper drainage at toe.
Steep slope, Weathered shale, heavy rainfall, slope cut causes failure.

Steep slope, Weathered shale, heavy rainfall, scooping out of materials due to flowing spring at the right flank of the slide and extensive slope cut causes failure.

near vertical rock, extensive slope cutting, jointed and weathered rock and rainfall.

Palaeo Debris Landslide,Shallow translational failure. Landslide facing 38╦Ü.
extensive slope cutting, weathered rock and rainfall.

Slide at road culvert,deep translational failure. Landslide facing 205╦Ü.
Slope easing, Construction of proper drainage at toe and construction of breast wall.
Steep slope, Deep gully erosion by seasonal spring/rainwater, weathered shale.

Anthropogenic failure,Shallow translational failure. Rockslide facing 205╦Ü.
Slope easing, Construction of proper drainage at toe and construction of breast wall.
Steep slope, rill erosion by seasonal spring/rainwater, weathered shale.

subsidence facing 255╦Ü.
Slope easing, Construction of proper drainage at toe and erection of retention wall.
damage to the road. Cracks are seen in the road.

Down Slope Road side Natural Landslide,Shallow translational failure. Landslide facing 282╦Ü.
Slope easing, Construction of retention wall, proper drainage at toe.
Damage to the village water reservoir and village road
Weathered shale, natural spring, heavy rainfall and extensive slope cut causes failure in the debris material.

Slope easing, Construction of proper drainage at toe and checking deforestation.
Weathered shale, heavy rainfall, deforestation and extensive slope cut causes failure in the debris material.

Steep slope, Weathered shale, heavy rainfall, slope cut causes failure.

Length>>width of the slide. Rockslide facing 325╦Ü.
Slope easing, Construction of both breast wall and retention wall, proper drainage at toe.
Damage to road and village water supply line.
J1 plane is the cause of Rockslide and J2 plane in the reason behind probable rockfall occurance.

Shallow translational failure. landslide facing 180╦Ü.
Steep slope, Weathered shale, heavy rainfall and slope cut causes failure.

Shallow translational failure. landslide facing 195╦Ü.
Steep slope, Weathered shale, heavy rainfall and slope cut causes failure.

Sandstone bands present. Length >> width of the slide. S0 ll J1 plane is the slide plane. Wedge failure noted. Shallow translational failure. Rock slide facing 150╦Ü
Very Steep slope, Weathered and jointed rocks, heavy rainfall and slope cut causes failure.

Sandstone bands present. Shallow translational failure. Rock slide facing 252╦Ü

Sandstone bands present. Shallow translational failure. Rock slide facing 166╦Ü

Shallow translational failure. Natural landslide facing 100╦Ü.
Steep slope, Weathered shale, heavy rainfall.

Shallow translational failure. Natural landslide facing 35╦Ü.
Steep slope, Weathered shale, heavy rainfall.

Slope easing with proper ratio, proper drainage at toe and construction of breast wall.
Steep slope, Weathered shale, heavy rainfall and anthropogenic activity.

Rockslide facing 65╦Ü.
Slope easing, Construction of both breast wall and retention wall, proper drainage at toe.
J1 plane is the cause of Rockslide. Highly jointed rock, rainfall and anthropogenic activity.

Shallow translational failure. Landslide facing 346╦Ü

Roadside shallow translational failure. landslide facing 94╦Ü.
Steep slope(general surface slope is 44╦Ü), Weathered splintary shale and heavy rainfall.

Deep translational failure with several failure planes. Landslide facing 185╦Ü
Steep slope, Weathered shale, deep gully erosion by heavy rainfall.

Shallow translational failure with several failure planes. Natural landslide facing 346╦Ü
Steep slope, Weathered shale, deep gully erosion due to presence of flowing spring and heavy rainfall.

bedding plane is very well exposed to form the slide surface. Rockslide facing 104╦Ü.
Steep slope(general surface slope is 43╦Ü), Weathered shale and heavy rainfall.

Longchari and Praveen, S., 2019: MacroΓÇÉscale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheet nos. 83H13, 83H/14, 83L/01 and 83L/02 in Imphal East, Imphal West, Thoubal and Bishnupur Districts of Manipur. Un pub. GSI report for FS 2
Reduction of strengthon super saturation and unplanned cutting of slope

Pore water pressure,reduction of strength on super-saturation

Pore water pressure, reduction of strengthon super saturation and unplanned cutting of slope

Pore water pressure and unplanned cutting of slope.

Reduction of strength on super-saturation and unplanned cutting of slope

Removal of debris & modification of shape
Pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super-saturation and unplanned cutting of slope

Benching removal of debris, retaining wall and channelisation of rain water.
Pore water pressure and reduction of strength-saturation

Retaining wall,proper channelization of water along the slope, and maintainence of drainage
Planner failure, porewater pressure and unplanned cutting of slope

Planner failure, porewater pressure and unplanned cutting of slope

Retaining wall,proper channelization of water along the slope, and maintainence of drainage
Planner failure, pore water pressure and unplanned cutting of slope

Pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super-saturation and unplanned cutting of slope

Pore water pressure and reduction of strength-saturation

Pore water pressure unplanned cutting of slope.

Stream water causing toe erosion and the soil is oversaturated with water

Removal of loose debris and construction of retaining wall
Soil oversaturated with water due to high rainfall

Soil oversaturated with water due to high rainfall and unplanned cutting of slope

Moderate vegetation & cultivation on the downslope
Stream water causing erosion on the downslope, oversaturation of soil
with water and unplanned cutting of slope

Pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super-saturation

Removal of debris, construction of retaining walls
Reduction of strength on super saturation of water

Reduction of strength on super saturation of water

Extension of retaining wall on both sides

Removal of loose debris and construction of retaining wall

Removal of debris and benching of upslope
Reduction of strength on super saturation of water

Removal of debris, construction of retaining walls

Splintery shale with thin interbands of siltstone
The stream should be properly channelized so that further erosion of the slope can be checked

Splintery shale with thin interbands of siltstone
Slope cutting should be avoided and proper retaining wall should be constructed

Maphou Kuki landslide
Shale, siltstone and sandstone sequences of Disang group which is highly weathered. The weathered rock has produced a thick cover of in-situ soil.
Spillway wall collapsed along the affected zone. Reactivated on 05/04/2017 at 14.00hrs
Maphou Kuki village road to the east of Sirarakhong Mapithelal Dam.
a. The old tank should be demolished and alternate plastic/steel tank can be placed for water usage.
b. Guided drainage throughout the affected zone is very essential.
c. Slope stabilization techniques such as benching and perforated drainages can be ad
Road, houses and Spillway wall has been collapsed.
a. The blasting in tunnel and subsequent vibrations might have disturbed the rock mass strength and increased the fractures & pore spaces and consequently a slide has taken place in 2016. This event might have disturbed the stability of slope.
b. The in

Removal of loose materials from the slopes
Planner failure, and unplanned cutting of slope

Haijang landslide
Shale of Disang group which is highly weathered
Important village road of Sirarakhong village at risk.
Haijang village road to the east of Sirarakhong Baptist
Water seepage noticed at the time of study
a. Close observation/monitoring of the cracks through the installation of tell-tales to understand its further propensity over the buildings is recommended.
b. Proper drainage system should be maintained (training of the nala).
c. Cracks should be seale
2 school buildings and two houses affected
a. The thick pile of clay-rich soil and the subsiding zone represented by a concave slope favours more percolation as well as flow of rain water that might have led to lubrication/saturation of the weak slope mass.
b. Water seepage in the area with repor

Jatinga Lampur landslide.
The affected slope is largely composed of highly weathered sandstone and shale overlain by thick insitu soil cover. Regionally, the surrounding area comprises of shale, flaggy sandstone and calcareous rocks of Disang formation.
Construction of gabion wall was under progress during the time of investigation.
Between Jatinga Lampur Railway Station and Harangajao Railway Station.
Railway track was blocked, but was cleared in 2 to 3 hours.
Toe support for the affected slope through construction of strong RCC retaining wall with sufficient weep holes, founded on sound sub stratum; Covering the vulnerable slope by geosynthetics/geotextiles during rainy season; Construction and timely mainten
Weak slope forming material; the affected area is composed of highly weathered sandstone and shale overlain by thick insitu soil; Anthropogenic activities: Slope modification by excavating and toe cutting for laying rail track; Rainfall: Incessan

Kalikhola Slide II (Old Landslide)
Contact zone of Disang Group and Laisong Formation of Barail Group. Disang Group of rocks represented by dark grey colored shale is overlain by Laisong Formation represented by buffed sandstone with partings of siltstone and shale.
Eastern flank of NS trending hill ridge showing dipping bed 25┬░ 30┬░towards westerly.
Landslide at Kalikhola village of Kangpokpi District, Manipur reactivated during early part of July, 2018 resulting damage of village foot track and blocked a nala (Kali Lok) resulting temporary dam structure creating a small lake. The area is represente
The entire Kalikhola is prone to landslide mainly because of inherent geological, topographical and landuse pattern. Thus, an appropriate watershed management and landuse management is urgently required.
Flowing during rainy season. Two streams i.e. southsouth easterly Flowing Kali Lok (Nala) and its tributary which is southerly Flowing meets in the area and flows south easterly at downslope of the sliding zone.
Thickly to moderately vegetated forest with patches of jhum cultivation at higher reaches.
Damaged a village foot track; Block Kali Lok (Nala) with water logging forming a temporary dam.
The area is represented by thick forest in the higher reaches with terrace and jhum cultivation in patches. Topographic midslope portion is represented by moderate to sparse vegetation and downslope is characterized by sparse vegetation with terrace farm
Immediate removal of debris material which blocked the stream course for free flow of water. The newly developed nala (running along the middle part of the slide) be made functional clearing the debris material. Plantation of fast growing, l
Presence of topographic break in slope, the steeper upslope part is represented by hard rock (Barails) and thick forest while the gentler lower part is represented by sparse vegetation and thin layer of debris underlain by impermeable clayey layer. Rain

Ramen Das et al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 83G/15, G/16, Senapati, Tamenglong and Peren districts, Manipur and Nagaland. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2015-2016.
Avoid the area for cultivation. Let the forest cover to grow.

Ramen Das et al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 83G/15, G/16, Senapati, Tamenglong and Peren districts, Manipur and Nagaland. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2015-2016.

Construction of retaining
walls and Modification of the slope by benching
Planner failure, reduction of strength on super-saturation and unplanned cutting of slope

Shale, siltstone, greywacke rhythmite & sandstone
Tase, L., and Patra, L., 2020. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping toposheets nos. 83G/08 & 83H/02, in parts of toposheets 83H/05, 83H/13 and 83L/01 falling in Dima Hasao and Cachar district of Assam and Jiribam, Imphal East and Impha
Natural slide.
Weak lithology, increased pore water pressure and reduction of strength on super saturation.

Tase, L., and Patra, L., 2020. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping toposheets nos. 83G/08 & 83H/02, in parts of toposheets 83H/05, 83H/13 and 83L/01 falling in Dima Hasao and Cachar district of Assam and Jiribam, Imphal East and Impha
Risk to settlement below, water is oozing out at the base of the toe of slide
1. Construction of Gabion wall at the base of the slide. 2. Plant deep rooted plants.
1 house damaged, nearby pond covered by the debris material
Pore water pressure, reduction of strength on supersaturation, slope cut has caused instability of slope

Tase, L., and Patra, L., 2020. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping toposheets nos. 83G/08 & 83H/02, in parts of toposheets 83H/05, 83H/13 and 83L/01 falling in Dima Hasao and Cachar district of Assam and Jiribam, Imphal East and Impha
Natural slide
Construction of gabion wall of 1m height and 2.5 m width at the toe of the slide.
pore water pressure, reduction of strength on supersaturation

Shale, siltstone, greywacke rhythmite & sandstone
Slide material has partially covered the yard of a house
Slope cut has caused instability of slope- exceeding the critical angle/angle of repose

Installing proper lined drainage, Contruction of concrete walls at the toe of the slide
Slope cut has caused instability of slope- exceeding the critical angle/angle of repose

Planner failure, Pore water pressure and reduction of strength on super-saturation

Widening of road and proper channelling of stream water
due to oversaturation of water and toe erosion during heavy rainfall

Removal of debris and modification of slope by benching
Reduction of strength on super saturation of water and unplanned cutting of slope

Modification of the slope and construction of retaining wall
Reduction of strength on super saturation of water and unplanned cutting of slope

Planner failure, pore water pressure and unplanned cutting of slope

from the slopes and benching

construction of benches and removal of debris
Planner failure, and unplanned cutting of slope

Moderate vegetation and extensive slope cutting
Planner failure, pore water pressure and unplanned cutting of slope

Moderate vegetation and extensive slope cutting
Planner failure, reduction of strength on super-saturation and unplanned cutting of slope

Sandstone with intercalation of splintery shale
Moderate vegetation and extensive slope cutting

Sandstone and shale of Upper Disang Formation.
Tase, L, Zaphu, V., Patra, L. 2019: MacroΓÇÉscale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheet nos. 83 H/09 and 83H10 falling in Tamenglong and Noney Districts of Manipur. Un pub. GSI report for FS 2018-30
1. Slope hardening by plantation 2. concrete wall along the toe.

Tase, L, Zaphu, V., Patra, L. 2019: MacroΓÇÉscale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheet nos. 83 H/09 and 83H10 falling in Tamenglong and Noney Districts of Manipur. Un pub. GSI report for FS 2018-31

Tase, L, Zaphu, V., Patra, L. 2019: MacroΓÇÉscale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheet nos. 83 H/09 and 83H10 falling in Tamenglong and Noney Districts of Manipur. Un pub. GSI report for FS 2018-26
Increased pore pressure due to rainfall on overburden.

Sandstone and shale of Upper Disang Formation.
1. Providing lined drainage. 2. slope benching.
1. Planar failure. 2. increase in pore water pressure. 3. steep cutting of slope for road alignment.

Sandstone-shale interbands of Upper Disang Formation
1. Proper channel to divert the spring water and maintenance of the lined drainage.
1. Planar failure. 2. Increase in pore water pressure reducing the strenght of the over burden materials to resist sliding.

Shale, siltstone and sandstone of Upper Disang Formation.
Data taken by remote sensing technigue. A natural slide.

Removal of debris and construction of gabion wall for 5m along the road.

Pekua landslide
Tipam Group of rocks represented by highly weathered, friable, yellowish to light brown colour, fine to medium grained, ferruginous sandstone with small mudstone/clay pockets.
Contact between Tipam Group with Bokabil Formation of the Surma Group of rocks with siltstone and mudstone with sandstone units noted in nearby location with almost sub horizontal bedding plane (6┬░).
Three houses and rubber plantation are present in the upslope of the landslide. The domestic sewage from the household should be checked and diverted properly. Electric lines and poles present at the foot of the landslide (along the road side) are at ri
Pekua village (towards Murabari) along PMGSY road
Advancing and Retrogressive (material on the scarp and above the crown likely to collapse in the event of heavy rains)
Settlement, rubber plantation, orchard, banana and bamboos
The affected area includes parts of rubber plantation and banana plantations
Slope moderation of slide scar and adjacent steep slopes; Removal of debris from road and roadside drain. Channelization of the surface runoff to divert water from the vulnerable slope and to consider construction of toe support by locally available mate
Thick and loose nature of the overburden; Steep slope cut during construction of road; Seepage and erosion from gullies during heavy rains

1.Removing of overburden materials from the slope. 2. channeling water (rain water)
Increased overburden pressure due to incessant rainfall.

Shale, siltstone and sandstone alteration of Upper Disang Formation.
Unstable area. Extensive slope cut will put the NH-37 and newly constructed way at risk. Cracks observed on the slope in the vicinity of th slide which can aggravate the sliding.
NH_37A, Imphal-Khoupum highway. 280 m above the NH-37.
1.Avoid further extensive slope cutting. 2. Consult Geo-hazard experts for further developmental activities. 3. Avoid settlement. 4. Detail studies is recommended along this stretch.
1. Extensive slope cut. 2. The beds and the slope are consequent in nature. 3. Seepage of water along the interface of bed rock and overburden decreased the friction strenght, hence leading the materials to slide along the bedding plane.

It is an old landslide.
NH_37, Imphal-Jiribum highway. 30 m North of LS 51
1. Gabion wall construction. 2. Proper drainage to drain away the water. 3. Avoid stagnation of water at the toe of the slide.
1. Cutting of slope for road. 2.Increase in pore water pressure reducing the cohesive strength of the overburden materials.

1.Construcion of gabion wall from the toe to the road 2. Proper drainage system along the road.

Unstable area. Futher unplanned quarrying activity will put high risk to life and road.
1.Avoid further extensive slope cutting. 2. Consult Geo-hazard experts for further developmental activities. 3. Avoid settlement.
1. Unplanned cutting of slope for querrying 2. Reduction of strenght of the overburden materials by supersaturation 3. Increase in pore water pressure by incessant rainfall.

1. Removal of debris 2. Lined drainage along the road.

Shale sandstone beds of Upper Disang Formation.

Data taken by remote sensing technigue.

Slope benching by gabion wall from toe to road.
Improper filling of the steep side of slope.

1. slope easing by benching 2.Drainage line along the road.
1. Planar failure. 2. Reduction of strenght on supersatuartion of the overburden added by steep slope cut for road alignment.

1. Slope hardening by plantation 2. slope benching.
1. Increase in pore water pressure reducing the strenght of the overburden.

Flaggy sandstone with subordinate shale of Laisong Formation.
Data taken by remote sensing technigue.

Flaggy sandstone with subordinate shale of Laisong Formation.

Slope benching and slope hardening by planting trees.
1. Extensive slope cut. 2. Increase in pore pressure on over burden by incessant rainfall.

Data taken by remote sensing technigue. A natural slide.

Planted Hibiscus plant for slope stability.
Slope stability by plantation and slope benching.
extensive slope cut and overburden pore pressure.

1. Reduction of strenght of the over burden by super-saturation

Tupul Slide
Stone intercalated with thin shale bedding: N5°E-S5°W/45° due west
Tupul (Along NH-53, Juncture of Tupul & Ijai Rivers)
Fault, weak geological formation, natural toe erosion

1. Planar failure. 2. steep cutting of slope for road alignment.

Construction of Gabion wall from toe to the road.

It is an old landslide.
NH_37, Imphal-Jiribum highway. 470 m SSE of the paleaoslide LS 149
1. Construction of concrete wall at the upslope of the railway bench. 2. Awareness to the downslope settlement area as the area is at risk with future reactivation of the slide.
1. Cutting of slope for railway line. 2.Increase in pore water pressure reducing the cohesive strength of the overburden materials.

Data taken from Haochong village- Noney highway

Carbonaceous sandy shale, sandstone and coal seam of Jenam Formation.

Gogoi, A., and Das R. 2017. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 83 G/11 and 83G/12, Peren district in Manipur and Tamenglong district in Nagaland. Unpubl. GSI report FS 2016-17
Due to extensive slope cut the sandstone bed was exposed, weathered and due to rainfall the loose weathered material slided
1.Removing loose materials from the slope. 2.Crown can be modified by removing the loose hanging material. 3.Toe of the slope has to be kept packed

Gogoi, A., and Das R. 2017. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 83 G/11 and 83G/12, Peren district in Manipur and Tamenglong district in Nagaland. Unpubl. GSI report FS 2016-17
Loose debris lying over a very high slope got triggered by rainfall
1. Modify the crown by removing hanging material 2.Removing loose material from the slope. 3. Construction of retaining wall

Gogoi, A., and Das R. 2017. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 83 G/11 and 83G/12, Peren district in Manipur and Tamenglong district in Nagaland. Unpubl. GSI report FS 2016-17
Loose debris lying on high slope slided due to excessive rainfall
1.Removing loose materials from the slope. 2.Crown can be modified by removing the loose hanging material. 3.Toe of the slope has to be kept packed

Loose debris lying over a very high slope became unstable due to slope cut and subsequently slided down due to rainfall.
1. Modify the crown by removing hanging material 2.Removing loose material from the slope. 3. Construction of retaining wall

Fractured and jointed rock got exposed due to slope cut and slided due to rainfall
1.Removal of slided material to clear road blockade and drainage. 2.Removal of loose material from the slope

Fractured rock got exposed due to slope cut and got slided
1.At present the slide in in stable condition. Only some materials blocking the drainage system should be removed

Due to extensive slope cut the highly fractured rock got exposed and slided down
1.Removal of the slided material. 2.Construction of retaining wall.

Extensive slope cut made the overburden material to become unstable and hence slided

Due to extensive slope cut loose materials lying on steep slope slided
1.Removal of loose material from the slope and also clear the drainage. 2.Increase height of retaining wall.

Due to slope cut the loose debris lying on the slope slided.
1.Remove loose boulder from the slope and the toe

Due to slope cut the fractured shale and sandstone became unstable and slided.
1.Removal of material from the toe to clear drainage.

Extensive slope cut made the overburden material to become unstable and hence slided
Put Retaining wall of proper dimension, remove loose material

Soft and loose material lying on the slope got destabilized due to slope cut
Clear drainage, remove loose material from scar

Loose weathered and fractured shale destabilized by slope cut
1.Removal of the slided material from the slope to expose the already constructed retaining wall. 2.Remove material to clear drainage. 3.Height of the retaining wall should be increased.

Loose debris lying on the slope along with fractured rock became unstable due to slope cut during road construction.
1.The sliding material has loaded the toe of the slide preventing further slide. 2. Removal of material from the road to clear drainage.

1.Removal of overburden material from toe to clear drainage. 2.Modification of slope.

Loose weathered and fractured shale destabilized by slope cut
1.Removal of loose material from the slope and crown.

Due to slope cut the loose debris lying on the slope slided.
1.Slope modification by constructing benches. 2.Construction of retaining wall.

Loose weathered and fractured shale destabilized by slope cut
1.Modification of the slope by construction of benches

Weathered shale destabilized by slope cut
1.Removal of hanging material from the crown

1.Removal of hanging material from the crown

Slope cut had destabilized the slope and the weathered shale slided.
1. Slope modification to decrease the gradient.

Loose debris lying on the slope along with fractured rock became unstable due to slope cut during road construction.
1.Retaining wall of about 3m height should be constructed. 2.Construction of proper drainage system so that the water will flow through the already cut nala.

Due to slope cut the fractured shale and sandstone became unstable and slided.
1.Removal of material from the toe to clear drainage. 2.Construction of retaining wall. 3.Modification of the crown.

1.Remove loose hanging material from the crown. 2. Removal of loose material from the slope and toe to remove drainage.

Due to rainfall the weathered shale became oversaturated and slided down. Extensive slope cut is also one of the causes.
1.Removal of material from the toe to clear drainage. 2.The toe of the slope should be kept packed. 3.Modification of the crown.

Rainfall has caused the loose shale to become oversaturated and slide down
1.Retaining wall should be constructed. 2.Removal of loose hanging material from the crown.

Due to extensive slope cut loose materials lying on steep slope slided
1.Removal of overburden material from toe to clear drainage. 2.Modification of crown.

Extensive slope cut made the overburden material to become unstable and hence slided
1.Removal of overburden material from toe to clear drainage. 2.Construction of retaining wall.

Highly weathered shale and sandstone got oversaturated due to rainfall and slided down. Due to extensive slope cut the slope got destabilized.
1.Removal of loose material from the slope. 2.Modification of the drainage system.

Due to extensive slope cut the highly weathered rock which became oversaturated during rainfall and slided down
1.Removal of loose material from the slope. 2.Modification of the drainage system.

The weathered rock got destabilized due to slope cut and the oversaturated material slided down durin heavy rainfall
1. The crown can be modified by removing the loose hanging materials from it. 2. Clear the clogged drainage by removing the slided debris.

The weathered rock got destabilized due to slope cut and the oversaturated material slided down durin heavy rainfall
1.Modification of the slope by constructing benches. 2. Clear the clogged drainage by removing the slided debris. 3.Removal of slided materials from the slope.

The weathered rock got destabilized due to slope cut and the oversaturated material slided down durin heavy rainfall
1.Modification of the slope by constructing benches. 2. Retaining wall of height 3m should be constructed.

Fractured shaleis steeply cut cuasing unstability to the slope
Remove loose rock boulders from the slope

Due to extensive slope cut the highly weathered rock which became oversaturated during rainfall and slided down
1. Modify slope, 2. Remove slided material, 3. Costruct retaining wall

Due to extensive slope cut the highly weathered rock which became oversaturated during rainfall and slided down
1.Modification of the slope by constructing benches. 2. Clear the clogged drainage by removing the slided debris.

1.Modification of the crown by removal of loose hanging material. 2. Clear the clogged drainage by removing the slided debris.

1.Removal of loose material from the slope. 2.Modification of the crown. 3.Maintainence of proper drainage system.

Due to rainfall the soil got oversaturated and due to extensive slope cut, the slope got destabilized

Due to extensive slope cut, the slope got destabilized
1.Modification of slope by constructing benches. 2.Construction of retaining wall

Weathered shale steeply cut causing destabilization
1. Modify slopeby benching, 2. Do not load crown area, 3. Construct drainage

Weathered shale steeply cut causing destabilization
1. Modify slope and crown, 2. Avoid loading crown area.

1. Construct retaining wall, 2. Modify slope by benching, 3. Avoid loading crown area.
Highly weathered shale and sandstone got oversaturated due to rainfall and slided down. Due to extensive slope cut the slope got destabilized.

Weathered shale steeply cut causing destabilization
1. Clear slided debris, 2. Modify crown 3. Modify slope by constructing bench

1.Material slided has got stabilized and over it vegetation has grown.

1.Modification of the slope by construction of benches. 2.Removal of loose materials from the slope and toe to clear drainage.

1.Modification of the slope by construction of benches. 2.Removal of loose materials from the slope and toe to clear drainage. 3.Construction of retaining wall.

Loose weathered and fractured shale destabilized by slope cut. 2.Due to rainfall the material got oversaturated and slided down.
1.Removal of loose material from the slope. Maintaining a proper drainage system.

Loose weathered and fractured shale destabilized by slope cut. 2.Due to rainfall the material got oversaturated and slided down.
1.The landslide is stabilized now. 2.Retainind wall is already constructed.

Loose weathered and fractured shale destabilized by slope cut.
1.Removal of the slided material from the slope to expose the already constructed retaining wall. 2.Remove material to clear drainage. 3.Height of the retaining wall should be increased.

Loose weathered and fractured rock on a high angle slope was destabilized by slope cut.
1..Removal of loose debris from the slope. 2.Retaining wall is already constructed and is supporting the slide.

Loose weathered and fractured shale destabilized by slope cut.
1.Modification of the crown by removing the loose hanging materials. 2.Removal of slided material from the slope.

Loose weathered and fractured shale destabilized by slope cut.
1.Removal of the slided material from the slope to expose the already constructed retaining wall. 2.Remove material to clear drainage.

Loose weathered and fractured rock on a high angle slope was destabilized by slope cut.
1.Removing loose materials from the slope. 2.Crown can be modified by removing the loose hanging material. 3.Construction of retaining wall.

Loose weathered and fractured shale and siltstone destabilized by slope cut
1..Removal of loose debris from the slope. 2.Retaining wall is already constructed and is supporting the slide.

Fractured sandstone got destabilized due to slope cut
1.Removal of loose material. 2.Quarrying should be stopped.

Loose debris lying over relatively steep slope got unstable due to extensive slope cut
1.Removal of loose debris from the slope. 2.Construction of retaining wall.

Loose debris lying over relatively steep slope got unstable due to extensive slope cut
1.Removal of loose material from the slope.

Loose debris lying over relatively steep slope got unstable due to extensive slope cut
1.Removal of loose material from the scar.

Loose weathered and fractured shale and siltstone destabilized by slope cut
1.Removal of loose material from the slope.

Downslope side of the road has slided down narrowing the road.
1. Construction of benches to stabilize the slope. 2.Construction of retaining wall

Loose material which was oversaturated during rainfall got destabilized due to slope cut.
1.Removal of loose hanging material from the crown. 2.Retaining wall is already constructed which has increased the stability.

Due to extensive slope cut, the slope got destabilized
1.Retaining wall is already constructed and the slope is stabilized now. 2.Removal of loose material from the slope.

Due to extensive slope cut, the slope got destabilized

1.Removal of loose material from the slope.

1.Slight modification in crown. 2.The already constructed retaining wall has stabilized the slope

1.Retaining wall is already constructed and the slope is stabilized now.

Removal of slide debris on the road bench, benching of the upslope of road bench, construction of a flexible breast wall to benched slope, provision of a lined hillside drain to the road bench.

A flexible breast wall to the slided slope seen constructed. However, The upslope of the breast wall may be benched, provision of a lined hillside drain to the road bench.

Construction of a 2-3 tier flexible breast wall to the slide affected slope, provision of a lined hillside drain to the road bench.

Communication corridor, forested on the crown slope and settlement further upslope.
Further large scale retrogression may put the settlement area at risk.
Rock bolting considering the rockmass condition, construction of a flexible breast wall to the road bench, provision of lined hillside drains to the road bench.

Construction of a flexible breast wall to the slope. Provision of a lined hillside drain to the road bench.

A flexible breast wall to the slope may be constructed. Provision of a lined hillside drain to the road bench.

Benching of the upslope of road, construction of a flexible breast wall to the benched slope, provision of a lined hillside drain to the road bench.

Intermittent falls/topples
Slide debris partially covering the road bench.
Passing traffic may be at risk from falling rock boulders/fragments, road aligned over stable bedrock.
Moderation of the upslope of road through benching, construction of a multi-tier flexible breast wall to the road bench, provision of lined hillside drains to the road bench, shotcreting of the poor rockmass upslope of the road bench may also be consider

Construction of a flexible breast wall to the slide affected slope, provision of a lined hillside drain to the road bench, benching of the upslope of road bench.

Construction of a flexible breast wall to the slide affected slope, provision of a lined hillside drain to the road bench, trimming of the protruding rockmass upslope of the road bench, shotcreting of the trimmed rockmass upslope of road.

Construction of a flexible breast wall to the slide affected slope, provision of a lined hillside drain to the road bench.

Slide debris partially covering the road bench.
Passing traffic may be at risk for getting hid by rolling/sliding rock boulders
Removal of precariously resting loose boulders upslope of the road bench, moderation of the crown slope through benching, construction of a multi-tier flexible breast wall to the road bench, provision of lined hillside drains to the road bench.

Intermittent fall/topple

Further retrogression to the upslope cannot be ruled out under adverse hydrological conditions.
Rock bolting considering the rockmass condition, construction of a strong breast wall to the road bench and tied to the bedrock, provision of lined hillside drains to the road bench, removal of precariously resting rock blocks upslope of the road bench.

Removal of slide debris on the road bench, benching of the upslopes of road, construction of a multi-tier (2-3) wire mesh gabion breast wall to the benched slope, provision of a lined hillside drain to the road bench.

Translational along rock-overburden interface
Road bench partially covered by slide debris affecting the smooth passage of traffic.
Further retrogression to the upslope cannot be ruled out under adverse hydrological conditions.
Construction of a flexible multi-tier breast wall to the road bench, provision of lined hillside drains to the road bench, moderation of the crown scarp through benching.

Planar failure (translational) along the vulnerable bedding plane
Road bench partially covered by slide debris affecting the smooth passage of traffic.
Intermittent sliding and toppling of the rock boulders anticipated.
Construction of a flexible multi-tier breast wall to the road bench, provision of lined hillside drains to the road bench, removal of precariously resting rock boulders towards the central portion of the slide body, trimming of the crown scarp particular

Construction of a multi-tier (2-3) wire mesh gabion breast wall to the slide affected slope, provision of a lined hillside drain to the road bench.

Shallow translational along rock-overburden interface.
Left bank of Dziipvo river along Peren-Maram road
Valleyside edge of road bench taken down.
Further retrogression under adverse hydrological conditions cannot be ruled out.
Construction of a strong retaining wall of the road bench sufficiently keyed/pegged inside hill and founded over sound bedrock, provision of lined hillside drains at the road bench level, construction of toe erosion control walls at the stream level.

Peren-Maram road (left bank of Dziipvo river)
Construction of a multi-tier (2-3) wire mesh gabion breast wall to the slide affected slope, provision of a lined hillside drain to the road bench

Weathered shale resting on high slope destabilized due to slope cut
1. Remove slided material from toe/road, 2. Clear drainage

Weathered shale resting on high slope destabilized due to slope cut

Weathered shale resting on high slope destabilized due to slope cut
Remove loose material from crown, clear drainage

Shale, siltstone, greywacke rhythmite & sandstone
Das, R., Imchen, W., Gogoi, A. and John, E., 2020. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos.83G/10, 13, 83J/02, 03, 04, 06, 07, 09, 10, 13 and 83N/01 falling in Peren, Dimapur districts of Nagaland and Golaghat,
Steep slope, slope having fragile sandstone

Flaggy sandstone with subordinate shale rare coal
Das, R., Imchen, W., Gogoi, A. and John, E., 2020. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos.83G/10, 13, 83J/02, 03, 04, 06, 07, 09, 10, 13 and 83N/01 falling in Peren, Dimapur districts of Nagaland and Golaghat,
During high rainfall, high amount of water brought all surfacial debris due to high velocity.

Flaggy sandstone with subordinate shale rare coal
Das, R., Imchen, W., Gogoi, A. and John, E., 2020. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos.83G/10, 13, 83J/02, 03, 04, 06, 07, 09, 10, 13 and 83N/01 falling in Peren, Dimapur districts of Nagaland and Golaghat,
Remove slided debris from scarp and draining. Remove loose hanging debris from crown part.
Steep cut slope along the slope containing colluvium material.

Flaggy sandstone with subordinate shale rare coal
Clear slided debris to clear drainage. Trim crown part to lower slope gradient.
Slope along highly weather and fractured.

Prepare bench to modify and stabilise slope. Trim slope to lower the gradient.
Slope cut resulted into hanging position SFM laong consequent slope-cut.

Trim crown part to lower slope gradient. Remove loose slided debris and clear drainage.
Slope-cut along the slope containing thick insitu soil.

Remove slided debris and clear drainage. Trim hanging material from crown, and trim the slope to lower the slope gradient.
Slope-cut has destabilised slope with colluvium material. Oversaturation due3 to run-off water as well as rain water increase the weight of the material causing unstability.

Remove slided debris and clear drainage. Trim hanging material from crown, and trim the slope to lower the slope gradient. Construct retaining wall along the affected slope.
Slope-cut has destabilised slope with colluvium material. Oversaturation due3 to run-off water as well as rain water increase the weight of the material causing unstability.

Remove trees at the ccrown part to minimise weight. Trim crown part to lower the gradient of the slope.
Steep slope cutting. Big trees at the crown part putting weight at the unstable slope.

Lower the gradient by trimming the slope. Remove loose slided debris clear drainage.
Steep slope cut along the slop0e containing insitu soil and fractured sandstone and shale.

Shale, siltstone, greywacke rhythmite and fossils
Remove slided debris. Trim hanging loose material near crown part.
Slope cut along slope containing highly weathered and fractured shale.

Remove slided debris and clear drainage. Trimming of crown part to reduce the slope gradient of cut slope.
Steep slope-cut along slope having highly weathered and fractured alt shale and sandstone sequence.

Remove slided debris and clear drainage. Trimming of crown part to lower the slope cut gradient.

Shale, siltstone, greywacke rhythmite and fossils
Trimming of material in the slope to reduce slope gradient.
Steep slope cut along slope having insitu soil.

Remove slided debris from the road. Clear culvert. Construct breat wall with enough weep hole.
Drainage along the zone has destabilised the slope having fractured shale.

Shale, siltstone, greywacke rhythmite and fossils
Back cutting of existing road towards uplope side. Remove colluvium from downslope side of the road to bedrock is exposed. Keeping bedrock as base for foundation construct retaining wall.
Steep slope thick loose colluvium material, toe cutting by nala towards left side. Jointed bed rock, one set favouring sliding (70°-20° or 70°-29°).

Retaining wall to the level of the road. Guide culvert water through lined drainage towards downslope side.
Steep slope cut along slope containing colluvium material has destablised the slope. Erosion by water flowing through culvert.

Smoothen the gradient by trimming. Avoid spreading household water at the affected slope.
Loose weathered shale resting along steep slope. Domestic activities causing watering of slope, removing of natural vegetation.

Construct retaining along the affected part of the road. Channelize water by extension of culvert with concrete.
Toe erosion by nala. Nala constantly feed water to the slope with loose debris.

Drain out water from the affected part. Construct light weight houses with deep pillars. Construct retaining wall.
Fault zone. Colluvium material. Sring near affected/subsided part. Wet hydrological condition.

Concrete lined drainage to restrict toe erosion. Deep seated retaining wall. Construct two benches.
Toe erosion has romoved part of SFM (colluvium) putting up slope material hanging which is loose.

Toe erosion. Sewage water affecting slope. Improper drainage.

Left flank S?=15??020? , right flank S?=12??220?
Construction retaining wall along the toe part of the subsidence zone (where material got removed) reinforced with RCC beams. Spring water to drainage to wrest its downward movement.
Weak bedrock i.e. crushed carbonaceous shale with overlying colluvium material dumped during construction of school building. Perrenial spring well behind the school building at upslope side feed water constantlyto the slope.

Friable course grained sandstone of Tipam formation with clayey regolith overburden soil.
Communication corridor (NH-29) and moderately vegetated
Weak geological formation and unfavourable slope

Ferruginous sandstone with siltstone and clay
Construct a breast wall. Remove hanging rock around the crown
Extensive slope cut during highway widening

Ferruginous sandstone with siltstone and clay
Slope cut during arterial road constrcution

Ferruginous sandstone with siltstone and clay
Slope cut should be done keeping slope angle less than 45%
Toe support is removed from a slope having debris as slope forming material

Extensive slope cut during highway widening

Remove slided debris. Retaining wall with enough wipe holes.
Saturation of sandy soil lead to increase in pore pressure during heavy rainfall

Trim the crown part to reduce the gradient.
Saturation of sandy soil existing on the slope

Mottled clay, sandy clay, sandstone & conglomerate

Steep slope, slope having fragile sandstone

Trim the crown part to reduce the gradient.
Steep slope, slope having fragile sandstone

Friable coarse grained sandstone of Tipam Formation with clayey regolith soil.
Communication corridor (NH-29) and forested land
Weak geological formation and unfavourable slope caused planner failure.

Sandstone (thickly bedded, silty and pebbly at places) with thinly laminated shale.
Inherent slope character and incessant rainfall
Intermittent, localised slope failures (debris slides/flows and rock slides) in pockets affecting 300-350m length of the road have been observed along the south-westerly directed, very steep slope face (500-600). It has also been observed downslope of th
Water supply pipeline to Dimapur town and satellite township due to slope failure along the vulnerable discontinuity plane on the left bank of the river observed.
Flowing water along steep slope through unguided water course and suspected toe erosion.

Remove all hanging loose rocks from the slope. Construct a retaining wall to avoid damage to traffic and road if any slide occurs.

Due to slope cut in a jointed alope wedge failure has occurred.

The slope will stabilized afetr unstable material is removed.
Steepening of slope due to extensive slope cut facilitated wedge failure.

Smoothen the slope, remove hanging loose rocks near the crown
Steepening of slope due to extensive slope cut facilitated wedge failure.

Conglomerate with sandy loam, kankar & sandy clay

Sakhabi
Shale, silty shale with micaceous sandstone.
Fractures and joints, bed dips towards valley (Shale).
The affected area is composed of weak lithology, comprising of weathered shale (fragmented) with conglomerate layer at the top. The beds are horizontal to subhorizontal with beds dipping towards the valley. The slide is a shallow debris slide which is re
Kiso, E. and Tariq, Q. A. (2018); MacroScale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in Toposheet nos. 83G/5 and 83G/9 in Karbi Anglong, Dima Hasao and NGaon districts in Asam and Kohima District in NGaland . GSI report of FS 201718.
1. Incessant rainfall. 2. Slope cut for road.
1. Trim off the unstable mass from the crown area. 2. Proper maintenance of draiNGe at the toe of the slope cut.
1. Poor slope forming material comprising of highly weathered shalesilty shale. 2. Prominent bedding planes dipping towards the valley. 3. During rainfall the weak material loses its cohesive strength and fails along its weak plane.

Mottled clay, sandy clay, sandstone & conglomerate.
The slide is a shallow translational debris slide caused due to extensive slope cut for rail line construction, triggered by incessant rainfall. The overburden material comprises of highly weathered ferruginous sandstone (W4) and insitu soil cover on top
Kiso, E. and Tariq, Q. A. (2018); MacroScale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in Toposheet nos. 83G/5 and 83G/9 in Karbi Anglong, Dima Hasao and NGaon districts in Asam and Kohima District in NGaland . GSI report of FS 201718.
1. Incessant rainfall. 2. Slope cut for rail line.
It is learnt that during continuous rainfall the railway line gets affected by occasional small scale slope failure.
1. Maintenance of existing toe wall by providing more weep holes to allow passage of water and avoid clogging. 2. Slope benching along the slope and construction of two tiers RCC retaining wall with sufficient weep holes within sound bedrock or on the mo
1. Slope cut. 2. Poor slope forming material comprising of highly weathered ferruginous sandstone (W4). 3. During rainfall the weak material loses its cohesive strength leading to increase in pore water pressure causing slope failure. 4. Poor maintenance

Mottled clay, sandy clay, sandstone & conglomerate.
The affected area is a shallow translational soil slide caused due to slope cut triggered by incessant rainfall. Other chief causative factors include poor slope forming material comprising of insitu (sandysilt) soil and improper maintenance of draiNGe o
Kiso, E. and Tariq, Q. A. (2018); MacroScale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in Toposheet nos. 83G/5 and 83G/9 in Karbi Anglong, Dima Hasao and NGaon districts in Asam and Kohima District in NGaland . GSI report of FS 201718.
1. Incessant rainfall. 2. Slope cut for road.
This road acts as the connectivity link between Diphu and Dimapur via Dhansiri.
1. Slope easing. 2. Maintenance of hillside drains along road.
1. Slope cut for road. 2. Poor slope forming material comprising of highly weathered ferruginous sandstone (W4). 3. During rainfall the weak material loses its cohesive strength leading to increase in pore water pressure causing slope failure.

Mottled clay, sandy clay, sandstone & conglomerate.
The slide is a shallow translational debris slide caused due to extensive slope cut for rail line construction, triggered by incessant rainfall. The overburden material comprises of highly weathered ferruginous sandstone (W4) and insitu soil cover on top
1. Incessant rainfall. 2. Slope cut for rail line.
┬áIt is learnt that during continuous rainfall the railway line gets affected by occasional small scale slope failure.
At times disrupts the railway communication.
1. Maintenance of existing toe wall by providing weep holes to allow passage of water. 2. Slope benching along the slope and construction of two tiers RCC retaining wall within clay beds with sufficient weep holes. 3. Use of geofibre with plantation of v
1. Slope cut 2. Poor slope forming material comprising of highly weathered ferruginous sandstone (W4) with thin clay beds. 3. During rainfall the weak material loses its cohesive strength leading to increase in pore water pressure causing slope failure.

NowgongTilabasti
Unstabilised & unoxidised sand, silt and clay.
The affected area comprises of highly weathered ferruginous sandstonesiltstoneclaylaterite. The slide is caused due to toe erosion by the meandering Dhansiri River when the water level rises and increases in intensity during heavy rainfall. The water cur
Two or three kaacha hutment lies on the left bank of the Dhansiri River and upon enquiry it led to the discovery that during heavy rainfall the area gets flooded due to rise in water level and the residents are forced to evacuate.
Moderate vegetation, adjacent to left bank of Dhansiri River.
1. Any settlement near the affected area must be cautious during monsoon season due to rise in water level.
1. Toe erosion by River. 2. Poor slope forming material comprising of highly weathered sandstonesiltstonelaterite.

Gautam basti
Mottled clay, mudstone & ferruginous sandstone.
The slide is a shallow translational debris slide caused due to slope cut, triggered by continuous rainfall. The poor overburden material comprising of highly weathered rock (mottled clayferruginous sandstone) developed increase in pore water pressure wh
1. Since the area adjacent to the slide is used as a flat land, thus no immediate impact to the society, however, awareness can be made especially during rainfall season. 2. Two houses are situated a few meters away from the slide area, thus care must be
1. Poor slope forming material comprising of highly weathered sandstonemottled clay (W4). 2. During rainfall the weak material loses its cohesive strength leading to slope failure.

Shale, siltstone, ferruginous sandstone and mudstone
Kiso, E., Neethusree, K.J., 2019; Macro - Scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in Toposheet Nos. 83 F/11, 12 and parts of Toposheet No. 83 F/16 in Karbi Anglong and Golaghat districts of Assam and Wokha district of Nagaland
1. Incessant rainfall 2. Slope cut for road
Few rill erosion along the slope observed which may further render slope failure
Partial road block but already cleared at the time of investigation
1. Slope easing at the crown area 2. Channelize the drainage away from the affected slope 3. Remove accumulated debris and RCC retaining wall with sufficient weep holes may be constructed at the toe of the slope 4. Maintenance of hill side drains along r
1. Poor slope forming material comprising in-situ soil and highly weathered rock 2. Increase in pore water pressure of the overburden material due to surface and sub-surface drainage, leading to slope failure

Kiso, E., Neethusree, K.J., 2019; Macro - Scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in Toposheet Nos. 83 F/11, 12 and parts of Toposheet No. 83 F/16 in Karbi Anglong and Golaghat districts of Assam and Wokha district of Nagaland
1. Incessant rainfall 2. Slope cut for road
1. Slope easing at the crown area 2. Toe retaining wall with sufficient weep holes can be constructed 3. Hill side drains along road.
1. Due to incessant rainfall, water reduces the friction between the bedrock and the underlying sediments causing debris to slide down 2. Weathering intensity is more at the crown area (Ferrugenous sandstone, W4) as compared to the lower layer.

Shale, siltstone, ferrugenous sandstone and mudstone
Kiso, E., Neethusree, K.J., 2019; Macro - Scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in Toposheet Nos. 83 F/11, 12 and parts of Toposheet No. 83 F/16 in Karbi Anglong and Golaghat districts of Assam and Wokha district of Nagaland
1. Incessant rainfall 2. Slope cut for road
The affected site is located at a few distances away from the road.
1. Slope easing at the crown area 2. Trimming of branches or removal of heavy vegetation cover from the affected slope area which can potentially slide down 3. Hill side drains may be constructed along the road 4. Toe retaining wall with sufficient weep
1. Poor slope forming material comprising weathered sandstone (W3) 2. The rocks are structurally disturbed to some extent as obliterated joints and fractures are present 3. Due to incessant rainfall, pore water pressure of the material reduced leading to

Lemdur, K., Suma, C.S., 2019; Macro - Scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of Toposheets Nos. 83 F/1, 2, 5, 6, 10, 15 and 83 B/9, 13 in Karbi Anglong, Sonitpur, Nagaon and Golaghat districts of Assam.
Partial road block but already cleared at the time of investigation
1. Clear off the debris from the toe area 2. Slope easing at the crown portion to achieve a more stable slope 3. Construction of RCC retaining wall with sufficient weep holes at the toe of the slope, accompanied by a few meter buffer zones. 4. Hill side
1. Poor slope forming material comprising highly weathered sandstone (W4) 2. Due to incessant rainfall, reduction of pore water pressure of the material led to slope failure

Shale, siltstone, ferruginous sandstone and mudstone
1. Incessant rainfall 2. Slope cut for road 3. Natural drainage
The locals face a great deal of inconvenience due to frequent slide along this road section every year
Road block but already cleared at the time of investigation
1. Slope dressing at the crown area 2. Channelize the drainage away from the affected slope for which contour drains may be constructed at different levels where water flow is more 3. RCC retaining wall/ Masonry wall with sufficient weep holes may be con
1. Poor slope forming material comprising dominantly of weathered sandstone (W4) 2. Increase in pore water pressure of the material due to surface and sub-surface drainage during rainfall 3. Indiscriminate cutting of slope

1. Accumulated materials to be cleared out 2. Slope easing (minor) at the crown area 3. Construction of toe retaining wall for stabilization as well as maintenance of hill side drains along road.
1. Overburden material comprises weathered ferruginous sandstone where intense weathering is observed in the crown area (W4) as compared to the bottom layer 3. Incessant rainfall causing weathered rock to slip along the weak planes.

Intercalated grey coloured and buff coloured sandstone
1. Incessant rainfall 2. Slope cut for road 3. Sub-surface drainage
Partial road block but already cleared at the time of investigation.
1. Slope easing at the crown area to prevent further slope failure 2. Removal of any loose rock from the affected slope 3. Construction of toe wall with sufficient weep holes 4. Proper maintenance of hill side drains.
1. Weak overburden material comprising weathered sandstone (W4), more intense weathering at the top as compared to the bottom part 2. Presence of structural discontinuities such as joints and random fractures 3. Incessant rainfall causing weathered rock

1. Slope easing at the crown area/trim off loose rock boulders from the affected as well as adjacent areas 2. Proper maintenance of hill side drains along road.
1. Weak overburden material comprising weathered sandstone 2. Due to incessant rainfall, water reduces friction between the jointed weathered bedrock leading to slope failure 3. More intense weathering in the upper section as compared to the bottom layer

Lemdur, K., Suma, C.S., 2019; Macro - Scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of Toposheets Nos. 83 F/1, 2, 5, 6, 10, 15 and 83 B/9, 13 in Karbi Anglong, Sonitpur, Nagaon and Golaghat districts of Assam.
Partial road block but already cleared at the time of investigation
1. Slope easing at the crown area 2. Remove debris, vegetation cover from slope 3. Construction of hill side drains along road section
1. Poor overburden material comprising highly weathered ferruginous sandstone (W4) 2. Increase in pore water pressure due to incessant rainfall causing material to slid down.

1. Trim off loose rock materials from the crown area as well as from the affected slope face 2. Construct proper hill side drains for smooth passage of drainage flow.
1. Weak slope forming material comprising of weathered sandstone 2. Presence of prominent joint planes and close spaced fractures prevalent 3. During incessant rainfall, the friction between the jointed rocks increases causing slope failure.

1. Slope easing at the crown 2. Maintenance of hill side drains along road.
1. Due to incessant rainfall, the weak material (highly weathered sandstone) loses its cohesiveness along weak planes leading to slope failure 2. More intense weathering in the crown area as compared to the lower layer where original rock is exposed.

Lemdur, K., Suma, C.S., 2019; Macro - Scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of Toposheets Nos. 83 F/1, 2, 5, 6, 10, 15 and 83 B/9, 13 in Karbi Anglong, Sonitpur, Nagaon and Golaghat districts of Assam.
1. Slope easing at the crown area 2. Remove debris from the toe of the slope 3. Construction of retaining wall at the toe with sufficient weep holes may be adopted with few meter buffer zone 4. Proper hillside drains for outlet of surface and sub-surface
1. Poor slope forming material comprising of highly weathered sandstone (W4) 2. Incessant rainfall causing increase in pore water pressure of the material leading to slope failure 3. Few sub-surface drainage prevalent along slope

1. Construction of a good network of hill side drains 2. Slope easing at the crown part 3. Debris should be cleared out at the toe area.
1. Weak slope forming material comprising highly weathered sandstone 2. The bed of the rocks dips towards the road increasing chances of slope failure 3. Due to incessant rainfall, the weak and loose material in the crown area loses its cohesiveness lead

Weak geological formation, increase in pore water pressure due on overburden to rainfall
Slide data was taken from a remote location and there are no roads leading to the slide.

Colluvial material fails along the steep slope and the road cut also destabilizes the slope .

The unscientific road cut approach has made the slope to fail.

Steep slope, colluvial material are the reasons for the failure.

Colluvium has failed on saturation and road cut.

The Colluvial material has failed due to saturation and road cut.

The colluvial material has failed due to unplanned road cut.

Colluvial material fails due to supersaturation.
Remove the colluvium and make retention wall.

Weathered rock has failed on saturation and road cut.

Thick colluvial material got supersaturated and fails.

Slope become unstable due to road cut.

The soil material has got slided due to supersaturation.

Highly jointed rock resting along steep slope aided by stream water.

Supersaturation process has influenced the failure to occur.
Benching and retention wall with weep holes.

Supersaturation process has influenced the failure plane.

The material has got slided due to supersaturation.

Supersaturation process has made the slope to fail across the road cut.

Carbonaceous sandy shale, sandstone & coal seams

Partly Rotational, partly translational
Valleyside of road bench damaged and taken down on a no. of occasions

A 230m long stretch of the old road bench was completely damaged and a new road bench was constructed (Singh)

Piphema Peducha
Weathered sandstone with thin bands of dark splintery shale of Disang formation.
Inherent slope character and incessant rainfall
Between Piphema and Peducha along NH-29, a slope face with prominent vulnerable discontinuity plane (bedding) was studied on 07-09-13, and failure along bedrock and weathered mantle during heavy rainfall was anticipated.Interestingly, the same slope face
Road bench and road bench retaining structure
Anthropogenic activity toe cutting due to quarrying activities.

Trim the crown part to reduce the gradient.

1. Construct multistorey breast wall. 2. Constrcut benches at the higher part.

Quarrying along steep slope destabilized the slope

1. Construct benches, 2. Plant vetiver grasses to stop erosion
Toe support is removed from a slope having debris as slope forming material

Carbonaceous sandy shale, sandstone & coal seams
1. Construct benches, 2. Breast wall to the height of 1st bench (~2m)

Carbonaceous sandy shale, sandstone & coal seams
Toe support is removed from a slope having debris as slope forming material

Construct breast wall at the toe of the slope and remove hanging rocks from the slope

Extensive slope cut along slope with consequent slope. Bedding joint is involved.

Communication corridor, Moderately vegetated cover in the peripheries
Removal of slide debris on the road bench, benching of the upslope of road bench, construction of a multi-tier (2-3) wire mesh gabion breast wall to the benched slope, provision of a lined hillside drain to the road bench.

Removal of slide debris on road bench, construction of a multi-tier (2-3) wire mesh gabion breast wall to the slide affected slope, provision of a lined hillside drain to the road bench.

Forested downslope and playground at immediate crown of slide
Forested at the downslope and flanks, settlement at the crown slope
Valleyside edge of the playground situated at the immediate crown slope may be at risk.
Provision of a Contour drain at crown (i.e. to the side of the playground) to prevent ingress of surface run-off along the failed slope. The irrigation canal may be re-lined to ensure full-proof leakage to prevent leakage/seepage of water into the failed

Mezomavillage slide
Forest and playground at immediate crown of slide
Leakage and percolation of water from the canal leading to super-saturation of the slope forming material downslope appears to be a probable causative factor and triggering

Removal of slide debris on road bench, construction of a masonry boulder breast wall to the slide affected slope with provision of sufficient weep holes, provision of lined hillside drain to the road bench.

Communication corridor, Moderately vegetated cover in the peripheries
Considering the amount of debris still resting on the upslope of the road bench, further reactivation under adverse hydrological conditions cannot be ruled out if appropriate remedial measures are not implemented at the earliest.
Removal of slide debris on road bench, benching of the upslope of road, construction of a multi-tier (2-3) wire mesh gabion breast wall to the benched slope, provision of a lined hillside drain to the road bench.

Moderation of the slide affected slope through benching, construction of a 2-tier flexible breast wall to the benched slope, provision of a lined hillside drain to the road bench.

Recently widened communication corridor, Thickly foreted in the vicinity

Tertiary Sedimentary (Disang group of rocks)
Eleven steps stone crate gabion walls observed downslope of road and two level gabion walls upslope slope observed as remedial measures adopted earlier, which has been bulged or damaged at places.
Severe bank/ toe erosion- weak slope forming material. Non- biodegradable waste disposal rendering choking of stream channel and stream bank saturation.

Phesama
Interbedded sequence of variably weathered splintery shale, siltstone and claystone belonging to the Disang Group of rocks.
A large complex slide (debris flow and rock slide) at Phesama located at about 16 km south of Kohima town on NH-29 (Kohima- Imphal National highway) was studied. The slide has reactivated during the active monsoon period on 12-07-2013, reportedly interr
Major communication corridor with agricultural fields
Poor rockmass, interbedded sequence of variably weathered black shale, siltstone and claystone

Variably weathered shales of Disang Group.
Initially shallow translational along rock-overburden interface, subsequently developed into debris flow on account of surcharge.
Communication corridor, quarries at the right crown slope, moderately vegetated.
An 160m length of the NH-29 road bench completely damaged and consumed during 2013 and reportedly closed for 3-4days.
Terrace cultivation downslope of the road bench.
Site specific studies are highly recommended for a detailed understanding of the pre-disposing, causative and triggering factors of the landslide for the formulation of appropriate remedial measures.
Hillward shifting of the road bench, construction of 1.5m high breast walls, provision of hillside drains, etc., adopted by the concerned authority during 2014. However, site specific studies are highly recommended for the formulation of appropriate reme

Translational along rock-overburden interface particularly at the crown, rotational at the flanks, mid & foot slopes hosting thicker overburden.
Settlement area, communication corridor, terrace cultivated and moderate vegetation at the crown slope
An 200m length of the road (NH-29) consumed and taken down, NH-29 reportedly closed for more than 2 weeks, approach road to Phesema village damaged.
Moderate vegetation at the crown, terrace cultivation at the lower slopes.
Immediate detailed site specific studies are highly recommended.
Generic remedial measures may include provision of a contour drain at the crown slope, training of the stream flowing at the foot of the slide, construction of toe erosion control walls, etc. However, detailed site specific studies are highly recommended

NH-29 road bench at the immediate crown slope, terrace cultivation at the midslope of the slide prior to initiation
Valleyside edge of roadbench seen subsided by 0.5m

NH-29 road bench at the immediate crown slope
Valleyside edge of roadbench seen subsided by 10-15cm, retaining wall of road bench seen damaged

Phesama slide
Heavy rain fall at mid night on 11th & 12th early morning August, 2007

On Bye-Pass Police Checkgate (NH-29)-Jotsoma road

On Bye-Pass Police Checkgate (NH-29)-Jotsoma road
Communication corridor, terrace cultivation at the immediate upslope and downslope of road prior to 2012-13

Tertiary sedimentary rocks [weathered shale with siltstone and clay intercalations of Upper Disang Formation (Disang Group)].
Initially translational followed by yearly subsidence
Road bench subsided by 0.5m at the time of study

Tertiary sedimentary rocks [weathered shale with siltstone and clay intercalations of Upper Disang Formation (Disang Group)].
Road bench damaged on a number of occassions along with the constructed multi-tier retaining wall of the road bench.

Communication corridor and wet, cultivated land upslope of affected slope.
Forested on the flanks and cultivated at crown
Wet, terrace cultivation above the crown scarp is noticed. The water from the field is being drained down the affected slope in an unguided manner. 10m thick vertical section of overburden observed on the extreme left side of the slide zone. The overburd
Diversion of the surface run-off water from the cultivated fields at crown, construction of a flexible breast wall of the failed slope, provision of lined hillside drains.

Police check gate
Variably thick (2.6m) overburden over variably weathered shale, siltstone with minor sandstone
Terrace wet cultivation above the crown scarp is noticed. The water from the field is being drained down the affected slope in an unguided manner.
Development of pore or hydrostatic pressure, weak geological formation and unfavourable slope. Slope cutting for road bench.

Variably thin overburden (2-3m) resting over shales with minor siltstone intercalation (Disangs).
NE downslope of Paramedical colony (left bank of stream)

Tertiary sedimentary rocks [weathered shale with siltstone and clay intercalations of Upper Disang Formation (Disang Group)].
Western downslope of Paramedical colony below NH-29 road bench

Variably weathered shale, siltstone with minor sandstone (Disangs)

Debris overlying variably weathered shale belonging to Disang group
Flexible walls may be considered at places along the stream/nala where severe toe erosion is found.
Inter-linking road bench subsidence at places
Weak slope forming material. Over saturation from perennial flowing stream. Overloading of weak slope by construction of houses. Blocking or diversion of natural stream/ drainage.

Development of local hydrostatic pressure, weak slope forming material resting on steep slope.

Tertiary Sedimentary (contact zone of Barail and Disang formations)
One residential house left of slide crown vulnerable, Garden ginger plantation affected.
Weak slope forming material, development of local pore and hydrostatic pressure, removal of toe (steepening of natural slope)

Overburden (thick) resting over dark grey splintery shales of Disangs
Translational at places and rotational at others.
Inter-linking road bench subsided by 4-5m at places
Flexible walls may be considered at places along the stream/nala where severe toe erosion is found.
Site specific studies may be required to ascertain the causes for formulating appropriate remedial measures. Generic remedial measures may include training of the stream, development of an appropriate drainage system to divert the sewage from the residen

Settlement at the downslope, forested at the crown
Further retrogression cannot be ruled out under adverse hydrological conditions if appropraite remedial measures are not implemented at the earliest.
Moderation of the upslope of road bench through benching, construction of a 2-tier breast wall to the benched slope, provision of a lined hillside drain to the road bench.

Overburden (thick) resting over dark grey splintery shales of Disangs
Settlement area at head and crown slopes, terrace cultivated at mid and lower slopes of the slide prior to initiation
Inter-linking road bench at the head of the slide subsided by 0.5m
Site specific studies may be required to ascertain the causes for formulating appropriate remedial measures. Generic remedial measures may include training of the stream, development of an appropriate drainage system to divert the sewage from the residen

Overburden (thick) resting over dark grey splintery shales of Disangs

The slope represents an unpaired old river terrace.
Training of the stream at the foot of the slide and construction of toe/bank erosion control walls, construction of a light weight, multi-tier breast wall at the foot of the near-vertical scarp face.

PR Hills slide

Settlement on flanks, Model School at immediate crown
Construction of toe/bank erosion controls walls at the stream level, construction of a lined contour drain at the crown slope, etc.

Old river terrace materials mixed with slope wash
Colony approach road at the main scarp seen subsided by 0.5m
Site specific studies may be required to fully comprehend the causative factors required for formulation of a comprehensive mitigation plan.

Alluvium (thick layer of the non-cohesive older river terrace material)
Inspite of the minor retrogression, the slide appears to be gradually stabilising
Training of the stream channel flowing at the foot of the slide, construction of a lined contour drain at the crown slope

Officer Hill/ Naga Hospital Colony slide

Tertiary sedimentary sequence (Thin in-situ cover underlain by weathered shales).
Settlement area at the crown slope (Army cantonement along with the Helipad).
Part of the approach road to Helipad consumed.
Damming of stream channel observed. Slide retrogression towards helipad with left flank widening, damming of stream channel during heavy monsoon discharge cannot be ruled out. Construction of retaining walls at multiple levels of the slide body during 20
Training of the stream channel to check toe/bank erosion. Contour draining at the crown to prevent ingress of surface run-off down to the affected slope, relocation of the residential houses at risk, construction of a strong retaining wall with sufficien

Overburden in-situ brownish soil underlain by invariably weathered shale
Damming of stream observed. Thick overburden- 5-10m exposed along left flank. Slide is retrograding toward helipad and widening toward left flank of slide cannot be ruled out.
1 house damaged, 1 house partially damaged
Severe toe erosion by turbulent flows stream, weak slope forming material development of local pore and hydrostatic pressure

Weak slope forming material, overloading of slope by construction of residential houses at the crown slope, severe toe erosion by turbulent flowing stream/nala, suspected downslope draining of sewage from settlement area at the crown slope into the affec
Settlement (Army Quarters at the crown slope)
2 residential houses totally damaged and other 2 residential houses at high risk.

Tertiary sedimentary sequence (Shale belonging to Disang group)
Slope failure /Slide on opposite bank noticed.
Road bench near crown of slide vulnerable.
2 houses totally damage and 2 houses vulnerable.
Weak slope forming material overburdened loosely compacted, bedrock invariably weathered shale poor RQD 10-15m. Severe toe erosion by turbulent flowing stream/nala

Daklane (Sector-II) slide

The town approach road (one way) completely snapped off for 1 week during the reactivation phase of 2012
Site specific studies may be required for understanding the detailed causative factors for formulation of a comprehensive mitigation plan.

New Market slide

Initial slide of 2000 much bigger than the currently delineated/mapped slide, development of cracks on residential buildings and walls, subsidence of ground and road benches, etc. are sporadically noticed at the time of study.

Variably thick overburden (3-5m) resting over weathered shales
Communication corridor, terrace cultivation at the crown slope
Terrace cultivation at the immediate crown
Training of the stream channel flowing at the foot of the slide, construction of a strong retaining wall of the road bench with sufficient weep holes, diversion of excess water from the terrace fields at the crown slope to a safer distance, provision of

Communication corridor, forested on the flanks and immediate crown slope, terrace fields further upslope
Removal of slide debris on road bench, moderation of upslope of road through benching, construction of a strong retaining wall of road bench with sufficient weep holes, diversion of excess water from the terrace fields at the crown slope to a safer slope

New Market colony road subsided by 1-1.5m during the reactivation phase of 2003
Initial slide of 2003 much bigger than the currently delineated/mapped slide, development of cracks on residential buildings and walls, subsidence of ground and road benches, etc. are sporadically noticed at the time of study.

Variably weathered shale, siltstone with minor intercalation of sandstone
Damage to civil structure or visible cracks or ground deformation above crown is not reported during the time of observation.
Upslope of major communication corridor (NH-29)
Weak slope forming material resting over variably weathered bedrock is engineered to a steep slope (45°-50°).

Partly rotational, partly translational
Site specific studies recommended to comprehend the detailed causative factors required for the formulation of a comprehesive mitigation plan.

Debris (Old slide), dumped slope excavated material
Partly translational and partly rotational
Colony approach road near the main scarp seen subsided and damaged
Site specific studies recommended to comprehend the detailed causative factors required for the formulation of a comprehesive mitigation plan.

Variably weathered (W2-W3) shale, siltstone with minor intercalation of sandstone (Disangs)
Upslope of major communication corridor (NH-29) and settlement area above the crown.
Road bench partially covered by debris causing inconveniences to traffic flow along NH-29.
Interaction with the paramilitary personnel residing at the crown has revealed that the slide have occurred about 1 week prior to the study. Unprecedented heavy rainfall was reported for 1-2 weeks prior to failure, which may have lead to development of l
As a short term measure, plastic sheets over the landslide body have been laid to prevent ingress of water. Removal of the debris resting on road bench to ease the flow of traffic. Construction of a strong breast wall to the road bench with sufficient we

Road bench snapped off and closed on a number of occasions

Translational along rock-overburden interface particularly at the crown, rotational at the mid & foot slopes hosting thicker overburden.
Settlement area, bamboo vegetation at the foot and flanks.
An approach road to the settlement area consumed.
Immediate detailed site specific studies are highly recommended.
Generic remedial measures may include provision of a contour drain at the crown slope, training of the stream flowing at the foot of the slide, construction of toe erosion control walls, etc. However, detailed site specific studies are highly recommended

Roads (NH-61 & Naga Bazaar-Pezielietsie) damaged
Initial slide of 1998 much bigger than the currently delineated/mapped slide, development of cracks on residential buildings and walls, subsidence of ground and road benches, etc. are sporadically noticed at the time of study.
Concrete retaining wall of road benches (NH-61 & Naga Bazaar-Pezielietsie roads) seen constructed and the slide appears to be temporarily contained. Site specific studies and monitoring

Naga Bazaar-Pezielietsie road subsided by 0.5m

Western downslope of Christ King Higher Secondary School, Kohima Village
Settlement on the flanks and crown slopes
Scarp of slide within 1m of the approach road at the immediate crown
Training of the stream flowing at the foot of the slide, benching of the upslope of the stream, construction of a lined hillside drain to the road bench aligned at the immediate crown of the slide and suitably diverted to a safer slope, construction of a

Variably thin overburden resting over Tertiary sedimentary sequence.

Tertiary sedimentary sequence (mainly shale with thin layers of sandstone and siltstone)
Development of rills and gully erosion observed at places.
Settlement upslope, Road, forest land downslope.
Weak slope forming material. Development of local pore and hydrostatic pressure. Excessive slope cutting leading to slide/slope angle of repose.

Partial road bench subsidence. Leakage from water supply pipe line noticed at places. Dumping of excavated material observed on road side.
Tilted telephone pole and few stretch of footpath
Severe toe erosion, development of local pore and hydrostatic pressure, Weak slope forming material, clayey soil thick overburden.

Settlement area upslope, communication corridor, forested downslope of road bench.
Road bench partially covered by slide debris.
Forested downslope, Settlement at the crown slope.
Further reactivation leading to enlargement of the slide anticipated during next monsoon if appropraite remedial measures are not implemented at the earliest.
Provision for a contour drain at the crown slope and suitably diverted to a safer slope. Moderation of the failed slope through benching and compaction. Construction of a multi-tier breast wall with sufficient weep holes, the height of the proposed breas

Paved footpath and valley-side edge of the road bench consumed
Control of toe erosion is vital for stabilising the affected slope.
Training of the stream channel flowing at the footslope to prevent further toe erosion, construction of a flexible retaining wall at the toe of the slide preferably succeeding the trained stream channel, provision of lined hillside drain of the road benc

Valleyside edge of road bench and the pavement taken down

Partly Rotational, partly translational
Paved footpath and valley-side edge of the road bench consumed
Settlement area, forested at the lower slope
Training of the stream channel. The slide appears to be stabilizing based on the healthy growth of vegetation at the lower slopes of the slide.

Peraciezie colony slide
Incessant rainfall prior to the reactivation phase
Gully erosion and toe erosion by nala within the affected zone reported. Initiated during 1986 reactivated during 2001 and subsidence during the night of 9th July 2017, sliding during the night of 11th July 2017.
Peraciezie colony, Near High School Junction, Kohima city
PWD road for an approx. 75m within the colony washed away by the slide.
Dismantling of the affected houses at the crown area and sealing of crown cracks to avoid retrogression. Construction of retaining walls with weepholes using correct technique to provide support to toe. Making proper drainage to drain the surface water a
Known old landslide zone with weak slope material, presence of extensive slope cut for construction of heavy RCC houses even after development of crown cracks. The absence of any proper drainage/nala system of domestic waste water from houses along the L

Variably thin overburden (2-3m) resting over weathered shales (Disangs).
Sparsely vegetated in the peripheries, jhum cultivation at the lower portion of the slide prior to slide

Variably thin overburden (2-3m) resting over sandstones with minor shale and siltstone intercalation (Barails).
Settlement area within 25m of the Slide scarp

Weathered splintery shale, with thin bands of silty sandstone, of Disang formation.
Inherent slope character and incessant rainfall
The nature of the slope failure during the time of observation shows suggested reactivation and appears diminishing.
Road bench and road bench retaining structure
Flowing water along steep slope through unguided water course, toe erosion

Variably weathered sandstone dominated intercalated with shale, siltstone belonging
Road and moderately vegetated, agricultural land
The toe erosion by the stream has initiated the rotational slide of the thick debris cover on the right bank.

Valleyside edge of road bench taken down and a new retaining wall to the road bench constructed

Kohima slide

Translational along rock-overburden interface particularly at the crown and flanks, rotational at the middle portion hosting thicker overburden.
Reportedly, the NH-29 has been closed on a number of occasions due to road blockade by the slide debris as well as downslope shifting of the road bench.
Immediate detailed site specific studies are highly recommended.
Various remedial measures like construction of breast wall, multi-tier retaining wall, plantation of vetiver grass, etc., adopted by the road maintaining authority (BRO) have not able to contain the slide so far. Hence, detailed site specific studies are

Shale and sandstone alternating bands of Tertiary sedimentary sequence
Weak slope forming material, Water peroration from pipeline leaks , Unfavourable Steep slope

Variably thin overburden (1.5-2m) resting over sandstones with minor shale and siltstone intercalation (Barails).
Part of the road bench covered by slide debris affecting the smooth flow of traffic.
Clearing of debris on road bench, opening up of the blocked hillside drain, removal of large trees standing at the crown slope, moderation of the upslope of road bench through benching.

7.5 km slide
Variable overburden of 2-5 m over sandstone dominated with minor shale and siltstone intercalation
Development of pore or hydrostatic pressure, super saturated overburden standing over a near vertical cut-slope failed

Dziina
Variable overburden thickness of 5-10m over bedrock ( sandstone and shale intercalation)
Rills and gully erosion by flowing unguided surface drainage noted. It is a very old slide which has been experiencing periodic recurrence over the years.
Road bench partially affected by debris cover.
Development of pore or hydrostatic pressure, weak geological formation and unfavorable slope

Translational along rock-overburden interface
Road reportedly blocked on a number of occasions by the slide debris.
It is an old slide which has been experiencing periodic recurrence over the years with reported road blockade on a number of occasions. Further reactivations under extreme hydrological conditions are anticipated if appropriate remedial measures are not a
Provision of a contour drain above the crown and suitably diverted into the seasonal stream flowing on the right flank of the slide. Construction of a strong breast wall, preferably RCC wall with sufficient weep holes towards the hillside of the road ben

Variably thick overburden (1.5-3m) resting over sandstones with minor shale and siltstone intercalation (Barails)
A thick pile of debris comprising rock boulders/clasts embedded in a sandy soil matrix has been formed at the mid and basal slopes of near vertical hillslope. During the recent excavation of slope for road widening, the weak slope forming material was ex
Removal/dressing of failed slide debris, construction of retaining wall down slope of the road bench and breast wall upslope of the road bench, provision of lined hillside drain suitably diverting to a safer slope.

11km- slide
Variable overburden of 2-5 m over sandstone dominated with minor shale and siltstone intercalation
During the recent excavate of slope for road widening, the weak slope forming material has been engineered to stand on a very steep cut slope.
Road bench partially affected by debris cover.
Development of pore or hydrostatic pressure, weak geological formation and unfavourable slope

Huge volume of dumped material of quarry extracts material on opposite slope which leads to stream channel diversion and subsequence severe toe erosion.
Road, water pipeline and cable wire damaged
Development of pore or hydrostatic pressure, weak geological formation and unfavorable slope, Stream channel diversion due to dumping of quarry material on opposite slope leading to severe bank erosion.

Sandstone beds (thick) with intercalated thin shale beds belonging to Barials formation.
The complex of St. John Bosco school, Khonoma situated at the gentle lower down slope of the rock slide may be at risk if large scale rock slides occurs cannot be ruled out.
Parallelism of trend of bed rock and slope aspects, that gets day-lighted and lubricated during the recent road widening activities.

Thedziilieziekie
Sandstone intercalated with thin shale bands (Barials formation)
The steep slope-cut combined by the saturation of the weak slope forming material through percolation from the mountain stream, supersaturated during the monsoonal month and resulted in failure.

Recent widening of the road bench, school at the foot of the slope.
The complex of St. John Bosco school, Khonoma situated at the gentle down slope of the rock slide may be at risk if large scale rock slides occurs.
Toe support for the day-lighted bedrock through the construction of the strong concrete retaining walls with provision of weep holes. Rock bolting after assessing the rockmass condition.

Moderation of the upslope of road through benching, provision of a breast wall to the benched slope & alined hillside drain to the road bench.

Landslide at Chainage 171.2 km on Dimapur-Kohima (NH-2).
Weathered Shale with siltstone intercalations of Upper Disang Formation of Disang group.
Known old slide zone
Chasie M. & Theophilus P.K., 2017: Updation of existing landslide inventory of North Eastern region based on the new incidences as and when occurs during the period, Unpubl. GSI progress report for FS 2016-91
The area is located on very important road corridor i.e., Dimapur-Kohima. It needs special attention. As per BRO authorities the subsidence occurred in this area in 2013 and got reactivated on 25.07.2015. It again reactivated on 09.07.2016. The down slop
The slope of the study area is having moderate to thick vegetation forest cover
Dimapur-Kohima road has been blocked for nearly six hours. The road for nearly a 300m length has been damaged.
The area shows the presence of moderately to thickly vegetated forest.
1) The subsided road may be backfilled with rock fill with proper drainage outlet. The filled material may be provided with pavement/ tar asphalt so to make the filled surface impervious.
2) For better results, infiltration of water from the upslope side
1) Thick overburden (~3.0m) formed dominantly of clay. 2) The shale and clay predominantly found as slope material as well as on the road. The low permeability of the material was the cause for increased pore pressure due to high clay content, thus redu

Important communication corridor, forested in the vicinity and wet terrace cultivation at 10-15m upslope of the crown scarp.
An 50-60m length of the valley-side of the road bench has subsidence by 1-1.5 m.
Forested in the vicinity and wet, terrace cultivation at the crown slope.
a) Construction of a boulder crated, sausage wall at the toe of the slide, founded at the river bed level to control further toe/bank erosion. The length of the sausage wall may be calculated by assessing the influence area of the active erosion (minimum

During the reactivation of 2016, an 30m of road bench was taken down in the slide by about 1.5m
Hillward shifting of the road bench to align over sound bedrock.

Partly Rotational, partly translational
On the southwestern slope of New Mereima village spur

The thick colluvial pack (>5m thickness ) got saturated and impreceptible movement occurs during rainy season.
Needs proper benching and retention wall may be an appropriate measure.

The completely weathered carbonaceous shale and sandstone materials got toe erosion along the Zubza river.
Changing the direction of the road alignment and if possible, road bencing can be an alternate measures.

Weathered Shale fails due to rainfall in nala.
Nala should be cleared properly and culvert should be laid .

1st order nala got more erosion below the road and the road water completely erodes the road.
Road water should be drained properly towards the nala water by concrete and retention wall upto the road level .

Colluvium material got saturated due to rainfall and nearby 1st order nala is flowing.
Retention wall with side of the road with back fillings.

weathered shale fails due to unplanned road cut.
Retention wall and slope modification by benching.

Weathered rock failed due to slope modification for road cut.
The retention wall breahes at certain location
Retention wall with back filling with hard rock upto road level.

Highly weathered bedrock failed on unscientific slope modification
5-6 m retention wall may be constructed to provide further failure

Highly weathered bedrock failed on unscientific slope modification
Nearly six feet high retention wall will act as remedy.

Material has failed due to unplanned slope modification.

Debris failed on account of supersaturation because of high rainfall
Failed retention wall may be constructed upto road level and filled by hard rock boulders

Debris failed on account of supersaturation because of high rainfall
Retention wall may be constructed upto road level

Elements at risk almost nil apart from the forest cover.

Construction of retaining structure under progress in noticed during the time of observation.
Road, forest land both up and down slope.
Weak slope forming material resting on steep slope, haphazard dumping of excavated material downslope leading to static loading of slope and dragging effect (piping effect anticipated)

Tertiary rocks overlain by slope wash colluvial material mainly weathered remnant of Disang shale
Visible subsidence of road bench and cracks on footpath/ pavement observed which may be sealed/ filled with impervious material to prevent ingress of surface run-off.
Campus road bench partially covered and subsidence
Weak slope forming material, Dumping of excavated materials downslope leading to loading and subsequence dragging downslope.

The adjacent slopes are under extensive slope excavation for the establishment of the University campus.
The valley-side edge of the approach road has been consumed.
Covering of the crown slope with plastic sheets at the crown slope to prevent further ingress of surface water noticed.
Construction of a flexible breast wall at the foot/toe of the slide. Provision of a lined hillside drain of the road bench aligned at the crown slope to prevent any ingress of surface runoff into the failed slope. Construction of a strong retaining wall

Tsiesema slide
Construction of retaining structure under progress in noticed during the time of observation.
Road, forest land both up and down slope.
Development of local hydrostatic pressure, weak slope forming material resting on steep slope

Varaibly thick, clay-rich overburden and palaeoslide debris resting over highly weathered shales of Disang Group
Forested downslope, Settlement at the right crown, Jhum on the left crown

Variably thick overburden comprising a mixture of colluvial and palaeoslide debris resting over weathered shales (Disangs).
Partly rotational, partly translational
Agri-link road at the immediate crown and terrace fields at the footslope

Translational along rock-overburden interface
Further reactivation may be anticipated under extreme hydrological condition if appropriate remedial measures are not implemented at the earliest.
The upslope of road bench may be moderated through benching. Construction of a flexible breast wall towards the hillside of the road bench. Provision of a lined hillside drain at the foot of the flexible breast wall to collect any seepage and suitably di

Thick colluvial slope wash natural is seen 5-10m, Overburden mainly comprises of poorly sorted, sub- rounded pebble and boulders.
Excessive steepening of natural slope without proper toe support.

Downslope of Kohima High Court-Tseisema road
Communication corridor at crown, moderately vegetated in the periphery
The Tsiesema approach from NH-61 is aligned at the foot of the slope. Part of the same road bench coinciding with the runout path of the slide has been covered by debris and damaged.

Development of local hydrostatic pressure, weak slope forming material resting on steep slope

Meriema
The slope morphometry as well as the slide suggest reactivation. The rock line observed at 20 m S of the slide exposes slaty shale trending N-S with a dip of 55 due east. The causative factors were inferred to be colluvial material with less cohesion whi
Major road corridor, moderately to thickly vegetated.
Development of pore or hydrostatic pressure, weak geological formation and unfavorable slope

Variably thick overburden resting over weathered shales (Disangs).

Variably thick overburden resting over weathered shales (Disangs).
Communication corridor at crown, forested in the periphery

Clay-rich colluvial material with embedded rock fragments.
An 60m length of the NH-61 road bench completely damaged and consumed during 2013 and reportedly closed for 1-2days.
Hillward shifting of the road bench and founded over sound bedrock, construction of 1.5m high flexible breast walls towards the hillside of the roadbench, provision of hillside drains to the road bench and contour draining at the crown slope, moderation

Variably thin overburden (2-3m) resting over shales with minor siltstone intercalation (Disangs).
Communication corridor at crown, moderately vegetated in the periphery

Variably thin overburden (2-3m) resting over shales with minor siltstone intercalation (Disangs).
Construction of a flexible retaining wall to the slided slope, provision of a lined hillside drain to the road bench.

Visible vulnerable overburden material and loose boulders in upslope which are likely to fall/slides in the event of extreme hydrological condition cannot be ruled out.
Weak slope forming material. Excessive removal of slope toe for widening of road bench without support rendering steep slope beyond angle of repose, development of local pore and hydrostatic pressure

Variably thin overburden (1.5-2m) resting over highly weathered shales (Disangs).
Agri-link road at foot of slide, Jhum cultivation at crown slope
1st agri-link road aligned at the immediate footslope of the slide was abandoned due to the slide and a new road bench was aligned at the lower elevation.

T-Khel Model village-Indira Gandhi Stadium road
Road bench subsided by 0.5-1m at the time of study

Valleyside edge of road bench taken down
Construction of retaining wall of road bench in progress at the time of study

Settlement area and communication corridor (NH-61)
The NH-61 road bench has been partially covered by slide debris affecting the smooth flow of traffic, the valley-side edge of the Meriema village approach road has been consumed.
One house at crown slope of the slide may be at risk if the slide retrogrades
Removal of the slide debris resting on the road bench (NH-61), Construction of a multi-tier flexible breast wall towards the hillside of the said road bench, provision of a lined drain at the foot of the breast wall and suitably diverted to a safer slop

Subsidence and creep movement visible down slope of road bench. Retaining wall over- run by debris noticed. Few houses upslope of destabilised zone are at vulnerable risk.
Road bench partially damaged and subsided.
Extensive steepening of natural slope comprising of weak slope forming material. Creep movement down slope due to loading of slope by dump materials.

One house at crown area of the slide is vulnerable if slide retrograde
Fence wall collapse up slope at crown area.
Excessive steeping of natural slope without sufficient slope support over. Weak slope forming material, development of local pore and hydrostatic pressure.

Southwestern downslope of Nagaland Legislative Assembly
A retaining wall at the foot of the slide seen constructed. The same may be increased in height through multi-tier walls.

Moderation of slope four level of bench and berm and masonary wall already exists. Failure damage 15-20m of breast walls and over-run bench and berms
Weak slope formation material, loose colluvial and invariably weathered shale bedrock. Development of local pore and hydrostatic pressure.

The road was completely snapped off during the reactivation phase of 2010 and a new road bench at the crown was reconstructed
Site specific studies for understanding the detailed causative factors required for the formulation of comprehensive mitigation measures are required.

Variably thick overburden resting over Tertiary sedimentary sequence.
Forested area at the crown, terrace fields at the foot of the slide prior to failure

Variably thick overburden resting over weathered shales (Disangs).
Village approach road, Agri-link road, Forested in the vicinity, Terrace cultivation at the footslope.
Agri-link road at the lower slope damaged (subsided by 1-1.5m).
Forested in the vicinity, terrace cultivation at the footslope
Any reactivation through retrogression may put the Riisoma approach road at risk.
Ingress of surface run-off from the road bench (Riisoma approach road) down to the affected slope may be controlled through construction of lined hillside drains. A strong breast wall with sufficient weep holes, preferably RCC wall and founded over sound

Road bench subsidence by 1m noticed. Visible bending of trees (Hockey stick like) noticed on both upslope and downslope of destabilised zone.
Weak/unfavourable slope forming material, development of local pore and hydrostatic pressure.

Weathered rock failed on slope cut.
Removal of material and retention wall of 2m highest .

Material failed on saturation and road cutting exposes the material.
Prevention of water percolation and realignment of road.

Variably thick overburden resting over Tertiary sedimentary sequence.
The slide is basically a cut-slope failure
Benching of the upslope of road, provision of a lined hillside drain to the road bench.

Variably thick overburden resting over Tertiary sedimentary sequence.
The slide is basically a cut-slope failure
Benching of the upslope of road, construction of a breast wall to the benched slope, provision of a lined hillside drain to the road bench.

Benching of the upslope of road, construction of a breast wall to the benched slope, provision of a lined hillside drain to the road bench.

Variably thick overburden comprising colluvial materail overlain by dumped slope excavated material
Valleyside edge of road bench encroached by the slide

Communication corridor, Terrace fields at the foot of the slope
Valleyside edge of road bench encroached by the slide
Sparsely vegetated, terrace fields at the foot of the slope

Tertiary sedimentary sequence (mainly grey splintery shale belonging to Disang formation)
Severe toe erosion noted along natural depression.
Concrete breast wall over-run and damaged.
Excessive steeping of slope rendering unstable beyond angle of repose. Weak/unfavourable slope forming material. Development of local pore and hydrostatic pressure.

Road bench subsidence by 1-1.5 m approx. 20-25 m of road stretch totally consumed. Cut slope failure noticed adjacent to destabilised zone.
Ring road completely consumed for a length of 20-25 m
Colluvial material overlaying variably weathered shale. Development of local pore and hydrostatic pressure. Loading of downslope by dump material. Pipping action anticipated and over saturation.

Tertiary sedimentary sequence (Disang formation dark grey splintery shale)
Accumulated debris may further flow/slides in the form of debris flow during heavy monsoon discharge.
Agriculture downslope and settlement upslope of destabilised zone.
Concrete breast wall over-run and damaged 40-45m.
Development of local pore and hydrostatic pressure, clayey soil (dark grey shale weathered remnant) which turn sticky and lubricating during saturation. Severe toe cutting by flowing stream.

Communication corridor, Terrace fields at the foot of the slope
Road bench subsided by 1-1.5 m for a length of 20-25 m
Probability of further reactivation under extreme hydrological conditions is very high.
Hillward shifting of road bench to align over stable bedrock may be considered. Dumping of excavated material downslope may be avoided to prevent loading. Provision of a lined hillside drain to prevent ingress of surface run-off from the road bench. Deta

The slide is basically a cut-slope failure.
Removal of slide debris on road bench, benching of the upslope of road, construction of a flexible breast wall to the benched slope, provision of a lined hillside drain to the road bench.

Road bench partially covered by slide debris affecting the smooth flow of traffic.
Agriculture downslope and settlement upslope of slide zone.
Removal of slide debris on road bench to allow smooth passage of traffic. Construction of a muti-tier (atleast 3), flexible breast wall. The existing 35-40m length with a 3m high breast wall may be considered. Provision of a lined hillside drain and suit

Translational & Subsidence
Road bench subsided by 10-12cm at the time of study

Training of the streams, regulation pertaining to increased static loading, etc.

Initially translational followed by yearly subsidence
Settlement area, Terrace cultivation at the footslope
Training of the stream, construction of a flexible breast wall to the upslope of road, construction of a strong retaining wall to the road bench with provision of sufficient weepholes, provision of a lined hillside drain to thw road bench, etc.

Clay-rich colluvial material with embedded rock fragments.
Initially translational followed by yearly subsidence
Road bench subsided by 0.5-0.8m at the time of study

Slope forming material comprises of fine clayed matrix. Rills and gully erosion developed along the destabilised zone.
Road/settlement approx. 60-70m of right flank.
Extensive slope cut exceed angle of repose. Weak/unfavourable slope forming material. Development of local pore and hydrostatic pressure.

Between Lerie and Pfiichama along Lerie-Pfiichama approach road
Communication corridor, near-barren conditions, jhum at crown
Road bench at risk of getting covered by slide debris
Near-barren conditions, jhum at the crown slope
The slide is basically a cut-slope failure
Benching of the upslopes of road, construction of a flexible breast wall to the benched slope, provision of a lined hillside drain to the road bench.

On the immediate ESE downslope of Lerie Helipad
Main scarp within 1m of the Helipad ground
Near barren conditions, jhum at the foot slope

Between Lerie and Pfiichama along Lerie-Pfiichama approach road
Communication corridor, near-barren conditions, jhum at crown
Near barren conditions, jhum at the crown slope
Removal of the slide debris on road bench, benching of the upslopes of road, construction of a flexible breast wall to the benched slope, provision of a lined hillside drain to the road bench.

Regulation of dumping of non-biodegradable wastes along stream channel at the upstream course, training of the stream channel

Between Lerie and Pfiichama along Lerie-Pfiichama approach road
Communication corridor, near-barren conditions, jhum at crown
Road bench at risk of getting covered by slide debris
Benching of the upslopes of road, construction of a flexible breast wall to the benched slope, provision of a lined hillside drain to the road bench.

Material largely comprises slope excavated material dumped on the downslope of road bench
Between Lerie and Pfiichama along Lerie-Pfiichama approach road (below road bench)
Valleyside edge of road bench consumed by the slide
Road bench to be aligned over sound bedrock through hillward shifting, construction of a strong retaining wall to the hillward shifted road bench and preferably founded on sound bedrock, provision of a lined hillside drain to the road bench, construction

Removal of the slide debris on road bench, benching of the upslopes of road, construction of a flexible breast wall to the benched slope, provision of a lined hillside drain to the road bench.

Clay-rich colluvial material with embedded rock fragments.
Old road bench subsided & a new road bench aligned at the higher elevation (2m) prior to 2006, the old road bench completely consumed during the reactivation phase of 2013.

NW downslope of Pfiichama village, along Lerie-Pfiichama approach road (right bank of stream)
Present road bench laid over slide debris
Present road bench laid over slide debris and does not appear stable.
Road bench to be aligned over sound bedrock through hillward shifting, construction of a 2-tier flexible breast wall to the slope, construction of a strong retaining wall to the hillward shifted road bench and preferably founded on sound bedrock, provisi

Village circular road, settlement at the crown slope

Varaibly thin, clay-rich overburden resting over highly weathered shales of Disang Group

Road, forest land both up and down slope.
Weak geological slope form material, colluvial debris. Loose un-compacted soil dump. Dump/filled slope material. Development of local pore and hydrostatic pressure.

Varaibly thick, clay-rich overburden resting over highly weathered shales of Disang Group
Partly translational and partly rotational
Eastern downslope of Kezo Town on Kohima-Pfiitsero-Meluri road (NH-150?)
Forested downslope of road, jhum cultivated upslope of road
Road bench subsided by 12-15cm at the time of study
Hillward shifting of road bench to align over sound bedrock, construction of lined contour drain at the crown slope, construction of a strong retaining wall of road bench with sufficient weep holes and founded over sound bedrock, provision of lined hills

Varaibly thick, clay-rich overburden resting over highly weathered shales of Disang Group
SSE of Kezo Town on Kohima-Pfiitsero-Meluri road (NH-150?)
Valleyside edge of road bench taken down at the time of study
Hillward shifting of road bench to align over sound bedrock, construction of a strong retaining wall of road bench with sufficient weep holes and founded over sound bedrock, provision of lined hillside drain to the road bench, training of the stream cha

Varaibly thin, clay-rich overburden resting over highly weathered shales of Disang Group
SSE of Kezo Town on Kohima-Pfiitsero-Meluri road (NH-150?)

Zarii Bridge slide
Shale/dark grey shale (weathered) overlain by thin heterogeneous overburden soil
Boudinage formation on quartz observed at places indicating shearing of the weak shale bedrock.
Road bench partially eroded by downslope stream.
Weak slope forming material. Unfavourable slope condition. Slope cut beyond angle of repose. Severe toe erosion.

Weathered shale belonging to Disang group of rock.
Loose overburden material resting over invariably weathered shale bedrock observed, which may have developed local pore and hydrostatic pressure.
Weak slope forming material comprising of overburden colluvial scree/ slope wash material mixed with invariably weathered shale bedrock (loosely compacted).

Sedzii Bridge
Folded, sheared, shattered and crumpled shale, siltstone and sandstone
Minor debris fall has been recorded on the right abutment of the bridge
Near vertical slope engineered probably for the construction of the bridge as well as the road.

Variably weathered shale, siltstone with minor sandstone (Disangs)
Barren at affected slope and forested on the adjacent slopes
Bank erosion by the unnamed stream channel is recorded. The foundation of a concrete bridge was eroded and therefore abandoned. As such active toe erosion is recorded and the same may be treated for long term stability.
Moderation of the steep slope through benching, removal of overhanging/protruding rock blocks, training of the mountain stream flowing at the foot of the slope.

Variably weathered shale, siltstone with minor sandstone
Bank erosion by the unnamed stream channel is recorded. The foundation of a concrete bridge was eroded and therefore abandoned.
Engineered near vertical slope, which was left unattended leading to gradual failing off intermittently

Interbedded sequence of variably weathered splintery shale, siltstone and claystone
The N320° slope has recorded debris slide along rock- overburden interface. The N45° slope has recorded toppling as well as planar failure of the poor rockmass.
Poor rockmass, near- vertical slope, unfavourable discontinuity planes.

The slide is basically a cut-slope failure initiated due to improper slope cutting.
Moderation of the affected slope through benching, construction of a 2m high breast wall, provision of a lined hillside drain to the road bench.

Shallow translational along rock overburden interface
The slide is basically a cut-slope failure initiated due to improper slope cutting.
Moderation of the affected slope through benching, construction of a 2m high breast wall, provision of a lined hillside drain to the road bench.

Communication corridor, terrace cultivation at the crown slope
Road bench seen partially covered by slide debris
Forested in the vicinity, terrace cultivation at the foot of the slope.
Construction of a 2-3 tier flexible breast wall to the slide affected slope, provision of a lined hillside drain to the road bench, diversion of the excess water from the terrace fields to a safer slope.

Partly rotational towards left flank and partly shallow translational towards the central & right flank
Thipuzu approach road from Kohima-Pfiitsero road
Road bench partially covered by slide debris affecting the smooth flow of traffic
Considering the inherent slope conditions, further retrogression under adverse hydrological condition cannot be ruled out.
The failed upslope of the road bench may be moderated through benching. A flexible breast wall towards the hillside of the road bench may be constructed. Provision of a lined hillside drain.

Road bench seen partially covered by slide debris
Considering the slope morphometry and the amount of debris still resting upslope of the road bench, further reactivation cannot be ruled out under adverse hydrological conditions.
Moderation of the upslope of the road through benching at regular intervals, construction of a 2 tier flexible breast wall to the benched slope, provision of a lined hillside drain to the road bench.

Communication corridor, terrace cultivation at the crown slope
Road bench seen partially covered by slide debris.
Further retrogression under adverse hydrological conditions cannot be ruled out.
Construction of a 2-3 tier, each 1.5m high and 45m length flexible breast wall to the slide affected slope, provision of a lined hillside drain to the road bench, diversion of the excess water from the terrace fields to a safer slope.

Benching of the slope, provision of a lined hillside drain to the road bench, construction of a 1.5-2m high breast wall of the benched slope.

Variably weathered shale, siltstone with minor sandstone belonging to Disang groups of rock.
The natural slope appears to be stable, failure is observed along the river bank.

Varaibly thick, clay-rich overburden resting over highly weathered shales of Disang Group
Communication corridor, moderately vegetated, Jhum cultivation at the mid slope of the landslide prior to initiation
Road bench covered by slide debris. The road bench reportedly subsided by 3-5m during 2014 and 5-8m during 2015.
Detailed site specific studies may be carried out at the earliest for understanding the causative factors and formulation of appropriate remedial measures. The detailed study will also help to ascertain the nature of the slide and its impact over the con
Generic remedial measures may include:
1. Dumping of excavated material immediate downslope may be avoided to prevent loading of slope.
2. Removal of loose and overhang material and trees upslope of road bench.
3. Multiple micro benching and berms.

Excavated and dumped materail over Tertiary sedimentary sequence
On the immediate downslope of Chakhabama-Chozuba-Zunheboto SH
Communication corridor, Terrace fields at the foot of the slope
Valleyside edge of road bench encroached by the slide

Removal of slide debris on the road bench, benching of the upslope of road, construction of a breast wall to the benched slope, provision of a lined hillside drain to the road bench.

Excavated and dumped materail over Tertiary sedimentary sequence
Hillward shifting of road bench to align over sound bedrock, construction of toe erosion control walls, construction of a strong retaining wall of the hillward shifted road bench, construction of a culvert to the road bench at the maximum curvature of th

Excavated and dumped materail over Tertiary sedimentary sequence
On the immediate downslope of Chakhabama-Chozuba-Zunheboto SH
Valleyside edge of road bench taken down in the slide

Forested in the vicinity, Jhum cultivation at the crown slope.
The slide is basically a cut-slope failure initiated due to improper slope cutting.
Moderation of the affected slope through benching, provision of a lined hillside drain to the road bench.

Moderation of the affected slope through benching, provision of a lined hillside drain to the road bench.

Valleyside edge of road bench consumed by the slide, road bench partially covered by slide debris
Road bench seen laid on road bench however the road has been seen constricted. Therefore, hillward shifting is recommended to attain a sufficient width. Site specific studies recommended for understanding the detailed causative factors required for the f
Generic remedial measures may include hillward shifting of road bench, benching of the upslopes of road, provision of a lined hillside drain to the road bench, etc.

A significant part of the road bench covered by the slide debris (run-out of slide).
Removal of debris resting on the road bench, construction of a strong breast wall of the slope with sufficient weep holes preferably founded on sound bedrock well below the slip circle of the slide, draining of the water seepage through the installation

Crown of slide has consumed the valleyside edge of the road bench.
The slide occurred downslope of the road bench where slope excavated material was extensively dumped.
Hillward shifting of the road bench at a comfortable distance from the crown scarp. Provision of a lined hillside drain to the road bench to prevent any ingress of surface runoff down the affected slope. A retaining wall of the road bench founded on soun

Crown of slide within 1m of the valleyside edge of the road bench.
The slide occurred downslope of the road bench where slope excavated material was extensively dumped.
Provision of a lined hillside drain to the road bench to prevent any ingress of surface runoff down the affected slope. A retaining wall of the road bench founded on sound bedrock may be constructed, if felt necessary.

Construction of a 2-tier flexible retaining breast wall. Provision of a lined hillside drain to the road bench.

The slide appears diminishing. However, considering the weak rockmass (bedrock) along an existing steep slope further reactivation under adverse hydrological condition cannot be ruled out.
The existing masonry wall to be increased in height by constructing 2-tier each 1m high, provision of a lined hillside drain to the road bench.

Overburden (thick, clay-rich) derived from the weathering of shales.
Communication corridor at the crown, terrace cultivation at the midslope prior to 2013-14.
Crown of slide within 1m of the road bench.
Forested in the vicinity, terrace cultivation at the midslope prior to 2013-14.
The debris along the stream channel may be cleared to allow the smooth flow of water, construction of toe/bank erosion control walls. Aretaining wall to the road bench may be constructed, if felt necessary.

An 60m length of the road has been taken down/subsided by 1-1.5m.
Construction of a multi-tier breast wall towards the hillside of the road bench founded over sound bedrock, provision of lined hillside drain to the road bench, provision of a rectangular block culvert at the road bench coinciding with the central depres

Moderate vegetation cover, terrace cultivation at the left footslope prior to 2012-13.
Agri-link road subsided/slided by 0.5m at the time of study.
Forested in the vicinity, terrace cultivation at the left footslope of slide prior to 2012-13.
Training of the turbulent stream flowing at the foot of the slide, hillward shifting of the agri-link road bench, the slope to the hillside of the re-aligned road bench to be protected by a strong breast wall.

Considering the amount of debris still resting upslope of the road bench, further reactivation under adverse hydrological conditions may be high if appropriate remedial measures are not implemented at the earliest.
Benching of the slide debris resting upslope of the road bench, construction of a 2-3 tier flexible breast wall to the benched slope, provision of a lined hillside drain to the road bench, construction of a culvert to the road bench at the maximum curvat

Communication corridor, Sparse vegetation cover, jhum cultivation at the crown slope.
Road bench subsided by 0.5-1m, present road bench aligned over unstable colluvial material.
Forested in the vicinity, jhum cultivation at the crown slope.
Further reactivation under adverse hydrological conditions is high if appropriate remedial measures are not implemented at the earliest.
Hillward shifting of the road bench to align over sound bedrock, trimming and moderation of the slide debris upslope of the hillward shifted road bench through benching, construction of a 2-3 tier flexible breast wall to the slide affected slope, provisi

Crown of slide within 1m of the road bench.
Construction of a culvert to the road bench at the maximum curvature of the road, provision of a lined hillside drain to the road bench, the downslope continuation of the culvert coinciding with the trace of the seasonal stream may be trained to about 80

Valleyside edge of road bench partially consumed.
Road bench at risk under further retrogression.
Provision of lined hillside drain to the road bench, retaining wall of the road bench founded over stable bedrock.

Further retrogression may put the road bench at risk.
The debris along the stream channel may be cleared to allow the smooth flow of water, construction of toe/bank erosion control walls.

Construction of a 2-tier flexible breast wall to the slide affected slope, moderation of the slide through benching, provision of a lined hillside drain to the road bench.

Communication corridor, Cardamom plantation, Moderately vegetated cover in the vicinity.
Cardamom plantation on the flanks and immediate crown slope, Forested in the vicinity.
Construction of a 2-tier flexible breast wall to the slide affected slope, provision of a lined hillside drain to the road bench, construction of a culvert to the road bench at the maximum curvature of the road.

Village approach road, Moderately vegetated cover downslope, terrace cultivation at the crown slope, settlement to the left flank.

Village approach road at crown, terrace cultivated fields upslope of road bench, settlement further upslope and forested downslope of road bench.
Crown of slide has consumed the valleyside edge of the road bench.
Forested downslope, terrace fields at crown slope.
Excess water from the terrace fields may be suitably diverted to the opp.slope.
Provision of a lined hillside drain to prevent any ingress of surface runoff down the affected slope. Hillside shifting of the road bench and aligned over stable bedrock. Training of the seasonal stream draining the left flank of the slide, lining of the

Road bench fully covered by slide debris and partially cleared.
Provision of lined hillside drain to the road bench, construction of a multi-tier retaining/breast wall towards the hillside of the road bench, provision of a rectangular block culvert at the hillward curvature of the road bench, moderation of the crown

Terrace cultivated fields of Pholami village
Excess water from the adjacent terrace fields may be suitably diverted to a safer slope, the irrigation canal aligned immediately below the mainscarp may be replaced by penstock pipes to ensure that no leakage/ingress of water downslope occurs.

Construction of a multi-tier (3-4) wire mesh gabion wall at the foot of the slided slope, provision of a lined hillside drain to the road bench, construction of a culvert to the road bench at the maximum curvature of the road.

Crown of slide has consumed the valleyside edge of the road bench.
Provision of a lined hillside drain to prevent any ingress of surface runoff down the affected slope. A retaining wall of the road bench founded on sound bedrock may be constructed.

Further retrogression cannot be ruled out under adverse hydrological conditions.
A flexible breast wall towards the hillside of the road bench coinciding with the toe of the failed slope may be constructed, provision of a lined hillside drain.

Road bench (Chozuba-Phek road) seen subsided by 10-12cm at the time of study
Further subsidence of the road bench anticipated.
Construction of a strong retaining wall to the road bench with sufficient weep holes and preferably founded over sound bedrock, provision of a lined hillside drain to the road bench, draining of the water seepage through the installation of horizontal pe

Crown of slide within 5m of the road bench (Chozuba-Phek road).
Regulated dumping of slope excavated material and non-biodegradable wastes, provision of a lined contour drain at the valleyside edge of the road bench to prevent any ingress of surface runoff down the affected slope.

Recently widened road bench, thickly forested in the vicinity.
Valley-side edge of the road bench has been partially damaged.
Due to the inherent slope conditions like steep slope (45╬ô├╢┬╝╬ô├╗├ª-50╬ô├╢┬╝╬ô├╗├ª), presence of the slide material upslope of the road bench, presence of intermittent water seepage points, presence of the vuln
Construction of a 1m high flexible breast wall with sufficient weep holes towards the hillside edge of the roads bench, provision of a lined, self-draining hillside drains, provision of a large diameter culvert at the road bench for free/smooth draining

An approach road to settlement area aligned at the crown scarp has been consumed.
Jhum cultivation on the flanks, settlement at the crown slope.
Moderation of the affected slope through benching, construction of flexible breast wall to the benched slope, construction of a lined contour drain at the crown slope and suitably diverted into the two depressions present on both sides of the slide zone,

Provision of a lined hillside drain to prevent any ingress of surface runoff down the affected slope. The irrigation canal aligned at the immediate crown scarp of the slide may be replaced by penstock pipes to ensure no percolation of water downslope.

Considering the presence of a variably thick overburden standing along a steep slope at the crown even after initial failure and the presence of a significant distance between the main scarp and the crest of the spur, the slope may be vulnerable to retro
Removal/clearing of the slide debris on the road bench, moderation of the scarp face through benching, construction of a 1.5m high breast wall to the benched slope all along the width of the slide, provision of a lined hillside drain to the road bench.

Further retrogression cannot be ruled out under adverse hydrological conditions.
A flexible breast wall towards the hillside of the road bench may be constructed, provision of a lined hillside drain.

The moderate to highly weathered overburden has destabilized due to road cut.
The said water needs to be arrested by using perforated pipes. Slope may be modified.

The dumped road materials has got supersaturated and starts to subside slowly.
Brest wall below the dumped waste materials over the bedrock may stop the subsidence.

Destabilized due to steepness of the slope, ~2m overburden thickness and supersaturation due to rainfall.
Already Gabbion wall has been given and the place is stabilized presently.

Highly weathered shale and the slope stability got destabilized due to unplanned road cut.
Removing the slided debris part and the retention wall of (8*2m) may be found appropriate measure.

Transported soil fails on supersaturation.
Retention wall of (15*2m) may be an approprite structure.

Material failed due to slope modification .

Slope material failed on road cutting.
Retention wall with weep holes at the base.

Weathered failed due to unplanned road cut.

Toe erosion by nala.

Highly weathered and fractured rock (shale ) has failed upon road cutting and rain water percolation further influences the failure.
Retention wall at the base upto fresh rock.

Material fails due to unplanned road cut.
Removal of material and retention wall .

Material fails on saturation.

Material fails on supersaturation.

soil failed as rainfall supersatures the soil

Slope failed on modification for road cut
Slope modification on the upslope side in form of benching can be done to reduce the slope gradient.

Weatherd rock failed along bedding planes
Retention wall at the road level may be provided. Slope modification can also be done for longer term

Highly weathered rock is being saturated by water from slope side (may be groundwater) which falied in high rainfall event.
The landslide falls into an old landlside zone which has already forced the village people to vacate 5-6 houses.
The said water needs to be arrested by using perforated pipes. Slope may be modified.

Weathered rock failed due to road cut.

Supersaturation process has made the material to fail.

Material fails due to supersaturation process.
Removal of material above bed rock and retention wall.

Saturation of material failed along the cataclinal slope.
Retention wall upon the exposed base rock with proper back filling .

The material has failed due to saturation

Supersaturation process favours the failure plane.

Supersaturation process has made the material to fail.
Benching and retention wall are the options.

Kiruphema landslide
Shales, siltstones and sandstone alternate sequence. However, a thick pile of overburden (>5m) comprising a mixture of in-situ soil, loose quarry waste
Incessant rainfall prior to the reactivation phase
Toe erosion by nala, rill erosion also recorded. Initiated during early 1980s, reactivated during 1991-1994 and reactivated again on 13th May, 2017
National Highway-29, Quarries upslope of NH-29, agricultural fields downslope of NH-29
Roadside tea stalls damaged, Paddy fields and forest area covered by debris with estimated loss of some few crores (as per media reports).
An approx. 80m stretch of NH-29 completely snapped off, road closed for 2-3 days.
Sprawling agricultural fields downslope of road
Construction of proper drainage to drain the surface water and rainwater. Connect the nalas to avoid chances of water stagnation. Road alignment should be re-evaluated, since widening of the NH-29 is going on. Aligning the road in a different route avoid
Culverts, roadside drains all damaged, shortage of commodities at Kohima town and surrounding villages.
Reactivation of an infamously known old-landslide zone, downslope dumping of quarry waste from the upslope, absence of any proper drainage/nala system along the Landslide zone to drain out the surface and rain water. Reported, continuous heavy rainfall t

The material has failed on supersaturation process.

Slope material fails on saturation.
Lining of drainage and proper maintainance of drainage.

Material fails on saturation.
Retention wall with weep holes are already provided.

Material failed on saturation.

Subsidence has occured due to supersaturation of the colluvial materials during rainfall.

Weathered rock failed on slope modification.

The cut and fill materials of the Kohima-Wokha road slides due to saturation.
Retention wall with culvert and lined drainage.

Colluvial material starts sliding on saturation by rain water.
Breached retention wall need to be repaired with back filling and weep holes.

Thick regolith cover failed on saturation by nearby nala which again gets supersaturated due to high rainfall events
Fill the subsided road with boulders of hard rock and arrest the water infiltration from the upper side

Higly saturated soil failed on rainfall as the as the angle of the slope is high.
Proper drainage facility may be provided and extension of existing retention wall may be done.

Variably weathered shale alternate thin bands of sandstone belonging to Disang group.
Road bench as such is laid on bedrock and appears stable. Moderation of upslope of road bench may be considered and dumping of excavated material downslope may be avoided.
Weak slope forming material. Anthropogenic activities – slope cutting beyond repose 50°-60°.Development of local pore and hydrostatic pressure.

Higly weathered bedrock led to thick regolith cover which failed on unscientific slope modification as the slope angle is high.
Proper drainage facility and give hieght upto 10 feet to the existing retention wall may be done. For longer term slope benching may be done.

Debris failed on account of supersaturation because of high rainfall

Variably weathered shale with alternating thin bands of sandstone belonging to Disang group.
Dumping of excavated material observed dowslope of road bench which is loose and may further drag down. Visible subsidence of road bench noticed along the road bench.
Road bench partially covered and taken down
1. Weak slope forming material (thick debris). 2. Development of local pore and hydrostatic pressure. 3. Anthropogenic activities - steepening and dumping.

Highly weathered bedrock led to thick regolith cover which failed on unscientific slope modification
Breached retention wall may be reconstructed of the hieght of 6-7 feet.

Retention wall may be reconstructed of the hieght of 7-8 feet.

Supersaturation of colluvial materials due to road drainage by raining water.
Retention wall at the base with proper back filling.

The cut and fill slope materials has got subsided on saturation.

The material has failed due to unscientific road cut.

The material has failed due to unplanned road cut .

The material has failed due to unscientific slope modification.

The oversatured thick regolith pacakage fails.
Culvert has damaged and the slide affects the road at different levels.
Lined drainage and fillings upto the road level with hard rock.

Material has failed on unscientific slope modification.

Material failed due to saturation.

The colluvium material failed upon saturation.
Retention wall with weep holes is already provided.

Highly saturated thick regolith pack fails on saturation by rainwater.
Retention wall with weep holes with proper back filling.

The colluvium failed on saturation .

Slope forming material failed on unscientific slope cutting

Material failed on unscientific slope modification.
Benching and retention wall may be tried.

The thick colluvial material slided due to unplanned road cut.
Benching and retention wall can be tried .

Soil fails on unscientific slope modification

The road cut has disturbed the slope stability .

Reducing slope gradient, benching and retention wall.

The weathered shale fails as the unplanned road cut destabilizes the steep slope .

The weathered shale fails along the steep slope as the unplanned road cut destabilizes the slope .

Anthropogenic actvity has destabilized the slope .

Steep slope, colluvial material, and road cut has made the slope to become unstable .
Removal of material, proper benching and retentiion wall is essential.

Weathered rock failed on unscientific slope modification .

The unplanned road cut fails the materials.

Supersaturation process has influenced the failure to occur.

Toe erosion by nala.
Retention wall with proper backfilling .

Material has failed due to unplanned road cut.

The unplanned road cut, destabilizes the saturated thick colluvium pack to slide along the slope.
Remove the material, proper benching and retention wall is essential.

Debris accumulation on New Ralan to Longcham road
Failure along joint plane due to decrease in friction by monsoonal rainfall
Removal of fallen debris from toe, Netting along the length and width of the slide and proper lined drainage at toe of the slide are recommended.

Slope fill failure on the downslope side of the road due to weak geological formation and toe erosion by nala
Construcion of retaining wall (L=8mts) with proper weepholes at the toe of the slide and proper lined drainage along the side of the road are recommended.

Weak geological formation, increase in pore water pressure due on overburden to rainfall and deep gully erosion by nala
Removal of fallen debris from toe and construction of proper lined drainage on the sides of the road and culvert across the road are recommended.

Weak geological formation, increase in pore water pressure due on overburden to rainfall
Removal of fallen debris from toe, Slope easing in the form of benches are recommended.

Failure along joint planes in sandstone and increase in pore water pressure and reduction in friction due to monsoonal rainfall
Slide data was taken from a remote location and there are no roads leading to the slide.

Friable sandstone with thin bands of shale
Debris accumulation on Sanis to Pyotchu road
Construcion of retaining wall (L= 5mts)with proper weepholes at the toe of the slide and proper lined drainage alond the side of the road are recommended.

Friable sandstone with thin bands of shale
Removal of fallen debris from toe, construction of retaining walls (L= 10mts)with proper weepholes at toe and proper lined drainage at toe of the slide are recommended.

Friable sandstone with thin bands of shale
Weak geological formation and increase in pore water pressure on overburden due to monsoonal rainfall
Debris accumulation on Sanis to Pyotchu road
Removal of fallen debris from toe, construction of retaining walls (L= 10mts)with proper weepholes at toe and proper lined drainage at toe of the slide are recommended.

Debris accumulation on Sanis to Pyotchu road
Extensive slope cut on weak geological formation and increase in pore water pressure on overburden due to monsoonal rainfall
Removal of fallen debris from toe, construction of retaining walls (L= 6mts)with proper weepholes at toe and proper lined drainage at toe of the slide are recommended.

Removal of fallen debris from toe, construction of retaining walls (L= 10mts)with proper weepholes at toes and proper lined drainage at toe of the slide are recommended.

Weak geological formation, increase in pore water pressure due on overburden to rainfall, toe erosion by nala.
Slide data was taken from a remote location and there are no roads leading to the slide.

Extensive slope cut on weak geological formation and increase in pore water pressure on overburden due to monsoonal rainfall

Extensive slope cut on weak geological formation and increase in pore water pressure on overburden due to monsoonal rainfall
Removal of fallen debris from toe, construction of retaining walls (L= 7mts)with proper weepholes at toeat toe of the slide are recommended.

Removal of downslope side (Shoulder) of road by the slide.
Cut fill failure of road, increase in pore water pressure due to monsoonal rainfall and toe erosion by nala.
Construcion of retaining wall (L= 8mts)with proper weepholes at toe the toe of the slide and proper lined drainage alond the side of the road are recommended.

Debris accumulation on Sanis to Lotsu road
Removal of fallen debris from toe, netting along the slide scarp and proper lined drainage at toe of the slide are recommended.

Debris accumulation on Sanis to Lotsu road
Removal of fallen debris from toe, construction of retaining walls and proper lined drainage at toe of the slide are recommended.

Removal of fallen debris from toe, construction of retaining walls and proper lined drainage at toe of the slide are recommended.

Removal of downslope side (Shoulder) of road by the slide.
Cut fill failure of road, increase in pore water pressure due to monsoonal rainfall and toe erosion by nala.
Construcion of retaining wall with proper weepholes for the width of the slide from the toe of the slide and proper lined drainage alond the side of the road are recommended.

Debris accumulation on Wokha to Tsopo road
Slide due to extensive slope cut and increase in pore water pressure in overburden due to monsoonal rainfall
Removal of fallen debris from toe,construction of gabion walls and proper lined drainage at toe of the slide are recommended.

Slope fill failure on the downslope side of the road due to weak geological formation and increase in pore water pressure due to monsoonal rainfall
Removal of downslope side (Shoulder) of road by the slide.
Construcion of retaining wall with proper weepholes for with 20mts length at the toe of the slide and proper lined drainage alond the side of the road are recommended.

Slide due to extensive slope cut and increase in pore water pressure in overburden due to monsoonal rainfall
Removal of fallen debris from toe,construction of gabion walls (L=15mts) and proper lined drainage at toe of the slide are recommended.

Slide due to extensive slope cut and increase in pore water pressure in overburden due to monsoonal rainfall
Removal of fallen debris from toe,construction of gabion walls (L=8mts) and proper lined drainage at toe of the slide are recommended.

Excessive pore pressure due to rainfall, weak geology and toe erosion by nala.
Removal of unstable material at crown and slope easing in the form of benches are recommended.

NH 61, Near NST Bus accident point of 8th Aug'2007

NH 61, Near NST Bus accident point of 8th Aug'2006

Weathered Shale with sst is the exposed rock type in the area.
NH 61, Near NST Bus accident point of 8th Aug'2005

Wokha to Kohima road. Near LongsachungNH 61 meetinh point

Debris accumulation onWokha to Pongitong road
Highly weathered geological formation and increase in pore water pressure due to monsoonal rainfall
Slope easing in the form of benches and proper lined drainage at toe are recommended.

Toe erosion by nala and increase in pore water pressure due to monsoonal rainfall
Subsidence along Wokha to Pongitong road
Maintenance of existing retaining wall. Construction of proper lined drainage at toe recommended.

Debris accumulation on Wokha to Humtsoe road
Removal of fallen debris from toe, construction of retaining wall (L= 20mts)with proper weepholes at toeand proper lined drainage at toe of the slide are recommended.

Dominantly weathered Sandstone with Shale bands
0.5 km West of Wokha Town near Mount Hill College.
Road to Mount Hill College was damed and blocked.
Removal of fallen debris from toe, slope easing in the form of benches, plantation of deep rooted grasses and proper lined drainage at toe are recommended.

LS causing high threat to life and properties

Dominantly weathered Sandstone with Shale bands
Longsa Village, 6 km South of Wokha Town.
Original approach road to Longsa and other Villages is completely damaged and cut off.

Approach road to Longsa village from Pongitong damaged
Deep gully erosion by nala and increase in pore water pressure due to monsoonal rainfall
The area was also a grabage dumping site
Construction of retaining wall (L= 15mts)with proper weepholes at toe, construction of bridge/culvert for nala and proper lined drainage at toe are recommended.

0.5 km West of NH-61, on the way to Longsa Village.

Road to Niroyo and other Villages was damaged and blocked.

NH-61/ 2 km South of Wokha Town near Forest Colony.

Road to Niroyo and other Villages was damaged.

Old and reactivated landslide posing threat to the life and property of people.

NH-61/ Near Nagaland State Transport, Wokha Town
Old and reactivated Roadside Landslide on NH-61 near Nagaland State Transport posing high threat to life and property.

Weathered splintary Shale is the exposed rock type in the area.
Wokha to Kohima road.Longsachung NH 61 meetinh point

Approach road of Longla Village was damed and blocked.

Lungithang Village, 24 km SE of Wokha Town.
Removal of fallen debris from toe, slope easing in the form of benches, proper lined drainage at toe and are recommended.

1.5 km NW of Mangya Village, 18 km SE of Wokha Town.
Approach road of Mangya Village was damed and blocked.

Tsungiki Village, 14 km East of Wokha Town.
Old abandoned Landslide in the Tsungiki Village initiated in 1963 during rainy seasons.

Tsungiki Village, 14 km East of Wokha Town.
Old abandoned Landslide in the Tsungiki Village initiated in 1960 during rainy seasons.

Weathered Shale-Siltstone is the exposed rock type in the area.
One road of Yimkha Village was damed and blocked.
Subsidence in Settlement area of Yimkha Village posing high threat to the life and property of people. The Subsidence initiated in July,2015.
Slope easing in the form of benches, plantation of deep rooted plants, construction of retention wall and checking toe erosion level.

Weathered Shale-Siltstone is the exposed rock type in the area.
Metastable Landslide in Settlement area of Yimkha Village posing high threat to the life and property of people. The Landslide occurred in 1996-97.

LS followed by subsidence initiated in 1970

Old Changsu Village, near panchayet hall

New Rephium Village, near water shed of the village
Subsidence posing threate to life and property

Subsidence posing threate to life and property

Debris accumulation on Doyang to Wokha highway
Failure along joint planes in sandstone partly Extensive slope cut and increase in pore water pressure and reduction in friction due to monsoonal rainfall
Removal of fallen debris from toe, putting up nets along the length and width of the slide and proper lined drainage the roadside are recommended.

Debris accumulation and subsequent removal of downslope (shoulder) of the road along on Doyang to Wokha highway
Extensive slope cut on weak geological formation, subsequent debris flow from accumulated debris and increase in pore water pressure due to monsoonal rainfall
Removal of fallen debris , slope easing in the form of benches and construction of retaining wall (L= 15mts) with proper weepholes and proper lined drainage at toe are recommended.

Extensive slope cut on weak geological formation and dip direction of the rocks is towards the road.
Since the dip direction of rock is towards the road, the rock is highly weathered shale and there are open, large spaced(80-90cms), it is likely to reactivate
Construction or retaining wall (L= 10mts) with proper weepholes and proper lined drainage at toe are recommended.

Debris accumulation on Doyang to Wokha highway

Subsidence of filled road of Doyang to Wokha highway
Erosion by nala due to absecne of lined drainage on roadside.
Proper compaction of road building materials and laying of impervious asphalt layer on top and construction of either a culvert or a causeway across the road and proper lined drainage along both sides of the road are recommended.

Sandstone with minor bands of carbonaceous shale
Debris accumulation on Doyang to Wokha highway
Extensive slope cut on weak geological formation, gully erosion by nala and increase in pore water pressure due to monsoonal rainfall

Failure along joint plane due to decrease in friction by monsoonal rainfall
Removal of fallen debris from toe, putting up nets along the length and width of the slide and proper lined drainage the roadside are recommended.

Slope fill failure on the downslope side of the road due to weak geological formation and increase in pore water pressure due to monsoonal rainfall
Construcion of 10 mts long retaining wall with proper weepholes at the toe of the slide and proper lined drainage along the side of the road are recommended.

Wedge failure along two main joints in the sandstone, Extensive slope cut exposing and loosening joints due to weathering and increase in pore water pressure due to monsoonal rainfall
Removal of loose material at crown and rocky blocks with loose joints, netting along the for 10mts lenght x 15mts height and proper lined drainage at toe are recommended.

Construction of retaining wall downslope of the road for length of 6mts and backfill of the road and proper lined drainage along the side of the road are recommended.

Weathered shale with bands of siltstone.
Extensive slope cut on weak geological formation, failure along joint planes and increase in pore water pressure due to monsoonal rainfall
Removal of loose material at crown and rocky blocks with loose joints, netting for 15mts length and 15 mts width and proper lined drainage at toe are recommended.

Construcion of retaining wall with length 17mts with proper weepholes at the toe of the slide and proper lined drainage alond the side of the road are recommended.

S0 N40┬░E/23┬░SE J1 N40┬░E/80┬░NW J2 N25┬░W/subvertical J3 N55┬░W/subvertical
Debris accumulation on Doyang to Baghty highway
Failure along joint planes due to extensive slope cut on weak geological formation and increase in pore water pressure due to monsoonal rainfall
Removal of loose material at crown and rocky blocks with loose joints and proper lined drainage at toe are recommended.

Quarrying by heavy machinery and blasting and increase in pore water pressure due to monsoonal rainfall
Removal of rocky blocks with loose joints and obsrvance of proper protocol for Quarrying so as not to cause problems along the road.

Damage to the road and removal of black topping all along the length of the slide.
Extensive slope cut on weak geological formation, irregular mining practices for coal and increase in pore water pressure due to monsoonal rainfall
Removal of fallen debris from toe, Slope easing in the form of benches and proper lined drainage at along both sides if the road are recommended.

Debris accumulation on Doyang to Baghty highway
Failure along joint planes due to extensive slope cut on weak geological formation and increase in pore water pressure due to monsoonal rainfall
Removal of loose material at crown and rocky blocks with loose joints and proper lined drainage at toe are recommended.

Debris accumulation on Doyang to Baghty highway
Extensive slope cut on colluvium and increase in pore water pressure due to monsoonal rainfall.
Slope easing in the form of benches, construction of retaining wall with length 3mts with proper weepholes and proper lined drainage at toe of slide are recommended.

Slope fill failure on the downslope side of the road due to weak geological formation and toe erosion by nala
Construcion of15 mts long retaining wall with proper weepholes at the toe of the slide and proper lined drainage alond the side of the road are recommended.

Construction of retaining wall downslope of the road for length of 7mts and backfill of the road and proper lined drainage alond the side of the road are recommended.

Wedge failure along two main joints in the sandstone, Extensive slope cut exposing and loosening joints due to weathering and increase in pore water pressure due to monsoonal rainfall
Removal of loose material at crown and rocky blocks with loose joints, netting for length of 10mts and proper lined drainage at toe are recommended.

Wedge failure along two main joints in the sandstone, Extensive slope cut exposing and loosening joints due to weathering and increase in pore water pressure due to monsoonal rainfall
Removal of loose material at crown and rocky blocks with loose joints, netting along the length and width of the slide and proper lined drainage at toe are recommended.

Extensive slope cut in the dip direction of the rocks, failure along joint planes in the sandstone formation and increase in pore water pressure due to monsoonal rainfall
Removal of fallen debris from toe, removal of loose material at crown and rocky blocks with loose joints and proper lined drainage at toe are recommended.

Extensive slope cut failure of the road on weak geological formation and increase in pore water pressure due to monsoonal rainfall

Failure along fractures and joint openings due to weathering, erosion by nala and increase in pore water pressure due to monsoonal rainfall
Removal of fallen debris from toe, putting up nets along the length and width of the slide and proper lined drainage the roadside are recommended.

Increase in pore water pressure due to monsoonal rainfall and toe erosion by nala
Slope easing in the form of benches, construction of retaining wall of length 20mts with proper weepholes and proper lined drainage at toe of slide are recommended.

S0 N30┬░E/10┬░NW J1 NS/80┬░E J2 EW/Subvertical
Extensive slope cut on weak geological formation for coal mining, increase in pore water pressure due to monsoonal rainfall and toe erosion by nala
Slope easing in the form of benches and removal of loose material from crown.

Increase in pore water pressure due to monsoonal rainfall and toe erosion by nala
Slope easing in the form of benches, construction of retaining wall of length 40mts with proper weepholes and proper lined drainage at toe of slide are recommended.

Weak geological formation and Cloudburst which caused increase in pore water pressure in overburden material
The area is almost stabilized. Construction of lined drainage at the toe of the slide is recommended to prevent further reactivation.

Weakening of overburden material by earthquake subsequently worsened by weak geology and increase in pore water pressure on overburden material due to monsoonal rainfall
Removal of unstable material at crown, Slope easing in the form of benches, construction of retaining walls (L=10mts)with weepholes and proper lined drainage at toe are recommended.

S0 N25┬░E/49┬░SE, J1 EW/Subvertical, J2 N45┬░E/subvertical
1.Removing loose materials at toe. 2.Construction of lined drainage at toe.

The landslide is outside the study area. As per information provided by local people about the occurence of the landslides. The study was carried out as it is adjacent to the study area.

Mottled clay, mudstone & ferruginous sandstone
The landslide is outside the study area. As per information provided by local people about the occurence of the landslides. The study was carried out as it is adjacent to the study area.

Debris accumulation on Lakhuti to Mekukla road
Failure along joint plane due to decrease in friction by monsoonal rainfall
Removal of fallen debris from toe, Netting along the length and width of the slide and proper lined drainage at toe of the slide are recommended.

Weak geological formation and increase in pore water pressure on overburden due to monsoonal rainfall
The slide removes a footpath that goes to the fields every year.
Removal of unstable materials from crown, Slope easing in the form of benches and proper lined drainage at toe are recommended.

Sudden slide during construction of PWD road
The slide area and PWD road has since been abandoned
Construction of retaining wall (L=30mts) with proper weepholes at the toe of the slide to prevent reactivation.

Increase in pore water pressure of the overburden material due to monsoonal rainfall and toe erosion by nala
Construction of a retaining wall (L=10mts) with weep holes all along the downslope edge of the flat ground

Slope easing in the form of benches and proper lined drainage at toe are recommended.

Extensive slope cut on weak geological formation and increase in pore water pressure due to monsoonal rainfall, slope fill failure on the downslope side of the road due to debris flow and toe erosion by nala
Slope easing in the form of benches and proper lined drainage along the road side and construction of 10 mts retaining wall from below the road and backfilling it are recommended.

Extensive slope cut on weak geological formation and increase in pore water pressure due to monsoonal rainfall and toe erosion by nala.
Slope easing in the form of benches in the upslope of the road, construction of 30mts retaining wall or cladding wall from the bedrock of the river to protect road from erosion and proper lined drainage at the roadside are recommended.

Removal of fallen debris from toe and proper lined drainage at toe are recommended.

Removal of loose material at crown and rocky blocks with loose joints, netting along the length and width of the slide and proper lined drainage at toe are recommended.

Remove slided debris and clear drainage. Trim crown part.

Breast wall of height 4m with enough weap hok at the toe of the slide. Remove debris from road. Construct two benches at uphill side on slided debris.
Thick insitu soil (derived from weathered sandstone) resting along relatively high slope become unstable due to oversaturation.

Consequent slope. Slope cut. Weathered and jointed sandstone.

Shale, siltstone, ferruginous sandstone & mudstone
Clear drainage and entuert clogged due to slided debris. Trim crown part of the slide to modify gradient.
Highly weathered and jointed rock resting on steep slope.

Shale, siltstone, ferruginous sandstone & mudstone
Clear drainage. Trim loose hanging rock from crown.
Highly jointed, weathered shale slide due to wedge failure.

Shale, siltstone, ferruginous sandstone & mudstone

Remove slided debris, clear debris. Avoid cultivation in the affected part. Rehabilitate settlement near crown part. Construct benches to modify overall gradient.
Steep slope cut along slope having highly weathered friable sandstone.

Extensive slope cut on weak geological formation.

Debris accumulation on New Ralan to Woroku road
Removal of fallen debris from toe, Netting along the length and width of the slide and proper lined drainage at toe of the slide are recommended.

Slope fill failure on the downslope side of the road due to weak geological formation and toe erosion by nala
Construcion of retaining wall (L= 10mts) with proper weepholes at the toe of the slide and proper lined drainage along the side of the road are recommended.

Extensive slope cut on weak geological formation and increase in pore water pressure due to monsoonal rainfall and subsequent debris flow and gully erosion.

1. Debris/hanging rock should be removed from the crown area so as to arrest potential slope failure 2. Channelize the drainage away from the affected slope 3. Construction of proper drainage line along road to stimulate safe flow of drainage
1. Poor slope forming material comprising of weathered sandstone (W3), rate of weathering is high at the crown area 2. Incessant rainfall causing weathered rock to slip along its prominent joint planes

Partial road block but already cleared at the time of investigation.
1. Clear off the debris from the toe area and trim off or remove heavy vegetation cover on the crown area 2. Construction of RCC retaining wall with sufficient weep holes at the toe of the slope accompanied by a buffer zone 3. Hill side drains may be con
1. Weak lithology comprising immature Tipam sandstone (W4) 2. Presence of structural discontinuities such as joints 3. During rainfall, the interface between the weak planes loses cohesiveness due to action of water leading to slope failure.

Zhekhise Slide
Road connectivity cut off for 38 villages
1.┬á┬á┬á Construction of staged wire mesh crates or gabion walls to prevent further river bank erosion by high velocity river current. 2.┬á┬á┬á Construction of culvert to safely drain out excess water/clogged drains from agricultural la
Reduction of strength on saturation, toe erosion and seepage from roadside drainage

Numaligarh-Silonijan road slide 2
Pink/grey biotite granite gneiss of AssamΓÇôMeghalaya Gneissic Complex
Minor slope failure
1.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á Slope easing. 2.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á Removal of depleted material and construction of lined hillside drainage.
1. SFM: in-situ soil of about 0.5ΓÇô2 m. 2. Slope cut for road construction.3. Rainfall

Thedanghanse- Teranggaon road slide
Pink/grey biotite granite gneiss of AssamΓÇôMeghalaya Gneissic Complex
Minor landslide.
1.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á Slope easing. 2.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á Construction of lined hillside drainage at the toe of cut slope.
1. SFM:highly weathered granite with in-situ soil. 2. Ill-planned cutting of slope for road construction activities. 3. Over-saturation of slope forming material due to rainfall.

Langsothedong slide
Pink / grey biotite granite gneiss of Assam-Meghalaya Gneissic Complex
Minor landslide
1. Construction of retaining wall of considerable height at the toe portion of slope cut maybe considered. 2. Proper maintenance of lined hill side drainage.
1. Slope cut. 2. Weak overburden material. 3. Reduction of shear strength due to over saturation during heavy rainfall.

Numaligarh-Silonijan road slide 1
Pink/grey biotite granite gneiss of AssamΓÇôMeghalaya Gneissic Complex
Minor slope failure
Construction and timely maintenance of lined hillside drainage for proper disposal of surface water run-off.
1. SFM: highly weathered granite with in-situ soil. 2. Slope cut for road construction. 3. Rainfall

Nahor Langso-2
Toe erosion by Daigurung River along the River banks.
1. Slope easing at the crown area 2. Removal of boulders from the affected area 3. Construction of hill side drains along road.
1. Overburden material comprising in-situ soil 2. Due to incessant rainfall, the material increases in pore water pressure leading to failure of slope.

Nahor Langso-3
Similar slides of smaller dimension (widening) are prevalent in the vicinity along the road section. Another characteristic feature observed is toe erosion by Daigurung River along the River banks.
Road block but already cleared at the time of investigation
1. Remove debris from the toe area 2. Slope easing at the crown part 3. Construction of toe supporting RCC wall with sufficient weep holes 4. Proper maintenance of hill side drains along road.
1. Highly weathered overburden material (W4) 2. Loss of cohesive property of the material during incessant rainfall led to slope failure.

Nahor Langso-1
Toe erosion by Daigurung River along the River banks.
1. Slope easing of the crown area/removal of extending branches from the crown area to avoid load pressure 2. Construction of proper hill side drains along road.
1. Due to incessant rainfall, the weak and loose overburden material (in-situ soil) in the crown area compared to the lower layer loses its cohesiveness leading to slope failure.

Aparlangsali slide
Pink / grey biotite granite gneiss of Assam-Meghalaya Gneissic Complex
Minor landslide
1. Construction of retaining wall of considerable height at the toe portion of slope cut maybe considered. 2. Proper maintenance of lined hill side drainage.
1. Slope cut. 2. Weak overburden material. 3. Reduction of shear strength due to over saturation during heavy rainfall.

Numaligarh-Bokaghat road.
Grey and pink porphyritic granite belonging to MylliemGranitoid.
Minor road cut failure.
1. Construction and proper maintenance of hill side lined drainage may be considered.
1. Modification of natural slope and toe cutting for road construction. 2. Pore-water pressure development. 2. Reduction of strength on over-saturation due to incessant rainfall.

Slide at Nirijuli
To avoid cutting of toe areas of hill slopes, construction activities away from hill slopes and construction of concrete sewerage.
One house damaged by slide debris, One gypsy, one car & two motorcycles

Naharlagun slide 1
Unscientific Slope Cut, rainfall, unconsolidated loose material and high weathering
Longchari,T., and Patra, L., 2021. Remote Sensing based Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide susceptibility mapping in toposheets 83E/10, E/11, E/12, E/14, E/15, E/16, 83I/2, I/3, I/6, I/9 & I/10 covering parts of Papumpare, Lower Subansiri, Upper Subansiri
Removal of debris, slope easing and construction of proper lined drainage

Slide at Naharlagun nala
To avoid construction of permanent settlements within flood levels; construction of check dams; increase the span of bridges in town areas.

Slide at E-Sector, Police Colony, Naharlagun

Papu nala slide
Toe erosion due to improper drainage and super saturation due to rainfall
Longchari,T., and Patra, L., 2021. Remote Sensing based Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide susceptibility mapping in toposheets 83E/10, E/11, E/12, E/14, E/15, E/16, 83I/2, I/3, I/6, I/9 & I/10 covering parts of Papumpare, Lower Subansiri, Upper Subansiri
Moderately vegetated and extensive slope cut
Removal of debris, construction of proper lined drainage and breast wall, slope easing

NE of Itanagar slide 3
Unscientific Slope Cut and Rainfall
Longchari,T., and Patra, L., 2021. Remote Sensing based Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide susceptibility mapping in toposheets 83E/10, E/11, E/12, E/14, E/15, E/16, 83I/2, I/3, I/6, I/9 & I/10 covering parts of Papumpare, Lower Subansiri, Upper Subansiri
Removal of debris, construction of breast wall and proper lined drainage and slope easing

Slide at Shiv Mandir
To avoid residential establishment along immediate hill slopes and in front of drainage channels
Car washing center, 2 houses completely destroyed

49th K.M Camp, Sagalee slide
Unscientific slope cut, loose unconsolidated material, highly fractured and weathered rock
Removal of debris, planting of vetiver grass, construction of breast wall, drianage and slope easing

Mep Soro-Jote road section slide 10
Unscientific slope cut, highly fractured rock, super saturation of unconsolidated material and rill erosion
Old slide, stablised now
Removal of debris, construction proper lined drainage, benching of slope and planting of vetiver grass

Mep Soro-Jote road section slide 9
Unscientific slope cut, highly fractured rock, super saturation of unconsolidated material and rill erosion
Removal of debris, construction proper lined drainage, benching of slope and planting of vetiver grass

Mep Soro-Jote road section slide 8
Unscientific slope cut, highly fractured rock, super saturation of unconsolidated material and rill erosion
Removal of debris, construction proper lined drainage, benching of slope and planting of vetiver grass

Naharlagun Railway station slide 1
Rainfall, steep slope, super-saturation of water in uncosolidated material
Constrction of breast wall and proper lined drainage, removal of debris and slope easing

Naharlagun slide 2
Unscientific Slope Cut, rainfall, loose unconsolidated overburden slided down
Moderately vegetated and extensive slope cut
Removal of debris, construction of proper lined drainage and slope modifcation

2 kilo
Encroachments along the hill sides of the capital region for settlement and Jhum field by cutting the trees, levelling of hill tops and blockage of natural drainage system has lead to environmental degradation such as soil erosion and human occupation of
These are very small multitudes of landslides without any harm to any infrastructure or life
SH 415 located just few meters beside the slope toe
Removal of slided debris on road bench, easing of steep crown scarp and construction of self-draining hillside drain. Construction of retaining walls along the affected slope.
Weak lithology consisting of pebbles with sand layer in the topmost part, followed by sand and clayey layer in the bottom. Shallow slide unfavourable slope, development of local pore hydrostatic pressure during intense rain.

Nirjuli
Encroachments along the hill sides of the capital region for settlement and Jhum field by cutting the trees, levelling of hill tops and blockage of natural drainage system has lead to environmental degradation such as soil erosion and human occupation of
These are very small multitudes of landslides without any harm to any infrastructure or life
Removal of slided debris on road bench, easing of steep crown scarp and construction of self-draining hillside drain. Construction of retaining walls along the affected slope.
Weak lithology consisting of pebbles with sand layer in the topmost part, followed by sand and clayey layer in the bottom. Shallow slide unfavourable slope, development of local pore hydrostatic pressure during intense rain.

Doimukh petrol pump slide
Steep slope, highly weathered rock and toe erosion by river
Contruction of river embankment with concrete retaining wall

Naharlagun Railway station slide 2
Unscientific slope Cut and steep slope
Moderately vegetated and extensive slope cut
Construction of proper lined drainage and breast wall

Hoj-Potin slide
Chasie M. & Theophilus P.K., 2017: Updation of existing landslide inventory of North Eastern region based on the new incidences as and when occurs during the period, Unpubl. GSI progress report for FS 2016-19
Slide initiated due to Extensive slope cut for road widening. Landslide initiated on 16th July, 2016
Wet condition of the failed debris observed at the time of study
Vegetation covers with wild Banana trees on the slopes.
Slope grading through benching, debris removal on road and construction of retaining walls
The thick overburden material comprising sandy soil, weathered rock fragments and boulders and exposed along a steeply excavated slope got saturated during incessant rainfall and failed when the shearing stress exceeded the shearing strength.

West of Doimukh slide 1
Rainfall, steep slope and unscientific Slope cut
Slope easing, construction of breast wall, proper lined drainage and benching of slope

Mottled clay, mudstone & ferruginous sandstone
Retaining walls, clear blocked drainage, remove slided debris.

Extensive slope cut (Steep slope gradient ?80°)

Fracture plane and weak lithology (50°>270°)

Mottled clay, mudstone & ferruginous sandstone
Relocate electric pole. Natural vegetation grow.
Steep slope having highly weathered, sandstone and mudstone.

Remove loose hanging material from crown. Clear drainage.

Put breest wall to strengthen toe. Plant deep rooted plants.
Bluish grey horizon within sandstone unit acted as glicding plane. Sandstone unit is highly weathered.

Steep slope cut; thick overburden material.

Clear drainage. Construct beach to lower slope gradient.
Steep slope with highly weathered and incumpetent lithology.

Weathered rock (to the extent of soil) is existing along steep slope.

Removal of forest cover. Artificial pond by construction of a Dam at downslope addint to staturation by capillary action of water.

Modify slope. Remove hanging material from crown.
Insitu soil resting along relatively steep slope

Construct benches and modify slope. Remove slided debris, clear drainage. Construct a gabbion wall or retaining wall at the toe of slide.
Boose incumpeent material (insitu soil) resting along relatively steep slope.

The landslide is outside the study area. As per information provided by local people about the occurence of the landslides. The study was carried out as it is adjacent to the study area.
Slope modification (benching / lowering slope)

Failure of thin regolith over rock due to excessive pore pressure

1.Removing loose materials from the slope. 2.Construction of lined drainage at toe of the slide.

Modify slope by decreasing the slope gradient

Trim crown part of the slide to reduce gradient.
Reactivated along the previous seal, steep slope having soil and lithomerge were at unstable stage.

Clear slided debris and clear drainage. Trim slope to reduce gradient.
Steep slope cut along slope having colluvium material got destabilised.

Clear drainage. Modify slope. Retaining wall at toe of slide.
Steep slope cut along slope having thick insitu soil.

Remove slided debris, clear debris. Modify slope gradient.
Slope cut along slope having highly weathered friable sandstone.

Remove loose hanging material from crown. Cleaer drainage. Construct bench.

Remove loose hanging material from the crown, remove slided debris lying over drainage and road

Remove loose hanging material from the crown, remove slided debris lying over drainage and road
Highly weathered and fractured sandstone got destabilized by slope cut and slided along the consequent slope

Remove hanging boulder of rocks near crown htat can be dangerous to commuters. Trim crown part to reduce the gradient.
Steep slope having unconsolidated colluvium material destabilised due to slope cut.

Remove loose hanging material from the crown, remove slided debris lying over drainage

Remove loose hanging material from the crown

Steep slope cut has destabilized the slope consisting of highly weathred slope

The area is stable as all the loose material has fallen from the slope
Slope cut along the slope consisting of highly weathered micaceous sandstone destabilized the slope

Wameken
Ferruginous sandstone (thick bedded, medium to coarse grained) belonging to Tipam Group with clayey regolith soil.
State Highway (Tuli - Wameken – Kangtsung - Anaki road)
Weak geological formation and unfavorable slope. Slope cutting for road bench.

Construct benches to modify slope, Remove slided debris as the material is blocking drainage and causing damage to the road.
Slope cut along the slope consisting of highly weathered micaceous sandstone destabilized the slope

Construct benches to modify slope, Remove slided debris as the material is blocking drainage and causing damage to the road.
Slope cut has destabilized the slope consisting of highly weathered shale

Highly weathred and fractured shale got destabilized due to slope cut

Highly weathred shale got destabilized due to slope cut

Remove hanging material from the crown, remove slided debris from drainage
Highly weathered shale got destabilized by slope cut

Slope cut along the slope consisting of highly weathered micaceous sandstone destabilized the slope

Towards crown part a house is there which is in vulnerable stage
Construct a breast wall of about 3m height along the length of the affected area with enough wip holes.
Slope consisting of insitu soil is loaded by construction of RCC building.

House construct towards the crown is at vulnerable stage
Vacate and displace the house from the crown portion. Construct benches for slope stability.
Insitu soil steeply cut to construct road, oversatutaion causes failure of slope.

100 battlenut tree, a breast wall destroyed
1. Construct breast wall of height 2m. 2. Nala flowing along the slope has to be made concrete to avoid water seapage to the slope
Slope with SFM soil cut to construct road. Water seapage during rainfall oversaturate the area and cause landslide.

Costruct breast wall with wip hole and let vegetation grow.
Weathered shale (insitu soil ) cut and constructed house over it. Oversaturation cause it to slide.

Ferruginous sandstone belonging to Tipam Group with clayey regolith soil.

Ferruginous sandstone belonging to Tipam Group with clayey regolith soil.
Weak geological formation and unfavourable slope. Slope cutting for road bench.

Fine grained thinly bedded pink sandstone
The crown of the slide has reached the hill top so there is no chance of further sliding.
Highly weathered and fractured sandstone got destabilized by slope cut and slided along the consequent slope

Slope easing and proper drainage at toe and construction of brest wall.
Extensive slope cut, steep slope and day lighted weathered shale bed

1.Remove loose hanging material crown and also clear the drainage by removing slided debris
Due to extensive slope cut of weathered shale lying on steep slope

1.Removing loose materials from the slope. 2.Crown can be modified by removing the loose hanging material.
Extensive slope cut has destabilized the weathered sandstone bed

Loose material is already slided and hard rock is exposed
Consequent slope occupied by fragmented and fractured sandstone underlain by shale got destabilzed upon slope cut

1.Removing loose materials from the slope to clear road and drainage. 2. Construction of a breast wall can prevent sandstone beds to slide along the slope.
Sandstone resting upon sonsequent slope destabilized due to slope cut, The shale inter layer acted as gliding plane. Water seapage through this plane aided sliding

Natural Landslide facing 210╦Ü.

Shale dominant with siltstone and sandstone.
Slope easing and Removal of slided material

Roadside rock slide facing 135╦Ü.
Slope easing, netting, stopping of quarrying in hapazard manner and putting up of landslide hazard signboard
Steep slope, heavy rainfall and unscientific quarry activity

Palaeo landslide affecting settlement area. Landslide facing 165╦Ü.
Slope stabilization with proper scientific methodology
Weathered loose material, large scale unscientific anthropogenic activity

Roadside quarry causing damage to about 120 meters of the road.Landslide facing 260╦Ü.
Retention wall with netting and proper drainage at toe
Quarry activity, extensive slope cut and steep slope.

Landslide affecting settlement and facing North.
Covering the affected area with inpermeable material to check water percolation.
Weathered rock, steep slope and Anthropogenic activity

Roadside quarry causing damage to road.Landslide facing 320╦Ü.

Day lighted shale beds, steep slope. Landslide facing 333╦Ü.
Slope easing, removal of slided naterial and proper drainage at toe.

Slope easing and emoval of slided material
Steep slope, weathered rock, Heavy rainfall and anthropegenic activity

Roadside Land Slide causing damage to road. Landslide facing 222╦Ü.
Removal of slided material, slope easing and construction of retension wall
Steep slope, weathered rock, Heavy rainfall and anthropegenic activity

Slope easing and emoval of slided material
Weathered rock, Heavy rainfall and extensive slope cut

Roadside LS causing damage to road.Landslide facing 157╦Ü.
Slope easing and Removal of fallen material and proper drainage at toe part
Highly weathered rock, Heavy rainfall, anthropegenic activity and steep slope

Channelising of ground water, removal of debris and slope easing
Steep slope, weathered rock, Heavy rainfall, ground water dripping at several places of the failure and mixing with the debris material and anthropegenic activity

Roadside landslide with near vertical shale beds and facing 210╦Ü.

Roadside debris Landslide facing 250╦Ü.
Removal of slided material and slope easing

Roadside Palaeo Landslide facing 280╦Ü.
Removal of slided material and slope easing
Colluvial material, Heavy rainfall, anthropegenic activity

Roadside rockfall facing 210╦Ü. Dripping shale unit intercalated within sandstone.
Slope easing, netting, stopping of quarrying in hapazard manner and putting up of landslide hazard signboard
Quarry activity, extensive slope cut and steep slope.

Road side Landslide sometimes partially blocking the road. Landslide facing 308╦Ü.
Extensive slope cut, steep slope and Anthropogenic activity

Slope easing and checking of quarrying in hapazard manner

Roadside rock fall facing 180╦Ü.
Slope easing, removal of fallen material and proper drainage at toe and netting.
Extensive slope cut, steep slope and day lighted Jointed road

Roadside landslide facing 22╦Ü.
Slope easing and checking of quarrying in hapazard manner
Loosw debris material and Extensive quarry activity

Natural landslide facing 31╦Ü.
Slope easing and Removal of slided material
Highly weathered rock, Heavy rainfall and steep slope

Roadside landslide facing 140╦Ü.
Loosw debris material and Extensive quarry activity

Roadside landslide causing damage to road and facing 65╦Ü.
Slope easing and Removal of fallen material

Slope easing and Removal of slided material
Loose debris material, Heavy rainfall and steep slope

Weathered shale with siltstone and sandstone
Roadside Natural Landslide facing 160╦Ü. Groves formed due to rain water flow.
Removal of slided material and slope easing and proper drainage at toe
Flowing stream over Weathered rock and steep.

Roadside Landslide facing 243╦Ü. Groves formed due to rain water flow.
Highly weathered rock, Heavy rainfall and steep slope (55╦Ü)

Weathered rock, steep slope and anthropegenic activity

Natural Landslide facing 140╦Ü. Crown cracks are visible on the road above the slide.
Removal of slided material and slope easing and proper drainage at toe
Toe cutting by flowing stream, rainfall and steep slope.

Toe cutting by flowing stream, rainfall and steep slope.

Roadside Natural Landslide facing 185╦Ü.

Telangsao slide
Siltstone and sandstone belonging to Upper Disang Formation with clayey regolith soil.
Communication corridor, concrete water conveyance canal and forest land
Weak geological formation and unfavorable slope

Slope treatment and construction of retention wall at multiple levels.

Slope treatment and construction of retention wall at downslope.
Oversaturation due to seepage water and spring water that is pulling the material.

Construction of a heavy retention wall at the base.

Removal of the materialand slope treatment.
The weathered material above the bed rock failed due to slope cutting.

Retention wall with weep holes at the down slope side.
Road was collapsed/ washed away down slope.
dumping of the waste downslope which added loadon the slope.

Removal of the materialand slope treatment.
Unplanned cutting of the slope and dumping of the waste downslope of the road.

Slope treatment and retention wall with weep holes at the base.
Unplanned cutting of the slope and dumping of the waste downslope of the road.

Unscientific slope cutting and toe erosion by nala

Diversion of the road and benching of the slope.

Slope treatment anfd retention wall with weep holes at the base.

Proper drainage and retention wall with weep holes at the downslope of the road
Loose oversaturated due to stagnation of stream water which led to slope failure

Retention wall with proper back filling on the upslope and downslope of the road and diversion of the road drainage

Retention wall with proper back filling on the upslope and downslope of the road
Loosematerialis being saturated by two streams and is moving at a very slow pace.

Retention wall on the downslope of the road.
Blockage of drainage water caused saturation of loose material.

Roadside Palaeo Landslide facing 45╦Ü.
Palaeo landslide with already constructed retension wall
Steep slope and loose material,heavy rainfall.

Roadside subsidence facing 75╦Ü.
Slope easing and construction of retension wall
Subsidence caused by heavy rainfall and flowing stream at toe

Roadside Natural Landslide with development of ground cracks. Landslide facing 270╦Ü.
Removal of slided material, slope easing and proper drainage at toe
Transported unconsolidated colluvial material, rill erosion and steep slope

Splintery carb shale dominant with intercalation of siltstone and sandstone
Slope easing, removal of slided material and proper drainage at toe and construction of brest wall.
Splintery weathered shale, steep slope and extensive slope cut

Roadside Landslide facing 275╦Ü. Also the road is narrowed by slided material

Highly weathered Shale intercalated with Siltstone
Slope easing and proper drainage at toe abd construction of brest wall.
Highly weathered rock, Heavy rainfall, steep slope and anthropegenic activity

Roadside Natural Landslide facing 205╦Ü.
Near the big iron bridge over the Yanguyu River
Slope easing and proper drainage at toe and construction of retension wall.
Highly weathered rock, Heavy rainfall, toe cutting by flowing nala

Slope treatment and management of rain water drainage.

Treatment of the slope, retention wall on the upslope of the road,proper drainage management.
Unscientific slope cutting, dip and slope is towards the road,drainage water

Treatment of the slope and drainage management.

Removal of slope material, benching of slope and construction of retention wall at the base
Weathered material got saturated with rain water, untapped ground water also contributed

30m long,2m deep, 1m wide ground crack observed
One house completely overturned, tilting of house

unscientific slope cutting along the joint

Fast growing tree and retention wall downslope of the roadand proper drainage management.
Loose debris got satureated due to accumulation of rain water.

Fast growing tree and retention wall upslope of the road.

Retention wall on the downslope of the road.
The loose materialis subsiding due to the steep slope.

Slope treatment and proper drainage management.
Unscientific slope cutting along the joint plane.

Construction of retention wall at the base

Retention wall with weepholes at the base

Diversion and maintaince of good quality drainage
Improper drainage led to oversaturation of slope material

Proper drainage and retention wall with weep holes

Removal of slope materialand making proper drainage.

Removalof debris material and proper drainage management.
Loose materialgot saturated due to blockage of culvert.

Erosion by the stream water at down slope.

Uuscientific slope cutting on the steep slope

Loose material got saturated after rain fall.

retention wall at the upslope of the road.

1.Removal of loose, hanging material from crown and scar of the slide. Also clear debris from drainage.
Highly weathered rock is cut during road construction beyond safety limit.

Jointed, weathered shale destabilized due to slopecut.

Loose material has already slided, no chnace of further sliding.
Slope cut has destabilized the loose fractured shale

Loose material has already slided, no chnace of further sliding. Remove slided material and clear dranage.
Loose colluvium material lying over theep slope destabilized due to oversaturation

Remove loose hanging material crown and also clear the drainage by removing slided debris
Weathered fractured shale destabilized due to slope cut

Remove slided material and clear drainage
Slope cut had destabilized the slope consisting of soil which is oversaturated.

As the crown portion is used for road so give proper support e.g. pilling bamboo.
Construction of road over slope consisting of loose colluvium destabilized due to weight pertained upon it.

Remove slided debris and clear drainage.
Loose colluvium lying over hard parent rock slided down along the interface between them. It was aided by slope cut.

Remove slided debris and clear drainage. Remove hanging material from crown
Fractured sandstone lying on consequent slope become unstable upon increase in weathering.

Smoothen the slope by constructing benches and by modifying the crown.
The nearby nala is constantly feeding water to the slope around it, in the form of seapage causing oversaturation

The crown of the slide has reached the hill top so there is no chance of further sliding.
Slope cut has destabilized slope consisting of loose debris

Remove loose hanging material from crown
Cut slope has destabilized the slope consisting of colluvium

modify the slope by construction of benches
Slope cut has destabilized slope consisting of loose debris

Slope cut has destabilized slope consisting of weathered shale

Remove loose hanging material from crown
Slope cut has destabilized slope consisting of loose debris

modify the slope by construction of benches
Slope cut has destabilized the slope consisting of highly weathered shale

Cut slope has destabilized the slope consisting of insitu soil

Fractured sandstone destabilized due to slope cut

Sandstone is weathred and highly fractured which got destabilized due to slope cut.

Remove slided debris from the slope, Remove hanging material from the crown part
Steep cut slope has destabilized the slope consisting of loose debris

Remove the slided material from the toe of the slide to clear drainage
Weathered fractured sandstone destabilized due to slope cut

Remove loose hanging material from the crown, remove slided debris from the scar.
Weathered fractured shale destabilized due to slope cut

Remove loose materil from the crown, Divert dripping water
Loose debris lying over steep slope got oversaturated due to dripping water

1.Remove slided debris from the toe to clear drainage.
Loose debris lying over relatively steep slope got oversaturated due to water seapage and slide occurred

At the upslope side there was a toilet and continuos waterinf of the slope material made the ,aterial unstable

Modify crown (slope) by removing loose hanging material.
Slope cut has destabilized the slope consisting of insitu soil.

Modify crown by removing hanging material
Cut slope has destabilized the slope consisting of colluvium

Remove loose hanging material from crown
Steep slope cut has destabilized highly weathered shale resting on the slope

Loose colluvium resting on steep slope got destabilized by slope cut

Thick sandstone bed with shale interlayering
Colluvium material resting over sandstone become unstable due to slope cut and slided upon oversaturation.

Contstruct a breast wall with enough wipe holes (height 3m)
Steep slope cut has destabilized highly weathered shale

Trim the crown part to smoothen the slope
Steep cut slope has destabilized the slope consisting of colluvium

Highly fractured shale is destabilized due to steep slope cut

Remove loose hanging material from the crown
Steep cut slope has destabilized the slope consisting of highly weathred shale.

Remove loose hanging material from the crown, remove slided debris from the scar.
Slope cut has destabilized the slope consisting of highly weathered shale

Slope cut has modified the slope to unstable condition

Slope cut has destabilized the slope consisting of insitu soil.

Modify crown (slope) by removing loose hanging material.

Weathered and fractured shale and sandstone destabilized due to slope cut

Remove hanging material from the crown, construct a breast wall of height 2m along the affected part
Weathered and fractured shale and sandstone destabilized due to slope cut

Retention wall with weepholes at thefoot slope
Supersaturation of material due to rainfall

Supersaturation of material due to rainfall

This slide is downslope of the road and in the next retrogradation my take the whole road
Steep slope, loose material supersaturetd with water

Proper drainage and retention wall at the foot slope
Supersaturation of material due to rainfall

Benching of the slopeand construction of about 2m high retention wall

Slope material saturated with water from a nearby nala

Retention wall up to road level with proper back filling along with weep holes.
Loose material on the steep slope, got saturated by water.,oe erosion by nala also played important role.

Construction of retention wall at the downslope.
Steep slope, loose material supersaturetd with water after heavy rainfall

Weathered material got saturated with rain water

Excavation of slope materialand retention wallat the base.
Road was blocked,water pipeline and communication line damaged badly

Removal of slope material, benching of slope and construction of retention wall wuth weepholes at the base
Loose material failed due to extensive slope cut after being satureted with water

Slope treatment and retention wall with weep holes at the base of the slope.
Loose material got saturated due to improper drainage.

Retention wall at the base and lined drainage.

Slope treatment and retention wall at the base.
Loose material failed due to unscientific slope modification.

Removal of material and proper drainage management.
Loose materialis being saturated by accumulation of nala water

Removal of slided material and proper drainage at toe
Highly weathered rock and extensive slope cut

All the loose material has already slided no chance of further sliding
Slope cut has destabiized loose debris material lying on high slope

Subsidence affecting large area and the major road from Simaluguri to Mon.
20 kms South of Simaluguri town towards Wakching
Slope easing, checking of coal exploitation, putting of hazard sign boards and tree plantation
Weathered rock, unscientific coal mining, Heavy rainfall and anthropegenic activity

The crown of the slide has reached the hill top so there is no chance of further sliding.

insitu soil and highly weathred shale got destabilized due to slope cut

Smoothen the slope by constructing benches and by modifying the crown.

Likabali-Aalo road Slide 1
Poor slope forming material comprising of splintery shale intermixed with soil coupled with unscientific cutting of road construction has destabilized the slope.
i.Removal of slide materials to avoid blockage of hill side drain and proper maintenance nof hill side drain ii. Construction of retaining wall at the toe of the slope
i.Adverse condition of rock mass.Slope forming material is composed of splintery shale belonging to Gondwana Group intermixed with soil ii. Ill planned modification of slope for road construction

Old Deka village Slide 1
A deep translational debris slide (natural slide) has occurred on a slope which is structurally controlled and slope forming material is composed of highly weathered shale. This natural slide is triggered by rainfall along with toe erosion by river and h
Highly weathered parent rockmass
No remedial measures are suggested since there are no elements at risk
. Fragile slope forming material. It is composed of highly weathered parent rockmass (shale and sandstone) intermixed with parent soil cover of about 2-5m ii. Structural control in this area iii. Depleted slope is highly dissected by drainages, hence lea

Old Deka village Slide 2
A deep translational debris slide (natural slide) has occurred on a slope which is structurally controlled and slope forming material is composed of highly weathered shale. This natural slide is triggered by rainfall along with toe erosion by river and h
Highly weathered parent rockmass
No remedial measures are suggested since there are no elements at risk
Fragile slope forming material. It is composed of highly weathered parent rockmass (shale and sandstone) intermixed with parent soil cover of about 2-5m

West of Ledum Slide 2
An old slide is observed where SFM is composed of loose unconsolidated pebbles and cobbles intermixed with in-situ soil where the slope is dissected by drainages. The remedial measure suggested is the modification of slope angle at the crown portion.
1.Modification of slope angle at the crown portion.
1.SFM composed of loose unconsolidated cobbles,pebbles intermixed with other parent rock mass.(weathered sandstone)2.minor drainage dissection on the affected slope.3.Toe erosion by nala.4.Steep slope gradient

West of Ledum Slide 1
A natural rock slide has occurred where SFM is composed of loose unconsolidated cobbles, pebbles intermixed with other parent rock mass and steep slope gradient. No element at risk where the landslide is located therefore no remedial measures can be sugg
Since there is no element ata risk,no remedial measures are suggested.
1.Adverse condition of rock mass.SFM is composed of soil intermixed with some rock fragments.2.Drainage dissection on the affected slope.A major drainage on the left flank of the slope.

NE of Daring Slide 1
The affected slope is predominantly composed of fragile overburden material. Excavated slope for road construction, weak slope forming material, oversaturation of slope material and loss of cohesion during rainfall are the chief contributing factors in i
i. Proper maintenance of hill side drain ii.Plantation of vetiver grass root system on the affected slope
i.Slope forming material is composed of thick strata of insitu soil intermixed with weathered parent rockmass (shale) ii. Regolith thickness >5m iii. Loss of cohesion and saturation on the affected slope during rainfall events

NE of Daring Slide 2
A translational rock slide has occurred due to the adverse condition of slope forming material composed of jointed and highly fracturedparentrockmass intermixed with soil. Mitigation measures suggested are extension of retaining wall along the width and
i. Construction and regular maintenance of hill side drain ii. Removal of loose fragments of rocks and precariously hanging and fallen trees from the depleted slope iii. Extension of retaining wall on the left flank of the slide
.Slope forming material is composed of jointed and highly fractured parent rockmass intermixed with thin veneer of soil ii. Sheared and metamorphosed parent rockmass due to thrusting

S of Daring Slide
Excavated slope for road construction, weak slope forming material, dissection of slope by drainages, oversaturation of slope material and loss of cohesion during rainfall are the chief contributing factors in inducing slope instability
i.Removal of slide materials from the affected slope ii. Regrading of slope to a gentler angle iii. Proper maintenance of hill side drain
i.Slope forming material is composed of weathered sandstone intermixed with soil ii. Seepage of water in weak planes during rainfall iii.Loss of cohesion and saturation on the affected slope during rainfall events

Likabali-Aalo road Slide 4
Rainfall led to increase in saturation of slope material resting on steep slope with natural drainages, which eventually resulted in slope failure. Since the landslide is located far from any settlement and infrastructure, at present there is less to wor
The landslide is located on a slope with no elements at risk in the vicinity, therefore no remedial measures are suggested. Moreover, the landslide location is inaccessible, thus the data recorded are from afar and limited.
No remedial measures are suggested since there are no elements at risk
. Steep slope gradient ii. Slope forming material is composed of fragile sandstone (weathered and fractured) intermixed with soil.

Likabali-Aalo road Slide 5
The fragile slope forming material exposed along the road cut section failed during rainfall event. Rainfall events resulted in oversaturation of slope material, increase of pore water pressure and loss of cohesion. Thick soil cover and extensive cutting
Major drainage is observed on the right flank of the slide; construction of calvert is also under progress
i.Proper maintainence of hill side drain ii. Removal of slide materials from the depleted slope
Slope forming material is composed of thick fragile soil cover intermixed with parent rockmass ii. Regolith thickness 2-5m iii. Damp hydrological condition

The hillslope is moderately dissected by drainages and the rock masses on the slope are predominantly composed of thick strata of soil cover intermixed with fragments of parent rockmass. Steep cut slope, fragile slope forming material, moderately dissect
Construction of calvert is under progress on the left flank of the slide
i. Maintenance and construction of concrete lined hill side drain ii. Proper diversion of surface water run off through chute drains iii. Construction of retaining wall with proper back filling
. Fragile slope forming material. It is composed of thick strata of soil cover intermixed with fragments of parent rockmass ii. Regolith thickness is > 5m iii. Affected slope is moderately dissected by drainages

S of Rilu village Slide
A shallow rotational debris slide has occurred due to the adverse condition of rock mass where drainage dissection was observed on the affected slope leading to major erosion.
i. Adverse condition of rock mass. It is composed of splintery carbonaceous shale intermixed with soil.ii. Drainage dissection on the affected slope hence leading to major erosion.

The slope forming material is predominantly composed of fragmented sandstone intermixed with soil of >5 m thickness. Rainfall events resulted in oversaturation of fragile overburden material, increase of pore water pressure and loss of cohesion
Minor slides are observed on both flanks of this slide
i. Easing of the slope ii. Construction and maintenance of hill side drain
i. Steep slope gradient ii. Slope forming material is composed of fragile sandstone (weathered and fractured) intermixed with soil.

Rainfall led to increase in discharge and velocity of flowing nala and also caused over-saturation of slope material resting on steep slope with natural drainages, which eventually resulted in slope failure by toe erosion.
. Steep slope gradient ii. Slope forming material is composed of splintery shale and sandstone intermixed with soil iii. Toe erosion by river

The affected hillslope is geologically characterized by jointed and fractured Quartzite belonging to Miri Group. Seepage of water along weak planes coupled with incessant and heavy rainfall for some days led to oversaturation
i.Systematic diversion of natural drainages and surface water runoff from the upslope portion through combined drainages system of chute drain, culvert and lined hillside drain. ii. Rock bolting and wire mesh system should be implemented
i. Adverse condition of rockmass: predominantly fractured and jointed Quartzite of Miri Group ii. Seepage of water along weak planes and saturation of slope material during rainfall events

Rete Potu, towards Basar
Highly deformed bittle quartzile and unscientific slope cut
Recommended to construct breast wall on the upslope due to the presence of electric pole
Removal of debris, construction of breast wall and proper lined of drainage

Garo- Basar road section slide 3
Bedding surface/joint surfaces is daylighted due to slope cut and pore water pressure
Construction of wall and drainage underway
Retaining wall /breast wall is under construction, proper lined drainage is also constructed

Garo- Basar road section slide 2
Highly weathered rock, unscientific slope cut and pore water pressure
Construction of wall and drainage underway
Construction of breast wall and proper lined of drainage

Garo- Basar road section slide 1
Highly weathered rock, unscientific slope cut and pore water pressure
Construction of wall and drainage underway
Construction of breast wall and proper lined of drainage and rill erosion

Tirbin-Basar Road Slide
The unprotected steep cut slope became unstable on heavy saturation which led to the occurrence of the debris slide

Tirbin -Basar Road Slide
The unprotected steep cut slope became unstable on heavy saturation which led to the occurrence of the debris slide

Pore water pressure, unscientific slope cut, rill esosion and highly fracture rock
Construction of breast wall and proper lined drainage, benching, removal of debris and planting of vetiver grass

Pore water pressure, steep slope and highly deformed rock
Construction of breast wall and proper lined drainage, benching, removal of debris and planting of vetiver grass

Pagi-Basar road slide
Pore water pressure, unsc ientific slope cut and highly fractured rock
Removal of debris, construction of breast wall, proper lined of drainage, benching and planting of vetiver grass

Ego-Yamin Basar road slide 3
Pore water pressure, loose unconsolidated debris and unscientific slope cut
Construction of breast wall and proper lined of drainage

Ego-Yamin Basar road slide 2
Pore water pressure, unscientific slope cut and loose unconsolidated material
Breast wall under construction
Construction of breast wall and proper lined of drainage

Ego-Yamin Basar road slide 1
Pore water pressure, unscientific slope cut, highly weathered and fractured rock
Thick vegetation and extensive slope cut
Benching of slope, planting of vetiver grass, construction of breast wall and lined drianage

Highly weathered, jointed and fractured, steep slope
Construction of breast wall and proper lined draingage and slope modification

Kamdak-Basar road slide
Steep slope, highly fractured rock and pore water pressure
Natural slide

Garo- Basar road slide 1
Pore water pressure, fragile rock, unscientific slope cut and rill erosion
Benching of slope, planting of vetiver grass and construction of proper lined drainage

Garo- Basar road slide 6
Super saturation with water, seepage of water, pore pressure and steep slope
Natural slide
Removal of debris, construction of proper lined drainage and breast wall

Garo- Basar road slide 7
Massive sandstone with high mica content
Highly jointed rock, pore water pressure, water seepage along the weak planes causing super saturation
Grouting along the cracks and construction of breast wall and proper lined drainage

Garu-Siji road section slide 1
Massive sandstone with high mica content
Highly jointed rock, pore water pressure, water seepage along the weak planes causing super saturation
Grouting along the cracks and construction of breast wall and proper lined drainage

Ego- Basar road slide 1
Pore water pressure, highly weathered and fractured rock, unscientific slope cut and rill erosion
Construction of breast wall and proper lined drainage, benching, removal of debris and planting of vetiver grass

Pore water pressure, loose unconsolidated debris, unscientific slope cut and steep slope

Pore water pressure, highly weathered and fractured rock, unscientific slope cut and rill erosion
Construction of breast wall and proper lined drainage, benching, and planting of vetiver grass

Pore water pressure, loose unconsolidated debris and steep slope

Ego- Basar road slide 2
Higly fractured rock, steep slope and pore water pressure
Removal of debris, construction of proper lined drainage, breast wall and slope modification

Higly fractured rock, steep slope, rill erosion and pore water pressure
Removal of debris, construction of proper lined drainage, breast wall and slope modification

Garu-Siji road section slide 3
Pore water pressure, super saturaion, rill erosion, unscientific slope cut, highly weathered and deformed rock
Construction of proper lined drainage and breast wall, benching and planting of vetiver grass

Garu-Siji road section slide 4
Highly sheared rock, pore water pressure due to water saturation and unscientific slope cut
Localised shear zone present adjacent to the slide
Construction of proper lined drainage and breast wall, grouting along the cracks, benching and removal of debris

Steep slope, pore water pressure and highly deformed rock
Breast wall under construction, height can be increased
Construction of proper lined drainage and breast wall and removal of debris

Super saturation , loose unconsolidated debris and steep slope
Breast wall under construction, height can be increased
Construction of proper lined drainage and breast wall, benching and planting of vetiver grass

Steep slope, pore water pressure and highly deformed rock
Subsidence on the downslope of the road
Construction of proper lined drainage and breast wall, slope easing and removal of debris

Siji Camp slide
Pore water pressure, highly weathered and fractured rock and unscientific slope cut
Removal of debris, construction of proper lined drainage and breast wall

Unscientific slope cut, highly deformed rock, pore water pressure and steep slope
Lined drainage under construction
Construction of proper lined drainage and breast wall, grouting along the cracks and removal of debris

Unscientific slope cut, highly deformed rock, pore water pressure and steep slope
Construction of proper lined drainage and breast wall, grouting along the cracks and removal of debris

Rill erosion, pore water pressure, Steep slope, unscientific slope cut and highly fractured micaceous sandstone
Construction of proper lined drainage and breast wall, benching and planting of vetiver grass

Siji Camp slide
Super saturation due to flowing spring, rill erosion, pore water pressure and highly fractured/sheared micaceous sandstone
Construction of proper lined drainage and breast wall, proper channelization of the flowing spring water

Rill erosion, pore water pressure, Steep slope and highly fractured/sheared micaceous sandstone
Construction of proper lined drainage and breast wall, grouting along the cracks, benching and planting of vetiver grass

Likabali petrol pump slide
Super saturation, unscientific slope cute and rill erosion
Breast wall already constructed but the height could be increased
Thick vegetation and extensive slope cut
Construction of proper lined drainage and breast wall, benching and slope easing

Likabali road slide 3
Water saturation, pore pressure, highly weathered rock and unscientific slope cut

Likabali road slide 2
Super saturation, pore water pressure along fracture and cracks, highly weathered rock and unscientific slope cut
Removal of debris, slope easing, construction of proper lined drainage and breast wall

Likabali road slide 1
Super saturation, pore water pressure along fracture and cracks, highly weathered rock and unscientific slope cut
Removal of debris, slope easing, construction of proper lined drainage and breast wall

NE of Likabali Police check-post slide
Super saturation, pore water pressure along fracture and cracks, highly weathered rock and unscientific slope cut
Removal of debris, construction of proper lined drainage and gabion wall

Magi-Likabali road section slide 1
Water saturation and unscientific slope cut
Construction of lined drainage and gabion wall

Magi-Likabali road section slide 2
Water saturation and unscientific slope cut
Construction of lined drainage and gabion wall

Tirbin-Tai Road slide

Tirbin-Tai Road slide
Debris slide

Tirbin Slide

Tai-Liromoba Road Slide

Daba Gamlin - Yomcha road slide

Tai-Daporijo Road Slide
Debris slide, increased with slope cutting

Mechuka town slide 1
Steep slope and oversaturation of weathered rock on slope and loss of cohesion during rainfall
Borah, A., and Rothangmawi, R., 2021. Remote Sensing based Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide susceptibility mapping in toposheets 82K/4, 82L/2, L/3, L/4/, L/5, L/6, L/7/ L/8, 83I/1, I/5 covering parts of Lower and Upper Subansiri, West Siang and Upper Sia
Shallow translational failure. Landslide facing 150˚.
Plantation of grass(vetuvar), construction of breastwall

4km NE of Daporijo town slide
Steep slope and oversaturation of slope material and loss of cohesion during rainfall. Unscientific quarring in the area is also causing landslide.
Borah, A., and Rothangmawi, R., 2021. Remote Sensing based Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide susceptibility mapping in toposheets 82K/4, 82L/2, L/3, L/4/, L/5, L/6, L/7/ L/8, 83I/1, I/5 covering parts of Lower and Upper Subansiri, West Siang and Upper Sia
Shallow translational failure. Landslide facing 210˚.
Removal of debris, slope benching and stopping of unscientific quarrying.

2.2 km E of Daporijo town slide
Steep slope and oversaturation of slope material and loss of cohesion during rainfall
Landslide facing 140˚
Removal pf fallen debris material, slope easing and proper drainage at the the toe.

2km E of Daporijo slide
Steep slope and oversaturation of slope material and loss of cohesion during rainfall
Shallow translational failure. Landslide facing 50˚.
Proper drainage at toe, construction of breast wall with weep hole

2km NW of Godak Village slide
Steep slope and Seepage of water along discontinuity planes of weathered rock during rainfall.
Rock fall facing 185˚
Slope benching, bolting and netting and putting up of hazard warning signboard in the area. Also proper drainage can be constructed at toe.

Orokem slide
Steep slope cut due to widening of road, heavy rainfall
Shallow translational failure with LS facing 112˚
Removal of debris, slope easing and proper drainage at the portion.

Hardampo slide
Steep slope and oversaturation of slope material and loss of cohesion during rainfall
Shallow translational failure. Landslide facing 155˚
Construction of breastwall with weepholes, proper drainage at toe.

Kemlico slide
Steep slope and oversaturation of weathered rock on slope and loss of cohesion during rainfall
Shallow translational failure with LS facing 290˚
Slope easing, construction of breastwall with weepholes and proper drainage at toe.

4km NE of Raga slide
Landslide facing 56˚. Remedial/ Mitigative measures may be implemented as suggested.
Removal of fallen debris material, slope easing and proper drainage at the the toe.

4km S of Raga Village slide
Shallow translational failure. Landslide facing 176˚
Benching of slope, proper drainage at toe.

3km SE of Raga Village slide
Steep slope and Seepage of water along discontinuity planes of weathered rock during rainfall.
Natural landlside, shallow translational failure. Landslide facing 230˚.

Ziro-Raga slide 1
Unscientific slope cut, heavy rainfall and steep slope
Removal of debris, slope easing and construction of breast wall and proper lined drainage

Ziro-Raga slide 2
Steep slope, unconsolidated material, heavy rainfall, toe and gully erosion
Plantation of vetiver grass, construction of proper drainage at toe of the slide and slope easing

Possa-Potin slide
Weathered gneiss (Potin Formation of Bomdila Group)
The landslide is basically a debris slide which got surcharged with water and progressed into a debris flow. The flow of the debris was solely responsible for the destruction, damage and loss of life and property.
First initiated on 16st July, 2016
Wet condition of the failed debris observed at the time of study
Bushy vegetation covers with wild Banana trees on the slopes.
1) Slope management through benching may be carried out.
2) A wire-mesh gabion retaining wall can be provided.
3) Depending on the contour of the existing slope, a variable excavation with a maximum of 1-1.5m depth may be made for founding the retaining
From the field studies, a combination of factors has been interpreted to be involved in the initiation and triggering of the landslide, which are:
a) The linear hillock has been subjected to reported earlier modifications during construction of road, sub

Potin-Yazali road slide 6
Steep slope, unscientific slope cut, pore water pressure and toe erosion
Construction of breast wall and proper lined drainage, benches, removal of debris and slope easing

Potin-Yazali road slide 2
Unscientific slope cut, improper drainage, steep slope and super saturation due to heavy rainfall
Construction of proper lined drainage, breast wall, benching, slope easing and removal of debris

Potin-Yazali road slide 1
Unscientific slope cut, improper drainage, steep slope and super saturation due to heavy rainfall
Construction of proper lined drainage, breast wall, benching, slope easing and removal of debris

Heavy rainfall, loose unconsolidated materials and unscientific slope cutting
Construction of proper lined drainage and breast wall, slope easing, benching and plantation of vetiver grass

Appa- Potin road slide
Rainfall, unscientific slope cut, loose unconsolidated material and super saturation due to rainfall
Construction breast wall, proper lined drainage, removal debris, slope easing and plantation of vetiver grass

Highly weathered unconsolidated loose material, heavy rainfall and unscientific slope cut
Construction of breast wall, removal of debris and slope easing

Super saturation due to heavy rainfall, unscientific slope cut and unconsolidated loose material
Construction of proper lined drianage and breast wall, slope easing and removal of debris

Possa-Potin slide
Weathered gneiss (Potin Formation of Bomdila Group)
Further activity under adverse hydrological conditions cannot be ruled out considering the weak slope forming material, steep slope, heavily forested crown slope, etc. Landslide initiated on 17th July, 2016
Wet condition of the failed debris observed at the time of study
Bushy vegetation covers with wild Banana trees on the slopes.
Slope grading through benching, debris removal on road, provision of lined hillside drains and construction of retaining walls
The thick overburden material got exposed during recent excavation works. During incessant rainfall, the weak slope material standing along a steeply excavated slope got saturated during incessant rainfall and failed when the shearing stress exceeded the

Appa Village slide
Rainfall, steep slope, unscientific slope cut, super saturation and pore water pressure
Old slide reactivated every year during monsoon
Construction breast wall, proper lined drainage, removal debris, slope easing and plantation of vetiver grass

NE of Hara Appa village slide 2
Rainfall, highly weathered uncosolidated material, water percolation and steep slope
Construction breast wall, proper lined drainage and slope easing

NE of Hara Appa village slide 1
Highly weathered gneiss, carb shales and sandstone
Rainfall, unconsolidated material, super saturated and unscientific slope cutting
Removal of debris, construction of breast wall and proper lined drainage, benching and plantation vetiver grass

Hoj-Potin slide
Slide initiated due to Extensive slope cut for road widening. Landslide initiated on 17th July, 2016
Vegetation covers with wild Banana trees on the slopes.
Slope grading through benching and construction of retaining walls, provision of lined hillside drains.
The weak slope material got exposed along a steep slope cut during recent road widening activities. During incessant rainfall, the weak slope material got saturated and failed when the shearing stress exceeded the shearing strength of the material. Furth

Hara Appa village slide 1
Rainfall, highly weathered loose rock, pore pressure and steep slope
Removal of debris, construction of proper lined drainage, breast wall and plantation of vetiver grass

West of Shepa village slide 5
Rainfall, loose fractured material, steep slope and unscientific slope cut
Construction of breast wall and proper lined drainage, removal of deebris and slope easing

West of Doimukh slide 3
Unscientific slope cut, highly weathered rock
Plantation of vetiver grass, construction of breast wall & proper lined drainage and slope easing

West of Doimukh slide 4
Unscientific slope cut, highly weathered rock
Removal of debris above the breast wall, construction of proper lined drainage and slope easing

Unscientific slope cut, toe erosion by nala and steep slope
Construction of breast wall and proper lined drainage, slope easing and removal of debris

Hoj-Potin slide
Slide initiated due to Extensive slope cut for road widening. Landslide initiated on 17th July, 2016
Vegetation covers with wild Banana trees on the slopes.
Slope grading through benching and construction of retaining walls
The weak slope material got exposed along a steep slope cut during recent road widening activities. During incessant rainfall, the weak slope material got saturated and failed

Unscientific Slope cut, steep slope and rainfall
Construction of proper lined drainage, breast wall and slope easing

Slope grading through benching and construction of retaining walls
The weak slope material got exposed along a steep slope cut during recent road widening activities. During incessant rainfall, the weak slope material got saturated and failed

Jumpa village slide
Unscientific slope cut, toe erosion by nala and steep slope
Removal of debris, construction of breast wall and proper lined drianage, slope easing and plantation of vetiver grass

Slope grading through benching and construction of retaining walls
The weak slope material got exposed along a steep slope cut during recent road widening activities. During incessant rainfall, the weak slope material got saturated and failed along the rock-overburden interface

Yajali slide
Unscientific slope cut, highly weathered and fractional rock
Construction of breast wall and proper toe drianage

West of Shepa village slide 1
Loose unconsolidated material, super saturation due to heavy rainfall and unscientific slope cut
Removal of debris, construction of breast wall with proper weep holes and lined drainage

West of Shepa village slide 2
Unscientific slope cut and super saturation of unconsolidated material
Construction of breast wall and proper lined drainage, slope easing and plantation of vetiver grass

Unscientific slope cutting , super saturation of unconsolidated material and steep slope
Construction of breast wall, benching, proper toe drainage and plantation of vetiver grass

Unscientific slope cutting , super saturation of unconsolidated material and steep slope
Slope easing, removal of debris, construction of breast wall and proper lined drainage

Unscientific slope cut and unconsolidated loose debris
Construction of breast wall and proper lined draingage, debris removal and slope easing

NEEPCO office, Sagalee slide 1
Unscientific slope cut, pore water pressure and toe erosion
Construction of proper lined drainage, slope easing and breast wall

NEEPCO office, Sagalee slide 2
Unscientific slope cut, pore water pressure and toe erosion
Construction of proper lined drainage, slope easing and breast wall

NEEPCO office, Sagalee slide 3
Unscientific slope cut, highly fractured rock and toe erosion due to improper drainage
Construction of breast wall and proper lined draingage, debris removal and slope easing

Unscientific slope cut, highly weathered rock, super saturation due to rainfall and loose unconsolidated materials
Construction of proper lined drainage, breast wall, removal of debris and planting of vetiver grass

Highly fractured, unscientific slope cut, pore water pressure and toe erosion due to improper drainage
Removal of debris, contruction of proper lined ndrainage and breast wall, slope easing

Steep slope, super saturation due to rainfall, rill and toe erosion and unscientific slope cut
Removal of debris, contruction breast wall and proper lined drainage, benching and planting of vetiver grass

West of Dakte village slide 1
Steep slope, super saturation due to rainfall, rill and toe erosion and unscientific slope cut
Removal of debris, contruction breast wall and proper lined drainage, benching and planting of vetiver grass

West of Dakte village slide 2
Steep slope, super saturation due to rainfall, rill and toe erosion and unscientific slope cut
Removal of debris, contruction breast wall and proper lined drainage, benching and planting of vetiver grass

West of Dakte village slide 3
Highly weathered rock, unscientific slope cut and steep slope
Construction of breast wall and proper lined drainage, debris removal and slope easing

Unscientific slope cut, toe erosion due to improper drainage, steep slope and pore water pressure
Construction of breast wall and proper lined drainage, debris removal and slope easing

West of Mep Soro slide 1
Loose unconsolidated material, unscientific slope cut, water super saturation and rill erosion
Breast wall under construction
Removal of debris, construction proper lined drainage and benches

West of Mep Soro slide 2
Unscientific slope cut, highly fractured rock, pore water pressure and steep slope
Benching of slope to ease the load, contruction of proper lined drainage and slope easing

Ziro-Raga slide 3
Unscientific slope cut, highly weathered rock, rainfall and toe erosion
Construction breast wall, slope easing and proper lined drainage

13 km North of Ziro
Steep slope, unscientific slope cut, rainfall and toe erosion
Construction of breast wall and proper lined drainage, slope easing and removal of debris

Unscientific slope cut, highly weathered rock, rainfall and toe erosion
Construction breast wall, slope easing and proper lined drainage

Rainfall, unscientific slope cut, toe erosion, weathered and unconsolidated rock
Construction breast wall, slope easing and construction of benches

Tamen slide 5
ECS, highly fractured, heavy rainfall, weathered rock
Ayemi, K., Sumar., Gogoi, A., 2021. Remote Sensing based Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide susceptibility mapping in toposheets 82H/8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 82L/1, 83E/5,9 covering parts of Kurung Kumey, Upper and Lower Subansiriand West Siang Districts
Const of breast wall, const of drainage, slope easing

Tamen slide 3
ECS, highly fractured, heavy rainfall
Ayemi, K., Sumar., Gogoi, A., 2021. Remote Sensing based Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide susceptibility mapping in toposheets 82H/8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 82L/1, 83E/5,9 covering parts of Kurung Kumey, Upper and Lower Subansiriand West Siang Districts
Const of breast wall, const of drainage, removal of debris, sslope easing

Tamen slide 1
ECS, highly fractured, heavy rainfall
Ayemi, K., Sumar., Gogoi, A., 2021. Remote Sensing based Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide susceptibility mapping in toposheets 82H/8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 82L/1, 83E/5,9 covering parts of Kurung Kumey, Upper and Lower Subansiriand West Siang Districts
Const of breast wall, const of drainage, removal of debris, sslope easing

ECS, highly fractured, heavy rainfall, weathered rock
Const of breast wall, const of drainage, slope easing, removal of debris

East of Tamen Suspension Bridge slide1
Shallow translational failure. Landslide facing 25˚

East of Tamen Suspension Bridge slide 2
Natural landlside, Shallow translational failure. Landslide facing 25˚.
Putting up a hazard warning sign and slope easing.

ECS, highly fractured, heavy rainfall, weathered rock
Const of breast wall, const of drainage, slope easing

Luba village slide 3
ECS, heavy rainfall, bore water pressure, loose material, slope cutting.
Const of drainage, removal of debris, slope easing.

Hebang village slide
ECS, heavy rainfall, loose material, fractured rocks.
Const of drainage/breast wall, proper drainage,slope easing.

Radum village slide 2
Weathered rock, heavy rainfall, steep slope, unscientific slope cutting, water saturation/ percolat*
Const of drainage, slope modification, removal of debris, const of breast wall.

Radum village slide 1
Highly fractured, heavy rainfall, steep slope, unscientific slope cutting, toe erosion.
Const of drainage, slope modification, removal of debris, const of breast wall.

Belo village slide
ECS, highly fractured, heavy rainfall, steep slope, pore water pressure.
Benching, const of drainage, slope easing, removal of debris

Gangte village slide
ECS, heavy rainfall, loose material, slope cutting.
Const of proper drainage, const of breast wall, slope easing.

Baring village slide
ECS, highly fractured/weathered, heavy rainfall, steep slope.
Const of breast wall, const of drainage, slope easing.

Riaga slide 2
Highly fractured, heavy rainfall, water saturation, slope cut.
Const of drainage, slope easing, removal of debris, retaining wall.

Riaga slide 1
Water saturation, loose soil, slope cut, toe erosion
const of drainage, slope easing, retaining wall.

Luba village slide 1
ECS, heavy rainfall, loose material, slope cutting, toe erosion, highly weathered, bore percolation.
Const of drainage, const of breast wall, slope easing.

Luba village slide 2
ECS, heavy rainfall, loose material, slope cutting, toe erosion, improper drainage system.
Const of proper drainage, const of breast wall, slope easing.

ECS, heavy rainfall, loose material, slope cutting, toe erosion, improper drainage system.
Const of proper drainage, const of breast wall, slope easing.

New Dillang slide
ESC, highly weathered, highly fractured, heavy rainfall, loose materials.
Removal of debris, const of breast wall, proper drainage.

Relung New camp slide 2
ESC, Steep slope, highly weathered, fractured, heavy rainfall
Removal of debris, const of breast wall, benching, proper drainage, slope easing

Upper Mer slide 2
ESC, Steep slope, highly weathered, highly fractured, heavy rainfall, loose debris
Const of breast wall, proper drainage, slope easing, removal of debris

Upper Mer slide 1
ESC, Steep slope, highly weathered, highly fractured, heavy rainfall, loose debris, flowing stream.
Const of breast wall, proper drainage, slope easing, removal of debris, slope easing.

Near Dabo slide 1
ESC, Steep slope, highly weathered, highly fractured, unconsolitated rocks.
Const of breast wall, proper drainage, slope easing, removal of debris, slope easing.

Upper Mer slide 4
ESC, Steep slope, highly weathered, highly fractured, unconsolitated rocks.
Const of breast wall, proper drainage, slope easing, removal of debris, slope easing.

ESC, Steep slope, highly weathered, highly fractured, unconsolitated rocks.

Near Dabo slide 2

Palin landslide
As per the local people 2 persons were injured.
Slightly wet condition of the soil observed.
State Highway located just 5 m above the crown

Palin Road slide 2
Loose unconsolidated material, heavy rainfall and unscientific slope cut
Slope easing, slope benching and construction of breast wall and proper lined drainage

Palin Road slide 1
Unscientific slope cut, heavy rainfall and steep slope
Removal of debris slope easing construction of proper breast wall and lined drainage and benching

Palin-Yazuli road slide
Unscientific slope cut, heavy rainfall and steep slope
Removal of debris, slope easing, construction breast wall and proper lined drainage

Potin-Ziro road slide
Removal of debris slope easing construction of proper breast wall and lined drainage

Near Pitak slide 2
Heavy rainfall, damp area, highly weathered, highly fractured, loose debris.
Const of breast wall, removal of debris.

Lower Gida slide
ESC, Steep slope, highly weathered, highly fractured, heavy rainfall, loose debris
Const of breast wall, proper drainage, slope easing, removal of debris

Powak Korar slide
ESC, highly weathered, highly fractured, heavy rainfall
Const of breast wall, proper drainage, slope easing.

Sangme slide
ESC, Steep slope, highly weathered, highly fractured, heavy rainfall, loose debris
Const of breast wall, proper drainage, slope easing, removal of debris

Byasi village slide 2
ESC, highly weathered, highly fractured, heavy rainfall
Const of breast wall, proper drainage, slope easing.

Tachek slide
ESC, highly weathered, highly fractured, heavy rainfall
Const of breast wall, proper drainage, slope easing.

Byasi village slide 1

Rowa village slide
Steep slope, highly weathered, fractured, heavy rainfall
Removal of debris, const of breast wall, toe drainage

Nibi village slide
Steep slope, highly weathered, fractured, heavy rainfall
Removal of debris, const of breast wall, toe drainage

West of Taya slide 1
Heavy rainfall, unsciantific raod cutting, highly weathered, highly fractured, loose debris.
Const of proper drainage, breast wall, removal of debris, slope easing.

West of Taya slide 2
highly weathered, highly fractured, loose debris, weathered rock.
Const of breast wall, removal of debris, const of drainage.

Near Pitak slide 1
Steep slope, heavy rainfall
Const of breast wall, removal of debris, slope easing

Koloriang slide 2
Steep slope, highly fractured, no proper drainage
Removal of debris, const of breast wall, proper drainage.

Koloriang slide 1
Steep slope, highly fractured, no proper drainage
Removal of debris, const of breast wall, proper drainage.

Kele Village slide 2
ESC, Steep slope, highly weathered, fractured, heavy rainfall
Removal of debris, const of breast wall, proper drainage

Kele Village slide 3
ESC, Steep slope, highly weathered, heavy rainfall
Removal of debris, const of breast wall, benching, proper drainage, slope easing

Nainital Kathgodam slide
ESC, Steep slope, highly weathered, heavy rainfall
Removal of debris, const of breast wall, benching, proper drainage, slope easing

Relung New camp slide 1
ESC, Steep slope, highly weathered, fractured, heavy rainfall

Kele village slide 1

Koloriang slide 3
ESC, Steep slope, highly fractured
Removal of debris, const of breast wall, toe drainage, benching.

ESC, Steep slope, highly fractured
Removal of debris, const of breast wall, toe drainage, benching.

Lengri-Riang road section slide-1
Debris slide documented along the Lengri Riang road due to anthropogenic activity.
Mohanty, A., and Joshi, K., 2021: Remote sensing based macro scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in toposheets 82D/12, D/15, D/16, 82H/3, H/4, H/6, H/7, H/10, 83A/1, A/5, A/6, A/9, A/10, A/13, A/14 and 83E/1 covering parts of Tawang, West K
Construction of breast wall with adequate weep holes/ or benched gabion wall can also be constructed.
Slope cutting for construction of new road. Reduction of strength on saturation by seepage from surface drainage due to rainfall. Also about 1-1.5 mt of unconsolidated overburden material is present which made the slope unstable.

Bameng road section slide-3
Debris slide documented along the Bameng road section caused due to incessant rainfall. Construction of breast wall of appropriate height with sufficient weep holes can be implemented as remedial measures.
Mohanty, A., and Joshi, K., 2021: Remote sensing based macro scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in toposheets 82D/12, D/15, D/16, 82H/3, H/4, H/6, H/7, H/10, 83A/1, A/5, A/6, A/9, A/10, A/13, A/14 and 83E/1 covering parts of Tawang, West K
Construction of breast wall of appropriate height with sufficient weep holes to arrest the sliding material and provide support to the toe.
Incessant rainfall causing the loose unconsolidated debris material to slip down. Also the steep slope angle, overburden material add to the contributing factors.

Bameng road section slide-2
Rock slide documented along the Bameng road section. Main cause may be attributed to reduction of strength on saturation by seepage from rainfall and excavation work by the locals.
Mohanty, A., and Joshi, K., 2021: Remote sensing based macro scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in toposheets 82D/12, D/15, D/16, 82H/3, H/4, H/6, H/7, H/10, 83A/1, A/5, A/6, A/9, A/10, A/13, A/14 and 83E/1 covering parts of Tawang, West K
Removal of the accumulated debris. Construction of breast wall with adequate weep holes. In addition, it is recommended to provide lined hillside drainage system along with chute drain on the downslope or valley side of the road.
Reduction of strength on saturation by seepage from rainfall and excavation work by the locals. The material below the road is largely loose unconsolidated weathered gneiss. The rock exposed below the road is weathered and friable in nature which is susc

Bameng road section slide-1
Debris slide documented along the Bameng-Lengri Riang road section, caused due to heavy rainfall leading to reduction of strength on saturation by seepage.
Steep / subvertical cuttings along the slopes should be avoided. Alternatively benching can be implemented to reduce the influence of slope failure due to gravity.
Construction of benched/stepped gabion walls from the down slope along the face of the slide for ready passage of water through the porous wall. In addition, it is recommended to provide lined hillside drainage system along with chute drain on the downsl
Reduction of strength on saturation by seepage from roadside drainage The material below the road is largely loose unconsolidated soil. The rock exposed below the road is weathered and friable in nature which is susceptible to saturation and active erosi

Pakke-Bameng road section slide-9
Debris slide documented along the Pakke-Bameng road section caused due to the presence of loose unconsolidated debris covered with thick insitu soil and aggravated by toe erosion of the slope by surface drainage.
Removal of debris on the slope and construction of breast wall with adequate weep holes at the toe and construction of lined hillside drainage to prevent toe erosion
Predominance of loose unconsolidated debris covered with thick insitu soil and aggravated by toe erosion of the slope by surface drainage. High saturation of slope forming material with surface water.

Pakke-Bameng road section slide-3
Failure caused due to toe erosion by first order stream, improper drainage system and highly weathered rock mass.
Although along road level insitu rock is present, the road will not directly affect but the material from the higher level may slide down and block the road for that some gabion walls 1-2 rows can be given above the road which will arrest the sliding deb
Toe erosion by first order stream, improper drainage system and highly weathered rock. The highly jointed and weathered rock mass got saturated during heavy rain, resulted into decreasing shear strength and increasing pore water pressure.

Pakke-Bameng road section slide-2
Debris slide documented along the Pakke-Bameng road caused due to the presence of steep slope, highly weathered and weak gneissic boulders on the crown part, along with the toe removal by slope cutting for road construction
Scaling of debris resting critically on the slope and construction of breast wall with sufficient height and adequate weep holes. Provision of lined toe drain along the affected stretch of the road.
Presence of steep slope, highly weathered and weak gnessic boulders on the crown part, along with the toe removal by slope cutting for road construction.

Jointed and fractured. Slope-120° Major fracture plane: 310°/65° towards 30°, J1: 20°/20° towards 110°, J2: 290°/80° towards 10°
Rock slide documented along the Pakke-Bameng road section caused due to steep slope, jointed and fractured rock mass and oversaturation during rain and toe cutting of the slope for road construction.
Removal of slided rockmass to avoid road blockade and drainage blockade. Construction of wall toe drain.
Presence of loose overburden material on the upslope and toe cutting of the slope for road construction, static loading in the crown area by thick and tall vegetation. Main cause is steep slope, jointed and fractured rock mass and oversaturation during r

Pakke road section slide-6
Debris slide occurred along the Pachi-Pakke road, caused by the anthropogenic activity such as steep slope cutting for road widening without providing any toe support, and thereby collapse of loose unconsolidated debris.
Construction of retaining structure all along the affected road stretch with sizeable culvert to pass the seasonal discharge of the small nala/chute. Lined toe drain along the road section at the toe of the slide. Channelization of the seasonal nala upto
Toe removal by slope cutting for road widening and predominance of loose unconsolidated debris. Presense of a nala which was oversaturated during peak monsoon.

Pakke road section slide-3
Rock slide documented along Pachhi- Pakke road section, caused due to extensive slope cut of adverse orientation of geological discontinuities due to steep slope cut.
Slope easing and unloading of dead load from the crown area. Clearance of slide debris and construction of proper hillside drains (lined) and periodic maintenance for prevention of clogging
Planar failure along the major joint plane. Absence of hillside lined drains for drainage outlet. The slope was cut during road construction/widening without providing any supporting measures concurrently.

Pakke road section slide-4
Mica biotite gneiss (highly weathered and jointed )
Jointed. 3 sets of joints: J1: 310°/30° towards N30° ,J2: Sub-vertical striking NE-SW, J3: 340° /70°towards 250°, Slope direction: N243°
Rock slide documented along Pachhi- Pakke road section, caused due to the high degree of weathering of rocks coupled with daylighting of adverse orientation of geological discontinuities due to steep slope cut.
Removal of loose hanging materials from the crown part, and accumulated debris from the toe portions. Construction of lined hillside drainage. If possible wire mesh net can be installed. Also retaining wall of suitable height can be constructed.
High degree of weathering of rocks coupled with daylighting of adverse orientation of geological discontinuities due to steep slope cut. Also the percolating rainwater have further degraded the stability of the slope face.

Highly weathered and fractured coarse grained mica biotite gneiss with development of local schistosity. S1 plane: 60°/270° striking N5°E.
Rock slide documented along Pachhi- Pakke road section, caused due to the high degree of weathering of rocks intense fracturing of the rocks resulting in the reduction of the rock strength.
Removal of detached boulders from the slope in planned way, application of wiremesh and shotcrete on the exposed slope surface and construction of 2-3 m high retaining wall with adequate number of weep holes, to give toe support of the slope. Provision o
Highly weathered and fractured gneiss with locally developed schistosity is observed. The schistosity planes appear to the fissility plane for planar failure due to oversaturation with surface and subsurface water flow.

Failure along the Pakke-Bameng road caused due to presence of loose unconsolidated soil on the upslope and oversaturated by the rainwater causing gullies and eroding the material downwards.
Multiple nalas flowing along the slope face like gully erosion, slope towards north. Quarrying activity along pockets
Removal of debris and construction of lined hill side drainage to prevent toe erosion needs to be done. Road is too narrow for construction of any support wall, if possibility is there retaining wall can be erected with sufficient weep holes.
Presence of loose unconsolidated soil on the upslope and oversaturated by the rainwater causing gullies and eroding the material downwards.

Debris slide documented along Pakke-Bameng road caused due to overburden (2m), rainfall. Aggravated by steep slope cutting and toe removal and predominance of thick insitu material on the upslope.
Unstable zone
Hill side drainage, removal of debris. Construction of breast wall with adequate number of weep holes and lined hill side drainage to prevent toe erosion.
Loose un-compacted/less compacted OB, weathered rock mass, steep slope, saturation of the SFM due to rainfall, disturbance of natural equilibrium due to road cutting, are the causes of sliding. Aggravated by steep slope cutting and toe removal.

Failure caused by highly weathered and jointed gneiss facilitating water percolation through the fractures and joints leading to increased pore water pressure.
Removal and clearing of debris, construction of lined hill side drainage to prevent further degradation of the slope. In the up slope at two or three level create or gabion wall can be given to arrest the debris or waste at this level only. At road lev
Highly weathered and jointed gneiss facilitating water percolation through the fractures and joints leading to increased pore water pressure. Concave slope morphometry rocks coupled with steep slopes facilitating water accumulation or percolation further

Rock slide documented along Pakke-Bameng road caused by weathered and fractured, loose unconsolidated material and highly weathered gneiss covered with thick insitu soil and aggravated by toe erosion of the slope by drainage.
Removal and clearing of debris, construction of lined hill side lined drainage to prevent toe erosion. 2-3m high breast wall with weep holes can be constructed.
Weathered and fractured, Loose unconsolidated material and highly weathered gneiss covered with thick insitu soil and aggravated by toe erosion of the slope by drainage.

Migmatite/banded gneiss with intensive pegmatite intrusions.
Failure caused by highly weathered and fractured gneiss, loose overburden, steep slope cutting and aggravated by toe erosion, super-saturation of debris which increased the hydrostatic pressure.
Removal of debris on the slope and construction of breast wall with adequate weep holes at the toe and construction of lined hillside drainage to prevent further toe erosion.
Highly weathered gneiss loose, steep slope cutting and aggravated by toe erosion, super-saturation of debris which increased the hydrostatic pressure.

Quartz mica schist and gneiss where schistosity is locally developed.
Rock slide along Pakke-Bameng road due to jointed and weathered schistose rock. Incessant rainfall caused the weak slope forming material unstable, leading to failure.
Removal of the accumulated debris from the toe portion. Construction of retaining wall of appropriate height.
Weak schistosity planes in gneiss which got weathered leading to sliding of friable material; rainwater easily percolates within these fractures causing failure. Also construction of road and removal of toe caused slope instability.

Pakke-Tara road section slide-3
Debris slide documented along the Pakke- Tara road section caused due to the presence of loose unconsolidated debris on the upslope and aggravated by toe removal due to road construction
Construction of lined hill side drainage to prevent toe erosion. Construction of retaining wall of appropriate height and removal of debris/loose failed material etc.
Loose boulders of highly weathered gneiss and unconsolidated debris and covered with thick insitu soil (about 2 mts) and aggravated by toe excavation of slope. Incessant rainfall caused the weak slope forming material unstable, leading to failure

Pakke-Tara road section slide-5
A debris slide occurred along the concave slope side due to the toe erosion as well as loose unconsolidated debris on the upslope.
Removal of slide material, construction of wall toe drain etc.
Toe removal due to slope cutting, concave slope morphometry facilitating water accumulation or percolation, and predominance of loose unconsolidated debris.

Pakke-Tara road section slide-4
Rapid debris slide occurred along the steep slope side of the road cutting caused mainly due to the anthropogenic activity. During road cutting slope was cut sub vertical without providing any stability measures. Highly weathered and jointed rock mass go
Removal of slided material from the inner edge of the road and construction of suitable height retaining wall with weep holes to release the pore water pressure. Provision of lined drain along the inner edge of the road for free flow of the surface runof
High weathering of rocks coupled with steep slopes and toe removal by slope cutting. During road cutting slope was cut sub vertical without providing any stability measures. Highly weathered and jointed rock mass got saturated during heavy rains and slid

Debris slide documented along the Pakke- Tara road section caused due to the presence of loose unconsolidated debris on the upslope and aggravated by toe removal due to road construction. During heavy rain the overburden material and jointed/weathered ro
It can be suggested that in the hilly terrain whenever any hill slope excavation is to be planned it must be done in planned way with proving timely and adequately stability measures simultaneously with the execution of the work. The excavated slope shou
Removal of the debris and immediately construct the breast wall to give toe support to the SFM. Provision of lined toe drain all the road to pass the surface runoff without disturbing the toe of the constructed wall
Presence of loose unconsolidated soil on the upslope and aggravated by toe removal due to road construction .During road construction the slope was cut almost vertical without giving any protective measures. During heavy rain the overburden material and

Jointed and highly fractured, Slope - 195°, S1 plane: 270°/20°?10°, Trend of major fracture: 350°,J1: N30°/ vertical
This is an active and widening type of rock slide caused due to the unstable and highly fractured rocky overburden. The remedial measures suggested above should be implemented immediately to avoid any big failure in the future.
In this point it can be suggested that in the hilly terrain whenever there is any hill slope excavation is to be planned it must be done in planned way with proving timely and adequately stability measures simultaneously with the execution of the work. T
Construction of breast wall of suitable height along with adequate number of weep holes and lined drainage along the toe part with sufficient gradient away from the affected area.
The super-saturation of the highly fractured and weathered rock materials through prolonged infiltration of unguided surface water into the loose overburden soil observed along the crown area thereby drastically decreasing the shear strength and increasi

Pakke-Chayang Tajo road section slide-3
Multiple debris slide along Pachi-Pakke road due to lose overburden material and weak slope forming material. Incessant rainfall caused the weak slope forming material unstable, leading to failure.
Construction of benched/stepped gabion walls from the down slope along the face of the slide for ready passage of water through the porous wall. In addition, it is recommended to provide lined hillside drainage system. Also the nala should be channelized
Reduction of strength on saturation by seepage from rainwater Also a nala flows along the left flank which also caused seepage inside. The material above and below the road is largely loose unconsolidated. Construction of road, anthropogenic activities a

Pachi-Chayang Tajo road section slide-1
Mica biotite gneiss (highly fractured and weathered) with thick quartz veins.
Failure along S1 plane: Jointed.3 sets of joints: (In whole circle: dip amount/dip direction) : S1: 60°/290° striking 200°, J1: 20°/200° striking 290°, Slope: N10°E
Rock slide documented along Pachhi- Chayang Tajo road section, caused due to the high degree of weathering of rocks intense fracturing of the rocks resulting in the reduction of shear strength due to saturation of the rock mass
Removal of loose materials from the slope. Construction of breast wall with sufficient weep holes at the toe of the landslide. Provision of lined toe drain all along the toe of slide with proper gradient away from the toe of slide
Highly weathered gneiss with about 1m thick overburden on the upslope of the road is observed. Preponderance of steeply dipping joints and steep cutting of slope thereby daylighting the vulnerable joints towards the road. Reduction of shear strength due

Pachi-Chayang Tajo road section slide-2
Debris slide documented along Pachhi- Chayang Tajo road section, caused due to the high degree of weathering of rocks and active gully erosion and flowing nalas along the landslide.
Area needs detailed study.
Removal of loose materials from the slope. In between the slope provision of a 2-3m bench will increase the slope stability. Construction of breast wall with sufficient weep holes at the toe of the landslide and construction of lined hillside drainage to
Highly weathered gneiss with about 1m thick overburden on the upslope of the road is observed. Active gully erosion and flowing nalas along the landslide suggests percolation of water and increase in pore water pressure.

Highly weathered, fractured gneiss. The crown portion of the slide is covered by more than 1mt overburden material.
Debris slide documented along the Pachhi- Pakke road section. The main cause of the failure is infiltration of surface run off along the crack/ fractures and joints. Also over-saturation of the loose overburden material thereby increasing the local pore
Channeling of the surface water away from the affected slope (crown area) to reduce chances of further failure and slope management.
Weathered and jointed rock mass, unfavourable discontinuities and steep slope and over-saturation of the loose overburden material and increase in local pore water pressure.

3 sets of joints: J1: 85°/35° towards 345°, J2: 40°/Sub-vertical, J3: N/15° towards E, Slope towards south.
Rock fall documented along the Pachi-Pakke Road, caused due to formation of wegdes and disturbance of toe during road cutting/wideninmg without providing any stability measures.
Removal of the dislodged boulder resting on the slope in planned manner, construction of suitable height concrete wall upto 2-3m height along with weep holes and lined toe drain all along the road affected stretch.
Due to intersection of different joint sets structural wedges are forming and the slope was cut without proving ant supporting measures, thus causes slope failure. More over the rain water percolated inside the joint and saturate the rock mass resulted i

Highly weathered mica biotite gneiss, with tourmaline bearing pegmatite body, quartz boudins with perpendicular fractures are observed (may be due to intense shearing).
Debris slide occurred along the Pachi-Pakke road, caused by the anthropogenic activity such as slope cutting for road widening in past without providing any stability measures.
Removal of debris/failed material. Construction of retaining wall with weep holes. Lined toe drain along the road.
Toe removal by slope cutting for road widening and predominance of loose unconsolidated debris.

Highly weathered mica biotite gneiss with development of local schistosity and thick quartz vein intrusion.
Rock slide documented along Pachhi- Pakke road section, caused due to the high degree of weathering of rocks coupled with daylighting of adverse orientation of geological discontinuities due to steep slope cut.
Overall thick vegetation cover, moderate vegetation in the upslope.
Drainage channel can be provided to divert undesirable surface or subsurface flows from the problematic areas. Clearing of debris and construction of lined hillside drainage. Construction of suitable height breast wall all along the affected zone with ad
Presence of joints and weak schistosity planes in the rock that act as releasing plane. Oversaturation of the highly weathered and loose material resting on the steep unstable slope

Bameng-Tayung road section slide-1
Failure caused due to high weathering of rocks coupled with toe removal by slope cutting for road widening.
Channeling of water away from the crown area through construction of lined hillside drain on the road. Removal of debris on the slope and construction of breast wall with adequate weep holes at the toe. Construction of lined drainage upslope and provide
High weathering of rocks coupled with toe removal by slope cutting for road widening. These highly weathered rocks form weak slope forming material and get saturated by surface water flow from upslope.

Bameng-Tayung road section slide-2
Rock slide documented along the Bameng-Tayung road, failure caused due to weak sfm , triggered by heavy rainfall.
Construction of breast wall with adequate weep holes at the toe along the entire width of the slide portion.

NH-31 slide-4
Slide recorded along the road cut section along NH-31, caused by toe cutting of slope during road construction.
Chiezou, K. and Kesiezie, K. 2021: Remote sensing based macro scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in toposheets 83A/15, A/16, 83B/13, 83E/02, E/3, E/4, E/6, E/7, E/8, 83F/1, F/5 and F/9 covering parts of West Kameng, East Kameng, Kurung Ku
Slope easing and unloading of dead load from the crown area. Clearance of slide debris and construction of proper hillside drains (lined)

North Seppa slide-3
Slide recorded along the road cut section north of Seppa town, caused toe cutting of slope during road construction.
Chiezou, K. and Kesiezie, K. 2021: Remote sensing based macro scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in toposheets 83A/15, A/16, 83B/13, 83E/02, E/3, E/4, E/6, E/7, E/8, 83F/1, F/5 and F/9 covering parts of West Kameng, East Kameng, Kurung Ku
Construction of retaining structure all along the affected road stretch with sizeable culvert to pass the seasonal discharge of the small nala/chute. Lined toe drain along the road section at the toe of the slide.
Toe cutting of slope during road construction

North Seppa slide-2
Slide observed along the road cut section north of Seppa town, caused toe cutting of slope during road construction.
Chiezou, K. and Kesiezie, K. 2021: Remote sensing based macro scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in toposheets 83A/15, A/16, 83B/13, 83E/02, E/3, E/4, E/6, E/7, E/8, 83F/1, F/5 and F/9 covering parts of West Kameng, East Kameng, Kurung Ku
Removal of loose materials from the slope. Construction of breast wall with sufficient weep holes at the toe of the landslide.
Toe cutting of slope during road construction

North Seppa slide-7
Slide recorded along the road cut section north of Seppa town, caused toe cutting of slope during road construction.
Construction of retaining structure all along the affected road stretch with sizeable culvert to pass the seasonal discharge of the small nala/chute. Lined toe drain along the road section at the toe of the slide.
Toe cutting of slope during road construction and heavy rainfall

Patiwa Village slide-1
Slide recorded along the road cut section along NH-31 near Patiwa Village, caused by toe cutting of slope during road construction.
Hill side drainage, removal of debris. Construction of breast wall with adequate number of weep holes and lined hill side drainage to prevent toe erosion.
Toe cutting of slope during road construction and improper drainage

Slide recorded along the road cut section north of Seppa town, caused toe cutting of slope during road construction.
Hill side drainage, removal of debris. Construction of breast wall with adequate number of weep holes and lined hill side drainage to prevent toe erosion.
Toe cutting of slope during road construction

Rang Village slide-7
Gneiss of Bomdilla Group (highly weathered)
Slide recorded along the road cut section along NH-31 near Rang Village, caused by toe cutting of slope during road construction.
Toe cutting of slope during road construction and improper drainage

Sube Village slide-1
Gneiss of Bomdilla Group (highly weathered)
Slide recorded along the road cut section along NH-31 near Sube Village, caused by toe cutting of slope during road construction.
Slope benching and netting of rock falls
Toe cutting of slope during road construction and improper drainage

Sube Village slide-2
Gneiss of Bomdilla Group (highly weathered)
Slide recorded along the road cut section along NH-31 west of Sube Village, caused by toe cutting of slope during road construction.

Sube Village slide-3
Slide recorded along the road cut section along NH-31 west of Sube Village, caused by toe cutting of slope during road construction.
Construction of drainage lining and gabion type retiaining wall of 3 m

Slide recorded along the road cut section along NH-31 west of Sube Village, caused by toe cutting of slope during road construction.
Construction of drainage lining and gabion type retiaining wall of 3 m

Rang Village slide-5
Slide recorded along the road cut section along NH-31 near Rang Village, caused by toe cutting of slope during road construction.
Construction of retaining wall and proper drainage
Toe cutting of slope during road construction and highly fractured rocks

Rang Village slide-6
Slide recorded along the road cut section along NH-31 near Rang Village, caused by toe cutting of slope during road construction.

Patiwa Village slide-2
Slide recorded along the road cut section along NH-31 near Patiwa Village, caused by toe cutting of slope during road construction.
Removal of the accumulated debris from the toe portion. Construction of retaining wall of appropriate height.
Toe cutting of slope during road construction and highly weathered rocks, percolation of rainfall leading to over saturation leading to failure along the plane of contacts between soil and impervious schistose rocks

Removal of slided material from the inner edge of the road and construction of suitable height retaining wall with weep holes to release the pore water pressure. Provision of lined drain along the inner edge of the road for free flow of the surface runof
Toe cutting of slope during road construction and heavy rainfall

Slide recorded along the road cut section along NH-31 near Patiwa Village, caused by toe cutting of slope during road construction.

Patiwa Village slide-3
Removal of the accumulated debris from the toe portion. Construction of retaining wall of appropriate height.

Toe cutting of slope during road construction and highly jointed rocks

Slide observed along the road cut section north of Seppa town, caused by planar failure along the major joint plane and absence of hillside lined drains for drainage outlet.
Drainage channel can be provided to divert undesirable surface or subsurface flows from the problematic areas. Clearing of debris and construction of lined hillside drainage. Construction of suitable height breast wall all along the affected zone
Planar failure along the major joint plane. Absence of hillside lined drains for drainage outlet. The slope was cut during road construction/widening without providing any supporting measures concurrently.

Construction of retaining structure all along the affected road stretch with sizeable culvert to pass the seasonal discharge of the small nala/chute. Lined toe drain along the road section at the toe of the slide.
Toe cutting of slope during road construction and heavy rainfall

Removal of slided material from the inner edge of the road and construction of suitable height retaining wall with weep holes to release the pore water pressure. Provision of lined drain along the inner edge of the road for free flow of the surface runof

NH-31 slide-5
Slide recorded along the road cut section along NH-31, caused by dumping of debris on slope

NH-31 slide-3
Slide recorded along the road cut section along NH 31, slide caused by the presence of joints and weak schistosity planes in the rock that act as releasing plane and oversaturation of the highly weathered and loose material resting on the steep unstable
Slope easing and unloading of dead load from the crown area. Clearance of slide debris and construction of proper hillside drains (lined)
Extensive slope cut, Toe cutting of slope during road construction and anthropogenic factors

Slide recorded along the road cut section along NH 31, slide caused by extensive slope cut, toe cutting of slope during road construction and anthropogenic factorshighly weathered
Channeling of water away from the crown area through construction of lined hillside drain on the road. Removal of debris on the slope and construction of breast wall with adequate weep holes at the toe.
Extensive slope cut, Toe cutting of slope during road construction and anthropogenic factors

Slide recorded along the road cut section along NH-31, caused by toe cutting of slope during road construction.

Slide recorded along the road cut section along NH-31, caused by toe cutting of slope during road construction.
1. Retaining wall, 2. Construction of proper drainage

Construction of slope benching and removal of debris
Toe cutting of slope during road construction and highly weathered rocks

1. Retaining wall ~3 to 5m, 2. Construction of proper drainage

Drainage channel can be provided to divert undesirable surface or subsurface flows from the problematic areas. Clearing of debris and construction of lined hillside drainage. Construction of suitable height breast wall all along the affected zone

Slide recorded along the road cut section along NH 31, slide caused by the presence of joints and weak schistosity planes in the rock that act as releasing plane and oversaturation of the highly weathered and loose material resting on the steep unstable
Channeling of water away from the crown area through construction of lined hillside drain on the road. Removal of debris on the slope and construction of breast wall with adequate weep holes at the toe.
Extensive slope cut, Toe cutting of slope during road construction and anthropogenic factors

Construction of retaining wall and proper drainage

1. Retaining wall ~3 to 5m, 2. Construction of proper drainage 3. Removal of boulders
Toe cutting of slope during road construction and highly weathered rocks

1. Retaining wall ~2 to 3m, 2. Construction of proper drainage
Planar failure along the major joint plane. Absence of hillside lined drains for drainage outlet. The slope was cut during road construction/widening without providing any supporting measures concurrently.

Slide recorded along the road cut section along NH-31, caused by planar failure along the major joint plane and absence of hillside lined drains for drainage outlet.
Toe cutting of slope during road construction and highly weathered rocks

East of Sagalee slide
Unscientific slope cut, weathered rock, super saturation and toe erosion
Construction of breast wall and proper lined draingage, benching and slope modification

Sagalee-Jote road section slide 3
Unscientific slope cut, weathered rock, steep slope, super saturation and rill erosion
Removal of debris, slope easing, construction of breast wall and proper lined drianage

Sagalee-Jote road section slide 2
Unscientific slope cut, weathered rock, steep slope, super saturation and rill erosion
Sparsely vegetated and extensive slope cut
Construction of breast wall and proper lined draingage, benching and slope modification

Sagalee-Jote road section slide 1
Unscientific slope cut, weathered rock, super saturation and rill erosion
Construction of breast wall and proper lined draingage

Steep slope, Unscientific slope cut, super saturation and highly weathered

Laptap village slide 1
Toe erosion due to improper drainage and unscientific slope cut
Construction of breast wall and proper lined draingage and removal of debris

Peech-Hoj village slide
Highly fractured and weathered rock and Unscientific slope cut
Old slide, stablised now
Removal of debris from above the breast wall

Laptap Landslide
Colluvial deposit of loose boulders with soil (bedrock comprises quartz mica schist of Khetabari Formation of Bomdila Group).
The landslide is basically a cut-slope failure that got triggered due to heavy antecedent rainfall.
Improper/unscientific slope excavation for road widening is largely accounted for the initiation of the landslide. Landslide occurred on 11th July, 2017 at 14:30 hrs.
Trans Arunachal Highway, about 40 km south of the state capital Itanagar
Wet (saturated debris-soil due 4 days incessant rain prior to the landslide initiation).
Landuse: Recent widening of the road for construction of the Trans-Arunachal Highway.
Landcover: Orange orchards at the crown slope.
5 houses buried in slide and the villages connecting further Cut-off.
Trans Arunachal Highway and village road are blocked.
1. Slope easing through the removal of loose debris material.
2. A series of berms/benches may be put in place along the cut-slope with adequate protection on the backslope of each bench.
3. Suitable and effective drainage system (lined contour drains a
The saturation of the unconsolidated colluvial cover due to antecedent heavy rains led to drastic reduction in the shear parameters of overburden material. The cutting of road across the slope consisting of loose unconsolidated material also aided to the

Laptap village slide 2
Unscientific slope cut, highly fractured and weathered rock and Toe erosion due to improper drainage
Construction of breast wall with proper weep hole and lined drianage and planting of vetiver grass

Steep slope, Unscientific slope cut, highly fractured, Pore water pressure, rill and toe erosion
Construction of breast wall and proper lined draingag, debris removal, benching and planting of vetiver grass

Palapu village slide
Unscientific slope cut, super saturation, steep slope and toe cutting due to improper drainage
Construction of breast wall and proper lined draingage, removal of debris and slope easing

Highly fractured and weatherd granite gneiss
Steep slope, highly fractured and weathered rock and pore water pressure
Removal of debris, construction of breast wall and proper lined drainage

Unscientific slope cut, Steep slope highly fractured and weathered rock
Removal of debris, slope easing, construction of breast wall and proper lined drainage

6 kilo
Encroachments along the hill sides of the capital region for settlement and Jhum field by cutting the trees, levelling of hill tops and blockage of natural drainage system has lead to environmental degradation such as soil erosion and human occupation of
These are very small multitudes of landslides without any harm to any infrastructure or life
Removal of slided debris on road bench, easing of steep crown scarp and construction of self-draining hillside drain. Construction of retaining walls along the affected slope.
Weak lithology consisting of pebbles with sand layer in the topmost part, followed by sand and clayey layer in the bottom. Shallow slide unfavourable slope, development of local pore hydrostatic pressure during intense rain.

NE of Itanagar slide 2
Rainfall, unscientific Slope Cut, unconsolidated loose material and steep slope
Construction of proper breast wall, slope modification and benching

NE of Itanagar slide 1
Weathered unconsolidated material, unscientific Slope Cut, steep slope and rainfall
Sparsely vegetated and extensive slope cut
Removal of debirs, benching, construction of breast wall and drainage

NE of Bidyut Bhavan slide 2
Unscientific Slope Cut, unconsolidated loose material and steep slope
Slope modification and construction of proper lined drainage and breast wall

NE of Bidyut Bhavan slide 1
Highly weathered loose unconsolidated debris material
Unscientific Slope Cut, unconsolidated loose debris and steep slope
Construction of proper breast wal, drainage benching and slope easing

500 m east of Bidyut Bhavan, Itanagar
Unscientific Slope Cut, steep slope and unconsolidated rock material
Contruction of proper breast wall and proper lined drainage, recommended to evacuate the building in the upslope of the slide area

Slide at lower Nitivihar (inquiry point)
Toe cutting for house construction must be avoided and plantation is required.
One house completely damaged and 2 house partially damaged

Slide at Nitivihar
Heavy rainfall during last 24 hrs and 7 days prior to event
Bamboo House with G.I. Sheets has been washed away

Slide at Abotany Vihar
Construction activities should be done away from the vertical slopes

Slide at Vivekvihar
Non interference of human activity near the slided area
Bamboo House with G.I. Sheets has been damaged

Balijan forest road slide-2
Pebbles,cobbles,boulders in oxidized sandy matrix of Corramore Formation
Lithology in this area consists of weathered, friable, loosely packed sandstone which is highly susceptible to slope cut failure.
1.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á Moderation of slope gradient may be considered. 2.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á Removal of precariously hanging trees at the crown portion to shed the static load. 3.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á Construction of reinforced concrete re
1.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á Anthropogenic activities: ill-planned cutting of slope at steep angle (700-800) for road construction. 2.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á Weak slope forming material. 3.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á Incessant rainfall resulted in over sa

Balijan forest road slide-3
Pebbles,cobbles,boulders in oxidized sandy matrix of Corramore Formation
Lithology in this area consists of weathered, friable, loosely packed sandstone which is highly susceptible to slope cut failure.
1.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á Moderation of slope gradient may be considered. 2.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á Removal of precariously hanging trees at the crown portion to shed the static load. 3.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á Construction of reinforced concrete r
1. Destabilization of slope due to ill planned cutting for road construction. 2. Weak slope forming material comprising mainly of highly weathered rock. 3. Reduction of slope materialΓÇÖs shear strength on over saturation due to rainfall.

Balijan forest road slide-1
Pebbles,cobbles,boulders in oxidized sandy matrix of Corramore Formation
Lithology in this area consists of weathered, friable, loosely packed sandstone which is highly susceptible to slope cut failure.
1.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á Moderation of slope gradient may be considered. 2.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á Removal of precariously hanging trees at the crown portion to shed the static load. 3.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á Construction of reinforced concrete re
1.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á Anthropogenic activities: ill-planned cutting of slope at steep angle (700-800) for road construction. 2.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á Weak slope forming material. 3.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á Incessant rainfall resulted in over sa

Bogaramtakbi-Notungaon road slide
Grey and pink porphyritic granite of MylliemGranitoid
Minor landslide
1. Construction of retaining wall of considerable height at the toe portion of slope cut maybe considered. 2. Proper maintenance of lined hill side drainage.
1. Slope cut. 2. Weak overburden material . 3. Reduction of shear strength due to over saturation during heavy rainfall.

Teranggaon slide
Micaceous, ferruginous quartzite, phyllite and conglomerate of Shillong Group of rock
Minor slide.
The slide has estabilized but construction of hillside lined drainage should be implemented to avoid accumulation of surface water run-off which could lead to reactivation of the slide.
1. Excavation or toe cutting of slope for road construction. 2. Reduction of shear strength on over-saturation of thick column of highly weathered overburden material of about 0.5ΓÇô2m thickness during incessant rainfall.

Sapjuri-Dalamara road slide
Micaceous, ferruginous quartzite, phyllite belonging to Shillong Group of rocks.
Proper remedial measure should be adapted as a precaution against future landslides.
1.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á Construction of strong reinforced retaining wall/gabion wall at the toe of the slide founded on firm substratum. 2.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á Construction of lined hillside drainage.
1. Weak slope forming material. 2. Cutting of slope for road construction. 3. Incessant rainfall led to over-saturation of slope forming material results in reduction of shear strength due to rise in local pore water pressure.

DiringLangso slide
Grey and pink porphyritic granite belonging to MylliemGranitoid.
Minor landslide.
1.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á Slope easing. 2.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á Construction of strong reinforced retaining wall at the toe of the slide founded on firm substratum. 3.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á Construction of lined hillside drainage at the toe of c
1. The affected site is mainly composed of weak slope forming material: highly weathered granite with inΓÇôsitu soil. 2. Seepage of water along the discontinuity planes during rainfall. 3. Toe erosion by river.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á4. Development o

BaburangTokbi slide
Minor slope failure
Proper maintenance of lined hill side drainage.
1. The affected slope comprisesunconsolidated materialΓÇô weathered and fragmented quartzite with soil. 2. Slope cut for road construction activities. 3. Rainfall

Panbari Parbat slide
Grey and pink porphyritic granite of MylliemGranitoid
Partial damage and loss of tea plantation.
1.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á Slope easing. 2.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á Strengthen and protect the affected stream bank by rock rip rap.
1. Weak slope forming material comprising highly weathered rock mass and in-situ soil. 2. Rainfall. 3. Reduction of strength on oversaturation. 4. Toe erosion by nala

Paniramtokbi slide
Micaceous, ferruginous quartzite, phyllitebelonging to Shilong group of rocks.
Minor landslide.
1.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á Planting of deep fibrous rooted plants on slope. 2.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á Construction and timely maintenance of lined hillside drainage system.
1. Slope cut. 2. Weak overburden materialΓÇô weathered and jointed rock. 3. Pore-water pressure development. 4. Reduction of strength on over-saturation due to incessant rainfall.

Anjukpani- Dumroi road slide
Tep, Y., Mahapatra, B. M., 2019; Macro - Scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of Toposheet Nos. 83 B/15, 83F/3 and 83F/4 in Karbi Anglong and Nagaon districts of Assam.
This is an old road which connects Anjukapani with the settlement on the hills (Dumroi). Construction of a well maintained pitch or concrete road along with RCC retaining wall is required.
Extensive slope cut in the moderate vegetation
Partly affected a road but communication restored.
Easing of the slope angle and construction of concrete retaining wall with sufficient weep holes and construction & maintenance of proper hillside drains along with the main road.
Anthropogenic- unplanned construction of road. Reduction of strength on super-saturation due to heavy rainfall.

Pink / grey biotite granite gneiss belonging to Assam - Meghalaya Gneissic Complex
BuraPahar road section which leads to Kaziranga National Park is frequented by large number of visitors throughout the year. Therefore, proper mitigation measures in vulnerable slopes should be implemented to curb any untoward incidences.
1.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á Construction of reinforced retaining wall at the toe of the slide founded on sound sub-stratum. 2.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á Construction and proper maintenance of hill-side lined drainage.
1.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á Slope cut for road construction. 2.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á Weak lithology comprising mostly in-situ soil and weathered granite. 3.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á Pore-water pressure and reduction of strength on over-saturation.

Pink / grey biotite granite gneiss belonging to Assam - Meghalaya Gneissic Complex
BuraPaharroadsection which leads to Kaziranga National Park is frequented by large number of visitors throughout the year. Therefore, proper mitigation measures in vulnerable slopes should be implemented to curb any untoward incidences.
NH-37, 1 km west of Kaziranga view point.
1.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á Construction and timely maintenance of lined hillside drainage system. 2.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á Retaining wall at the toe of cut slope founded on a sound stratum may be constructed.
1. Jointed and partially weathered granite overlain by thick column of clayey in-situ soil. 2. Steep cut slope (30?-35?). 3. Development of pore water pressure and reduction of strength on over-saturation due to incessant rainfall.

Pink / grey biotite granite gneiss belonging to Assam - Meghalaya Gneissic Complex
It is an inactive landslide, however the boulders resting on slope face may slip. Therefore, proper mitigation should be taken up to curb untoward incidences.
1.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á Slope easing and plantation of fibrous rooted plants on the affected slope to create further soil anchoring. 2.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á Construction and timely maintenance of lined hillside drainage system.
The slide occurred due to interplay of several factors: 1.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á Destabilization due to toe cutting of slope for road construction. 2.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á The major causes are presence of large granite boulders resting on thick co

1.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á Construction of reinforced retaining wall at the toe of the slide founded on sound sub-stratum. 2.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á Construction and proper maintenance of hill-side lined drainage.
1.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á Slope cut for road construction. 2.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á Weak slope forming material. 3.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á Pore-water pressure and reduction of strength on over-saturation.

Bagori quarry slide
Pink / grey biotite granite gneiss belonging to Assam - Meghalaya Gneissic Complex.
Major causative factors leading to slope failure are: 1. Excavation or cutting of slope for road construction. 2. Thick section of weak overburden material. 3. Day-lighting, pore water pressure and reduction of strength on oversaturation.

Deosurgaon road slide.
Pink / grey biotite granite gneiss belonging to Assam - Meghalaya Gneissic Complex.
1.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á Dressing of the slope/ removal of precariously hanging trees andgranite boulders. 2.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á Construction of retaining wall of considerable height at the toeportion of the slope cut maybe considered. 3.┬á
1.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á Cutting of the slope at critical angle for road construction. 2.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á Weakoverburden of highly weathered granite with large granite boulders embeddedwithin are the main causative factors. 3.┬á┬á┬á

Kalapani slide
1. Moderation of slope gradient may be considered.
1. Weak slope forming material comprising colluviums material. 2.Development of local hydrostatic pressure and reduction of shear strength on over-saturation of weak overburden material due to rainfall.3.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á Seepage of rain water al

Amguri tea garden slide.
Tea plantation at the crown portion of slope may be affected if proper measures are not implemented.
Construction of reinforced retaining wall at the toe of the slide with sufficient weep holes.
1.Weak slope forming materialΓÇô loose clayey in-situ soil. 2.Development of local hydrostatic pressure and reduction of shear strength on over-saturation of weak overburden material due to rainfall. 3.Toe erosion by river.

Dising River slide
Sandstone, calcareous nodules carbonized wood,coal of Subansiri Formation
Lithology in this area predominantly consists of unconsolidated friable sandstone which is highly susceptible to slope failure. The landslide is located at an isolated place and hence poses no threat to life or property.
In order to prevent further undercutting by river, substantial amount of boulders/rock rip-rap may be placed at the toe portion of slide.
1.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á The affected slope comprises highly friable unconsolidated sandstone intebedded with thick clay horizon. 2.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á Toe erosion. 3.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á Over-saturation of weak slope forming material due t

Construction of retaining wall of 1 to 2 m

Construction of retaining wall of 2 m and proper drainage

Construction of retaining wall of 2 - 3m and proper drainage

Construction of proper drainage and retaining wall 2-3 m

Quartzite and Quartz Mica Schist of Bomdila Group
Construction of proper drainage and retaining wall 2-3 m
Toe cutting of slope during road construction and slip along the joint planes

Ngoleko Village slide
Slide recorded along the road cut section along NH-31 near Ngoleko Village, caused by toe cutting of slope during road construction.
Slope moderation, slope benching and construction of proper drainage
Toe cutting of slope during road construction and highly weathered rock

Removal of debris, construction of proper drainage, construction of retaining wall 3m

Removal of debris, construction of proper drainage, construction of retaining wall 5m

Pinjori-Kimi Road Slide 2
The slide ois shallow translational rock slide triggered due to slope cut and rainfall during monsoon.The overburden material is predominantly composed of highly fractured sandstone belonging to Gondwana Group of rocks. Moderate dissection of slope by dr
Kikon, A., and Jamir, I., 2021: Remote sensing based macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in Toposheets 78M/9, M/10, M/11, M/13, M/14, M/15, 83A/2, A/3, A/4, A/7, A/8, A/11, A/12, 83B/1, B/5 & B/9 covering parts of Tawang, West Kameng
1. Proper diversion of drainages to systematic drainage system 2. Regrading of slope to gentler angle 3. Removal of detached and loose blocks from the affected slope 4. Construction of retaining wall combined with post plate wire net system to arrest the
1. SFM: Slope material is composed of highly fractured parent rockmass (sandstone) 2. The affected slope has moderate drainage dissections on both flanks of the slide and within the slide

Pinjori-Kimi Road Slide 3
It is a shallow translational rock slide.The affected slope is predominantly composed of highly fractured sandstone intercalated with friable shale. Excavation/cutting of slope for road construction beyond the critical angle destabilised the natural slop
Kikon, A., and Jamir, I., 2021: Remote sensing based macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in Toposheets 78M/9, M/10, M/11, M/13, M/14, M/15, 83A/2, A/3, A/4, A/7, A/8, A/11, A/12, 83B/1, B/5 & B/9 covering parts of Tawang, West Kameng
1. Removal of slide materials to avoid blockage of hill side drains 2. Proper diversion of drainages from the crown portion through chute drains and calvert 3. Construction of retaining wall of appropriate height combined with wire mesh to arrest the sli
1. SFM: Slope material is composed of highly fractured parent rockmass (sandstone) with shale intercalations 2. Seepage of water along weak planes 3. The affected slope is dissected by drainages

Seppa Road Slide 5
The slope forming material is predominantly composed of thick overburden material comprising in-situ soil intermixed with rock fragments. Rainfall resulted in oversaturation of fragile overburden material, increase of pore water pressure and loss of cohe
Kikon, A., and Jamir, I., 2021: Remote sensing based macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in Toposheets 78M/9, M/10, M/11, M/13, M/14, M/15, 83A/2, A/3, A/4, A/7, A/8, A/11, A/12, 83B/1, B/5 & B/9 covering parts of Tawang, West Kameng
Implementation of adequate mitigative measures is suggested.
1. Slope benching is already implemented, however the width and height ratio of the existing bench may be increased. 2. Construction of gabion wall for toe support. 3. Proper maintenance of lined hillside drain.
1. SFM: thick in-situ soil intermixed with fragments of weathered rock mass. 2. Regolith/ overburden thickness of >5 m. 3. Wet hydrological condition of the affected slope. 4. Oversaturation of weak slope material and loss of cohesion during rainfall. 5.

Seppa Road Slide 6
The slope forming material is predominantly composed of thick overburden material comprising in-situ soil intermixed with rock fragments. Rainfall resulted in oversaturation of fragile overburden material, increase of pore water pressure and loss of cohe
This section of the road is highly susceptible to landslides.
1. Systematic channeling of drainages and disposal of surface water runoff. 2. Construction and proper maintenance of lined hillside drain.
1. SFM: thick in-situ soil intermixed with fragments of rock underlain by weathered gneiss. 2. Regolith/ overburden thickness of 2-5 m. 3. Overburden failure along the rock and overburden interface. 4. Hillslope dissected by drainages. 5. Active rill ero

Seppa Road Slide 4
The slope forming material is predominantly composed of thick overburden material comprising in-situ soil intermixed with rock fragments. Rainfall resulted in oversaturation of fragile overburden material, increase of pore water pressure and loss of cohe
Implementation of adequate mitigative measures is suggested.
1. Systematic channeling of drainages and disposal of surface water runoff. 2. Construction of gabion wall for toe support. 3. Proper maintenance of lined hillside drain.
1. SFM: thick in-situ soil with fragments of highly weathered rock mass (biotite gneiss). 2. Regolith/ overburden thickness of 2-5 m. 3. Hillslope dissected by drainages. 4. Active rill erosion on the affected slope. 5. Oversaturation of weak slope mater

Slope excavation for road construction, thick overburden, dissection of hillslope by major drainages, absence of systematic drainage system for proper disposal of surface water runoff, oversaturation of thick in-situ soil cover and loss of cohesion durin
The cut slope along this stretch is vulnerable to landslides due to thick overburden cover and drainages dissecting the hillslope.
1. Systematic channeling of drainages and disposal of surface water runoff. 2. Proper maintenance of lined hillside drain.
1. Slope forming material is predominantly composed of moderately weathered and fractured rock mass overlain by thick cover of in-situ soil.2. Dissection of hillslope by major drainages. 3. Oversaturation, loss of cohesion and failure of in-situ soil col

NH 13 Slide 9
The slope forming material is composed predominantly of fragmented rock mass intermixed with soil. The affected slope is a part of relatively vulnerable geomorphic class i.e colluvial foot-slope. Rainfall events resulted in oversaturation of fragile over
A minor landslide.
1. Proper diversion of surface water runoff through construction of systematic drains. 2. Construction of retaining wall with proper back filling and sufficient weep holes founded on sound sub-stratum. 3. Construction and maintenance of concrete lined hi
1. Fragile SFM, materially composed of loose and unconsolidated fragments of rock mass intermixed with soil (Colluvium). 2. Ill-planned modification of slope for road construction.

Slope excavation for road construction, slope forming material composed of moderately weathered and fractured rock mass, road/ valley dipping discontinuity plane, dissection of hillslope by major drainages, absence of systematic drainage system for prop
Remedial measures in the form of slope benching/ terracing is already implemented. However, systematic channeling of hillslope drainages is recommended for proper disposal of surface water runoff.
1. Slope benching/ terracing is already implemented. 2. Systematic channeling of drainages and disposal of surface water runoff through construction of proper drainage system. 3. Construction of retaining wall for toe support; with proper back filler mat
1. Slope forming material is predominantly composed of moderately weathered and fractured/ fragmented rock mass. 2. Slope failure along the valley dipping plane (S0 || J1) 3. Dissection of hillslope by major drainages. 4. Predominantly wet and dripping h

Slope excavation for road construction, weak slope forming material composed of moderately weathered and fractured rock mass intermixed with soil, dissection of hillslope by a major drainage, absence of drainage system for proper disposal of surface wat
Implementation of adequate mitigative measures is suggested.
1. Slope benching was already implemented. However, the slope failed due to presence of major drainage on the slope. Therefore, systematic channeling of drainages and proper disposal of surface water runoff is recommended. 2. Construction of retaining wa
1. Slope forming material is predominantly composed of moderately weathered and fractured/ fragmented rock mass intermixed with in-situ soil. 2. Dissection of hillslope by a major drainage line. 3. Oversaturation of slope material and loss of cohesion du

NH 13 Slide 4
The moderately weathered rock mass overlain by thick in-situ soil cover exposed along the road cut section failed during rainfall event. Rainfall events resulted in oversaturation of slope material, increase of pore water pressure and loss of cohesion. T
Retaining wall is already constructed, however proper diversion of surface water runoff should be planned and implemented
1. Proper diversion of surface water runoff away from the affected slope face. 2. Construction and regular maintenance of lined hillside drain system especially during monsoon season
1. SFM: affected slope is composed of moderately weathered schist overlain by in-situ soil cover of ~3 m thickness.2. Slope affected by active rill erosion. 3. Saturation of overburden and loss of cohesion during rainfall events. 4. Ill-planned modifica

NH 13 Slide 5
The moderately weathered rock mass overlain by thick in-situ soil cover exposed along the road cut section failed during rainfall event. Rainfall events resulted in oversaturation of slope material, increase of pore water pressure and loss of cohesion. T
The landslide is located just adjacent to LS No. AR/WKG/83A12/2021/006 and is of the same nature, hence similar remedial measures are suggested.
1. Proper diversion of surface water runoff away from the affected slope face. 2. Construction and regular maintenance of lined hillside drain system especially during monsoon season
1. SFM: affected slope is composed of moderately weathered schist overlain by in-situ soil cover of ~3 m thickness. 2. Slope affected by active rill erosion. 3. Saturation of overburden and loss of cohesion during rainfall events. 4. Ill-planned modific

Pinjori-Kimi Road Slide 4
Fine grained Sandstone with shale (along with thin coal seams)
The affected slope is predominantly composed of fine grained sandstone with shale along with some thin coal seams belonging to Gondwana Group of rocks. The slide is concluded to be structurally controlled where failure of overburden materials has occurr
Rockmass is stable. However, debris/overburden materials at the upslope portion may further fail during rainfall
1. Removal of slide debris 2. Drainage of surface water run off from the crown portion through chute drains and calvert
1. Failure of overburden materials along the fault plane 2. It is a structurally controlled landslide 3. SFM: Rockmass overlain by thick column of overburden material comprising fragmented rockmass intermixed with soil. 4. Loss of cohesion during rainfal

The slide is a shallow translational debris slide which has been triggered due to slope cut for road construction coupled with rainfall during monsoon.The affected slope is predominantly composed of thick column of insitu soil intermixed with parent rock
Bedding is almost sub horizontal
1. Removal of slide debris 2. Widening of road along with regrading of slope to a gentler angle 3. Removal of overburden material to reduce the static load 4. Proper diversion of drainages through chute drains
1. SFM: Slope material is composed of thick column of insitu soil intermixed with parent rockmass 2. Failure of overburden material 3. Major drainage dissection on the left flank of the slide. 4. Seepage of water and loss of cohesion during rainfall

The slide is a shallow translational debris slide and is confined in nature.The overburden in the affected slope is predominantly composed of rockmass overlain by thin column of insitu soil. Weak slope forming material intersected by three sets of promin
1. Proper diversion of drainages to systematic drainage system 2. Construction of retaining wall for toe support 3. Construction of hill side drains
1. Adverse condition of rockmass which is intersected by three sets of prominent weak planes involving S0, J1 and J2 at the toe of the road cut; J1and J2 are closely spaced and persistent 2. SFM: Slope material is predominantly composed of rockmass ove

Slide at 15km SE of Sessa Village

Sandstone with shale (with thin coal seams)
The slide is a shallow translational rock slide triggered due to slope excavation for road construction, and the overburden material is predominantly composed of moderately weathered parent rockmasss along with shale with thin coal seams. Besides these,
1. Removal of slide debris and precariously over hanging blocks of fractured rocks 2. Construction of RCC retaining wall (instead of already constructed stone wall) with sufficient weep holes
1. SFM: Slope material is composed of moderately weathered parent rockmass along with friable shale 2. Drainage dissection on the affected slope. 3. Incompetent layer of shale and coal

Rainfall led to increase in discharge and velocity of flowing nala and also caused over-saturation of slope material resting on steep slope with natural drainages, which eventually resulted in slope failure by toe erosion. Since the landslide is located
The landslide is located on a slope with no elements at risk in the vicinity, therefore no remedial measures are suggested. Moreover, the landslide location is inaccessible, thus the data recorded are from afar and limited
The landslide is located on a slope with no elements at risk, hence no remedial measures are suggested.
1. Adverse condition of rock mass; slope material is composed of fractured sandstone and minor shale.2. Steep slope gradient. 3. Hillslope dissected by drainages. 4. Toe erosion by nala.

East of Sessa Slide 1
Rainfall led to increase in discharge and velocity of flowing nala and also caused over-saturation of slope material resting on steep slope with natural drainages, which eventually resulted in slope failure by toe erosion. Since the landslide is located
The landslide is located on a slope with no elements at risk in the vicinity, therefore no remedial measures are suggested. Moreover, the landslide location is inaccessible, thus the data recorded are from afar and limited. Slope direction: N310
The landslide is located on a slope with no elements at risk, hence no remedial measures are suggested.
1. Adverse condition of rock mass; slope material is composed of fractured sandstone and minor shale. 2. Steep slope gradient. 3. Hillslope dissected by drainages. 4. Toe erosion by nala.

East of Sessa Slide 2
The slope forming material is predominantly composed of fragmented sandstone intermixed with soil of >5 m thickness. Rainfall events resulted in oversaturation of fragile overburden material, increase of pore water pressure and loss of cohesion. Extensiv
Slope direction: N155
1. Removal of loose debris from the affected slope. 2. Slope easing. 3. Systematic diversion of slope drainages away from the depleted slope through properly designed drainage system. 4. Construction of concrete lined hillside drains. 5. Construction of
1. Fragile SFM: overburden material comprising fragmented sandstone intermixed with soil (colluvium). 2. Regolith thickness: colluvium of >5 m thickness exposed on road cut section. 3. Hillslope moderately dissected by drainages. 4. Saturation of slope m

Slide at 10km SE of Sessa Village
Road transport affected from Tezpur to Tawang

Predominantly coarse grained sandstone with minor shale and coal
The slightly weathered and highly fractured/ fragmented rock masses exposed on the cut slope is predominantly composed of sandstone with minor shale and coal overlain by thin soil cover. The presence of drainages causing erosion and multiple weak planes
Slope direction: N10
1. Clear off depleted material from the toe of affected slope. 2. Removal of slide rock masses from the affected slope face. 3. Slope easing.
1. Adverse condition of rock mass; highly fractured/ fragmented and slightly weathered rock mass. Slickenside was also observed. 2. Incompetent layers of shale and coal within sandstone overlain by veneer soil cover. 3. Hillslope highly dissected by drai

Slide at Tippi
Road transport affected from Tezpur to Tawang

Tippi Slide
A massive landslide measuring about 450-500 m (length) along a major hillslope drainage/ nala occurred on a slope predominantly composed of clay and pebble-cobble beds with minor occurrence of ferruginous sandstone. The recurrent landslide first occurred
A recurrent landslide since 2015, .implementation of adequate mitigative measures is suggested.
Systematic channeling of hillslope drainage for proper disposal of surface water runoff through construction of culvert.
Road and several temporary hutments build for road construction workers were completely damaged.
1. SFM: slope material is predominantly composed of clay and pebble-cobble beds with minor occurrence of ferruginous sandstone. 2. Hillslope dissected by a major drainage. 3. Slope failure along the drainage during incessant and heavy rainfall.

Rock boulders embedded in the sandy, overburden material resting over the Siwalik sandstones
Heavy rainfall on the day of failure and preceding day.
Reportedly blocked the road completely for 7-8 hrs (as per BRO workers present at the site). Reportedly occurred during the last week of June, 2013 (as per BRO workers present at the site).
Excessive steepening of the natural slope during the widening of the road bench, development of localized pore/hydrostatic pressure, erosion by the unguided surface run-off.

Kamarilaka slide
The affected area is uninhabited as well as no agricultural land in and around the area.
Though the area is a landslide susceptible zone, it is uninhabited as well as no agricultural land are present in and around. Thus, this landslide poses no threat to life or infrastructure.
1.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á Weak slope forming material comprising Pebbles,cobbles,boulders in oxidized sandy matrix. 2.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á Reduction of slope materialΓÇÖs shear strength on over saturation due to rainfall. 3.┬á┬á┬á┬á

Moroni slide
Minor slide.
Though the area is a landslide susceptible zone, it is uninhabited as well as no agricultural land are present in and around. Thus, this landslide poses no threat to life or infrastructure.
1.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á The affected slope comprises thick alluviun. 2.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á Over-saturation of slope forming material and increase in local pore water pressure

Dopdopi slide-1
The affected area is uninhabited as well as no agricultural land in and around the area.
Afforestation with deep rooted trees in order to anchor and strengthen the soil mass.
1.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á Weak slope forming material comprising Pebbles,cobbles,boulders in oxidized sandy matrix. 2.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á Reduction of slope materialΓÇÖs shear strength on over saturation due to rainfall. 3.┬á┬á┬á┬á

Ringkangpur slide-3
The affected area is uninhabited as well as no agricultural land in and around the area.
Though the area is a landslide susceptible zone, it is uninhabited as well as no agricultural land are present in and around. Thus, this landslide poses no threat to life or infrastructure.
1.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á The affected slope comprises thick alluviun. 2.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á Over-saturation of slope forming material and increase in local pore water pressure

Dopdopi slide-2
Absence of deep rooted trees and shrubs could be one of the factor for slope failure in this hill slope.
Afforestation with deep rooted trees in order to anchor and strengthen the slope material.
1. Weak slope forming material comprising of unconsolidated pebbles and cobbles with sandy matrix. 2. Overburden thickness of 2ΓÇô5 m. 3. Reduction of slope materialΓÇÖs shear strength on over saturation due to rainfall.

Ringkangpur slide-4
Sandstone, calcareous nodules carbonized wood,coal of Subansiri Formation
At present, the affected area and its vicinity is uninhabited as well as no agricultural land or infrastructure exist. Thus, this landslide poses no threat to life or infrastructure.
Strengthen and protect the affected stream bank by rock rip rap.
1. Weak lithology comprising thick section of pebbles and cobbles bed underlain by highly friable unconsolidated sandstone. 2. Overburden thickness of >5 m. 3. Reduction of slope materialΓÇÖs shear strength on over saturation due to rainfall. 4. Toe

Ringkangpur slide-1
Minor slide
Afforestation with deep rooted trees in order to anchor and strengthen the soil mass.
1.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á Weak slope forming material comprising Pebbles,cobbles,boulders in oxidized sandy matrix. 2.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á Reduction of slope materialΓÇÖs shear strength on over saturation due to rainfall. 3.┬á┬á┬á┬á

Afforestation with deep rooted trees in order to anchor and strengthen the soil mass.
1.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á Weak slope forming material comprising Pebbles,cobbles,boulders in oxidized sandy matrix. 2.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á Reduction of slope materialΓÇÖs shear strength on over saturation due to rainfall.

Bhalukpong Circuit House slide
Loosely packed, very coarse to fine grained, friable, pebbly at places, grey sandstone of Siwalik Group (Upper Siwalik Formation)
Field Observations & Interpretation:
i. The landslide had occurred on the south-eastern slope of a north-northeast trending linear hillock.
ii. In general, the linear hillock is moderately forested and covered by trees, bushes and wild banana plants.
iii
The landslide was basically a debris slide which got surcharged with water and progressed into a debris flow. The flow of the debris was solely responsible for the destruction, damage and loss of lives and property. Removal and clearing of debris along t
Landuse: Habitated at the foot of the linear hillslope. Landcover: Bushy vegetation covers with occasional wild Banana trees on the slopes.
10 (1 infant, 3 minors and 6 adults), 4 persons sustained major injuries while 6 persons sustained minor injuries
9 buildings were completely damaged while four buildings were partially damaged
1) The 2-2.5m thick sandy overburden overlying the exposed bedrock near the crown scarp may be trimmed and benched at 1m interval/s. 2) A wire-mesh gabion retaining wall spanning from the standing tree at the left foot of the landslide to the extreme rig
9 buildings were completely damaged while four buildings were partially damaged, vehicular damage included 1 Scooty and 1 Scorpio
From the field studies, a combination of factors has been interpreted to be involved in the initiation and triggering of the landslide, which are:
i. The linear hillock has been subjected to reported earlier excavations/modifications, subsequently exposi

Bhalukpong Cicuit House Slide
The major and fatal landslide occurred on a hill slope located to the SE of Bhalukpong Circuit House. The landslide occurred on 01.07.2016 around 12:30 PM which claimed lives of 10 people and injured 05 persons. Partial damage of Circuit House building,
According to the caretaker of Bhalukpong Circuit House, the fatal landslide event occurred during the peak monsoon season of 2016.
03 families were affected. 05 persons injured.
Majorly affected the circuit house compound and the approach road.
1. Slope dressing/ removal of overburden material from the crown and head portion of the landslide in order to reduce the static load and driving force. 2. Regrading of slope to a gentler angle or slope benching of adequate width and height combined with
About 06 nos. of thatch houses and circuit house located on the downslope of affected slope were damaged or badly affected.
1. Excavation and levelling of hill top, and dumping of cut materials on the downslope of N300? facing slope i.e. slope facing towards the circuit house. 2. The affected hill is composed of highly weathered micaceous sandstone overlain by thick strata of

Mansiri River slide-1
Lithology in this area predominantly consists of unconsolidated friable sandstone which is highly susceptible to slope failure. The landslide is located at an isolated place and hence poses no threat to life or property.
In order to prevent further undercutting by river, substantial amount of boulders/rock rip-rap may be placed at the toe portion of slide.
1.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á The affected slope comprises weak lithologyΓÇôhighly friable unconsolidated sandstone. 2.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á Toe erosion. 3.┬á┬á┬á Over-saturation of weak slope forming material during rainfall.

Mansiri River slide-3
Sandstone, calcareous nodules carbonized wood,coal of Subansiri Formation
Lithology in this area consists predominantly of unconsolidated friable sandstone which is highly susceptible to slope failure. The landslide is located at an isolated place and hence poses no threat to life or property.
In order to prevent further undercutting by river, substantial amount of boulders/rock rip-rap may be placed at the toe portion of slide.
1.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á The affected slope comprises highly friable unconsolidated sandstone intebedded with thick clay horizon. 2.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á Toe erosion. 3.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á Over-saturation of weak slope forming material due t

Mansiri River slide-4
Lithology in this area consists predominantly of unconsolidated friable sandstone which is highly susceptible to slope failure. The landslide is located at an isolated place and hence poses no threat to life or property.
1.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á The affected slope comprises highly friable unconsolidated sandstone intebedded with thick clay horizon. 2.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á Toe erosion. 3.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á Over-saturation of weak slope forming material due t

Lithology in this area consists predominantly of unconsolidated friable sandstone which is highly susceptible to slope failure. The landslide is located at an isolated place and hence poses no threat to life or property.
1.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á The affected slope comprises highly friable unconsolidated sandstone intebedded with thick clay horizon. 2. Toe erosion. 3.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á Over-saturation of weak slope forming material due to rainfall.

Nishi Phuloguri Howa River slide
Sandston, calcareous nodules carbonisedwood,coal of Subansiri Formation
1.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á Gabion walls or rip-rap placed at the bank toe to prevent further undercutting. 2.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á In order to restore and strengthen the bank, establishing significant plant roots system (preferably plug plants and s
1. Toe erosion (stream bank erosion) by Howa River. 2. Weak slope forming material comprising mainly of immature sandstone. 3. Reduction of slope materialΓÇÖs shear strength on over saturation due to rainfall.

Phuloguri slide
Sandston, calcareous nodules carbonisedwood,coal of Subansiri Formation
1.┬á┬á Weak lithology. 2.┬á┬á Reduction of strength on over saturation due to rainfall. 3.┬á┬á Toe erosion by river.

GaroBasti slide
Pebbles, cobbles, boulders in oxidized sandy matrix belonging to Corramore Formation.

Howa River ,GaroBasti slide-2
Sandston, calcareous nodules carbonisedwood,coal of Subansiri Formation
1.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á Gabion walls or rip-rap placed at the bank toe to prevent further undercutting. 2.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á In order to restore and strengthen the bank, establishing significant plant roots system (preferably plug plants and s
1. Toe erosion (stream bank erosion) by Howa River. 2. Weak slope forming material comprising mainly of immature sandstone. 3. Reduction of slope materialΓÇÖs shear strength on over saturation due to rainfall.

Jarabari slide

Hoha river slide
Waek geology, saturation of weak material by 1st order stream, presence of wask planes and incessant rainfall are the major contributing factor leading to this failure.

Highly fractured quartzite with phyllite intercalations
The thick section of weak slope mass exposed on critically cut slope is composed of highly fractured/ fragmented quartzite and phyllite overlain by thin in-situ soil cover. The presence of drainages on hillslope, wet hydrological condition and seepage of
Construction of breast wall along the toe of affected slope was in progress at the time of field investigation. This section of the road is highly susceptible to landslides. Therefore, implementation of adequate mitigative measures is suggested.
Systematic channeling of hillslope drainages for proper disposal of surface water runoff through chute and lined hillside drains.
1. SFM: highly fractured quartzite intercalated with phyllite. 2. Hillslope is highly dissected by drainages. 3. Wet hydrological condition on the affected slope. 4. Seepage of water along weak planes. 5. Ill-modification of slope for road construction.

Highly weathered and fractured quartzite with phyllite
The thick section of weak slope mass exposed on critically cut slope is composed of fractured/ fragmented rock mass intermixed with soil. The presence of drainages on hillslope, oversaturation of slope material and loss of cohesion during rainfall are th
1. Removal of slide debris from the affected slope. 2. Systematic channeling of hillslope drainages for proper disposal of surface water runoff. 3. Retaining wall of adequate width and height may be extended all along the toe of the affected slope and al
1. SFM: slope material is composed of highly weathered and fractured rock mass intermixed with soil. 2. Hillslope is highly dissected by drainages. 3. Oversaturation of slope material and loss of cohesion during rainfall. 4. Ill-modification of slope for

The slope forming material is predominantly composed of slightly weathered and fractured quartzite with phyllite, and overlain by overburden material. Cutting of slope for road construction and dissection of slope by drainages with active erosion played
A massive rainfall triggered recurrent landslide occurring since 2018, caused during the initial stage of road construction process due to extensive slope cut.
1. Systematic diversion of natural drainages and surface water runoff from the upslope portion through combined drainages system of chute drain, culvert and lined hillside drain. 2. Construction of strong RCC retaining wall of adequate width and height f
1. Adverse condition of rock mass; predominantly highly fractured quartzite. 2. Hillslope moderately dissected by drainages. 3. Seepage of water along weak planes and saturation of slope material during rainfall events. 4. Ill-planned modification of slo

The thick section of weak slope mass exposed on critically cut slope is composed of fractured/ fragmented rock mass intermixed with soil. The presence of drainages on hillslope, wet hydrological condition, oversaturation of slope material and loss of coh
1. Systematic channeling of hillslope drainages for proper disposal of surface water runoff through chute and lined hillside drains. 2. Construction of retaining wall with proper back filler material and sufficient weep holes along the toe of affected sl
1. SFM: slope material is composed of thick section of highly fractured and weathered rock mass intermixed with soil. 2. Hillslope is highly dissected by drainages. 3. Wet hydrological condition on the affected slope. 4. Oversaturation of slope material

The hillslope is moderately dissected by drainages and the rock masses on the slope are predominantly highly weathered and fractured. Rock mass is moderately jointed with two prominent sets of joint forming blocks on the downslope portion, whereas the up
Slope direction: N60
1. Grid anchored wire mesh system to avoid rock fall on the road bench. 2. Systematic slope dressing and rock bolting.3. Shotcrete may also be considered.
1. Adverse condition of rock mass; highly weathered and fractured rock mass with two prominent sets of joint. 2. Moderate dissection of hillslope by drainages. 3. Seepage of water along weak planes during rainfall events. 4. Ill-planned modification of s

The slope forming material is composed predominantly of fragmented rock mass intermixed with soil. The affected slope is a part of relatively vulnerable geomorphic class i.e colluvial foot-slope, and the hillslope is moderately dissected by natural drain
Proper implementation of remedial measures is recommended.
1. Proper diversion of surface water runoff through construction of systematic drains. 2. Construction of gabion wall at the toe of the affected slope. 3. Construction and regular maintenance of lined hillside drain system especially during monsoon seaso
1. The affected slope is a part of colluvial foot-slope, materially composed of loose and unconsolidated fragments of biotite gneiss intermixed with soil (Colluvium). 2. Both flanks of the slide is dissected by drainages. 3. Active and prominent rill/ g

The slope forming material is composed predominantly of fragmented rock mass intermixed with soil. The affected slope is a part of relatively vulnerable geomorphic class i.e colluvial foot-slope. Rainfall events resulted in oversaturation of fragile over
Proper implementation of remedial measures is recommended.
1. Proper diversion of surface water runoff through construction of systematic drains. 2. Construction of gabion wall at the toe of the affected slope. 3. Construction and regular maintenance of lined hillside drain system especially during monsoon seaso
1. The affected slope is a part of colluvial foot-slope, materially composed of loose and unconsolidated fragments of biotite gneiss intermixed with soil (Colluvium). 2. Ill-planned modification of slope for road construction.

The slope forming material exposed on cut slope face is predominantly composed of loose overburden material. Furthermore, the hillslope is moderately dissected by drainages and the left flank of the slide is also affected by flowing spring. The overburd
The slide is enlarging in distribution wise and may also get reactivated in times of incessant rainfall.
1. Systematic diversion of surface water runoff away from the depleted slope. 2. Construction of concrete lined hillside drains. 3. Length of the existing retaining wall may be extended up to the width of the failed slope. 4. Slope benching/ terracing ma
1. SFM is predominantly composed of loose unconsolidated fragments of rock intermixed with soil and underlain by highly fractured and moderately weathered amphibolite rock. 2. Hillslope dissected by drainages and flowing spring on the left flank of the

Dirang- Rungkhung Road Section Slide 2
The slope is predominantly composed of loose unconsolidated material intermixed with fragments of rock. Generally, the regolith thickness along the affected slope face is about 2-5 m. Excavated slope for road construction, weak slope forming material, ov
Slide of similar nature as LS. No. AR/WKG/83A03/2021/034. Implementation of adequate mitigative measures is suggested.
1. Removal of slide material/ debris from the affected slope. 2. Construction of retaining wall with proper back filler material and sufficient weep holes. 3. Construction of lined hillside drain.
1. Slope forming material is predominantly composed of loose unconsolidated overburden material intermixed with fragments of mica chlorite schist. 2. Regolith/ overburden thickness of 2-5 m. 3. Oversaturation of slope material and loss of cohesion during

Dirang- Rungkhung Road Section Slide 1
The slope is predominantly composed of loose unconsolidated material intermixed with fragments of rock. Generally, the regolith thickness along the affected slope face is about 2-5 m. Excavated slope for road construction, weak slope forming material, ov
1. Removal of slide material/ debris from the affected slope. 2. Construction of retaining wall with proper back filler material and sufficient weep holes. 3. Construction of lined hillside drain.
1. Slope forming material is predominantly composed of loose unconsolidated overburden material intermixed with fragments of mica chlorite schist. 2. Regolith/ overburden thickness of 2-5 m. 3. Oversaturation of slope material and loss of cohesion during

Slide at 5 km N of Dirang
Road transport affected from Dirang to Tawang

The area is largely characterized by moderately dissected hillslope and is predominantly composed of thick strata of overburden material comprising highly weathered rock mass and in-situ soil. Due to presence of drainages on the hillslope and rainfall, t
The slope along this road stretch is moderately susceptible to landslides. Therefore, implementation of adequate mitigative measures is suggested.
1. Removal of slide material/ debris from the affected slope. 2. Construction of retaining wall with proper back filler material and sufficient weep holes. 3. Construction of lined hillside drain.
1. Slope forming material is predominantly composed of rock fragments intermixed with in-situ soil (Colluvium). 2. Regolith/ overburden thickness of >5 m. 3. Affected hillslope is moderately dissected by drainages. 4. Oversaturation of slope material and

Dirang-Rungkhung Road Section Slide 3
The area is largely characterized by moderately dissected hillslope and is predominantly composed of thick strata of overburden material comprising highly weathered rock mass and in-situ soil. Due to presence of drainages on the hillslope and rainfall, t
1. Removal of slide material/ debris from the affected slope. 2. Construction of retaining wall with proper back filler material and sufficient weep holes. 3. Slope grading to a gentler angle may be considered, esp. at the crown portion of the slide.
1. Slope forming material is predominantly composed of highly weathered garnetiferous mica schist intermixed with loose soil. 2. Regolith/ overburden thickness of >5 m. 3. Affected hillslope is moderately dissected by drainages. 4. Oversaturation of slop

Dirang Town Baptist Church Slide 1
The slope is predominantly composed of thick strata of overburden material comprising highly weathered rock mass and in-situ soil. The weak slope forming material failed due to oversaturation and loss of cohesion during rainfall. Slope cut for road const
1. Removal of slide material/ debris from the affected slope. 2. Construction of retaining wall with proper back filler material and sufficient weep holes founded on sound sub-stratum. 3. Construction of lined hillside drain. 4. Plantation of trees with
1. Slope forming material is predominantly composed of highly weathered garnetiferous mica schist intermixed with loose soil. 2. Regolith/ overburden thickness of >5 m. 3. Affected hill is sparsely vegetated. 4. Slope cut for road construction without to

Dirang Town Baptist Church Slide 2
The slope is predominantly composed of thick strata of overburden material comprising highly weathered rock mass overlain by in-situ soil. The weak slope forming material failed due to oversaturation and loss of cohesion during rainfall. Slope cut for ro
The slide is enlarging in distribution wise and may also get reactivated in times of incessant rainfall. Therefore, implementation of adequate mitigative measures is suggested.
1. Removal of slide material/ debris from the affected slope. 2. Construction of retaining wall with proper back filler material and sufficient weep holes founded on sound sub-stratum. 3. Construction of concrete lined hillside drain. 4. Plantation of t
1. Slope forming material is predominantly composed of highly weathered mica schist overlain by loose in-situ soil. 2. Regolith/ overburden thickness of >5 m. 3. Presence of major drainage line to the left flank of the affected slope. 4. Slope cut for ro

The slope forming material exposed on cut slope face is predominantly composed of loose overburden material. Furthermore, the hillslope is moderately dissected by drainages, rendering it relatively vulnerable during rainfall. Rainfall events resulted in
The slide is enlarging in distribution wise and may also get reactivated in times of incessant rainfall.
1. Removal of slide material from the slope and toe of the slide. 2. Construction and maintenance of concrete lined hillside drains. 3. Construction of gabion wall at the toe of affected slope.
1. Hillslope dissected by drainages. 2. SFM is composed of loose unconsolidated fragments of rocks (gneiss) intermixed with soil. 3. Oversaturation and failure of loose overburden material during rainfall. 4. Ill-planned modification of slope for road co

The affected slope comprises thick column of overburden material of >10 m thickness. The overburden material composed of loose fragments of rocks intermixed with soil resting on the ill-modified extensive slope cut failed along a major drainage line due
The slide may get reactivated in times of incessant rainfall.
1. Systematic diversion of surface water runoff away from the depleted slope. 2. Construction of concrete lined hillside drains. 3. Construction of gabion wall at the toe of affected slope
1. Hillslope dissected by major drainage; failure occurred along the drainage line. 2. SFM is predominantly composed of loose unconsolidated fragments of rocks (quartzite and mica chlorite schist) intermixed with soil. 3. Regolith thickness of >10 m. 4.

The affected slope comprises thick column of overburden material of >10 m thickness. The overburden material composed of loose fragments of rocks intermixed with soil failed due to the existing slope condition and erosion activity, oversaturation, increa
The slide may get reactivated in times of incessant rainfall.
1. Systematic diversion of surface water runoff away from the depleted slope. 2. Construction of concrete lined hillside drains. 3. Construction of retaining wall with proper back filler material and weep holes founded on sound sub-stratum. 4. Slope easi
1. SFM is predominantly composed of loose unconsolidated fragments of rocks (gneiss) intermixed with soil (Colluvium). 2. Regolith thickness of >10 m. 3. Active rill erosion on the affected slope. 4. Oversaturation and failure of loose overburden materia

The overburden material composed of loose fragments of rocks intermixed with soil resting on the ill-modified extensive slope cut failed due to oversaturation, increase of pore water pressure and loss of cohesion during rainfall events. Sparse vegetation
Since the remedial measures already implemented is inadequate, it is recommended that the retaining wall may be upgraded.
1. Afforestation of the hillslope. 2. Construction of concrete lined hillside drains. 3. Existing stone wall may be replaced by a RCC retaining wall with proper back filler material and sufficient weep holes founded on sound sub-stratum.
1. SFM is predominantly composed of loose unconsolidated fragments of rocks (quartzite and mica chlorite schist) intermixed with soil (Colluvium). 2. Oversaturation and failure of loose overburden material during rainfall. 3. Sparse vegetation due to aba

The affected slope comprises thick column of overburden material of >5 m thickness. The overburden material composed of loose fragments of rocks intermixed with soil resting on the ill-modified extensive slope cut failed due to flowing hydrological condi
The slide may get reactivated in times of incessant rainfall
1. Systematic diversion of surface water runoff away from the depleted slope. 2. Construction of concrete lined hillside drains. 3. Construction of gabion wall at the toe of affected slope.
1. Hillslope dissected by major drainage. 2. SFM is predominantly composed of loose unconsolidated fragments of rocks (quartzite and mica chlorite schist) intermixed with soil. 3. Regolith thickness of >5 m. 4. Flowing hydrological condition of the slop

The affected slope comprises thick column of overburden material of >5 m thickness. The overburden material composed of loose fragments of rocks intermixed with soil resting on the ill-modified extensive slope cut failed due to wet hydrological condition
The slide may get reactivated in times of incessant rainfall.
1. Systematic diversion of surface water runoff away from the depleted slope. 2. Construction of concrete lined hillside drains. 3. Construction of gabion wall at the toe of affected slope.
1. Hillslope highly dissected by drainages.2. SFM is predominantly composed of loose unconsolidated fragments of rocks (quartzite and mica chlorite schist) intermixed with soil. 3. Regolith thickness of >5 m. 4. Wet hydrological condition of the slope. 5

West of Bomdila Slide 1
Fragile slope forming material composed of moderately weathered and highly fractured rock mass of considerable thickness overlain by thin in-situ soil combined with removal of slope’s toe support for road construction activities and rainfall destabili
Proper implementation of remedial measures is recommended.
1. Removal of slide material from the affected slope. 2. Construction of retaining wall with proper back filling and sufficient weep holes founded on sound sub-stratum. 3. Proper maintenance of concrete lined hillside drain.
1. Fragile SFM: Slope forming material is composed of moderately weathered and highly fractured rock mass overlain by veneer soil cover. 2. Ill-planned modification of slope for road construction.

The interplay of several causative factors such as, moderately weathered and fractured rock mass overlain by overburden of ~3 m thickness, dissection of hillslope by drainages, wet hydrological condition in the vicinity of the slope and rainfall played
Slope direction: N350. Proper implementation of remedial measures is recommended.
1. Removal of slide material from the affected slope. 2. Systematic diversion of surface water runoff away from the affected slope. 3. Construction of concrete lined hillside drain. 4. Construction of RCC retaining wall of ~5 m height with proper back fi
1. Adverse condition of rock mass and thick overburden: slope forming material is composed of moderately weathered and fractured rock mass overlain by in-situ soil cover of ~3 m thickness. 2. Hillslope dissected by natural drainages. 3. Wet hydrological

The affected slope comprises thick column of overburden material of ~5 m thickness. The overburden material composed of in-situ soil resting on the ill-modified extensive slope cut failed due to oversaturation, increase of pore water pressure and loss of
The height of the under construction retaining wall seems inadequate considering the thick overburden on the slope.
1. Slope dressing. 2. Retaining wall is under construction, however, height of the retaining wall may be increased by about 3 m for proper slope support and to arrest the slide material in case of reactivation of slide. 3. Construction of proper lined hi
1. Slope forming material is predominantly composed of thick column of in-situ soil cover of ~5 m thickness underlain by slightly jointed rock mass (one set of joint). 2. Oversaturation and failure of loose overburden material during rainfall. 3. Ill-pla

The highly weathered and jointed rock mass exposed on cut slope is predominantly composed of phyllite rock. The presence of drainages on hillslope, intersecting weak planes on a destabilized slope and seepage of water along discontinuity planes during ra
1. Removal of slide material from the affected slope. 2. Systematic channeling of hillslope drainages for proper disposal of surface water runoff. 3. Construction of retaining wall for toe support.
1. SFM: slope material is predominantly composed of highly weathered, fractured and fissile rock mass. 2. Adverse condition of rock mass intersected by bedding plane and a joint plane. 3. Hillslope is moderately dissected by drainages. 4. Seepage of wate

The affected slope is predominantly composed of fragile overburden material. Excavated slope for road construction, weak slope forming material, dissection of slope by drainages, active rill erosion, dripping hydrological condition on the affected slope,
The road stretch heading westward is highly vulnerable to landslides. Therefore, implementation of adequate mitigative measures is suggested.
1. Removal of slide material from the affected slope. 2. Tapping and channeling of surface water, and systematic draining through proper drainage system. 3. Perforated PVC pipes may be installed horizontally on the affected slope. 4. Gabion wall may also
1. SFM: the area is predominantly composed of overburden material characterized by silty soil, and detached boulders on the slope. 2. Hillslope is moderately dissected by drainages. 3. Active rill erosion on the affected slope. 4. Dripping hydrological c

Highly weathered muscovite schist with bands of quartzite
The excavated cut slope exposes thick strata of highly weathered and friable biotite gneiss. Extensive slope cut along with weak overburden material and active rill erosion on the hillslope played a vital role in the process of slope failure. The slope f
Gabion wall at the toe of the slope and breast wall at the crown portion of slope is already constructed.
1. Systematic channeling and diversion of surface water runoff away from the depleted slope. 2. Construction and proper maintenance of lined hillside drain.
1. SFM: Slope is predominantly covered by thick strata of friable overburden material composed of highly weathered granite gneiss. 2. Oversaturation of slope material and loss of cohesion during rainfall. 3. Regolith/ overburden thickness of >10 m. 4. Ac

Muscovite schist with bands of quartzite
A rainfall triggered debris slide on a slope predominantly composed of rock overlain by ~1.5 m thickness of in-situ soil cover. The valley dipping J1 plane is chiefly responsible for the translational failure. During rainfall, the overburden material got
The road stretch along this section is vulnerable to landslides. Hence, adequate mitigative measures must be planned and implemented.
1. Removal of slide debris from the affected slope. 2. Construction and proper maintenance of lined hillside drain. 3. Construction of retaining wall with proper back filler material and weep holes founded on sound sub-stratum.
1. SFM: Slope is predominantly composed of slightly weathered muscovite schist overlain by ~1.5 m thickness of in-situ soil cover. 2. Debris slide caused along the rock and overburden interface. 3. Failure occurred along the valley dipping J1 plane. 4. O

Geologically, the terrain is composed of highly weathered muscovite schist with core stones of parent rock precariously resting on the slope. Excavated slope exceeding the critical angle, drainages on the hillslope, oversaturation and loss of cohesion du
The road stretch along this section is vulnerable to landslides. Hence, adequate mitigative measures must be planned and implemented.
1. Removal of unstable blocks of rock from the slope. 2. Retaining wall is already constructed. However, to arrest the slide material esp. blocks of rock, post plate wire mesh (protection fence) may be installed above the retaining wall. 3. Systematic ch
1. SFM: Slope is predominantly covered by thick strata of overburden material composed of highly weathered and friable rock with blocks/ boulders of moderately weathered muscovite schist within. 2. Hillslope is moderately dissected by drainages. 3. Over

Slide on Dirang -Tawang road
Road transport affected from Dirang to Tawang

The barren (snow covered) terrain comprises boulders of quartzite resting on slope predominantly composed of highly weathered rock and in-situ soil of ~2 m thickness. Excavated slope for road construction, moderate steep slope, drainages on the hillslope
Damaged retaining wall. Slope failure of the same nature as AR/WKG/83A03/2021/029. Adequate mitigative measures must be planned and implemented on similar slopes and geological condition.
1. Removal of unstable boulders from the affected slope. 2. Re-construction of retaining wall of adequate dimension for toe support with post plate wire mesh (protection fence) installed above the retaining wall to arrest the rolling boulders. 3. Systema
1. SFM: boulders of quartzite resting on slope predominantly composed of highly weathered muscovite schist and quartzite overlain by soil cover of ~2 m thickness. 2. Hillslope is moderately dissected by drainages. 3. Oversaturation of slope material an

The barren (snow covered) terrain comprises boulders of quartzite resting on slope predominantly composed of highly weathered rock mass, in-situ soil and rock fragments. Excavated slope for road construction, moderate steep slope, drainages on the hillsl
Slope failure of the same nature as AR/WKG/83A03/2021/029 & 030. Adequate mitigative measures must be planned and implemented on similar slopes and geological condition.
1. Removal of unstable boulders from the affected slope. 2. Existing stone retaining wall may be upgraded to RCC retaining wall of adequate dimension. 3. Systematic channeling of surface water runoff away from the affected slope.
1. SFM: large boulders of quartzite resting on slope predominantly composed of highly weathered muscovite schist and quartzite, in-situ soil and fragments of rock. 2. Hillslope is moderately dissected by drainages.
3. Oversaturation of slope material and

The barren (snow covered) terrain comprises boulders of quartzite resting on slope predominantly composed of highly weathered schist and quartzite overlain by soil of ~2 m thickness. Excavated slope for road construction, moderate steep slope, drainages
Adequate mitigative measures must be planned and implemented.
1. Removal of unstable boulders from the affected slope. 2. Construction of retaining wall of adequate dimension for toe support with post plate wire mesh (protection fence) installed above the retaining wall to arrest the rolling boulders. 3. Systematic
1. SFM: boulders of quartzite resting on slope predominantly composed of highly weathered muscovite schist and quartzite overlain by soil of ~2 m thickness. 2. Hillslope is highly dissected by drainages. 3. Oversaturation of slope material and loss of co

The moderately weathered and jointed rock mass exposed on cut slope is predominantly composed of muscovite schist. The two sets of joints on the slope are persistent; where J1 is valley dipping and J2 is dipping inside the hill. J1 is chiefly responsibl
1. Removal of loose blocks of rock from the affected slope. 2. RCC retaining wall for toe support with sufficient weep holes.
1. Adverse condition of rock mass: toe of the cut slope exposes two prominent sets of joint. 2. Seepage of water along weak planes during rainfall events. 3. Rock slide along the valley/ road dipping joint plane. 4. Ill-planned modification of slope for

The in-situ soil underlain by moderately weathered rock mass resting on a destabilized slope failed during rainfall event. Dissection of slope by drainages, oversaturation of slope material during rainfall and ill-modification of slope led to a shallow t
The slide is enlarging in distribution wise. Proper implementation of remedial measures is recommended.
1. Removal of slide debris from the affected slope. 2. Proper channeling and diversion of surface water runoff away from the affected slope. 3. Proper maintenance of lined hillside drain, especially during monsoon season. 4. Construction of RCC retaining
1. The slope forming material is predominantly composed of in-situ soil underlain by moderately weathered sillimanite-garnet-muscovite schist. 2. Hillslope dissected by drainages. 3. Oversaturation and failure of overburden material during rainfall. 4. I

The affected slope is characterized by three sets of joint that are more prominent and persistent on the lower portion of cut slope face, whereas the upper portion of the slope is highly fractured. The slope material composed of moderately weathered, hig
1. Systematic slope dressing and rock bolting with grid anchored wire mesh system on the relatively widely spaced jointed rock mass may be considered. 2. The upslope portion composed of moderately weathered and highly fractured rock mass may be stabilize
1. Adverse condition of rock mass: moderately weathered, highly jointed and fractured rock mass. 2. Intersection of multiple weak planes: downslope portion of the hillslope is predominantly composed of muscovite schist intersected by three prominent sets

Geologically, the terrain comprises thick strata of weathered muscovite schist with core stones precariously resting on the slope. Excavated slope exceeding the critical angle along with weak overburden material and drainages on the hillslope played a vi
The slide is enlarging in distribution wise. Proper implementation of remedial measures is recommended.
1. Removal of unstable blocks of rock from the slope. 2. Systematic channeling and diversion of surface water runoff away from the depleted slope. 3. Proper maintenance of lined hillside drain. 4. Construction of retaining wall for toe support with prope
1. SFM: Slope is predominantly covered by thick strata of overburden material composed of highly weathered rock with blocks/ boulders of muscovite schist within. 2. Hillslope is moderately dissected by drainages. 3. Oversaturation of slope material and l

The slope is predominantly composed of rock fragments intermixed with highly weathered rock and in-situ soil. The slope is made up of thick strata of overburden exceeding 10 m thickness in general. Moreover, the drainages on the slope tend to deeply inci
Shops and hotels located nearby the affected slope could be at risk in case of reactivation of slide during monsoon period.
1. Removal of unstable boulders from the affected slope. 2. Slope easing to a gentler angle. 3. Construction of retaining wall with proper back filler material and sufficient weep holes. 4. Systematic channeling of surface water runoff away from the affe
1. Slope material is predominantly composed of rock fragments (muscovite schist) intermixed with highly weathered rock and in-situ soil. 2. Regolith/ overburden thickness of >10 m. 3. Hillslope is moderately dissected by drainages, two drainage lines dee

The affected slope is composed of silty in-situ soil cover of about >10 m thickness. The non-cohesive slope material due to rainfall resulted in oversaturation, loss of cohesion and reduction in shear strength of the material, thereby, resulting in deep
The road stretch along this section is highly susceptible to landslides.
1. Systematic channeling and diversion of surface water runoff away from the affected slope. 2. Construction of lined hillside drain. 3. Construction of retaining wall with sufficient weep holes founded on sound sub-stratum.
1. The slope forming material is generally composed of silty and porous soil. 2. Regolith/ overburden thickness of >10 m. 3. Oversaturation of slope material and loss of cohesion during rainfall. 4. Slope cut for road construction.

Slide at 5 km SE from Tawang
Road transport affected from Dirang to Tawang

Khardung slide
This debris slide was triggered by heavy downfall during the
incessant rains on 23.4.2016. During heavy precipitation, the thick overburden got oversaturated and developed hydrostatic pressure thus initiating the slide due to loss of its shearing streng
Easing of slope by trimming, construction of lined drainages, retaining wall with weep holes.
One RCC School building partially affected
Slope cuting and faulty construction of retaining wall

Four Bridge Camp Slide
The affected slope is predominantly composed of highly weathered quartz mica schist intermixed with soil. Excavated slope for road construction, weak slope forming material, dissection of slope by drainages, dripping hydrological condition at few places
The road stretch along this section is highly vulnerable to landslides of similar nature. Therefore, similar remedial measures may be planned and adopted along this zig-zag road section.
1. Removal of slide material from the affected slope. 2. Regrading of slope to a gentler angle. 3. Systematic channeling and diversion of surface water runoff away from the affected slope. 4. Gabion wall may be extended all along the affected and vulnera
1. SFM: the area is predominantly composed of highly weathered rock mass intermixed with soil. 2. Hillslope is dissected by drainages: the dissection is more prominent and persistent on the left flank of the affected slope, also characterized by dripping

Overburden soil resting over shattered, sheared rockmass of high grade schist and gneisses
A rock boulder along with the debris caused road blockade for 4-5 hrs (as per BRO workers present at the site).
Development of localized pore/hydrostatic pressure, ground vibration caused by the passage of heavy vehicles, destabilization of the slope face through removal of the toe of the slope face during stone quarrying.

The affected slope is predominantly composed of highly weathered quartz mica schist overlain by soil. Generally, the regolith thickness along this road section is more than 5 m. Excavated slope for road construction, weak slope forming material, oversatu
The road stretch along this section is highly vulnerable to landslides of similar nature. Therefore, similar remedial measures may be planned and adopted.
1. Removal of slide material from the affected slope. 2. Regrading of slope to a gentler angle. 3. Systematic channeling and diversion of surface water runoff away from the affected slope. 4. Construction of gabion wall. 5. Slope dressing on the slope to
1. Reactivation of slide: primarily involved failure of depleted and accumulated material of the earlier slide. 2. SFM: the area is predominantly composed of highly weathered rock mass overlain by soil. 3. Regolith/ overburden thickness of >5 m. 4. Over

Namet Slide
Overburden with boulders of quartzo feldspathic gneiss
Due to heavy rains the loose slope forming material got
oversaturated and lost it's shearing strength due to increased
pore water pressure within the thick overburden which had
initiated the slide.
Report on the preliminary post disaster landslide studies in and around Tawang Town, Tawang District, Arunachal Pradesh by W. S. Rocky and G. Rongmei, Senior Geologist,Engineering Geology Division & S.C. Keshari, Senior Geologist, SU: GSI, Itanagar, Geo
Training of nala, construction of lined roadside drains and retaining wall
Loss of bearing strength of slope formimg material

New Lebrang slide
The Lebrang slide had occurred along moderately steep slope
angle (45°) located on the left bank of Lebrang nala. The area is covered with overburden comprising loose and unconsolidated sandy soil. The main causative factor for this slide may have been
Report on the preliminary post disaster landslide studies in and around Tawang Town, Tawang District, Arunachal Pradesh by W. S. Rocky and G. Rongmei, Senior Geologist,Engineering Geology Division & S.C. Keshari, Senior Geologist, SU: GSI, Itanagar, Geo
COnstruction of gabion along left bank of nala, training of nala course through guide wall

Tawang Monastery/Arunachal Pradesh
Quartzo-feldspathic gneiss of Lumla Formation and unconsolidated wet clayey soil.
Monastery Central School; PWD pipe line, power line; road communication; houses & terrace farms were affected.
Four nos. of electric poles dislocated, school premise swept away
Steep slope cut, weak geological formation, natural toe erosion/ deep gully erosion etc.

Tawang Monastery/Arunachal Pradesh
Quartzo-feldspathic gneiss of Lumla Formation and unconsolidated wet clayey soil.
Steep slope cut, weak geological formation, natural toe erosion/deep gully erosion, etc.

Tawang Monastery/Arunachal Pradesh
Quartzo-feldspathic gneiss of Lumla Formation and unconsolidated wet clayey soil.
Monastery Central School; PWD pipe line, power line; road communication; houses & terrace farms were affected.
Four nos. of electric poles dislocated, school premise swept away
Steep slope cut, weak geological formation, natural toe erosion/ deep gully erosion, etc.

New Market Sinking zone
Overburden comprises of sand and silty clayey soil with coarser sediments slope forming material.
The main causative factor for this slide is due to poor lithology coupled with poor drainage system in and around the peripheral of the building. Because of the above, during heavy rainfall the thick overburden got oversaturated and developed pore water
Moderately to thickly populated and sparsely vegetation cover.
1. Sealing of cracks by deeply packing into the cracks with impervious material / coal tar mixed with plastic cement bags etc. 2. Construction of network of surface drainage system in the surrounding areas and discharging at the main nallah i.e. Topon na
Posed risk to settlement above the crown.
1. Poor lithology. 2. Poor surface drainage system in the area.

Duda Slide (District Urban Development Authority Colony)
Sand and silty clay, weathered rock fragments of quartzo-felspathic gneiss
This slide was triggered by heavy and incessant rains. Part of the road in this section was constructed on the backfilled slope having no road side drains. During heavy precipitation, the surface run-off flowing down from hills and roadside drains, spilt
Report on the preliminary post disaster landslide studies in and around Tawang Town, Tawang District, Arunachal Pradesh by W. S. Rocky and G. Rongmei, Senior Geologist,Engineering Geology Division & S.C. Keshari, Senior Geologist, SU: GSI, Itanagar, Geo
NH-13 road between Tawang market and Tawang Monastry affected
Sealing of tensional cracks, construction of road side drains, construction of RCC retaining wall below road.

MG Road slide
Sand and silty clay, highly weathered quartzo-felspathic rock fragments
This slide was triggered by heavy and incessant rains during the
preceding days in the area which occurred on 22.4.2016. The
slide had developed mainly due to the slope cutting and got
aggravated subsequently during the heavy precipitation. During heavy
Easing of slope angle by trimming, construction of drianage, construction of hill side retaining/breast wall with weep holes.

Topon Colony slide
The landslide was initiated by heavy precipitation. The ingress
of water along the thick overburden caused drastic reduction in
the shear strength of the slope forming material and generating
earth slide. The hill wash material resting over the slope als
Construction of lined drainages, channelisation of waste discharges from kitchens and toilets, sealing of tensional cracks.
Posed risk to the settlement above the crown

Rubray (Shyo) Slide
During heavy precipitation, the surface run-off coming down from the surrounding catchment areas percolated into the thick
overburden,got oversaturated and moved downslope. The heavy rainfall formed deep gullies and carried the resultant debris along w
Existing gully along nala to be channelised through chute drains, provision for road side drains, construction of retaining walls upto foot path level.

All India Radio Colony Slide
Overburden comprises sand and brownish silty clayey soil.
The area is mainly covered with overburden comprising of sand and brownish silty clay. During heavy precipitation, the overburden became oversaturated thus causing abrupt reduction in shear strength and initiated the slide.
Sealing of cracks, removal of slide material, construction of breast wall and retaining wall with weep holes, road side drainson the western slope.

Rubrang Slide
Overburden comprising sand, silty clay and colluvium.
The slide was initiated mainly due to the heavy toe erosion by
Chokor nallah and had ggravated subsequently during
the heavy precipitation. During heavy rainfall, the thick
overburden got oversaturated and was subjected to hydrostatic
pressure. This move
Affected PWD road between Tawang town and Tawang Monastry
Construction of stepped retaining wall from nala upto road, periodic removal of debris, construction of RCC retaining wall on left bank of the nala.

Govt. Girl Hr. Sec. School Slide
Overburden comprises of sand and silty clayey soil
The main causative factor for this slide is due to poor lithology coupled with poor drainage system in and around the peripheral of the building. Besides, the extra load on the top of the slope above the slide due to construction of building has also con
Moderately populated and thinly vegetation cover
1. Construction of side drains all around the peripheral of the building and properly drains to the main nallah located towards south-western slope of the area. 2. Construction of toe support retaining wall all along the affected zone.
Poor lithology, poor drainage system in and around the peripheral of the building

Khremithang slide
The main causative factor for this slide may have been
toe erosion along steep incised nala channel wall/flanks
because of sudden increase in discharge by Khremithang
nala. The area is covered with thick (2-3 m) overburden of loose and unconsolidated sl
Sealing of cracks, construction of retaining wall, training of course of nala

WRD Slide (North)
Overburden comprises of sand and silty clayey soil
This slide was triggered by heavy and incessant rainfall during 22nd - 23rd 2016. Initially the stability of the slope has been disturbed because of steep cuts slope for construction of road. This slide occurs along steep cut slope angle having 70° –
Moderately to thickly populated and sparsely vegetation cover.
1. Easing of slope angle. 2. Construction of breast wall and retaining wall at the hill side of the toe portion and below the road 3. Construction of network of catch water surface drainage system on uphill slope above the road and drains to the two main

WRD Slide (South)
Overburden comprising of sand and silty clayey soil with rock fragments
This slide was triggered by heavy and incessant rainfall during 22nd - 23rd 2016. Initially the stability of the slope has been disturbed because of steep cuts slope for construction of building. This slide occurs along steep cut slope angle having 70°
Moderately to thickly populated and sparsely vegetation cover.
1. Moderation of slope angle. 2. Construction of suitable height of masonry retaining wall founded on the bed rock. 3. Construction of catch water contour drains above the crown and drains away from the sliding area.

Nyungmadung Slide near 4, 55 Bn. ITBP camp
The area is mainly covered with overburden (1- 3m) comprising
of sand and brownish silty clayey soil. Dring heavy precipitation sudden oversaturation of the overburden has caused abrupt reduction in shear strength parameters and initiating the slide.
Approach road from Tawang town to ITBP & Army Camp affected
Construction of roadside drains, catch water contour drains, chute drains, breast wall at the toe, afforestation
Three tin roofed Assam type housesaffected
Rill erosion over unconsolidated slope material

Nyungmadung Slide
The area is mainly covered with thick overburden (1- 3m) comprising of sand and brownish silty clayey soil mixed
with uprooted trees, plants etc. The thick overburden got oversaturated and lost its shearing strength by developing pore water pressure with
Construction of catch water counter drains, chute drains, removing the slide mass from the nala, construction of breast wall, afforestation
Four tin roofed houses affected, two Assam type house partly damaged

Changpu sinking zone
Overburden comprises of sand and silty clayey soil
There are several small rains fed nalas on the uphill slopes in and around the subsidence zone. The discharge from these nalas and the surface run-off from the road side as well as up-hill slope of
the surrounding areas enter into the downslope thick ov
Construction of retaining wall, Construction of road side drains and catch water drains

Q.M. Store slide
Sand, slity clayey soil and unconsolidated coarser slope forming material
The area is mainly covered with thick overburden comprise of
loose and unconsolidated regolith materials. During heavy precipitation the thick (1-3m) overburden got oversaturated and developed pore pressure within the slope forming material thereby losi
Restoration of damaged retaining wall, afforestation by plantation of suitable varities of grass and shrub

SSB Colony slide
Overburden comprises loose and unconsolidated slope wash material
As per local information, this slide was triggered by rains during heavy and incessant rainfall on 23rd April 2016 in the area. The area is mainly covered with thick overburden of loose and
unconsolidated regolith materials.The toe portion of the up-hil
Construction of toe support retaining wall, network of lined catch drains above the crown

D.C. & S. P. Bungalows Slide
The area is covered with thick overburden (> 3 m) which got oversaturated and developed pore water pressure within the slope forming material and initiated downward movement due to loss
of shearing strength. Major cracks and sinking were noticed at S.P.
Construction of stepped retaining wall, extension of existing retaining wall, sealing of cracks, provision of surface drainage system, channelising of the nala through chute drains.
Boundary wall of S.P. & D.C. Bungalows partially damaged

SSB Workshop (North)
Overburden. (Comprise of loose and unconsolidated slope forming materials)
The area main causative factor for this slide may be due to poor lithology, poor surface drainage system coupled with rill and gully erosions on slope surface. During the investigation it was observed that the area is mainly covered with thick (> 3m) ove
1. Construction of network of surface drainage systems above the crown and collection of waste water discharges from toilet and bathroom through a concrete channels and discharging at suitable place nearby or at the main nallah located towards south-west
Poor lithology and poor surface drainage system and rill erosion

SSB Workshop (South)
Overburden. (Comprise of loose and unconsolidated slope forming materials)
This debris slide was triggered by heavy and incessant rainfall during the recent 22 – 23 April 2016 in that area. Since the area exposes mainly overburden comprise of loose and unconsolidated regolith materials, during heavy precipitation the thick (1
1. Construction of network of surface drainage systems above the crown and drains to the main nallah located towards southwestern side of the opposite slope to prevent infiltration of surface run-off along slided zone. 2. Plantation of fast growing grass
Poor lithology and poor surface drainage system above the crown

Khinmai Monastery slide
Overburden comprising sand, silty clay and angular rock fragments
The area is covered with overburden comprising sand, silty clayey soil mixed with angular rock fragments of quartzo feldspathic gneiss. Due to this, the overburden got oversaturated during heavy rainfall, lost its shearing strength by developing pore wa
Sealing of cracks, construction of lined side drains and retaining wall
Poor surface drainage systems in an around the Monastery building

Shyinteng slide
Soil and fragments of quartzo-felspathic gneiss
As per local information, this slide was triggered by heavy and incessant rainfall during the recent 22 – 23 April 2016. Geologically, the area is covered with thick overburden comprising sand, silty clayey soil and coarser angular rock
fragments of Qu
Sealing of cracks, construction of catch water drains near the affected houses
Loss of shearing strengths of slope forming material

Famla Slide
The landslide had been occurred due to oversaturation of lose and
unconsolidated slope forming materials and developed pore
water pressure thereby losing its shearing strength and finally
initiating sliding in the area. Besides, road cutting coupled
wit
Report on the preliminary post disaster landslide studies in and
around Tawang Town, Tawang District, Arunachal Pradesh by
W. S. Rocky and G. Rongmei, Senior Geologist,Engineering Geology Division & S.C. Keshari, Senior Geologist, SU: GSI, Itanagar
Geolo
Thinly populated, sparsely to moderately vegetated
Construction of lined drains, retaining wall with weep holes below and above the road.
Road cutting and poor road side drainage system

Famla Slide
Heavy precipitation had surcharged the thick overburden
causing abrupt reduction in shear strength parameters and
gradual movement of the overburden down slope as
evident from collapsed retaining wall provided at the hill
side of the road. The other cont
Report on the preliminary post disaster landslide studies in and
around Tawang Town, Tawang District, Arunachal Pradesh by
W. S. Rocky and G. Rongmei, Senior Geologist, Engineering Geology Division & S.C. Keshari, Senior Geologist, SU: GSI, Itanagar. Geo
Thinly populated, sparsely to moderately vegetated.
Construction of retaining wall, roadside drainage, lined catch drains above the crown of the slide.

Bomdir Supply Slide (Army)
Sand and slity clay with fragments of quartzo-felspathic gneiss
The area is geologically unstable, composed of poor lithology, heterogeneous and thick (1-3 m) overburden of loosely unconsolidated regolith material. During heavy precipitation sudden increase in discharge and downward movement of water-charged failed d
Construction of lined catch water drainage, regulating nala by cascading chute drainage, construction of retaining structure.

Dumgin Road sinking
Sand, slity clayey soil and unconsolidated slope forming materials
The road alignment was founded on loose and unconsolidated overburden material. The present sinking might have been initiated due to heavy toe erosion by Changprong nala. During heavy precipitation, sudden increase in discharge and downward
movement of r
Sealing of tension cracks, construction of network of catch water drains and road side drains, construction of retaining walls.
One RCC building under construction affected

Thongleng Slide
Coarse grained biotite granite gneiss and colluvium
Geologically the area is characterized by poor lithology, covered with thick (>3 m) overburden of sandy soil and loosely unconsolidated colluvium. Old slide (main scarp) is observed around 30 m above the crown of present slide. The present landslide is a
Avoiding of any settlement on both banks, construction of RCC structure for toe support, breast wall at the hill side, construction of culvert on the nala, periodic removal of debris.

Bonda colony slide no. 1
As observed during the preliminary investigation, the slide is a shallow translational soil slide of retrogressive nature which was caused due to extensive slope cut for road construction and triggered by incessant rainfall. Due to incessant rainfall the
Chances of further slope failure are evident as the crown area still remains unstable especially during monsoon season. An RCC building and bathroom are at risk. The residents of that building have already begun evacuation process. The incident occurred
1. Removal of precariously hanging tall trees (exerts more pressure on the affected slope due to its weight).
2. Construction of breast wall with sufficient weep holes/ reinforced retaining wall of suitable design maybe considered to sustain the weight o
The following geo-scientific causes were observed:
1. Anthropogenic activities: ill-planned cutting of slope at steep angle (700-800) for road construction.
2. Weak slope forming material (thick in-situ soil cover with highly weathered migmatite/banded g

Khatargaon
Highly weathered granite gneiss (Assam-Meghalaya gneissic complex)
Sharma P.K., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 78N/11, 12, 15, 16 and 83B/4, Kamrup, Darrang, Nalbari, Marigaon, Karbi Anglong, Ri-Bhoi, Assam and Meghalaya. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2015-2016.
The slide was caused due to cutting of slope for road construction triggered by continuous rainfall*
Slope easing can be adopted and a retaining wall can be constructed at the toe of the slope with sufficient weep holes.
cutting of slope triggered by continuous rainfall. Also, the overburden materials are weak comprising of highly weathered granite gneiss and thick layer of in-situ soil.

Garogaon
Sharma P.K., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 78N/11, 12, 15, 16 and 83B/4, Kamrup, Darrang, Nalbari, Marigaon, Karbi Anglong, Ri-Bhoi, Assam and Meghalaya. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2015-2016.
The slide was caused due to slope excavation for more space leaving the slope unstable which was tr*
Removal of loose materials from the crown area. Toe not to be disturbed.
weak geology comprising of highly weathered migmatite rock with in-situ soil.

Amchang TG-4
Highly weathered migmatite (Assam-Meghalaya gneissic complex)
Sharma P.K., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 78N/11, 12, 15, 16 and 83B/4, Kamrup, Darrang, Nalbari, Marigaon, Karbi Anglong, Ri-Bhoi, Assam and Meghalaya. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2015-2016.
The slide was caused due to cutting of slope for road construction which was further triggered by i*
For small scale landslides like this, any loose or hanging materials should be removed from the slope to prevent any possible slide.
Slope cut for road construction, development of pore water pressure and reduction of strength on over-saturation due to incessant rainfall, highly weathered migmatite and in-situ soil

Jagdal
Highly weathered granite gneiss (Assam-Meghalaya gneissic complex)
Extensive slope cut for road construction is one of the causative factors for slope failure. Due to*
Jagdal, SSB Camp, 1 km north from NH-37, Kamrup
Toe not to be disturbed. Slope easing can be implemented with benches.
Extensive slope cut and during incessant rainfall pore water pressure developed further reducing the strength of overburden material leading to failure

Highly weathered granite gneiss (Assam-Meghalaya gneissic complex)
The slide was caused due to cutting of slope at a steep angle creating instability of slope. Moreov*
Loose materials to be removed from the crown area. Slope easing can be adopted. No house construction to be made nearby.
Extensive slope cut, weak slope forming material comprising of highly weathered granite gneiss.

The slide was caused due to cutting of slope for road construction. The slope material consists of *
En-route Medhikuchi to Upper Tepesiya, Kamrup
The affected slide comprises of highly weathered granite gneiss and instability increased due to extensive slope cut.

Amchang TG-2
Highly weathered migmatite and in-situ soil (Assam-Meghalaya gneissic complex)
This slide has been triggered due to incessant rainfall on an unstable slope cut. The material comp*
Immediate measures such as clearing of any hanging material on the slope should be adopted.
factors are slope cut for road construction, weak slope forming material comprising of highly weathered migmatite (W4) and in-situ soil

Amchang TG-3
Highly weathered migmatite (Assam-Meghalaya gneissic complex)
Slide was caused due to toe erosion by stream on the weak migmatitic rock. Due to removal of toe su*
Toe erosion by stream, highly weathered migmatite.

Bonda-Hajongdisa slide
The incident occurred on 16th June 2017 around 04:00 hrs and 2 (two) persons were seriously injured. As observed during the preliminary investigation, the slide is a shallow translational soil slide of retrogressive nature which was caused due to extensi
Chances of further slope failure are evident as the crown area still remains unstable. The incident occurred on 16th June 2017 around 04:00 hrs.
1. Removal of trees at the crown area.
2. Slope easing may be implemented to maintain the angle of repose.
3. Construction of proper drainage system for waste water disposal in the upslope area and at the toe portion of the cut slope.
4. Avoid load or an
The following geo-scientific causes were observed:
1. Anthropogenic activities: Unplanned cutting of slope at a steep angle and construction of house in close proximity to slope cut.
2. Poor slope forming material (highly weathered granite gneiss and thi

Panikhaiti–Bongaon slide
The reactivated landslide occurred on 3rd July 2017 around 7:30–8:00 AM which unfortunately claimed a life of a seven year old girl. Another girl was seriously injured and a kaccha house was entirely damaged by the slide debris affecting a family of fi
Chances of further slope failures are evident as the crown area still remains unstable. Without any effective plans for preventive measures slope material is quite poor for any constructional activities especially during monsoon season. First incidence:
1. Botanical treatment (planting of suitable vegetation with deep and fibrous root systems on affected slopes) maybe considered in order to stabilize and anchor the soil mass.
2. Proper draining of surface water away from the depleted mass.
The following geo-scientific causes were observed:
1. Ill-planned cutting of slope at the toe portion for house construction.
2. Weak slope forming material comprising of thick clayey in-situ soil cover with highly weathered migmatite/banded gneiss (>10

Bonda colony slide no. 2
The incident occurred on 4th July, 2017. As observed during the preliminary investigation, the slide is a shallow translational soil slide of retrogressive nature which was caused due to extensive slope cut for road construction and triggered by incessan
Chances of further slope failure are evident as the crown area still remains unstable. First incidence: July, 2016 (tentative) according to locals, Reactivated on: 4th July, 2017.
1. Removal of precariously hanging heavy trees at the crown area.
2. Construction of proper surface drainage system in the upslope area for waste water disposal.
3. Construction of reinforced retaining wall maybe considered.
4. Plantation of deep and fib
Partially damaged the retaining (stone) wall.
1. Anthropogenic activities: ill-planned cutting of slope at steep angle (700 to 800) for road construction.
2. Weak slope forming material comprising of thick in-situ soil and highly weathered rock (W4)

Nijabara slide (Guwahati)
Highly weathered Granite gneiss is dominant at the site of the landslide. Geologically the area is made up of Assam- Meghalaya Gneissic complex.
The landslide occurred as a result of incessant heavy rainfall. The slope material is made up of loose granitic soil which got lubricated as a result of heavy rainfall. About 6.5 m height of the slope was excavated at the toe portion which also played a
The area is covered with thick over burden of about >5m. About 6.5 m vertical toe cutting destabilized the slope. The landslide occurred in the morning (9:00 Hrs) of 14th July, 2016.
1. Avoidance of further activities (building construction, deforestation) that can result in destabilizing the slope.
2. Diversion of surface water from the crown portion.
3. For long term measurement, RCC wall of suitable size and design with sufficient
One thatched house was completely damaged
The following geo-scientific causes were observed -
1. Reduction of strength of soil mass of natural slope on super-saturation due to heavy rainfall.
2. Unplanned cutting of slope for construction of house.
3. Steep angle of the slope cut.
4. Thick overb

3no. Salbari
The slide was caused due to extensive slope cut for house construction which was further triggered *
3no. Salbari, Babuji nagar, Kharghuli Hill, Kamrup
Waste water in the crown area should be channelized away from the affected area. Toe not to be disturbed. Slope easing/benching should be implemented. Retaining wall with sufficient weep holes
Extensive slope cut, pore water pressure development and reduction of strength on over-saturation due to incessant rainfall

Garobasti
Highly weathered granite and in-situ soil (Assam-Meghalaya gneissic complex)
The slide was caused mainly due to slope cut for house construction, no proper water discharge outl*
Garobasti, 8th Mile, near Khanapara, Kamrup
Toe not to be disturbed, drainage from the crown area should be channelized properly to avoid pore water pressure. Slope easing can be implemented. Construction near crown area should be stopped.
Slope cut for house construction, development of pore water pressure . The slope failure is contributed by weak slope forming material comprising of highly weathered granite gneiss

Batahghuli
Heavy downpour throughout the whole day on 6 October 2013
Highly weathered granite gneiss and steep rock surface exposed by cutting for construction of house

Shankardev Nagar slide
The slope was entirely made up of dumped material and colluvial deposits.
Part of retaining wall may collapse in nearby future
Foundation wall may be made more stronger and proper channelization of drainage system for rainfall water and for other discharge if any, may be applied.
Due to torrential/incessant rain, the soil built up pore pressure, became saturated and in absence of weep holes in retaining wall, the poorly founded wall collapsed on a under constructed house below. The part of the retaining wall has developed cracks

Kamarkuchi
Highly weathered migmatite (Assam-Meghalaya gneissic complex)
The slide was caused due to cutting of slope for road construction resulting in slope instability. *
Slope benching can be implemented. The existing retaining wall can be upgraded by providing sufficient weep holes.
Extensive slope cut and development of pore water pressure and reduction of strength on over-saturation due to incessant rainfall led to slope failure.

Jorabat, Khanapara
The area is composed of weathered granite gneisses and thickness ranges from 15m to 20m. Reduction *
The authority has to stop the slope cutting unscientifically.The same incidence may occur in near future; therefore the habitant should be cautious during the rainy period and par
Highly weathered bedrock with thick layer of insitu soil, extensive slope cut, reduction of strength due to saturation by continuous rainfall

Dautohaja Tunnel No. 3 slide.
Geologically, the area is composed of sandstone with carbonaceous shale of Renji Formation belonging to the Barail Group of rocks. These alternating layers of sandstone and shale are highly deformed; marked by chevron folds. However, the affected slope i
Between Phiding and Dautohaja Railway Station, NFR.
Railway track was blocked, but was cleared in 2 to 3 hours.
Easing/moderation of the affected slope and construction of lined hill side drains at the toe of cut slope. Channelling of surface runoff from the upslope portion and diverting it away from the affected slope and rail track.
Anthropogenic activities: cutting of slope for foot track above the tunnel; The major geological causes are: weak slope forming material in the affected slopeΓÇô weathered and fragmented sandstones with clayrich soil, development of pore water pressur

Umpher
The slide was caused due to extensive slope cut triggered by incessant rainfall. Due to excess satu*
Retaining wall at the toe with sufficient weep holes. Slope easing. Removal of heavy load from the crown portion.
Extensive slope cut. Poor slope forming material comprising of highly weathered granite gneiss and in-situ soil.

Highly weathered granite and in-situ soil (Assam-Meghalaya gneissic complex)
The slide was caused due to slope cut and triggered by incessant rainfall. Due to infiltration of w*
Marakdola, near Aluminium production factory, Kamrup
Removal of hanging materials on slope and crown area, slope easing may be done.
Extensive slope cut, weak slope forming material comprising of highly weathered granite.

10th mile
Highly weathered migmatite and in-situ soil (Assam-Meghalaya gneissic complex)
The slide was caused due to cutting of slope for road construction resulting in slope instability w*
Hanging boulders on the slope needs to be removed. Slope easing can be done at the crown area. A retaining wall with sufficient weep holes may be constructed at the toe.
Extensive slope cut for road construction, pore water pressure development and reduction of strength on over-saturation during incessant rainfall.

Umnowe
Highly weathered granite and in-situ soil (Assam-Meghalaya gneissic complex)
The slide was caused due to cutting of slope for road construction triggered by incessant rainfall.*
Slope easing may be done with proper construction of hillside drain lines along the road.
Extensive slope cut, development of pore water pressure and reduction of strength on over-saturation due to incessant rainfall, highly weathered granite gneiss with in-situ soil.

Upper Norbong-3
The affected area comprises of weak slope forming material i.e., silty clay soil. The main causativ*
Removal of heavy vegetation cover from the crown area
Slide was caused due road cut. Also, the materials comprises of silty clay soil and during incessant rainfall pore pressure developed due to infiltration of water further leading to slope failure.

17 Mile C
Weak slope forming material, development of local pore and hydrostatic pressure.

17 Mile B
Road and retaining structure partially damaged
Super-saturation of the overlying in-situ soil during incessant rain. This was aggrevated/ contributed by the near vertical cut slope.

17 mile A
The incessant rains during the preceeding 3-4 days increased the saturation of the in-situ soil standing over the bedrock along a near vertical cut-slope.

16th mile
The slide was caused due to cutting of slope at a steep angle. During incessant rainfall pore water*
Construction of slope benches. Waste water near the crown area should be channelized away from the affected area. No house to be constructed at close proximity to the slope cut.
Extensive slope cut. Weak slope forming material comprising of highly weathered migmatite rock with sandy soil.

Tanduk
The affected area comprises of highly weathered granite gneiss. Slide was caused due to slope cut, *
Small scale slide, therefore, removal of any heavy load from the crown area.
Slope cut, during incessant rainfall pore water pressure developed and reduced the shear strength of the weak slope forming material comprising of weathered granite gneiss, leading to slope failure.

Dokduki
The slide was caused due to cutting of slope for road construction triggered by continuous rainfall*
Extensive slope cut, pore water pressure development and reduction of strength on super-saturation due to incessant rainfall, poor overburden material composed of in-situ soil.

Pahamsubar
The slide was caused due to cutting of slope for road construction triggered by continuous rainfall*
Proper drainage pipe needs to be constructed. Since the road is a local route, therefore, a retaining structure would be costly. Therefore, slope easing can be adopted
Slope cut, pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super-saturation due to incessant rainfall, highly weathered granite gneiss with in-situ soil.

Slope cut for road construction, poor overburden material composed of highly weathered granite gneiss (W4) and in-situ soil.

Alenga
The slide was caused due to cutting of slope for quarrying triggered by continuous rainfall. Also, *
pore water pressure development and reduction of strength on super-saturation due to incessant rainfall, highly weathered granite gneiss/migmatite with 2 m thickness of in-situ soil.

Langdong
The slide was caused due to slope cut for road. Over-saturation due to continuous rainfall led to d*
pore water pressure development and reduction of strength on over-saturation due to incessant rainfall, contributed by weak slope forming material comprising of highly weathered granite gneiss.

Markang
Slope benching and removal of heavy vegetation cover from the crown area. Construction of hillside line drainages along the road.
Extensive slope cut, pore water pressure development and reduction of strength on super-saturation due to incessant rainfall, poor overburden material composed of in-situ soil (laterite).

Barakasarong
Slope stability should be addressed by decreasing the slope angle and construction of benches.
Partial road block but already cleared at the time of investigation.
1. Poor slope forming material comprising of sandy-silt soil. 2. During rainfall the weak material loses its cohesive strength leading to slope failure.

Kalangpur
The slide was caused due to slope cut for road construction. During incessant rainfall the weak ove*
Removal of any load from the crown area.
The slope failure is contributed by weak slope forming material comprising of in-situ soil.

Tegheria
Cutting of toe of the slope during construction of road destabilized the slope. During incessant ra*
Loose materials to be removed from the slope, slope easing can be adopted.
Slope cut for road construction, pore water pressure and reduction of strength on super-saturation due to incessant rainfall, contributed by weak slope forming material comprising of silty clay soil.

The slide was caused due to road cut triggered by incessant rainfall. The weak overburden material *
Removal of vegetation cover from the slope, slope easing.
Slope cut for road, pore water pressure development and reduction of strength on over-saturation during incessant rainfall. Also contributed by weak overburden material comprising of silty clay soil.

Naukuchi
The slide was caused due to cutting of slope for road construction. During incessant rainfall the w*
Slope cut for road, pore water pressure development and reduction of strength on super-saturation due to incessant rainfall, contributed by weak slope forming material comprising of silty clay soil.

The slide occurred due to cutting of slope for road construction. Another major factor is developme*
Slope easing can be implemented. Construction of hill side drains along the road.
Extensive slope cut for road construction

Sakauripara
The slide was caused due to cutting of slope for construction of house, triggered by incessant rain*
Bamboo trees still hanging on slope should be removed. Slope easing can be adopted.
Extensive slope cut, development of pore water pressure and reduction of strength on over-saturation due to incessant rainfall, highly weathered granite gneiss with in-situ soil.

2no. Rabingaon
The slide was caused due to slope cut triggered by incessant rainfall. Due to over saturation and r*
No measures as such are required as the kachaa road is insignificant and located in the middle of a forest.
Slope cut, The slope failure is contributed by weak slope forming material comprising of in-situ soil (laterite).

Tapatali, Nadighat
The slide was caused due to road cut triggered by incessant rainfall. The weak overburden materials*
Slope cut, development of pore water pressure and reduction of strength on over-saturation during incessant rainfall led to slope failure. Weak slope forming material comprising of in-situ soil.

Enroute Noonmati-2
The slide was caused due to road cut triggered by incessant rainfall. The weak overburden materials*
Slope cut, pore water pressure development and reduction of strength on super-saturation due to incessant rainfall, mostly comprises of in-situ soil as its overburden material.

Enroute Noonmati-3
The slide was caused due to road cut triggered by incessant rainfall. The weak overburden materials*
Trees needs to be removed from the crown area

Nibira Gaon
Removal of load from crown area and slope easing may be adopted.
Extensive slope cut. In addition to that the weak slope forming material comprising of highly weathered granite gneiss and in-situ soil contributed to the failure

Slope cut, pore water pressure development and reduction of strength on over-saturation due to incessant rainfall, highly weathered granite gneiss with in-situ soil.

South of Markang
Chasie M., and Theophilus P. K., 2017 . Macro-Scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 78O/13 and 83C/1,Ri-Bhoi and West Khasi hills districts,Meghalaya and Karbi Anglong district, Assam
Extensive slope cut for road bench widening

Markang
Chasie M., and Theophilus P. K., 2017 . Macro-Scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 78O/13 and 83C/1,Ri-Bhoi and West Khasi hills districts,Meghalaya and Karbi Anglong district, Assam
Extensive slope cut for road bench widening

Jowe
Chasie M., and Theophilus P. K., 2017 . Macro-Scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 78O/13 and 83C/1,Ri-Bhoi and West Khasi hills districts,Meghalaya and Karbi Anglong district, Assam
Toe erosion by the stream flowing at the foot of the slide.

Mawkangi
Coarse grained pink & grey granite (Nongpoh granitoid)
Incessant rains, removal of forest cover for Jhum, etc.

Mawpat
Coarse grained pink & grey granite (Nongpoh granitoid)
Toe erosion by the stream flowing at the foot of the slide.

Umlatara
Steep, near barren slope & incessant rain leading to saturation of the thin oveRIBurden cover and the weak rockmass

Achan Konyak et al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 83C/2, C/3, East Khasi Hills, West Jaintia Hills and Karbi Anglong, Meghalaya and Assam. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2015-2016.
Clearing of debris and construction of retaining wall
Weak geological formation/highly weathered rock mass.
Cutting of toe for road bench.
Development of local pore or hydrostatic pressures due to incessant rainfall.

Achan Konyak et al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 83C/2, C/3, East Khasi Hills, West Jaintia Hills and Karbi Anglong, Meghalaya and Assam. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2015-2016.
Clearing of debris and construction of retaining wall
Highly weathered rock mass and thick insitu soil.

Achan Konyak et al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 83C/2, C/3, East Khasi Hills, West Jaintia Hills and Karbi Anglong, Meghalaya and Assam. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2015-2016.
Clearing of debris and construction of retaining wall
Highly weathered rock mass/weak geological formation.
Development of local pore or hydrostatic pressures due to incessant rainfall.

Removal of debris and highly weathered rock mass.Construction of hill side drainage and proper maintenance.
Highly weathered rock mass and toe erosion by rivulet. Development of local pore or hydrostatic pressure due to incessant rainfall.

Removal of debris and highly weathered rock mass.
Highly weathered rock mass and insitu soil. Toe erosion by rivulet

Removal of the material from the choked hillside drain and construction of retaining wall.
Highly weathered rockmass forming the slope and steep slope engineered for during construction of road.

Khlieh Umlaita
Extensive slope cut for road bench widening

Mawkynrong
Steep slope, weak rockmass and saturation during incessant rain

Sumit Kumar et al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 78O/14, O/15, East Khasi Hills, west Khasi Hill and West Jaintia Hills, Meghalaya. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2015-2016.
Cut-Slope Failure

Sumit Kumar et al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 78O/14, O/15, East Khasi Hills, west Khasi Hill and West Jaintia Hills, Meghalaya. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2015-2016.
Cut-Slope failure

Sumit Kumar et al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 78O/14, O/15, East Khasi Hills, west Khasi Hill and West Jaintia Hills, Meghalaya. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2015-2016.
Natural
pitching of the nala and make retaining wall
loose Debris material deposited over the other side of the road and colluvial footslope scoured by nalah leading danger to the road bench

natual Slide
phylitic Rock & jointed Rock , steep slope

Cut-Slope failure
Removal of loose boulders and dressing of slope
sheared Rock having steep slope, get oversaturated due to Rainfall

Natural Slide

Tharia slide
Quartzite with minor Phyllite and quartz mica schist (underlying bedrock).
The landslide was basically a soil slide triggered by high anomalous rainfall, which got surcharged with run-off water and progressed into a flow. The flow of the soil was solely responsible for the destruction, damage and loss of lives and property. At
Landslide initiated on 17th June, 2017
Heavy rainfall 2-3 days prior to the occurrence of landslide, and anomalous heavy rainfall on the ill-fated day of the landslide was reported.
1. The hutments present on the right and left flank of the landslide should be relocated to safer areas as the material is loose and tension cracks are observed on the crown area which may further aggravate the slide upon oversaturation.
2. The damaged p
Hutments built on the downslope in the run out zone are completely buried.
The variably thick loose dumped weak slope forming material resting on the earlier modified slope got saturated during continuous, heavy rainfall and loses its shear strength.

Cut-Slope failure
Retaining wall and Removal of overburden from slope
loosely packed overburde get oversaturated and Slide along the plane

Quartzite with minor phylite & quartz mica schist
sheared Rock having steep slope, get oversaturated due to Rainfall

Mawiong slide
Toe removal for road cutting, overloading of top, unconsolidated loose clayey soil or colluvial material, etc.

Quartzite with minor phylite & quartz mica schist
Thick loose overburden (2-5), steep slope, oversaturation of overburden due to antecedent Rainfall

Cut-Slope failur
Thick loose overburden (2-5), steep slope, oversaturation of overburden due to antecedent Rainfall

Quartzite with minor phylite & quartz mica schist

Highly weathered roack & steep slope cut

Cut-Slope failure, Size of the ouldets are 2*1*1,2*2*1
Removal of precariously hanging boulders on slope and maintain the drainage
jointed nature of Rock and steep Cut-Slope

Removal of precariously hanging boulders on slope and maintain the drainage
Highly jointed, weathered Rock and steep slope

Cut-Slope failure, boulders exposed on slope
Highly jointed, weathered Rock and steep slope

46.720 chainage slide
Major reactivation is not expected. However, small scale/Sporadic falls, topple and slide may be anticipated at crown scarp, if the same is left unattended.
Failure is induced slide due to extensive slope cut.
A 1213 m long 3 tier boulder masonry wall seen constructed (each tier 1 m high) that has been overrun by the slide debris. As such the length of the wall may be increased to 20 m covering the entire width of the slide. The 3tier may be increased to 4tier
Lined hillside drain blocked and boulder retaining wall overrun
Anthropogenic interference: Extensive slope cut steepening natural slope and left unattended slope beyond angle of repose. Water percolation noticed which may have saturated the oveRIBurden materail

47.020 chainage slide
The slide is an induced failure, large scale reactivation /retrogression to the upslope is not expected. However, small scale toppling/falls of earth standing along near vertical slope at the crown and flanks are anticipated during adverse hydrological c
Failure is induced slide due to extensive slope cut.
1.5 m high and approximately 15 m wide retaining wall constructed weep hole is choked, hence appropriate measures may inclide proper backfilling of the retaining wall to allow smooth flow of water seepage. Trimming of slope at crown and flanks through 1:
Deeply weathered pockets along the slope, extensive excavation leading to toe removal, water percolation observed which may have saturated the oveRIBurden material

43.030 chainage slide
Retrogression at crown under adverse hydrological condition anticipated, if left unattended.
Failure is induced slide due to extensive slope cut.
A 1 m high approximately 20 m wide boulder masonry wall seen constructed. However, weep hole is seen choked the same may be properly backfilled. Steep crown scarpmay be considered for benching and trimming.
Anthropogenic interference: Extensive slope cut steepening natural slope and left unattended slope beyond angle of repose. Water percolation noticed which may have saturated the oveRIBurden materail

Umdihar
Insitu soil (thick) reddish brown with boulder and pebble embedded
The slide appears stabilizing
Training of stream channel and construction of retaining structure
Irrigation canal blocked, cleared during the time of study.
Weak slope forming material mainly comprises of thick insitu soil and slope toe errosion by stream

Coarse grained pink & grey granite (Nongpoh granitoid)
Small scale toppling/falls/slide of material from the near vertical scarp face anticipated during adverse hydrological condition. The slide have largely attained stabilised over the last few years and a large scale reactivation is not anticipated.
A 2.5 m high boulder masonry breast wall seen construted during the later phases of reactivation. The same was damaged at the central portion. Existing damaged wall may be repaired/reconstructed with provision of sufficient weephole and proper backfillin
Anthropogenic interference: Extensive slope cut steepening natural slope and left unattended slope beyond angle of repose. Water percolation noticed from joint plane at foot of the slope, which may have saturated the oveRIBurden materail

Large scale reactivation/retrogression to the crown not anticipated. However, complete damage to the existing breast wall is imminent if left unattended. Therefore, reconstruction of the precariously standing breastwall at the earliest is recommended.
Existing 2530 m length, 2 m high boulder masonry wall noticed developing bulged, cracked and stands on the verge of collapse, this is solely accounted due to the water percolation and lack of proper draining outlets. Consequently pore and hydrostatic pre
Anthropogenic interference: Extensive slope cut steepening natural slope and left unattended slope beyond angle of repose, thick soil profile along a precariously standing steep slope. Water percolation noticed from joint plane at foot of the slope, whic

Umsehkhlieng
Insitu soil (thick) reddish brown with boulder and pebble embedded
Extensive cut slope failure
Moderation of steep cut slope, retaining structure maybe considerated with benching
Steep slope, weak rockmass and saturation during incessant rain

13 km stone slide
Left extension of the main scarp gently merges with a low angle slope. The main scarp towards the left side has reached the crest of the hillock. Therefore, no further retrogression is anticipated. However, towards the central and right flanks of the mai
Failure is induced slide due to extensive slope cut. And remedial measures is well adopted along th*
Communication corridor, broom plantation at crown
3 segmented gabion walls each measuring approximately 10 m length and 1m height with variable tiers of 34 levels seen constructed at the foot of the slope. Lined hillside drains with a culvert to the road also seen constructed. Since reactivation is anti
Existing gabion wall noticed damaged and overrun by debris.
Anthropogenic interference: Extensive slope cut excavation hoisting a variably thick sequence (35m) of insitu soil with embedded rock boulders. the same loss its shear strength and lubricated during incessant rains. Excavated slope cut left unattended be

Hynniangban Them slide
oveRIBurden at crown area is near vertical and failure during adverse hydrological condition cannot be ruled out.
As such the road bench appears safe. However the existing breastwall constructed is seen to have be*
Road bench partailly covered, as such debris cleared by road maintaining authorities
Concrete breast wall is seen constructed with sufficient weephole, however weephole noticed choked, the same may be cleared for free flow with proper back filling. Trimming or moderation of near vertical slope at crown area.
Failure along rock oveRIBurden interface, weak oveRIBurden material mainly comprises of 25 m thick insitu soil. Extensive cut slope allowed to stand beyond angle of repose. Saturation of weak oveRIBurden material during heavy monsoon discharge and flowi

19 Mile
Weak slope forming material, development of local pore and hydrostatic pressure. Near vertical cut slopes engineered during road widening activities.

Umling
Destabilization of the slopemass is accelerated by the removal of the toe support

Old weight bridge slide
The breast wall is seen provided with weep holes. however, proper bacfilling of the breast wall may be carried out to ensure the efficacy of the weep holes.
Reactivation of the slide during the period 20132014 appears to be a major problem for road maintai*
Part of the road bench covered by slide debris was noticed during 2014.
A 2.5 m high , 20 m length concrete breast wall to the slope is seen constructed bt the road maintaining authorities. A lined hillside drain to the road is also in place. The existing remedial measures appears to be sufficient. The water seepage may be d
During the road widening processes, the toe of the slope was excavated and removed, exposing the slope at steeper angle. The water seepage point saturating and lubricating the oveRIBurden exposed slope along an unfavourable steeply excavated slope is exp

Old weight bridge 2
Proper drainage arrangement may be considered to contain stability
Retaining structure is seen constructed at toe, however failure at steep crown area anticipated dur*
Failed debris on road bench cleared during the time of study
Moderation of steep cut slope, retaining structure maybe considerated with benching
Old weight bridge building at toe of slide vulnerable
Extensive slope cut, weak slope forming material, development of local pore and hydrostatic pressure

Umling slide
The slide appears stabilizing
Stability assessment: i) A significant volume of the slide debris still rests upslope of the breast*
GuwahatiShillong road (NH40) reportedly blocked for several hours
A 6tier wiremesh gabion breast wall to the slide affected slope measuring approximately 6570 m length and 67 m high has been erected by the road maintaining authorities. The erected breast wall appears to be sufficient for protecting the road. (It was co
Anthropogenic interference: Extensive slope cut during widening of road bench, steepening of natural slope beyond angle of repose. Weak slope forming material, presence of less cohesive slope forming material along with variably disposed and embedded wea

Shangbangla
Road blocked from 9 am to 5 pm on 23-09-2014.
Weak slope forming material, Over-saturation of the slope forming material during heavy continuous downpour.

Sohpu
Further failure on right flanks of slide body anticipated during adverse hydrological condition if left unattended.
As such the road bench appears safe, easing of near vertical slope may be considered for stabilizin*
Road bench partailly covered, as such debris cleared by road maintaining authorities
construction of concrete retaining stucture with provision of sufficient weephole may be considered. Easing of slope by multiple benching to reduce the oveRIBurden steep insitu slope at crown area. Lined hillside drain.
Weak slope forming material mainly comprises of thick insitu soil. Development of local pore and hydrostatic pressure over saturating the oveRIBurden material. Extensive cut slope allowed to stand beyond angle of repose.

Lumjana Slide I
Crown area and side flanks seen near vertical slope, failure in the form of falls anticipated during adverse hydrological condition.
Road bench partailly covered, as such debris cleared by road maintaining authorities
Existing boulder crate gabion wall noticed bulging, the same may be repaired/reconstructed. Moderation of near vertical slope at crown slope mainly comprises of insitu soil by multiple benching. Plantation of lateral root spreading grass/bushes such as v
Weak slope forming material mainly comprises of thick insitu soil > 5 m allowed to stand on steep slope. Steepening of slope during road bench widening processess and steep slope allowed to stand beyond angle of repose. Development of local pore and hydr

Lumjana Slide II
Bedrock is exposed at right flanks of the slide body thin oveRIBurden material resting over bedrock may fails during adverse hydrological condition.
As such the slide is largely stabilised and major scale slide is not expected, however small scale *
Existing boulder crate gabion wall noticed bulging, the same may be repaired/reconstructed. The cut slope at crown area is at near verticle slope, multiple benching may be considered to ease the slope.
Weak slope forming material mainly comprises of Thick insitu soil > 5 m. Steepening of natural slope during road bench widening processes and steep slope allowed to stand beyond angle of repose. Development of local pore and hydrostatic pressure.

Umdaprhong
Major reactivation is not expected. However, small scale/Sporadic falls, topple and slide may be anticipated at crown scarp, if the same is left unattended.
Moderation of crown scarp and retaining structure at toe of slide.
Weak slope forming material mainly comprises of thick insitu soil and extensive cut slope at foothill

Pamdingoh A
Weak slope forming material, Over-saturation of the slope forming material during heavy continuous downpour. Slope extensive cutting engineered to stand beyond angle of repose.

Krosia slide
The reported slide retaining walls has been damaged and reconstructed multiple times.
Already adopted remedial measure retaining wall with weep hole, however weephole is seen choked, the same may be cleared for free flow with proper back filling. Steep slope angle at crown may be moderated by benching. Installation of horizontal perforate
Retaining wall overrun and weephole choked, 45 household relocated
Anthropogenic interference: Extensive slope cut excavation rendering steepening of natural slope beyond angle of repose, weak slope forming material mainly comprises of thick insitu soil overlying bedrock embedded with large boulder weathered remnant.

Pamdingoh B
Major communication corridor, settlement area and forested
Weak slope forming material, Over-saturation of the slope forming material during heavy continuous downpour. Slope cut engineered near vertical allowed to stand during road widening, which failed.

Failure has curve out a steeper slope face at crown and further subsidence of road bench cannot be ruled out in the event of adverse hydrological condition.
Excessive dumping of excavated material over weak steep slope rendering over static loading coupled*
Prevent further dumping of excavated material. Construction of retaining structure laid on firm foundation.
Excessive dumping of excavated material over weak steep slope rendering over static loading

UmlingPatharkhamma R.S2
Kumar. S, and Singh. G., 2017, Macro-Scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 78O/9 and 78O/10, Ri-Bhoi , East Khasi hills districtsand West Khsi hills, Meghalaya and Kamrup district, Assam
construction of retaining wall with sufficient weep holes
Weak slope forming material ( thick insitu sandy Soil) and toe support removal for construction of road

UmlingPatharkhamma R.S3
Kumar. S, and Singh. G., 2017, Macro-Scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 78O/9 and 78O/10, Ri-Bhoi , East Khasi hills districtsand West Khsi hills, Meghalaya and Kamrup district, Assam
Removal of debris from slope and construction of retaining wall with sufficient weep holes
Weak slope forming material ( thick insitu sandy Soil) , toe support removal for construction of road and deep gully erosion

UmlingPatharkhamma R.S1
Kumar. S, and Singh. G., 2017, Macro-Scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 78O/9 and 78O/10, Ri-Bhoi , East Khasi hills districtsand West Khsi hills, Meghalaya and Kamrup district, Assam
construction of retaining wall with sufficient weep holes
Weak slope forming material ( thick insitu sandy Soil) and toe support removal for construction of road

MairangNongkhlaw R.S2
MairangNongkhlaw road, about 3 km NE of Nongthymmai village
Removal of debris from slope and maintanance of toe drain
Toe support removal for road cutting, sandy noncohesive Soil get oversaturated and fails under gravity

MairangNongkhlaw R.S1
MairangNongkhlaw road, about 3 km NE of Nongthymmai village
Removal of debris from slope and maintanance of toe drain
Toe support removal for road cutting, sandy noncohesive Soil get oversaturated and fails under gravity

NongkhlawPatharkhamma R.S5
Proper compaction of the lossely dumped material,proper drainage system to avoid direct water flow from the same and retaining wall at the downslope of the road
loose road cutting dumped material on the downslope of the road get oversaturated and fails under gravity and gully erosion

proper compaction of the lossely dumped material and proper drainage system to avoid direct water flow from the same and toe retaining wall at the downslope of the road bench
loose road cutting dumped material on the downslope of the road get oversaturated and fails under gravity

NongkhlawPatharkhamma R.S4
Proper compaction of the lossely dumped material and proper drainage system to avoid direct water flow from the same
loose road cutting dumped material on the downslope of the road get oversaturated and fails under gravity and gully erosion

NongkhlawPatharkhamma R.S2
Proper compaction of the lossely dumped material and proper drainage system to avoid direct water flow from the same
loose road cutting dumped material on the downslope of the road get oversaturated and fails under gravity

Proper compaction of the lossely dumped material and proper drainage system to avoid direct water flow from the same
loose road cutting dumped material on the downslope of the road get oversaturated and fails under gravity

Retaining wall with sufficient weep holes to protect the road and proper chute drain to avoid direct flow of water from the dumped material

Maintanance of toe drain and easing of slope by construction of benches with suficient height and width
Loose debris material gets oversaturated by high rainfall and looses its shear strength

Removal of debris from slope and construction of benches with sufficient height and width
Highly weatherd slope forming material and toe support removal for road cutting

Construction of proper chute drain to avoid water contact with the slide material and to stop the toe erosion by nalah
Weak slope forming material gets oversaturated by high rainfall and looses its shear strength

Culvert is already constructed but proper drainage system should be construct to avoid direct contact of flowing water from the loosely dumped material
Loose road cutting dumped material on the downslope of the road get oversaturated and fails under gravity

Proper copmaction of the loosely dumped material, construction of culvert with chute drain
loose road cutting dumped material on the downslope of the road get oversaturated and fails under gravity and gully erosion

NongkhlawPatharkhammah road about 5 km NE of Nongkhlaw village
Removal of debris from slope and construction of benches with sufficient height nad width
Highly weatherd slope forming material and toe support removal for road cutting

NongkhlawPatharkhammah road about 4 km NE of Nongkhlaw village
Removal of debris from slope and maintanance of toe drain
Highly weatherd slope forming material and toe support removal for road cutting

NongkhlawPatharkhammah road 1 km SW of Ladpanai vilalge
Removal of debris and maintanance of toe drain
Weak slope forming material ( thick insitu sandy Soil) and toe support removal for construction of road

Ladpanai village slide1
MairangPatharkhamma road 2 km NE of Ladpanai village

0.2 km W of Riando petrolpump slide
Laishram R, and K Senthilkumar 2018: Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in Toposheets 78O/2 & O/3, parts of West Khasi Hills & South West Khasi Hills districts, Meghalaya and parts of Kamrup district, Assam. Unpb. GSI report for FS
Removal of debris, construction of retaining wall
Thick insitu soil, weak slope forming material, rainfall

MairangNongkhlaw R.S4
MairangNongkhlaw road, about 0.5 km NW of Nongrmai village
Toe support removal for road cutting, sandy noncohesive Soil get oversaturated and fails under gravity

MairangNongkhlaw road, about 1 km NW of Nongrmai village
Removal of debris from slope, moderation of upslope at the crown, retaining wall at the toe of the slide and maintanance of toe drain

Belahari slide
Extensive cut slope due to expansion of the football ground rendered the slope unsatable and oversaturation of the slope forming material (in-situ sil) during heavy rainfall resulted in the landslide incidence. However the slide is of small dimension and
Tep, Y. and Baitha, A., 2020. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 78N/8, 78O/1 and 78O/5, Kamrup and Goalpara districts of Assam, West Khasi Hills, Ri-Bhoi and East Garo Hills districts of MGhalaya. Unpubli
The slide is of small dimension and is non threathening
As the slide do not poss any threat to infrastructure, a simple slope easing to Improve the stability of the slope should be sufficient.
Over-saturation of weak slope forming material comprising thick in-situ soil leading to lose of cohesion and failure. Vertical slope cut with no retaining wall.

Patharkhamma village Slide1
Patharkhamma Guwahati road 1 km NW of Patharkhamma village
retaining wall already exited but cracks are visible at place

Paham slide
Patharkhamma Guwahati road 0.5 km S of Paham village
proper compaction of road filled material, proper filling and compaction of the road strech , reatining wall at the downslope of the road which should be constructed on the sound foundation, chute drain to avoid direct contact of running water
Improperly filled road material get oversaturated by flowing nala and due to static loading and unloading and subsided

Paham slide2
Patharkhamma Guwahati road 2 km S of Paham village
Removal of debris from the slope, retaining wall with sufficient height width and weep holes, maintanance of the toe drain and towards the downslope of the road chute drain is required
Weak slope forming material and toe support removal for construction of road

Jirang village slide1
Patharkhamma Guwahati road 2 km NW of Jirang village
Removal of debris from the slope, boulder gavian wall
Weak slope forming material and toe support removal for construction of road

Jirang village slide2
Patharkhamma Guwahati road 1.5 km NW of Jirang village
Removal of debris from the slope, reating wall with sufficient weep holes, slope easing by construction of benches of sufficient height and width
Older debris material get oversaturated and falls under gravity

Jirang village slide3
Patharkhamma Guwahati road 1 km NW of Jirang village
Boulder gabion wall extited and damaged so some othe remedy should be done like removal of debris from the slope, reating wall with sufficient weep holes, slope easing by construction of benches of sufficient height and width
Weak slope forming material and toe support removal for construction of road

Patharkhamma Guwahati road about 1 km NW of Jirang village
Proper compaction of the filled material and reating wall
improperly filled road material get oversaturated by flowing nala and due to static loading and unloading and subsided

Patharkhamma Guwahati road about 1 km NW of Jirang village
Retaining wall already exited but damaged at place,slope easing should be done on the left flank of the slide , Removal of debris from slope
Weak slope forming material (sandy Soil) and toe support removal for construction of road

Patharkhamma Guwahati road about 2 km SW of Jirang village
Construction of retaining wall and removal of debris fron slope
Weak slope forming material (thick insitu sandy Soil) and toe support removal for construction of road

Patharkhamma Guwahati road near New Jirang village
Removal of debris material, easing of crown slope, retaining wall with sufficient weep holes at the toe of the slide, maintanance of toe drain
Weak slope forming material (big boulders embedded into thick insitu sandy Soil) and toe support removal for construction of road

Patharkhamma Guwahati road about 1 km NW of New Jirang village
chanalise the water away from yhe affected zone, compaction of the filled material and retaing wall at the downslope of the road bench
Improperly filled road material toe erosion by nala and due to static loading and unloading and subsided

Huro Jirang village slide1
Toe retaing wall at the downslope of the road bench, proper chute drain and proper compaction of the road filled material
Loosely compacted filled road material get oversaturated by rain water and nala

Huro Jirang village slide2
Removal of overhanged boulders and slide dump should be properly managed and chute drain to avoid direct contact of water
Huge granite boulders embedded within thickly bedded sandy Soil, this noncohesive Soil get oversaturated and fails under gravity with boulders and towards downslope of the road bench this loosely dumped slide material get oversaturated by near by nalah a

Huro Jirang village slide3
construction of boulder gabion wall with toe drain

Removal of debris from slope and easing of crown slope

Slide was caused due to quarrying activities triggered by continuous rainfall. Also, the overburden*
Loose boulders to be dislodged from vulnerable areas

Matiapahar
The slide was caused due to slope cut at a steep angle for house construction which was further tri*
Removal of loose materials and vegetation cover from the crown area to reduce the load. Construction of retaining wall on sound foundation with sufficient weep holes
Highly weathered bedrock with insitu soil, extensive slope cut, reduction of strength due to saturation by continuous rainfall

Nongspong
The slide was caused due to slope cut for road construction which was further triggered by incessan*
Removal of trees from the crown area and slope easing can be done. Along with that proper maintenance of drain lines along the road.
Extensive slope cut, development of pore water pressure and reduction of strength on over-saturation due to incessant rainfall, thick section of in-situ soil.

Barpathar
Grey granite gneiss belonging to Assam-Meghalaya gneissic complex
The slide was caused due to extensive slope cut triggered by incessant rainfall creating pore water*
The house near the crown area should be re-located or moved further away from the vulnerable area.
Extensive slope cut, pore water pressure development and reduction of strength on over-saturation due to incessant rainfall.

Ganeshpur-Lalmati
Due to construction of houses at the foothill of the slopes, the slope surface are made bare and exposed to the various agents of weathering and erosion which lead to occurrence of landslide.
About 500 m south of Game village, Lalmati, NH-37
Reduction of strength on super-saturation and anthropogenic activities which includes Unplanned cutting of slope and unplanned construction.

Garbhanga RF
The slide was caused due to slope cut for road construction triggered by rainfall. Also, the overbu*

Datapara
The slide was caused due to extensive cutting of slope triggered by incessant rainfall. The overbur*
No house to be constructed nearby and removal of loose boulders if any. Slope easing may be done.
Highly weathered porphyritic granite. Extensive slope cut triggered by incessant rainfall causing reduction of strength due to over saturation.

Shreebhumi Nagar Slide
Porphyritic granite gneiss comprising of big feldspar laths, quartz and biotite.
Vegetation on slope-wash material, poor resistance of soil with water, instability due to jointed rock-mass.

Shreebhumi Nagar Slide
Porphyritic granite gneiss comprising of big feldspar laths, quartz and biotite.
Vegetation on slope-wash material and thin regolith, poor resistance of soil with water, instability due to jointed rock-mass.

Kalapahar
The landslide occurred on 23.09.2015. The area is composed of thick regolithic soil of about 10 m t*
Proper weep holes to be installed in retaining walls, channelizing of surface water away from the affected area, further construction near the crown area to be stopped
Highly weathered granite gneiss with insitu soil, reduction of strength of overburden material due to saturation by continuous rainfall

Dakhingaon
Porphyritic granite. Exfoliation evident. The granites are highly weathered. Some joints
The post-landslide investigation was carried out on 10/10/2014.
Reduction of strength on super-saturation and anthropogenic activities (Unplanned cutting of slope and unplanned construction).

Lichubagan
The affected house is situated on the toe of sloping side of a hill. Due to heavy rainfall, the bamboo grooves got unstable and due to gravity slide down the hill and hit the house below.
one rooms of a house (Assam-Type) damaged.
Reduction of strength on super-saturation and anthropogenic activities (Unplanned cutting of slope and unplanned construction).

Lechubagan
The slide was caused due to slope cut for house construction at a height of about 10 m or even more*
Removal of any loose materials from the slope that can pose risk. Channelizing of waste water discharge away from the crown area.
The slope failure was caused due to extensive slope cut, development of pore water pressure and reduction of strength on super-saturation due to incessant rainfall

Anandapur-Gangapur slide
No casualties were reported. As observed, it is a shallow translational debris slide caused due to toe-slope excavation for house construction, triggered by incessant rainfall. Other important causative factors include poor slope forming material compris
On the right side of the slide a huge barren rock surface (granite gneiss) is exposed which provides stability to those in the upslope area. The slide occurred around 2:30 PM on 13th June, 2017.
1. Removal of remaining bamboo trees from the slope which is still vulnerable for failure.
2. Construction of toe retaining wall on the down slope area with proper foundation and sufficient weep holes.
3. Construction of proper drainage system for waste
Down slope area: One house damaged (4 rooms) and entire house developed cracks on the walls. Upslope area: Boundary wall collapsed
1. Anthropogenic activities: Unplanned cutting of slope (Extensive slope cut) and unplanned construction of boundary wall over unstable slope.
2. Poor slope forming material (highly weathered granite

Udayachal Slide.
Granite-Gneiss terrain of Assam-Meghalaya Gneissic complex with thick regolithic soil of 5-10 m.
The investigated accident happened due to improper heavy construction of Toilet at the top of the slope and the sewage water of the toilet was not properly or scientifically drained.
One hut with GI sheet roof and one RCC toilet.
Reduction of strength on super-saturation and anthropogenic activities (Unplanned cutting of slope and unplanned construction)

West Sarania slide
Highly weathered Granite gneiss is dominant at the site of the landslide.
The landslide occurred as a result of incessant heavy rainfall. The slope material is made up of loose granitic soil and highly weathered granite gneiss which got super saturated due to heavy rainfall and caused the slope failure.
The area is covered with thick over burden of about >5m. The landslide occurred in the morning (6:40am) of 14th July, 2016.
1. Restriction on land use/land cover activities (building construction, deforestation) that can further result in destabilizing the slope.
2. Dressing/removal of the overburden material and precariously overhanging trees to remove the static loading a
The following geo-scientific causes were observed -
1. Reduction of strength of the soil mass of natural slope on super-saturation due to heavy rain fall.
2. Steep angle of the slope cut (approx. 60o)
3. Thick loose overburden consisting of highly weathe

Daksin Saraniya Slide
Weathered granite gneiss and overburden comprising red and oxidised soil product of weathered granite gneiss.
Heavy rainfall, poor drainage, non-availability of weep holes in supporting wall, etc.

Dakshin Saraniya-2
There were no casualties, however, 8 (eight) people residing in the upslope area were affected. The slide is a shallow translational debris slide caused due to unplanned cutting of slope for house construction triggered by incessant rainfall. The slope f
Along this road stretch there are other minor soil erosions triggered due to rainfall. For such immediate measures should be taken up to prevent any future damage. Adjacent to these affected area, a kuccha footpath used by next door residents have possib
1. During rainy season, the slope should be covered using a plastic sheet to prevent seepage of rain water for short term measures.
2. Slope easing may be adopted by creating benches or terraces.
3. Removal of any heavy vegetation covers such as bamboo t
The following geo-scientific causes were observed –
1. Anthropogenic activities: Unplanned cutting of slope (Extensive slope cut) and unplanned construction of house on unstable slope.
2. Poor slope forming material (highly weathered granite gneiss and

Dakshin Saraniya-1
As observed it is a shallow translational debris slide caused due to slope cut, triggered by incessant rainfall. Other causative factors include poor slope forming material comprising of highly weathered granite gneiss and in-situ soil. Due to continuous
Though toe supporting wall is present, the slope is modified at a steep angle (700 -800) with heavy structures built on the unstable slope. Along this road there are other few slope cut failures triggered due to incessant rainfall. The incident took plac
1. Immediate measure: Covering the affected slope with a plastic sheet to prevent further slide as it is still prone to slope failure if rainfall persists.
2. Benching of the slope may be implemented.
3. Construction of proper drainage system for waste
Boundary wall and entrance footpath collapsed along with the overburden material.
The following geo-scientific causes were observed –
1. Anthropogenic activities: Unplanned cutting of slope (Extensive slope cut) and unplanned construction of boundary wall over unstable slope.
2. Poor slope forming material (highly weathered granite

Bamunimaidan
People are creating artificial drainage due to un-controlled release of daily household water leading to saturation of regolithic soil on the slopes.
Reduction of strength on super-saturation and anthropogenic activities (Unplanned cutting of slope and unplanned construction)

Jyoti Nagar Slide
Highly weathered leuco-gneiss with minor pegmatite veins
Thick overburden, poor resistant when comes in contact with water

Jyotinagar Slide
The landslide occurred on 18th April, 2016 as a result of ensuing pre-monsoon rainfall in Guwahati area. A boundary wall along with a toilet slided down a steep slope affecting houses situated above the crown as well as at the toe portion of the landslid
Anthropogenic factors and saturation due to heavy rain.
The landslide area is composed of thick regolithic soil forming the slope of a hillock which is been extensively cut for human settlement. There are heavy RCC buildings and houses with a road above the crown area of the landslide. Also the slope has been
1. Construction of protection wall along the slope.
2. Construction of proper drainage system in the area.
3. Avoid further activities (building construction, road etc) that can result in destabilizing the slope.
4. Proper study of landslide prone site
The landslide has damaged a boundary wall with bath room. Two RCC houses in the crown
The following geo-scientific causes are observed -
1. Planar Failure
2. Development of pore water pressure
3. Reduction of strength on super-saturation and
4. Anthropogenic activities: Unplanned cutting of slope (Extensive slope cut) and unplanned const

The slide was caused due to cutting of slope for house construction, triggered by incessant rainfal*
Already the occupants residing on top and below the crown area have been evacuated by the District Disaster Management Authority (DDMA).
Extensive slope cut, development of pore water pressure and reduction of strength on over-saturation due to incessant rainfall, highly weathered granite gneiss/migmatite with in-situ soil.

Salbari Slide
Loose sandy material on steep slope, percolation of water in crown part, construction of toe-support wall without weep holes.

Salbari Slide
Loose sandy material on steep slope, percolation of water, toe-support wall without weep holes.

Salbari
The slide was caused due to cutting of slope for house construction and it is also noticed that was*
Salbari, Nepali chowk, Kharghuli Hill, Kamrup
Toe not to be disturbed, channelizing of drainage water from the crown portion to reduce any water saturation, slope benching may be adopted.
Extensive slope cut, development of pore water pressure and reduction of strength on over-saturation due to incessant rainfall, contributed by highly weathered migmatite and in-situ soil.

Piyali Phukan Nagar Slide
The landslide occurred on 22nd June, 2016 where a woman (60 yrs old) was killed by the landslide in the bath room which was completely buried by the huge mass of the slide materials. The landslide completely buried a toilet and bathroom and also damaged
The landslide occurred in a NE-SW trending moderately dissected hills which was dense mixed jungle 40 yrs back but now occupied by human settlement with construction of houses, roads etc. The hill is made up of thick regolith soil cover with
Njiura Par Path, Piyali Phukan Nagar, Guwahati
1. The slope was cut to almost vertical angle for construction of house and materials at
the crown portion of the slide is still dangerously standing at a very steep angle, therefore slope dressing is required to reduce the angle of the slo
Two rooms of an Assam Type house, one bathroom and Latrine.
The following geo-scientific causes are observed -
1. Planar Failure
2. Reduction of strength on super-saturation and
3. Anthropogenic activities: Unplanned cutting of slope (Extensive slope cut) and unplanned construction.

Hastinapur landslide
Area is composed of highly weathered granitic rocks and was reddish in colour. Poorly compacted weathering product which is highly Unstable leading to failure.
It is advisable that any settlement is avoided in and around of the affected area .
Hastinapur Near Jorabat opposite of Cow bazaar
The slope may be stabilised by making fence or wall and house, settlement may be made slight away from the slope. In case of vehicle, movement on upslope side of the slide, extra strength may be provided to the slope.
Just close to the slope. Slope was very steep and made up of highly weathered rock mass. Heavy rainfall has triggered the slide Another factor may be aiding to the slide is movements of Vehicles on the local road just above the slope.

Mandakini slide
No in-situ fresh rock exposed in the vicinity.
The incident occurred on 20th July, 2016 at 11:10 hrs where one 40 years old woman died due to collapse of boundary wall on her and further buried under the debris. The main triggering factor was incessant rainfall and water seepage from the crown area.
Some small scale landslide can be expected in near future particularly in the crown area due to presence of weak overburden material (lateritic soil) and also load of vegetation cover (such as beetle nut tree and wild trees), therefore mitigatio
1. Removal of load (trees and bushes) from the crown area
2. Slope easing to stabilize the slope should be done.
3. Construction of toe retaining wall at the toe area with sufficient weep holes.
Boundary wall collapsed and two toilets damaged
1. Translational failure along rock-overburden interface
2. Due to super saturation the soil loses its shear strength ultimately causing failure.
3. Anthropogenic activities such as unscientific cutting of slope (extensive slope cut) and unplanned con

Nabragraha
Insitu soil (15-20m) composed of reddish clayey-silt, thereby concealing the bedrock.
Most of the landslides in Guwahati area are caused by anthropogenic activities. In the studied area the people residing above the crown are in dangerous situation.
Reduction of strength on super-saturation and anthropogenic activities (Unplanned cutting of slope and unplanned construction)

Karghuli
Insitu soil (25-30m) composed of reddish clayey-silt, thereby concealing the bedrock.
The Landslide occurred on 27/06/2014 and the post-Landslide investigation was carried out on 11/07/2014.
Road remain on hanging along the slope side
Anthropogenic activities, unplanned cutting of slope, unplanned construction and loading at head region in the site.

Kamakhaya Nursery
Coarse grained reddish brown regolithic soil with remnant of spheroidal boulder.
300 m ground crack trending N40°-60°W to S40°-60°E
The natural nalas should also be properly drained.
Boundary wall collapsed, and SH: AT Road affected
Unfavourable slope, extensive slope cutting and overstressing by construction without proper mitigation structure.

KamakhyaBhubaneswari
The area is composed of weathered granite gneisses. Shallow weathering along the joints; forming we*
Removal of hanging boulders, avoid plantation of big trees/plants on the slopes, rock bolting may be suggested
Reduction of strength due to saturation by continuous raining and anthropogenic activity (slope cut)

Bolabil
The slide was caused due to extensive excavation of slope for house construction on a weak slope fo*
Slope cut for house construction/sparse vegetation
Kaccha hut in which residents are still residing should be re-located to a safer place because potential landslide still persists. Removal of any loose boulders from the slope.
Extensive slope cut for house construction, due to incessant rainfall development of pore water pressure and reduction of strength on over-saturation, highly weathered granite gneiss.

Jayguru Kalipahar
The area is composed of weathered porphyritic granite gneisses. Deeply weathered along the joints; *
Hanging boulders should be removed, Retaining wall may be constructed at toe of the slope, the perennial nalas should be trained away from the affected area.
Reduction of strength due to saturation by continuous raining and anthropogenic activity (slope cut)

Phaiding Landslide
Grey to bluish black shale with intercalations of weakly compact greyish white sandstone of Barail Formation.
300m of meter gauge railway track has been affected
Hydrostatic pressure/weak geological formation/overstressing by construction of earth fill structure over which railway line passes.

Phaiding Landslide
Grey to bluish black shale with intercalations of weakly compact greyish white sandstone of Barail Formation.
300m of meter gauge railway track has been affected
Hydrostatic pressure/weak geological formation by construction of earth fill structure over which railway line passes.

Malangkona-Nongporuo slide-1
Due to the combined affect of toe erosion and removal of vegetation cover due to jhum cultivation, the slope material comprised of in-situ soil slided down.
Tep, Y. and Baitha, A., 2020. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 78N/8, 78O/1 and 78O/5, Kamrup and Goalpara districts of Assam, West Khasi Hills, Ri-Bhoi and East Garo Hills districts of MGhalaya. Unpubli
Urgent need to clear the choked culvert, remove the slide debris to restore the passage of the nala water.
Construction of RCC retaining wall with sufficient weep holes, construction & maintenance of proper hillside drains along the road.
1. Removal of toe support due to Extensive cut slope and toe erosion 2. Removal of vegetation for jhum cultivation

Malangkona-Nongporuo slide-2
The landslide is of small dimension which occurred due to failure of overburden material under the effect of removal of toe support.
Tep, Y. and Baitha, A., 2020. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 78N/8, 78O/1 and 78O/5, Kamrup and Goalpara districts of Assam, West Khasi Hills, Ri-Bhoi and East Garo Hills districts of MGhalaya. Unpubli
The landslide is of small dimension and do not poss any threat.
Removal of the slide materials and easing of the slope by benching will arrest further failure as the height of the effect slope is not significant
Extensive cut slope with loosening of toe support due to ersoion by road side nala. Removal of vegetation cover due to plantation activity.

Malangkona-Nongporuo slide-3
Beause of the weak slope forming material comprised of thick in-situ soil, a retaining wall must be constructed
Because of the thick in-situ soil forming the slope, failure occurs during heavy rainfall because there was no retaining wall to support the vertical slope surface
Toe support for the affected slope through construction of strong RCC retaining wall with sufficient weep holes, Construction of road side drain.
Reduction of cohesive strength of the slope forming material on over-saturation due to heavy rainfall. Loosening of toe support due to erosion by road side nala and vertical slope cut.

Southeast of Nongberam
Yanthan, N. M., Chiezou, K., and Lini, V.; 2019: Macro-scale(1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in Toposheet no. 78K/14 and 78K/15 in parts of West Khasi Hills, South West Khasi Hills, East Garo Hills, South Garo Hills, West Garo Hills & North Ga
1. Retaining walls. 2.Slope side drain maintenance
1. Toe cut due to road construction.2. Loose weathered soil

East of Achengbok
Yanthan, N. M., Chiezou, K., and Lini, V.; 2019: Macro-scale(1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in Toposheet no. 78K/14 and 78K/15 in parts of West Khasi Hills, South West Khasi Hills, East Garo Hills, South Garo Hills, West Garo Hills & North Ga
Continuation of quarrying will
aggravate slope instability
1. Network of drainage 2.To stop quarrying
1. Toe cut by quarry. 2. Highly weathered and fractured rocks

North of Ginulgithim
Yanthan, N. M., Chiezou, K., and Lini, V.; 2019: Macro-scale(1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in Toposheet no. 78K/14 and 78K/15 in parts of West Khasi Hills, South West Khasi Hills, East Garo Hills, South Garo Hills, West Garo Hills & North Ga
Traverse crack observed
along the crown
1. Retaining wall 2. Road side drain maintenance
1. Highly weathered rockmass. 2. Thick overburden

Nongporuo-NamASoi slide-1
The landside occurred due to the combined affect of vertical slope cut, loose of toe support due to erosion and weight of the overburden material.
There is passage of large volume of surface runoff along the hill side drain leading to graudual erosion of the toe of the vertical slope cut leading to ultimate failure triggered by heavy rainfall
Toe support for the affected slope through construction of strong RCC retaining wall with sufficient weep holes, Construction of road side drain.
Loosening of toe support due to erosion by road side nala. Vertical slope cut could not maintain its stability under heavy rainfall due to oversaturation of the slope forming materal and loose of cohesion.

Nongporuo-NamASoi slide-2
The slide is a shallow translational slide caused due to slope cut for road construction, triggered by incessant rainfall. Other chief causative factors include poor slope forming material comprising of thick in-situ soil column. Due to incessant rainfal
Because of the oversaturation of the slope forming material comprised of in-situ soil, a shallow palnar failure occurred.
Easing of the slope angle by benching and construction of retaining wall to strengthen the base of the slope.
Over-saturation of slope forming material (in-situ soil) and lose of cohesion leading to failure of the overburden material.

0.6 km E of Nongprut
Laishram R, and K Senthilkumar 2018: Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in Toposheets 78O/2 & O/3, parts of West Khasi Hills & South West Khasi Hills districts, Meghalaya and parts of Kamrup district, Assam. Unpb. GSI report for FS
Planting of suitable plant over the slide
Incessant rainfall, weak slope forming material, huge thickness of soil

0.5 km E of Nongprut
Laishram R, and K Senthilkumar 2018: Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in Toposheets 78O/2 & O/3, parts of West Khasi Hills & South West Khasi Hills districts, Meghalaya and parts of Kamrup district, Assam. Unpb. GSI report for FS

Nongprut
Stabilized by jute netting, but crown portion should be eased
Toe cutting for road extension, incessant rainfall, steep slope

1.1 km NNE of Nongprut
Removal of debris, easing of slope, construction of toe drain

1.2 km NNE of Nongprut
Construction of retaining wall, removal of debris
Toe cutting for road extension, incessant rainfall, steep slope

1.1 km N of Nongprut

0.3 km W of Riando petrolpump slide
Proper maintainance of toe drain and retaining wall, cleaning of debris and plants
Toe cutting for road extension, incessant rainfall, thick insitu soil

Tynrong Riangkhon
Removal of debris, easing of slope, construction of retaining wall
Extensive cut for making of playground, incessant rainfall

0.6 km NE of Langumshing
Removal of boulders and debris, easing of slope
Incessant rainfall, weak slope forming material

0.6 km S of Umdein
Removal of protuding rock blocks and easing of slope
Toe cutting for road extension, incessant rainfall, steep slope

0.7 km S of Umdein
Construction of retaining wall, easing of slope, removal of debris

1 km NE of Umdein
Removal of debris, planting of long rooted grass
Toe cutting for road extension, incessant rainfall, thick insitu soil

1.3 km E of porshieh
Removal of debris, construction of retaining wall

Riando petrolpump slide
Removal of debris, cleaning and maintainance of weep holes
Toe cutting for road extension, incessant rainfall, weak slope forming material

Riangdo

Riangdo 1

Mawthengkut

Porla 1
Removal of precariously hanging boulders and trees, benching of slope

Porla
Construction of retaining wall, easing of slope

0.8 km NW of Porla
Construction of retaining wall, easing of slope

0.9 km NW of Porla
Weak slope forming material, incessant rainfall, anthropogenic activity

1.2 km NW of Porla
Easing of slope by benching of suitable height, toe drain to be cleaned and maintained properly

1 km NW of Porla
Easing of slope, construction of retaining wall
Road cutting for widening of road, incessant rainfall and steep slope

1.2 km SSW of Porla
Removal of the debris and boulders from the slide portion, divert the nala flow direction, easing of slope
Incessant rainfall, toe cutting, flowing nala may recharge the ground which leads to increase of pore pressure

1.3 km SW of Porla
Easing of slope, removal of hanging boulders from the left and right flank of the slide

1.5 km SW of Porla
Easing of slope, construction of retaining wall, diversion of nala

1.8 km SW of Porla
Removal of the boulders and tree, removal of hanghing rock mass in the centre of the slide

Removal of overburden, hanging trees, weep hole cleaning and maintainance

Mawthylliang
Easing of slope, removal of boulders from the slide
Toe cutting for road extension, incessant rainfall, steep slope, weak slope forming material

1.2 km W of Mawthylliang
Construction of retaining wall, easing of slope

Nongjri (Porthangjah) slide
Incessant heavy rainfall during the year

Tynrong Mawsaw slide
Incessant heavy rainfall during the year

1.2 km NW of Sinduli
Toe cutting for road construction, incessant rainfall

0.8 km NNW of Seinduli

0.7 km NNW of Seinduli
Easing of slope with construction of suitable height bench, construction of retaining wall and toe drain

Seinduli
Toe cutting for road extension, incessant rainfall, weak slope forming material

1.3 km SE of Seinduli
Construction of retaining wall and toe drain

1.1 km NW of Sinduli
Construction of retaining wall, easing of slope, removal of debris
Toe cutting for road extension, incessant rainfall, steep slope, thick insitu soil

2.5 km W of Rwiang
Removal of debris, construction of retaining wall
Toe cutting for road construction, incessant rainfall

2.7 km W of Rwiang
Construction of toe drain and retaining wall
Toe cutting, incessant rainfall, weak slope forming material

0.7 km NW of Umjaru
Weep holes blocked by the debris should be cleaned and maintained properly
Toe cutting for road construction, incessant rainfall

0.6 km NW of Umjaru
Removal of debris, construction of retaining wall, proper maintainance of hillside drain.

0.5 km NW of Umjaru
Removal of soil and extension of retaining wall by with and height, hill drain to be cleaned

0.6 km NNW of Umjaru

0.7 km NW of Rwaing
construction of retaining wall and easing of slope, benching with sufficient height
Steep slope and heavy rainfall, road cutting for widening

0.5 km NW of Rwiang
Easing of the slope, removal of the material from the slide area, weep hole to be claeaned properly

Mawruksoin
Toe cutting for road extension, incessant rainfall, steep slope, weak slope forming material

1.1 km NNW of Mawruksoin
Construction of retaining wall with sufficient height
Incessant rainfall with poor slope forming materail and thick overburden, nala cutting

1.4 km E of Patharkhnang
Construction of retaining wall, easing of slope, removal of debris

1.3 km E of Patharkhnang

1.3 km NE of Patharkhnang
Construction of retaining wall and toe drain, benching of slope, removal of debris
Steep slope, incessant rainfall, raod cutting aggrivated the situation

1.5 km NE of Patharkhnang
Easing of slope, construction of retaining walls and toe drain
Incessant rainfall, steep slope, road cutting aggrivated the slide

3 km SE of Seinduli
Highly jointed, one set of joint parallel to road bench, incessant rainfall and widening of road

1.6 km SE of Tumtum
Construction of retaining wall and toe drain

1.5 km E of Tumtum
Easing of slope, lengthen the retaining wall

1.4 km E of Tumtum
Removal of boulders and debris, easing of slope, diversion of nala or construction of chute drain to avoid saturation

1.7 km SE of Tumtum
Toe cutting for road extension, incessant rainfall, steep slope, weak slope forming material

1.2 km NE of Mawruksoin
Construction of retaining wall, removal of the debris from center part of the slide, removal of hanging trees
Heavy rainfall coupled with thick overburden and highly weathered rock

1 km E of Mawruksoin
Removal of the debris from the middle and 2 flanks of the slide, channlization of the nala, easing of the slope

Rwiang
Removal of debris, Choked weep wholes may be cleaned.
thick overburden, poor geological formation, highly weathered rock

Nonglang
Easing of slope, construction of retaining wall and toe drain
Thick soil formation in the steep slope, toe cutting, rainfall

1.5 km N of Siangra

Siangra
Stabilized by jute netting nailed by bamboo at regular interval
Incessant rainfall, weak slope forming material

Noth Lumpi slide
Because of the vertical slope cut, slope failure is observed particularly during heavy rainfall due to oversaturation of the slope forming material. Apart from construction of RCC retaining wall, slope easing is also recommended to enhance the stability
Gradual slope failure during heavy raifnall may lead to chocking of hill side drain and affect the road, hence an RCC retaining wall is recommended.
Construction of RCC retaining wall with sufficient weep holes, construction & maintenance of proper hillside drains along the road.
Vertical slope cut and loose of toe support due to erosion by road side nala.

Chitrapul slide
This is an old landslide which appears to be slightly stabilized, however minor slope failure is still observed due to lack of retaining wall and poor maintenance of hill side drain. Therefore it is stronglysuggested to construct an RCC retaining wall wi
Though the landslide is of small dimension, past slope failure appeared to have disturbed road communication for which some protective measures were taken, however no retaining wall was constructed. Therefore it is stronglysuggested to construct an RCC r
Construction of RCC retaining wall with sufficient weep holes, construction & maintenance of proper hillside drains along the road.
Over-saturation of slope forming material comprising thick in-situ soil leading to lose of cohesion and failure.

Banspani slide
Toe erosion by Aradonga nala and oversaturation of the slope forming material (in-siti soil) by surface runoff from the hills during rainfall and removal of vegetation cover for settlement and plantation are observed to be the chief causative factors for
Channelization of household waste water and surface run off from rainfall away from the crown of the effected slope is strongly advised.
Construction of RCC retaining wall with sufficient weep holes along the Nala. Since there is settlement above the crown, channelization of house hold waste water and surface run off from rainfall should be done properly to avoid oversaturation of the eff
Toe erosion by stream (Aradonga Nala) and anthropogenic activities mainly due to deforestation and adverse plantation pattern.

Aradonga slide
The slope forming material is comprised of thick in-situ soil of more than 5m depth. During heavy rainfall, oversaturation of the insitu soil leads to landslide due to vertical nautre of the standing slope.
Slope easing and construction of RCC retaining wall suggested as this is an important road corridor.
Construction of RCC retaining wall with sufficient weep holes, construction & maintenance of proper hillside drains along the road. Slope easing is also advised to arrest further failure from the crown.
Over-saturation of weak slope forming material comprising thick in-situ soil leading to lose of cohesion and failure. Vertical slope cut with no retaining wall.

Khaksi Sikrabura slide
Failure of the thick in-situ soil due to vetical slope cut and toe erosion.
Failure of the thick insitu slope forming material (2-5m) due to extesive slope cut and toe erosion by road side drain
Extensive cut slope with toe erosion by nala.

Rajupara slide
Due to oversaturation of the overburdem material and weight of the thick vegetation, failure of the overburden material occurred due to steepness of the slope.
Landslide in thick forest. No remdial measure required.
No remdeial measure required due to remoteness of the site and no infrastructure is effected.
Over-saturation of slope forming material and lose of cohesion leading to failure of the overburden material along the soil-rock interface.

Ukiam slide
The slide is observed in Google earth imgery dated 11/11/2018. Multiple slope failure occured along a stream on the hill east of Ukiam due to the highly erosive nature of the stream during heavy rainfall leading to loosening of the toe of the hill slope
Multiple slope failure observed along a stream on the hill east of Ukiam due to the highly erosive nature of the stream during heavy rainfall leading to loosening of the toe of the slope.
No remdeial measure required due to remoteness of the site and no infrastructure is effected.
Multiple failures along a natural stream due to erosion along the toe of hill slopes.

Mawphynsiar slide
Kezhasilie Chiezou and Achan Konyak:Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in Toposheets 78O/2 & O/3, parts of West Khasi Hills & South West Khasi Hills districts, Meghalaya and parts of Kamrup district, Assam. UnPub. GSI report for FS 2
1. Steep slope with thick overburden 2. Slope cut or toe cutting during road widening.

Khyllem slide
Kezhasilie Chiezou and Achan Konyak:Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in Toposheets 78O/2 & O/3, parts of West Khasi Hills & South West Khasi Hills districts, Meghalaya and parts of Kamrup district, Assam. UnPub. GSI report for FS 2
Crack observed on building wall and the floor of house. Reported old slide on upslopes 34 decades ago
1. Removal of the debris from the accumulation portion 2. Retaining wall with sufficient height and weepholes 3. Proper lined hillside drainage for the channelling of water on the left flanks of slide
Cracks developed in the house building located in the upslope
1. Unconsolidated and highly weathered debris material on the slope. 2. Steep cutting of slope.

Nongspung natural slide
Kezhasilie Chiezou and Achan Konyak:Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in Toposheets 78O/2 & O/3, parts of West Khasi Hills & South West Khasi Hills districts, Meghalaya and parts of Kamrup district, Assam. UnPub. GSI report for FS 2
1. Weak and loose slope forming material which leads to reduce in the shear strength.

Pyndengrei slide no 6
1. Channeling of household sewage water away from the crown area 2. Clearing of debris from the nala and construction of retaining wall with sufficient height
1. Highly weathered rock mass. 2. Thick overburden. 3. Steepening of slope by road widening.

Pyndengrei slide no 7
1. Removal of overhangs 2. Clearing of debris.
1. Intersection of two prominent set of discontinuities. 2. Steepening of slope by road widening.

Siejlieh slide no. 1
1. Removal of debris from the slide zone and proper maintenance of drain.
1. Highly weathered rockmass.2. Thick overburden in the crown area. 3. Steepening of slope by road cutting.

Pyndengrei slide no 5
1. Removal of debris from the slide zone and proper maintenance of drain.
1. Highly weathered and disjointed rockmass. 2. Thick overburden in the crown area. 3. Steepening of slope by road cutting.

NH44E bypass slide
1. Proper maintenance of hillside drainage. 2. Distribution of accumulated mass at the foot of the slide. 3. Removal of loose boulders from upslope.
1. Thick overburden. 2. Weathered rockmass.

Pyndengrei slide no. 4
1. Removal of assorted boulders from the slide zone and construction of lined hillside drainage.
1. Steep slope coupled with thick overburden and highly weathered rockmass.

Pyndengrei slide No 1
1. Removal of debris and construction hill side drainage.
1. Steep slopes with thick soil and assorted debris

Pyndengrei slide No 2
1. Clearing of debris from the accumulated zone. 2. Retaining wall construction at the toe.
1. Weathered rock mass. 2. Thick overburden. 3. Steep slope.

4.1 km E of Pdengshakap
1. Toe erosion by nala. 2. Jointed and weathered rock mass.

Pyndengrei slide No 3
1. Retaining wall construction at the toe
1. Steep slope coupled with highly weathered rockmass

Siejlieh slide no. 2
1. Highly weathered rockmass. 2. Thick overburden

Pyndengrei Metrology slide
1. Construction of retaining wall. 2. Channeling of water away from the crown area
1. Steep slope coupled with thick soil 2. Sustained discharged of water in the crown area by Metrology office drain. 3. Prolonged antecedent rainfall.

Nongstoin PHE slide
1. Remove or drain the water away from the crown or contour draining
1. Highly weathered slope forming material and thick overburden. 2. Sustained discharge of water through domestic sewage pipe on the crown area

Nongstoin taxi stand slide
1. Retaining wall with sufficient height and weep hole.
1. Steepening of slope by road cut. 2. Weathered material and thick soil.

Lawab slide

Nongjyllieh slide
Weak geological formation and heavy rainfall

Nongjyllieh-2 slide
Cultivated land, forest land & barren land.
Faulty construction, no breast wall, weak structure and steep slope, poor drainage

Mawkawah slide

Nongspung slide,
1. Unconsolidated & highly weathered slope forming material. 2. Steep slope with thick overburden.

Mawpon slide
Weak Structure and due to heavy rain fall

Laitlawsnai slide
Cultivated land, forest land & barren land.

Throngpleng slide

Sandstone, siltstone, shale & phosphatic nodule
Kumar S & Singh G 2018: Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets 78O/4, O/8, O/11, O/12 & O/16, parts of East Khasi Hills, South West Khasi Hills & South Garo Hills districts, Meghalaya.UnPub. GSI report for FS 2017
avoid any direct surface runoff from the crown portion, breast wall at the downslope and site specific study is suggested for permanent remedial measures
toe erosion by nala, fault is passing from the slide zone which made the lithology very fragile and loose fault gauge material is also identified which get saturated and fails

Kumar S & Singh G 2018: Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets 78O/4, O/8, O/11, O/12 & O/16, parts of East Khasi Hills, South West Khasi Hills & South Garo Hills districts, Meghalaya.UnPub. GSI report for FS 2017
steep slope and highly joited nad fractured rock

Mawpud village slide
Septic tank may have weakened the already loose soil.
1. Construction of hill side drain and retaining wall.
1. Highly weathered rock with assorted boulder 2. Steep slope.

Nongnah slide
1. Removal of debris and construction of retaining wall.
1. Steep slope and weathered and jointed rocks which enable the percolation of rain water, 2. Loose soil cover

Turnia Shining Secondary School slide
1. Highly weathered rock mass, loose soil 2. Steep vertical surface.

Rangjadong slide
Weak geological formation and degraded forest cover

6.7 km S of Nongphanwior
Construction of breast wall to protect the road or shifting the road towards hill side.
Road construction on loose debris material, incessant rainfall

7 km S of Nongthynniew

1.1 km N of Nongphanwior

Rajai slide

Rajai slide
Kumar S & Singh G 2018: Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets 78O/4, O/8, O/11, O/12 & O/16, parts of East Khasi Hills, South West Khasi Hills & South Garo Hills districts, Meghalaya.UnPub. GSI report for FS 2017
steep slope and removal of coal layer by rat hole mining initiated the slide

Shipur slide

Ranikor slide
contour drain to avoid the surface water from slide zone, change the alignment of the road from 50. m before the slide zone and site specific study is required to suggest the appropriate remedial measures
deep gully erosion and toe erosion by 3rd order nala and quarry for coal initiated the slide

removal of loose debris from slope nad construction of retaining wall with sufficient weep holes
extensive slope cut and loose debris materila over slope get saturated during monsoon

removal of debrsi from slope and maintanance of toe drain
weal lithology and toe cut for road construction

reatining wall with chute drain towards the downslope
unscientific quarry for coal extraction initiates the slide

removal of debris from slope , easing of slope nad maintanance of toe drain

2 km N of Kulang
Removal of debris, construction of retaining wall and toe drain, construction of breast wall towards valley side.

3 km NNE of Kulang
Construction of retaining wall and breast wall

1 km N of Nongpathar
Removal of the debris and construction of hillside drain, easing of slope from the crown portion
Incessant rainfall, local increase of pore pressure, thick overburden

1 km NNW of Nongpathar
Removal of the debris, construction of retaining wall

0.5 kmmiangshang SSW of Nong
Removal of debris, construction of toe drains

Wah Lyngdoh

Mawlangriang
Easing of slope, construction of retaining wall and toe drain
Weak slope forming material, huge thickness of insitu soil, steep slope, toe cutting for road construction, incessant rainfall

0.9 km E of Mawlait
Removal of the debris, construction of toe drain and easing of slope
Rainfall, highly jointed and weathered rock mass, steep slope

0.6 km SW of Thahkanar
Removal of the over hanging boulders from the crown portion and construction of retaining wall
Rainfall, thick overburden with boulders, toe cutting

0.5 km SW of Thahkanar
Construction of retaining wall, removal of the over hanging tree from the crown portion
Incessant rainfall, thick overburden, weak slope forming material

0.4 km SW of Thahkanar
Slide material dumped towards the valley side may lead to another slide towards valley side. Dumped material getting slided observed
Construction of retaining wall, removal of over hanging boulder fromt he central portion of the crown
Toe cutting for road construction, incessant rainfall, weak slope forming material

0.76 km NW of Mawiawban
Drainage path blockedb by slide material that should be removed for the regular flow of water
Removal of debris, easing of slope, proper maintainance of toe drain and retaining wall
Incessant rainfall, steep slope, weak slope forming material

0.7 km NW of Mawiawban

Mawkadiang
Removal of the debris, construction of retaining wall and toe drain
Incessant rainfall, weak slope forming material, steep slope

0.4 km NE of Nongkaniang
Removal of Precariously hanging boulders form both the flanks and construction of retaining wall
Thick overburden, weak slope forming material, incessant rainfall

5 km NE of Nongkaniang

0.9 km NE of Nongkaniang
Precarious removal of overhaning boulders from the crown, easing of slope, construction of retaining wall, removal of trees from crown portion
Weak slope forming material, rainfall, steep slope, thick overburden and colluvium

0.8 km NE of Nongkaniang
Easing of slope, removal of trees from the right flank of slide, construction of retaining wall
Thick overburden, incessant rainfall leading to increase of pore pressure

Removal of over hanging boulders from the crown portion, construction of retaining wall
Thick overburden with boulders, incessant rainfall, cutting of toe for road construction.

1 km NE of Nongkaniang
Removal of debris, easing of slope, removal of hanging tree from the flank and the crown portion, construction of retaining wall
Steep slope, weak slope forming material, rainfall

0.3 km W of Umsaw
Removal of the debris, cleaning of the toe drain, precautiously removal of the hanging boulder
Steep slope coupled with the incessant rainfall, weak geological medium

0.3 km w of Urkali
Removal of debris, easing of slope, construction of retaining wall

0.4 km w of Urkali
Removal of the debris, easing of the slope

Urkali
Construction of retaining wall, cleaning of the debris, removal of the trees from the crown portion

2.4 km E of mawliehdein
Removal of debris, easing of slope, construction of retaining wall
Steep slope, cutting of toe for the road construction, incessant rainfall

1.3 km E of Mawliehdein
Removal of debris, cleaning of the toe drain

1.6 km NNW of Mawiaban
Removal of debris, construction of toe drains
Intersection of 2 or more joint sets, incessant rainfall

1.7 km E of Urkyllong
Removal of the regolith from the crown portion and easing of slope, construction of toe drain

1.7 km NE of Mawkadiang
Removal of debris from the toe drain, easing of slope, channelize the nala, construction of retaining wall
Incessant rainfall and road cutting may have aggravated the slide

1.7 km NE of Mawkadiang
Removal of debris, easing of slope, removal of boulders from the slope
Incessant rainfall, toe cut for road extension, highly jointed and colluvial material laying on the slope

1.8 km NE of Mawkadiang
Removal of rock block and eaing of the slope, wire mess
Highly jointed and toe cutting for extension of road and incessant rainfall

Intersection of joints, wedge failure, incessant rainfall

1.3 km NNW of Mawiaban
Removal of debris, construction of toe drains

1.2 km NNW of Mawiaban
Removal of debris, easing of slope, construction of toe drain and retaining wall
Incessant rainfall, steep slope, one sets of joints parellel to the road bench

Beds are vertical
Easing of slope, construction of retaining walls and toe drain

0.8 km NN of Mawiawban
Removal of debris, easing of slope, toe drain maintainance
Highly jointed rock coupled with weathering, incessant rainfall and steep slope

0.9 km NN of Mawiawban
Removal of debris, channelize the nala, easing of slope, removal of the boulder from the slope

1 km NN of Mawiawban
Removal of the protuding mass and tree from the crown portion, removal of debris and easing of the crown

1.1 km NN of Mawiawban
Removal of the rock blocks, easing of slope, maintainance of the toe drain
Highly jointed and intersection of two or more joints, incessant rainfall and toe cutting

2.2 km E of Urkyllong
Removal of debris, hanging tree should be removed, easing of slope, construction of retaining wall, removal of boulder from the slope
Incessant rainfall and road cutting may have aggravated the slide

2.1 km E of Urkyllong
Easing of slope, construction of retaining walls and cleaning the debris
Incessant rainfall and road cutting may have aggravated the slide

0.8 km E of Mawliehdein

Mawlynniang
Removal of boulders and soil, construction of retaining wall, toe drain and easing of slope
Thick insitu soil, incessant rainfall, toe cutting for road construction

0.6 km NNW of Mawlynniang
Removal of debris, easing of slope, construction of retaining wall and toe drain
Thick and weak slope forming material, toe cutting, incessant rainfall

0.3 km NNE of Umsaw
Weak slope forming material, steep slope, toe cutting for road construction, incessant rainfall

0.9 km NNW of Mawlynngdep
Pyroxene, Cordierite Granulite, Mica (Biotite) Gneiss
Easing of slope, removal of over hanging trees and removal of debris from the slide area
Thick overburden, weak slope forming material, steep slope, heavy rainfall

1.5 km N of Mawnar
Removal of debris, channeling the stream, construction of retaining wall with sufficient height and weep holes
Nala erosion, toe cutting, incessant rainfall, weak slope froming material, huge thickness of weathered rodk, anthropogenic activity

1.6 km N of Mawnar
Construction of retaining wall and toe drain, benching of slope, removal of debris
Incessant rainfall, steep slope, thick overburden

1.5 km NNW of Mawnar
Increase of the retaining wall height and removal of the over hanging boulder fromt he crown portion
Heavy rainfall, thick overburden, steep slope, weep hole not functioning properly

0.6 km SE of Umjaru
Removal of boulders from crown portion, benching the slope with suitable height

0.5 km E of Umjaru
Removal of debris, construction of retaining wall and toe drain, and its proper maintainance

2.7 km W of Umjaru
Removal of the debris and construction of retaining wall
Toe cutting for road construction, incessant rainfall, weak slope forming material

Maweit
Construction of retaining wall and toe drain
Weak geological formation, weak slope forming material, rainfall, anthropogenic

Nongraingap
Construction of retaining wall and toe drain and removal of the debris

0.3 km SSW of Nongraingap
Construction of retaining wall, toe drain, removal of debris
Thick overburden with steep slope, rainfall

West of Riangud
1. Construction of retaining wall 2. Road side drain maintenance
1. Toe cut due to road cutting which have weaken the highly weathered sandstone and debris accumulated on the slope

North of Makalbari
1. Road side drain maintenance. 2.Network of drainage
Toe cutting of slope for road construction

Rongjeng slide
1. Weathered rock and loose soil 2. Toe cut due to road cutting.

South-West of Nongchram Ading
1.┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á┬á Benching of slope. 2.Road side drain maintenance
1. Highly weathered rock and loose soil .2. Toe cutting for road construction

South-West of Nongchram Ading
1. Road side drain maintenance. 2. Easing of slope
1. Improper drainage leading to over saturation of weathered rocks and loose soil.2. Highly weathered rocks 3.Toe cut of slope due to road cutting.

South of Nongchram Ading
1.Network of drainage.
2. Road side drain maintenance
Removal of toe of slope due to quarry and loose friable soil

West of Nongchram Ading
1. Removal of debris material. 2.Benching of slope 3. Road side drain maintenance
1. Highly weathered rocks and loose soil. 2. Toe cut due to road cutting

Nengkhra-Nongalbibra road slide
ARKOSE/GRITTY SANDSTONE, COAL, FIRECLAY & SHALE
Toe cut due to road construction.2. Loose weathered soil

Nengkhra-Nongalbibra road slide
Toe cut by quarry. Highly weathered and fractured rocks

Highly weathered rocks and loose soil. Toe cut due to road cutting

Highly weathered rockmass. Slope modification for road construction

Loose overburden. Slope modification for road construction

Weathered loose soil . Toe cut due to road cutting

South of Wakpangram
1.Benching of slope 2.Road side drain maintenance

Northwest of Awiak
1. Road side drain maintenance. 2.Draining of nala

North of Khalu B
1. Removal of debris material. 2. Road side drain maintenance
1. Toe cut due to road construction 2. Loose soil

South of Shikna
The location is in dense forest,
this kacha road cum quarry for coal is used for carrying coal and forest products.
1.Removal of debris material.
2.Easing of slope
1. Toe cut due to road and quarry for coal with loose and friable thin beds of sandstone alternating with shale

1.7 km W of Porkhadoh
Easing of slope, construction of breast wall
Rat hole mining of coal, steep slope, heavy rainfall, dumping of material on slope

1.8 km W of Porkhadoh
Construction of breast wall and shifting the road toward the hill side

2 km NW of Umwein
Removal of debris, hanging rock portion, constrution of breast wall to save the road upslope

Alternate bands of sandsone and siltstone
removal of the overhanged blocks from slope, Sporadic rock bolting and maintanance of toe drain

benching on the upper part has already done but retaining wall is still required to protect the toe nad maintanance of the toe drain
extensive slope cut and thick loose overburdeb over the slope

along sohrashella bypass from Sohbar village
removal of loose debri sfrom slope nad maintanance of toe drain
weak lithology, toe cut for road construction and influence of dawki fault

Sandstone, siltstone, shale & phosphatic nodule
removal of trees from just above the croun and easing of upslope
extensive slope cut for construction of house and weak lithology

removal of the debris material from the road as well as from the slope, chanalise the nala flow, easing of the crown and removal of hanging trees from slope
deep gully erosion by nala, weak lithology and toe removal for road cut

Shella slide
Sandstone, siltstone, shale & phosphatic nodule
250 m N of Shella village(Along shella river)
settlement should not be allowed on crown portion, easing of the upslope
loose thick about 3 m river born material resting over the weak lithology of sandstone,shale with coal and extensive slope cut by Shella river

steep lsope and highly jointed and steeply dipping sandstone with shale bands

removal of loose debris from slope, construction of retaining wall with sufficient weep holes and maintanance of toe drain
steep slope , alternating bands of sandstone and shale plnae get daylighted by road cutting

maintanance of nala flow and retaining wall at toe to stop the toe cutting
steep slope, toe cutting by nala and weak lithology

removal of loose from slope, easing of slope nad maintanance of toe drain
toe cut for road construction, weak lithology and highly jointed rock

highly dissected slope,deep gully erosion by 1st order nala and weak lithology of Sandstone, siltstone, shale & phosphatic nodule and nfluence of dawki fault

removal of debris from road and construction of toe drain along hill side
wak slope forming material get saturated by nearby flowing nala

construction of toe drain along hilla side chut drain and retaining wall at the downslope side
dumped material over the slope get oversaturated and fails under the gravity

Mawpud road slide
1. Removal of weathered debris 2.Hills side drainage maintenance.

construction of retaining wall nad maintanance of toe drain
thick loose colluvium material ang deep gully erosion by nala

removal of the loose debris material from slope
toe removal for road cutting and weak slope forming material

rock bolting to protect the slope failure
steep slope , three set of joint and plane is daylighted by road cutting

removla of debris from slope, construction of retaining wall with sufficient weep holes nad maintanance of toe drain
extensive slope cut, weak lithology nad daylighted slope

toe removal for road nad weak slope forming material

construction of retaining wall and removal of loose debris materila from the slope

Arkose/gritty sandstone, coal, fireclay & shale
existing retaining wall is damaged and having no weep holes so construct a retaining wall with sufficient height and weep holes and removal of loose debris over the slope
extensive slope cut and weathered rock mass

Arkose/gritty sandstone, coal, fireclay & shale
retaining wall with sufficient weep holes

Arkose/gritty sandstone, coal, fireclay & shale
removal of the loose debris from slope nad easing of the slope
steep slope, deep gully erosion by nala nad weak lithology

fill the road and compact the material, construction of breast wall at the downlsope and maintanance of toe drain and avoid the direct surface runoff over the slide zone
loose dumped material get saturated and also scooped the underlying material and initiated the failure

water percolation along joint plane and steep slope

wiremess on upslope and maintain the nala flow
steep slope, deep gully erosion by nala, toe removal for construction of road to the village and daylighted plane

A sinkhole have been formed during July-August, 2008 at a distance of approx.150m north-east of ground cracks.
The slope failure below the cliff face might be related to the formation of the crack.

Tynnai East slide
Heavy rainfall, over burden rock, steep slope & less vegetation cover.

Tynnai (West) slide

Jashiar East slide

Mawthawiang slide

Jakrem East slide
Sandy soil and weak geological formation

Domkseh slide
1. Clearing of debris from the nala 2. Retaining wall with proper hillside drainage.
1. Assorted boulders with insitu soil material. 2. Toe cutting by drainage.

Markasa debris slide
Loose boulder observed on the adjoining flanks
1. Removal of debris fromnala and proper maintenance of nearby culvert 2. Dressing of debris from accumulated zone. 3.Construction of retaining wall.
1. Highly weathered rock mass. 2.Toe cutting of slope. 3. Prolonged antecedent rainfall.

Myriaw slide
1. Old scarp observed on the left flank of the slide. 2. Old scarp area my retrograde.
1. Avoid discharge of water at the crown area.
1. Steep slope with assorted boulders and insitu soil. 2. Matrix material between boulders washed off.

0.68 km NW of Mawiawban
Shifting of the fencing towards hillside, construction of retaining wall, cleaning of the toe drain
Rainfall, cutting of slope for road widening

NH44E slide2
Cut slope failure, boulders exposed on slope
Removal of boulder laden debris from slope, easing of slope, retaning wall with sufficient weep holes and maintanance of toe drain
Toe removal for the widening of road and weatherd rock get oversaturated and faills under gravity

NH44E slide1
Cut slope failure, boulders exposed on slope
Removal of debris from slope, retaning wall with sufficient weep holes, maintanance of toe drain and Removal of upslope trees.
Highly weathered slope forming material, toe support removal for road widening and rill erosion by nala

NH44E slide3
Cut slope failure, boulders exposed on slope
Removal of debris from slope and easing of slope by the bench of suitable height and width
Slope fails due to weak slope forming material and removal of toe for widening of the road exposes the slope beyond the angle of repose

Removal of debris from slope, retaning wall with sufficient weep holes, slope easing by benching of sufficient height and width
Weak slope forming material and toe removal due to widening of road, sfm get oversaturated and fails under the gravity

47 mile stone slide
Slope fails due removal of toe for widening of the road

Along NH44E 2 km West of Bynther village
Removal of debris from slope and easing of slope by the bench of suitable height and width and retaining wall at the toe of the slide
Slope fails due removal of toe for widening of the road

Umjarain East slide

Nongbri village Slide
Jointed rock, slope daylighted due to unscientific road cutting for widening of road and steep slope

Retaning wall at the toe of landlside and easing of slope
Weak slope forming material and toe removal due to widening of road, sfm get oversaturated and fails under the gravity

One house is resting just above the crown
Easing of slope at crown, removal of debris from slope
Toe removal due to unscintific road cutting for road widening

Natural landslide, no infrastructure and habitation are affected by the slide
100 m SW of NH44E between milestone 36 & 37
Weak slope forming material and toe erosion by nalah

ShillongMairang bypass R.S1
New Shillong mairang bypass road 1.5 km NW of Sohiong village
Removal of debris from slope, retaining wall with sufficient weep holes and maintanance of toe drain
Weathered rock andToe support removal for construction of new shillongMairang bypass road

ShillongMairang bypass R.S2
New Shillong mairang bypass road 2 km NW of Sohiong village
Removal of debris from slope, retaining wall with sufficient weep holes and maintanance of toe drain
Toe support removal for construction of new shillongMairang bypass road

ShillongMairang bypass R.S4
New Shillong mairang bypass road 2 km E of Sohiong village
A 20 m high retaing wall is already constructed but the weep holes of the wall is not properly working so proper mantanance of weep holes and drainage system is required
Weak slope forming material and toe support removal for construction of new shillongMairang bypass road and toe erosion by nalah

New Shillong mairang bypass road 1 km NE of Sohiong village
Removal of debris from slope, easing of upslope by construction of benches of sufficient length and width and maintanance of toe drain
Weak slope forming material and toe support removal for construction of new shillongMairang bypass road

Pyrda village slide1
Removal of debris from slope and retaining wall with sufficient weep holes
Toe removal by unscientific road cutting and caRIBonaceous phylitic rock get oversaturated and fails along the foliation plane

Pyrda village slide2
Removal of debris from slope and retaining wall with sufficient weep holes
Toe removal by unscientific road cutting slope forming material get oversaturated and fails under gravity

jointed Rock , steep slope & tpe Removal by raod cut

natual Slide

removal of loose debris material nad construction of retaining wall with sufficient weep holes
loose slope forming material get saturated by heavy rainfall

removal of loose debris material nad construction of retaining wall with sufficient weep holes
oose slope forming material get saturated by heavy rainfall

Cut-Slope failur
thin Soil cover get oversaturated and Falls down along the slope

bending of trees indicates creeping
Highly fractured and weathered Rock mass gets oversaturated and Fall down

Highly jointed Rock mass, heavy Rainfall

Older Debris should be removed from the slope

Removal of loose boulders from slope, retaining wall 5-8 m height

since the Rock is Highly weathered and having 3 set of joints loose boulders are vulnerable
Retaining wall the drainage and remove the Debris from slope

Arwa Slide
chanalising of nala flow is the first step to stop the slide but it is very big and complex slide and connecting Arwa cave so a site specific study is suggested by the preliminary assessment
deep gully erosion by nala , friable sandstone get easily saturated and looses its shear stength and unscientific road cutting initiated the slide

retaining wall with sufficient weep holes at the upslope nad boulder gabion wall at the downslope of the raod
jointed sandstone with shale intercalation and toe removal for road cutting

Umstew landslide
Weathered sandstone/shale with thin band of carbonaceous shale (Khasi Group)
Road (State Highway i.e. Shillong-Sohra road)

removal of debris from slope, chanalisation of nala flow
extensive slope cut, jointed and fractured sandstone and toe erosion by 1st order nala

steep slope, joited roch, highly dissected slope and toe erosion by nala

extensive slope cut, deep gully erosion by nala and highly weathered rock mass

upslope settlement at risk
blockage of natural stream should be avoid and costruction of retaining wall with sufficient weep holes
colluvium get saturated due to blockage of nala and existing retaing wall having no weep holes

removal of loose debris from slope , construction of retaining wall with sufficient weep holes and maintanance of toe drain
steep slope, extensive slope cut, jointed and friable sandstone

removal of debris from slope, removal of hanging boulders and maintanance if toe drain
extensive slope cut and gritty friable sandstone

removal of debris from slope, construction of retaining wall with sufficient weep holes and maintanance of toe drain
thick loose colluvium material and toe cutting for road

removal of loose debris from slope and construction of the retaining wall with sufficient weep holes
contact zone of sandstone and basalt, water percolating through the weak plane and material fails

chanalising nal flow and construction of toe drain
steep slope and 0.5 m weatherd upper layer is washed away with flowing water

wire mess with rock bolt and amintanance of the toe drain
highly jointed and fractured upper rubbly surface of lava flow is failing

removal of the debris from the slope and easing of slope at crown
older loose slide materila get saturated and fails under gravity

J1205/vertical, joint spacing60cm, joint aperture2mm and J2 315/40SW,
removal of the loose debris material from the slide and maintanance of toe drain
highly jointed and fractured rubbly upper lava flow is failing

removal of loose debris from slope and easing of upslope
upper rubbly highly jointed and frcatured surface of lava flow is failing and toe cut for road

toe erosion by nala and weal slope forming material

old slide debris and toe removal for road

old slide debris and toe cutting for road

removal of debris from slope and easing of upslope
0.5 m thick overburden over bed rock get saturated and fails under gravity

removal of debris from slope , maintanance of toe drain and easing of slope just above the crown
steep slope nad upper rubbly highly jointed and frcatured surface of lava flow is failing

steep slope and upper rubbly highly jointed and frcatured surface of lava flow is failing

removla of the loose debris from slope and easing of the slope above crown
highly jointed and fractured upper rubbly surface of lava flow is failing

removal of loose debris from slope and construction of retaining wall wiyh sufficient weep holes
old slide debris and deep gully erosion by nala

removal of debris from slope, construction of the retaining wall with suffcient weep holes and maintanance of toe drain
weak contact zone of sandstone and basalt

toe cut for road and weak slope forming material

removal of debris from slope, construction of the retaining wall with suffcient weep holes and maintanance of toe drain
weak contact zone of sandstone and basalt and toe erosion by nala

removal of debris from slope and maintanance of toe drain
thick loose colluvium material and toe removal for road cut

removal of the debris from slope and installation of wiremess
extensive slope cut and upper rubbly highly jointed and fractured lava suface is failing

removal of the slide debris from nala channel to avoid chocking and removal of the big trees just above the crown
toe erosion by nala and upper rubbly highly jointed and fractured lava suface is failing

removal of debris from slope, easing of upslope and removal of big trees just over the crown
steep slope and upper rubbly highly jointed and fractured lava suface is failing, tree roots over the surface makes it more vulnerable

chanalise the surface runoff and maintanance of toe drain
deep gully erosion by nala and upper rubbly surface of lavaflow is highly jointed and fractured which is failing

J1 Joint spacing16 cm, joint aperture5mm, J2joint spacing 45cm,joint aperture3mm, J3 joint spacing22cm, joint aperture3mm and J4 joint spacing6cm, joint aperture5mm
wire mesh with rock boulting and manual trimming of overhanged big boulders
steep slope and upper rubbly surface of lavaflow is highly jointed and fractured which is failing , landslide debris is dumped over the downslope side which is also initiated the mass movement

steep slope and upper rubbly highly jointed and fractured lava surface is failing

removal of debris from slope, easing of upslope and maintanance of toe drain
steep slope cut and 0.5 m thick loose overburden over bed rock got saturated and fails under gravity

removal of debris from slope and from nala chanel and easing of slope and maintain the nala flow
loosely packed colluvium material and toe erosion by nala

along sohrashella bypass from Sohbar village
after slide rock is exposed so as such remedial measures are not required
0.5 m thick loose weathered material over the bed rock get saturated nad fails under the gravity

Along sohrashella bypass from Sohbar village
constructiob of retaining wall with sufficient weep holes and maintanance of toe drain
toe cutting for road construction and upper weatherd surface of the bed rock get saturated and fails

Along sohrashella bypass from Sohbar village
retaining wall with chute drain and chanalisation of nala flow
loosely filled road material and flowing surface water

along sohrashella bypass from Sohbar village
construction of the toe drain with sufficient weep holes, easing of slope and maintanance of the toe drain

retaining wall with sufficient weep holes
materila fails from contact of loose colluvium material and bed rock by saturation during monsoon

50 m downslope of approach road to Sohbar village

weep holes are chocked in the retaining wall
Construction of retaining wall with sufficient length, width and height with proper weep holes. Maintenance of toe drain system and channelize the water flow from the slide zone to the other place.
contact zone between Gritty sandstone alternating with conglomerate nad basalt and deep gully erosion by nala

chanalization of surface water and construction of retaining wall with chute drain
Loosely packed colluvium material and road duped material is over the steep slope and deep gully erosion by nala. Due to that loosely packed dumped material get saturated and also scoops the material from bed rock

toe cutting for road construction and weak slope forming materila

removal of precariously hanging boulders having volume up to 25m3 from the slope construction of the retaining wall and toe drain
weak colluvium and old slide material get oversaturated by surface runoff and reactivated during the monsoon

construvtion of toe drain and easing of slope
toe removal for road cutting and weak slope forming material

retaining wall with sufficient weep holes and construction of toe drain
extensive slope cut and weak slope forming material

construction of toe drain and easing of slope
toe cutting for road construction and weak slope forming material

chanalisation of surface runoff and construction of retaining wall with sufficient weep holes
thick loose colluvium material and toe cutting for road construction

chanalisation of surface runoff and retaining wall at downslope with chute drain
loosely packed colluvium material and road duped material is over the steep slope and one nala is flowing from the slide zone. this loose material get saturated nad also scoops the material from bed rock

easing of the slope, removal of loose debris materila from slope and maintannace of toe drain
highly weathered and jointed lithology and toe cutting for road

removal of loose debris from slope and retaing wall with sufficient weep holes
extensive cut slope and weak slope forming material

retaining wall at the hill side with sufficient weep holes
old debris get saturated during monsoon and reactivated

removal of the loose debris from the slope, existing retaining wall damaged by slide so construct a new retaining wall with suffient height and weep holes
extensive slope cut and loose slope forming material get saturated by incessant rainfall

retaining wall with sufficient weep holes should construted over bed rock, chanalise the surface runoff to stop the water flow over the slide material and construction of chute drain.
steep slope, weak slope forming material get oversaturated by flowing 1st order nala.road cutting material is dumped over the downslope side of the road

removal of precariously hanging boulders from the slope and construction of the retaining wall with sufficient weep holes
extensive s;ope cutting and compacted debris material get reactivated during the monsoon

Along the approach road to Laitiam village
retaining wall with sufficient weep holes
deep gully erosion by nala and weak slope forming material

chanalisation of surface runoff, construction of toe drain and retaining wall with weep holes
deep gully erosion by nala, old debris material and surface runoff

three set of jointsare prominant from diastance
steep slope, three set of joint and flowing nala over the slide

removal of the hanging boulders from the slope, easing of slope at crown and maintanance of toe drain
toe removal for road cutting and gritty sandstone get saturated during heavy monsoon

chanalise the nala on upslope and construc a toe drain on the hill side and a culbert with chute drain is required to pass the water from the road
loose slope forming material (colluvium), deep[ gully erosion by 1st order nalah and steep slope

Removal of loose debris material, chanalise the nala by cascade drain and retaining wall sufficient weep holes
Older debris material gets saturated due to heavy rainfall and material fails by loosing its shear stregnth

removal of loose debris from the slope and construction of retaining wall with sufficient weep holes
upper rubbly surface of lavaflow is highly jointed and fractured which is failing

steep slope jointed arkosic/gritty sandstone ,coal,fireclay & chale lithology and deep gully erosion by nala

landslide is just above the senen sister waterfall
steep slope, deep gully erosion by nala and gritty & friable sandstone easily get eroded by nala

chute drain to chanalise the water flow and gabion wall to protect the downslope
deep gully erosion by nala, loosely road filled material get oversaturated and fails under gravity

villagers are constructing wall with sand sack but that is not enough to avoid the further movement surface runoff should be also chanalisation to avoid the further saturation
loosely compacted road fill material get oversaturated during heavy rainfall

retaining wall with sufficient weep hole and maintanance of toe drain
loose colluvium material get saturated during heavy rainfall

retaining wall with sufficient weep holes and maintanance of toe drain
steep slope and weak slope forming material (colluvium) get oversaturated during monsoon and fails under gravity

retaibning wall at side of the nala to avoid the toe erosion
highly weathered rock and toe erosion by nala

removal of loose debris from slope and maintanance of toe drain

Highly weathered & loose Rock get oversaturated, steep slope

Removal of Debris from slope, maintanance of toe drain
Highly weathered & loose Rock get oversaturated, steep slope

Fossiliferous Limestone and Calcarious Shale/ Sandstone (Jaintia Group
Highly weathered & loose Rock get oversaturated, steep slope

Fossiliferous Limestone and Calcarious Shale/ Sandstone (Jaintia Group

Removal of Debris from slope, maintanance of drain
Highly weathered Rock, erosion by 1 st order nala

Removal of Debris from slope, maintanance of toe drain & retaining wall

easing of slope, removal of loose debris material from slope and maintanance of toe drain
deep gully erosion by nala nad weathered lithology

reconstruct retaining wall with a suitable height and sufficient weep hole
older debris materila get saturated during monsoon

maintanace of toe drain, removal of debris from slope and easing of the crown slope
toe removal for road cutting and weak slope forming material

removal of loose debris from slope and construction of retaining wall
toe cutting for road cut and thin overburden over slope get saturated

Pynursla-3 slide

Highly weathered Rock , deep gilly erosion by nalah

Natural Slide
chanalise the nala, retaining wall on the both side of the road, ease the slope and remove the Debris from the slope
Highly weathered Rock, steep slope , deep gully erosion by 1 st order nala

loose Debris(road cutting material) get oversaturated ,gully erosion

Highly jointed & fractured Rock, gully erosion

due to retrogession road can be subside
toe erosion by nala, Highly jointed & fractured Rock

Highly fractured and jointed phylitic Rock

Pynursla slide

Removal of Debris from slope, retaining wall

Maintanance of toe drain, Removal of Debris from slope, reatining wall

Pynursla-2 slide

Pynursla-4 slide

Siatbakan slide

As such May not be necessary at present but proper maintanance of toe drain

downslope of road also affeted by Slide , it also needs treatment

Natural Slide
Highly weathered Rock , Steep slope and toe erosion by nala

weathered , foliated roack withSteep slope

Sinking of road due to Slide
Steep slope, Foliated Rock ang scorwing by nala

Toe erosion by nala, Steep slope, Foliated Rock

Toe erosion by 1st order stream
Toe support to road bench by retaining wall, toe drain
Steep slope, toe erosion by nala, weathered Rock

Ryngnga-6 slide

loose quarry dump material get oversaturated and Fall down

retaining wall already exist and damaged
Removal of precariously hanging boulders & ease the slpe

Ryngnga-5 slide

Highly jointed and fractured Rock mass, steep slope

Removal of precariously hanging boulders, Removal of hanging trees and retaining wall

Mawkajem slide

Highly weathered basic Rock , toe erosion by road cut

Mawkajem-2 slide

Mawkajem-3 slide

slope is Highly susceptible and having high risk
jointed roack, steep slope and direction of dip plane is daylighted

rill erosion, retaining wall already exist
Removal of precariously hanging boulders on slope and ease the slope
jointed roack, steep slope and direction of dip plane is daylighted

jointed Rock , steep slope and rill erosion

Ryngnga-3 slide

on upslpe portion retaining wall already exist
loose Debris(road cutting material) get oversaturated , rill erosion

loose Debris(road cutting material) get oversaturated , rill erosion

Removal of precariously hanging boulders & ease the slpe

Ryngnga slide

Retaining wall already exist and damaged
shale bands easily get eroded n steep slope

significant amount of patchy appearance of sulphide
Rock is Highly jointed and fractured, steep slope

Lingkardem slide

High wall with fencing and consolidation by shortcritting of disjointed block
Highly jointed Rock , steep slope & adverese hydrological condition

Mawkajem-4 slide

Cut-Slope failure, retaining wall once damaged and repair
weathered Rock with high slope & toe Removal by road cut

Removal of Debris from slope , dressing up of slope and attended arch bridge span 30 m , site specific study require
steep slope, Highly weathered Rock and older Debris get oversaturated

Laitlongkot slide
Quartzite of Shillong Group (Proterozoic age) with thick overburden.

weathered overburden gets oversaturated by heavy rain

1-4m? boulder size come down to road bench which make it vulnerable
dressing up the boulders, retaining structure with bench, easing of slope & chute drain
Rock is Highly jointed & fractured , steep slope, matrix material has poor cohesion, unguided surface and subsurface drainage network

Highly weathered Rock and toe erosion by road cut

thin Soil cover get oversaturated and Falls down along the slope

failure might have been triggered due to quarry
May not be necessary at present, Natural bench is a;ready exist
Highly jointed, weathered Rock and steep slope

Cut-Slope failure, scar is so steep
Removal of Debris on slope and ease the scar slope

Removal of loose boulders and dressing of slope

As such no remedy, Removal of Debris from road

Barapathar
Shillong Group of rock overlain by superficial slope wash material with variable in-situ soil.
Restriction of surface and sub-surface natural water path. Loading of vulnerable slope with unplanned houses and cluster of banana plantation upslope of destabilised slope.

Lymlyer landslide (A)
Quartzite of Shillong Group (Proterozoic age), consists of reddish sandy soil.

Lamlyer landslide 2
Quartzite of Shillong Group (Proterozoic age), having red sandy soil.

Nongrimbah slide
Water from collapsed bathroom and adjacent house develop pore pressure

Sohryngkham Rock Fall
Quartzite of Shillong Group (Proterozoic age) thin overburden (>1m) of sandy soil.

Weathered rock mass coupled with steep slope and headward erosion by small nalas along the slopes.

Weak geological formation/highly weathered rock mass. Over saturation of weak overburden material due to continuous rainfall and development of local hydrostatic pressure in the weak slope forming material which leads to reduce in the shear strength.

Weak geological formation/highly weathered rock mass and thick overburden and cutting the toe for widening of road bench. Over saturation of weak overburden material due to continuous rainfall and development of local hydrostatic pressure in the weak slo

Removal of debris and tree trunk.Lining of the stream or provide chuteto prevent headward erosion.
Construction of retaining wall with sufficient height
Highly weathered rock mass and thick insitu soil. Cutting of the toe for road construction without any engineering consideration.
Headward erosion by the stream on the downslope of the road..
Over saturation of weak overburden material due to continuous

Cutting of trees observed in the affected area. Loose and rolled boulders are observed in the upslope.
Removal of the debris, construction of retaining wall with sufficient height and sufficient weep hole and proper maintenance of hill side drainage.
Weak slope forming material on the slope, increase in pore pressure due to prolonged rainfall.

Removal of the variably disposed boulders from the upslope and proper maintenance of hill side drainage.
Slope cut for road bench exposing the discontinuity planewhich failed along the weak vulnerable plane.Thin slabs/beds of rocks dipping parallel to the slope towards the road bench. Water percolation along the discontinuities observed. Thin overburden cov

Removal of debris and easing of slope with sufficient bench.
Construction of retaining wall with weep holes andsufficient height and proper maintenance of hill side drainage.
Highly fractured and jointed rockmass overlain by weathered inistu soil.

Removal of debris and easing of slope.
Proper maintenance of hill side drainage.
Highly fractured, jointed and weathered rockmass overlain by inistu soil. Extensive slope cut for widening of roads and exposing the unfavourable discontinuity.

Removal of debris and easing of slope.
Easing of slope through benching and construction of retaining wall with sufficient weep holes.
Proper maintenance of hill side drainage.
Highly weathered rock mass coupled with steep slope.
Over saturation of weak overburden material due to continuous rainfall and development of local pore pressure in the weak slope forming material renders the slope to lose its shear strength.

Cn the flanks of the slide cracks are observed and initiation of the slides from the flanks cannot be ruled out.
Removal of the debris material from the slide area and easing the slope along the flanks.
Highly weathered rock mass coupled with steep slope.

Jowai-2 slide
Quartzite of Shillong Group (Proterozoic age), thick overburden comprising sandy soil.

Puriang slide
Weathered quartzite of Shillong Group (Proterozoic age), debris of loose quartzite and sandy soil.

Removal of precariously hanging debris, construction of retaining wall with sufficient height and weep holes.
Construction of hill side drainage and proper maintenance.
Highly jointed and fractured rockmass.
Extensive slope cut for widening of road bench exposing the discontinuity plane which failed along the weak vulnerable plane (formation of wedges due to intersecting joints and unfavorable joint dip angle and direc

Removal of debris and highly weathered rock mass.Construction of hill side drainage and proper maintenance.
Highly jointed, fractured, weatheredrock mass. Over saturation of weak overburden material due to continuous rainfall and development of local hydrostatic pressure in the weak slope forming material which leads to decrease in the shear strength.

Puriang-2 slide
Weathered quartzite of Shillong Group (Proterozoic age), joints results in wedges.
Presence of joints resulted in formation of wedges in quartzite.

Jointed rockmass overlain by weathered inistu soil. Beds dipping towards road bench.

Puriang-3 slide
Moderately weathered quartzite of Shillong Group of rock (Proterozoic age).
Presence of 2 set of joints resulted in formation of wedge overhangs, steep slope, etc

Puriang-4 slide
Quartzite of Shillong Group (Proterozoic age), overburden consists reddish clayey soil.

Removal of the debris material from the slide area and lining of hillside drainage and proper maintenance.
Jointed rock mass overlain by veneer of soil. Due to continuous rain fall water percolating through the joints/discontinuities.

Removal of the debris material from the slide area and easing the slope along the flanks, constructing hill side drainage.
Jointed rockmass overlain by veneer of soil.
The percolating water during incessant rain may have reduced the shear strength of the slope forming material.
The percolating water during incessant rain may have reduced the shear strength of the slope form

Kongong-2 slide
Quartzite of Shillong Group (Proterozoic age), covered with thick clayey soil.

Removal of debris and constructing of hill side drainage and proper maintenance.
Highly weathered rock. Over saturation of weak overburden material due to continuous rainfall and development of local hydrostatic pressure in the weak slope forming material which leads to reduce in the shear strength.

Old retaining wall destroyed by the slide
Removal of Debris. Construction of retaining wall with sufficient height.
Construction of hill side drainage and proper maintenance.
Highly weathered rock/weak geological formation. Over saturation of weak overburden material due to continuous rainfall and development of local hydrostatic pressure in the weak slope forming material which leads to reduce the shear strength.

Clearing of debris and making roadside drain
Highly weathered rock mass and insitu soil.

Removal of debris.Constructing of hill side drainage and proper maintenance.
Weak geological formation/highly weathered rock. Cutting of the toe for road benching. Over saturation of weak overburden material due to continuous rainfall and development of local hydrostatic pressure in the weak slope forming material which leads to

1.3 km E of Sohkha mission
Konyak. A., and Senthilkumar. K. 2017,Macro-Scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 83C/4, 83C/7 and 83C/8,East Jaintia hills, West Jaintia hills and East Kjhsai districts,Meghalaya
Removal of debris Constructing of hill side drainage and proper maintenance.
Highly weathered rock. Over saturation of weak oveRIBurden material due to continuous rainfall and development of local hydrostatic pressure in the weak slope forming material which leads to reduce in the shear strength.

1.13 km E of Sohkha mission
Konyak. A., and Senthilkumar. K. 2017,Macro-Scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 83C/4, 83C/7 and 83C/8,East Jaintia hills, West Jaintia hills and East Kjhsai districts,Meghalaya
Construction of hill side drainage and its proper maintains. Removal of overhanging boulders from the crown portion and removal of debris from the slide area.

0.24 km NE of Nongtalang Amsohmeheleng
Konyak. A., and Senthilkumar. K. 2017,Macro-Scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 83C/4, 83C/7 and 83C/8,East Jaintia hills, West Jaintia hills and East Kjhsai districts,Meghalaya
Construction of hill side drainage and proper maintenance, easing of the slope.
Cutting of the slope for the road widening, highly weathered rock and increase in the pore pressure.

0.21 km NE of Nongtalang Amsohmeheleng
Construction of hill side drain and removal of overhanging trees.
Cutting of the slope for the road widening, highly weathered rock and increase in the pore pressure.

1.3 km W of Nongtalang Amsohmeheleng
Lining of hill side drain and proper maintains.
Incessant rain fall may cause the improvement of local hydrostatic or pore pressure.

Nongtalang┬á Amsohmeheleng
After slide the debris material block the unlined hillside drain so that, water get blocked, over flowed through road and flooded the village.
Incessant rain fall may cause the improvement of local hydrostatic or pore pressure.

0.25 km N of Nongtalang
Removal of precariously, variably disposed hanging boulders and construction of hill side drain and proper maintains.
Incessant rain fall may cause the improvement of local hydrostatic or pore pressure.

0.24 km N of Nongtalang
Removal of precariously, variably disposed hanging boulders and construction of hill side drain and proper maintains.

3.16 km NE of Nongtalang Amsohmeheleng
Cleaning of the debris from the hill side drain to make the uninterrupted flow of water
Highly weathered rock coupled with thick oveRIBurden, prolonged rain fall may cause improvement of the local hydrostatic pressure

Easing of the slope, construction of hill side drainage and proper maintains.
Steep slope coupled with highly weathered rock

2km NE of Nongtalang Amsohmeheleng
On the flanks of the slide cracks are observed and initiation of the slides from the flanks cannot be ruled out.
Highly weathered rock mass coupled with steep slope, prolonged rain fall may cause the improvement of local hydrostatic pressure.

Removal of debris and construction of hill side drain, proper maintains.
Incessant rain fall may cause the improvement of local hydrostatic or pore pressure coupled with steep slope.

Amlari
Removal of overhanging boulders from the up slope and construction of hill side drain.
Highly jointed rock mass and local increment of hydrostatic pressure due to incessant rain fall.

Hawali Tilla
Easing of the slope and construction of retaining wall.

0.50 km S of Hawai Bhoi
Removal of debris, easing of the slope, construction of retaining wall.
Highly weathered rock and weak geological formation, steep slope.

5.5 km NE of┬á Dawki┬á
Easing of the slope, removal of the debris from the accumulation portion.
Highly jointed coupled with steep slope, incessant rain fall may also cause for this slide.

4.5 km NE of Dawki
Removal of variably disposed hanging weathered rock blocks, easing of slope, and construction of hill side drain and proper maintenance.

0.5 km NE of Dawki
Dawki┬á Muktapur road (Near petrol pump)
Clearing of debris and easing of the slope, retaining wall height should be increased and sufficient weep holes should be provided.
Extensive slope cut coupled with steep slope, highly weathered rock, and weak slope forming material.

2 km W of Dawki
Removal of debris and construction of hill side drain
Jointed rocks which enables the percolation of rain water, it act as lubricant between the joint.

3.15 km E of Lympyngad
Construction of hill side drain and proper maintains, Easing of slope on the crown portion.
Weak geological formation, highly weathered rock, local improvement of pore pressure.

3.25 km SW of Lympyngad
Removal of debris and construction of hill side drain.
Weak geological formation, highly weathered rock.

3.36 km SW of Lympyngad
Construction of hill side drain and proper maintains.
Highly jointed and weathered rock mass. Weak geological formation.

3.05 km SW of Lympyngad
Easing of the slope, construction of retaining wall.

Removal of the debris and easing of the slope.
Steep slope coupled with highly jointed.

Easing of the slope and removal of hanging boulder from the up slope.
Steep slope coupled with highly jointed rock.

1.37 km NW of Lympyngad
Beds are dipping parallel to the road bench, weak geological formation, incessant rain fall may cause increase of pore pressure

1.75 km NW of Lympyngad

Kharkhana┬á
Construction of hill side drain, easing of the slope, proper maintains of hill side drain.
Steep slope and highly weathered rock, local improvement of pore pressure.

1.40 km NW of Lympyngad
Removal of debris, easing of the slope, construction of retaining wall.
Increase of pore pressure and weak geological formation, highly weathered rock.

Easing of slope and construction of retaining wall.
Steep slope, weak geological formation and highly weathered rock.

0.58km NNW of Lympyngad
Construction of hill side drain, easing of the slope, proper maintains of hill side drain.
Weak geological formation, steep slope coupled with highly jointed rock mass, local improvement of pore pressure.

0.47 km NE of Lympyngngad
Removal of the debris and construction of hill side drain
Weak geological medium and incessant rainfall may increase the local pore pressure.

0.54 km NE of Lympyngngad
Removal of the debris and construction of retaining wall.
Weak geological medium and incessant rainfall may increase the local pore pressure.

0.97 km SE of Lympyngngad
Removal of the debris and construction of retaining wall.
Weak geological medium and incessant rainfall may increase the local pore pressure.

2.27 km SW of Borghat
highly weathered and incessant rainfall may cause for this slide

1.92 km SE of Lympyngngad
Removal of the debris and construction of retaining wall.
Steep slope and highly weathered rock, weak geological medium and incessant rainfall may increase the local pore pressure.

2.23 km SE of Lympyngngad
Steep slope and highly weathered rock, weak geological medium and incessant rainfall may increase the local pore pressure.

Old slide. Plants grown over the slide,
Steep slope and highly weathered rock, weak geological medium and incessant rainfall may increase the local pore pressure.

4.50km SE of Lympyngngad
construction of breast wall┬á on the down slope

1.25 km SW of Sonapyrdi
Approach road Sonapur to Chapalong (right bank of Lubha river)

1.47 km W of Sonapyrdi
bed dips obliquely towards the slope
Approach road Sonapur to Chapalong (right bank of Lubha river)
Construction of retaining wall with sufficient height.
Steep slope coupled with poor geological medium and highly weathered, incessant rainfall may increase the pore pressure.

3.23 km SSW of Sonapyrdi
Approach road Sonapur to Chapalong (right bank of Lubha river)
Removal of the debris, construction of retaining wall easing of the slope.
highly jointed, Head ward erosion by nala, Steep slope, Incessant rainfall

2.06 km SW of Sonapyrdi
Lining of nala and construction of retaining wall.
Head ward erosion nala , weak geological medium highly weathered shale and incessant rainfall.

2.09 km SW of Sonapyrdi
Retaining wall, removal of debris and construction of hill side drain, easing of the slope
Weak geological medium and highly weathered and fragmented, incessant rainfall.

Easing of the slope and construction of retaining wall.
Head ward erosion by nala and steep slope, incessant rainfall.

0.70 km NNW of Sonapur mandir
Construction of retaining wall and removal of the debris
Thick oveRIBurden with steep slope may cause for this slide, incessant rainfall

2.47 km SSW of Sonapyrdi
Easing of the slope and construction of retaining wall.

Sonapur mandir 2
Drain the nala course by constructing chute drain and construction of hill side drain.
Nala which is flowing middle part of the slide and the geological formation is very weak which is fragmented shale. Flowing nala, which is the main cause for this slide. Water percolating through weaker planes and supersaturating the weaker geological fo

2.91 km SSW of Sonapyrdi
Steep slope, one sets of joints parallel to the slope

Sonapur mandir 1
Removal of sandstone blocks from the crown portion, construction of hill side drain
slope parallel bedding, jointed and steep slope

Sonapur 4km mile stone
Sandstone with siltstone and shale interbands
The most likely causes of failure based on the present studies are: a. Very steep slope. b. Weak lithology. c. Highly jointed rock (three set plus random set of joints). d. The increase of pore water pressure due to incessant rains prior to the incident
Incessant rainfall prior to the failure reported (as per local media)
Steep slope, ground vibration caused by passage of heavy vehicle may also have aggrevated failure.
NH-6 closed for more than 12 hours as per reported news
The adjacent slopes hosts thick vegetation
Removal of loose boulders and debris material from upslope. Spot rock bolting staggered and anchored to stitch the large rock block upslope. Perforated drainage pipe (steel) should be inserted at 15 angle to decrease the pore water pressure which will al
a) Valley dipping daylighted joint plane leading to planar failure. b) Steep cut slope. c) Increase in pore water pressure.

Neigailong Slide
Laisong Formation of Barail Group represented by highly weathered, friable, yellowish to brown colour, ferruginous sandstone with siltstone and shale.
Western flank of NS trending hill ridge represented by westerly dipping beds (30┬░to 35┬░).
Damp to Wet. Water accumulation zone during rainy days.
Settlement area with moderate vegetation represented by bamboo, tall trees and undergrowth at upslope of the slide.
Settlement area with forest represented by moderate vegetation upslope.
Contour drain on the top to divert water from the slope. Slope moderation at the top part. Plantation of fast growing plant
Old landslide zone; Dumping of loose soil on the top of the slope (excavated for road construction); Seasonal drain

0.59 km NE of Sonapur
Construction of hill side drain and scaling of overhanging rock blocks and removal of┬á debris

0.37 km NE of Sonapur mandir
Removal of debris and construction of hill side drain and prober maintains

0.67 km SE of Sonapur mandir
Slide portion covered by vegetation
Steep slope with highly jointed and incessant rain fall.

Near Sonapur slide
Planar and wedge failure along a prominent joint plane

0.8 km Wof Kuliang
Weak geological medium and incessant rainfall, steep slope, highly jointed.

0.79 km W of Kuliang

Removal of debris and construction of breast wall.

Natanpur slide
Pebble bed along with very fine grained sandstone and mottled clay of Dihing Group.
The litho-unit of the affected area includes pebble bed along with very fine grained sandstone and mottled clay. Excavation and toe cutting further weakened and destabilized the slope. Subsequently, on heavy downpour, the saturated overburden resting on
Neethusree, K. J. and Suma, C. S, 2020. Macro-Scale (1:50,000) Landslide susceptibility mapping in Toposheet no. 83 C/12 and in parts of Toposheets nos. 83 D/5, 9, 13 & 14 in Dima Hasao, Cachar and Hailakandi districts of Assam, East Jaintia Hills distri
Though the area is uninhabited thus, this landslide poses no threat to life or infrastructure.
1 Moderation of slope gradient may be considered 2.Trimming of branches or removal of heavy vegetation cover from the affected slope area which can potentially slide down
1.The affected slope comprises pebble bed along with very fine grained sandstone and mottled clay 2. Unscientific excavation of slope for soil 3. Over-saturation of weak slope forming material due to rainfall.

Tarapur slide
Thick column of pebble, cobble and boulder bed of Dupitila Formation
The shallow planar landslide having dimension of length 35m and width 25m is advancing in nature. The slide has been occurring consecutively for three years (2016-2019) damaging the house of Mr. Tahirudhin. The highly loose debris get unsaturated due to
Neethusree, K. J. and Suma, C. S, 2020. Macro-Scale (1:50,000) Landslide susceptibility mapping in Toposheet no. 83 C/12 and in parts of Toposheets nos. 83 D/5, 9, 13 & 14 in Dima Hasao, Cachar and Hailakandi districts of Assam, East Jaintia Hills distri
The two houses located at the down slope direction and one on the upslope should be relocated as the slope is still highly unstable.
1. Slope easing 2.Retaining wall with sufficient weep holes can be constructed with considerable buffer zone.
1. The affected slope comprises thick column of pebble, cobble and boulder bed of Dupitila Formation 2. Over-saturation of weak slope forming material due to rainfall.

2 km E of Rathacherra
Construction of retaining wall and easing of slope.
steep slope with highly weathered rock and incessant rain fall may cause the increase of pore pressure, weak geological formation

0.60 km NE of Rathacherra
Easing of slope and construction of retaining wall.
Steep slope, weak geological formation and highly weathered rock.

0.55km NE of Rathacherra
Easing of slope and construction of hill side drain, proper maintains.
steep slope, incessant rain fall may cause increase of local hydrostatic pressure

0.48 km NE of Rathacherra
Easing of slope, retaining wall with sufficient height and weep holes.
steep slope coupled with highly jointed and incessant rain fall

0.46 km N of Rathacherra
Easing of slope and construction of hill side drain, proper maintains.
Week geological formation coupled with incessant rainfall and increase of local pore pressure. Steep slope.

Rathacherra
Easing of the crown portion, down slope stabilized by breast wall, construction of retaining wall, valley side also some accommodation should be evacuated, crown portion settlement should be evacuated.
Incessant rainfall may cause increase of pore pressure, poor geological formation, Steep slope, closely jointed rock mass, vibration by heavy loaded vehicle.

0.13 km SE of Rathacherra
Easing of the slope and construction of retaining wall
Steep slope, highly weathered rock coupled with incessant rainfall may cause increment of local pore pressure

0.29 km SE of Rathacherra
Easing of slope, construction of hill side drain and proper maintains.
Steep slope, highly jointed rock coupled with incessant rainfall may cause increment of local pore pressure

Donaskul
Rill erosion also observed and few houses found at the down slope, old scar documented adjoining area, no ground cracks seen.
Easing of slope, removal of debris. Construction of retaining wall.
Steep slope with week geological formation,

0.18 km NW of Donaskul
Construction of retaining wall with sufficient weep holes.
Highly jointed and fragmented shale coupled with steep slope and increase of local pore water pressure.

0.26 km NW of Donaskul
Old slide. It appears to be 3 to 4 year old.
Construction of retaining wall and easing of slope.
weak geological medium and vertical slope, incessant rainfall

0.21 km NE of Danaubluh
Easing of the slope, construction retaining wall.
Weak geological formation, steep slope, highly jointed rock coupled with incessant rainfall and increase of local pore pressure.

0.24 km NE of Danaubluh
Thin oveRIBurden sitting over the sandstone, rainfall may cause for this slide because percolation of rain water which leads to slip between the thin over burden and rock. Steep slope.

Danauubluh 1
Slide area covered by plants and trees, slide seems to be 3 to 5 years old.
Retaining wall, removal of debris and construction of hill side drain
highly weathered rock and weak slope forming material and incessant rainfall, modification of the slope for cultivation

Danaubluh
Earlier┬á constructed retaining wall height shout be increased, small hut sitting over the slide material, that should be removed
Thick oveRIBurden with steep slope may cause for this slide, incessant rainfall

0.39 km E of Danaubluh
Precarious removal of variably disposed hanging weathered rock blocks, easing of slope, construction of hill side drain.
Steep slope coupled with highly jointed rock and the joins are parallel to the road bench, incessant rainfall.

0.41 km NE of Danaubluh
Easing of slope, proper maintains of drainage, loose rock blocks to be removed.
Highly jointed, intersection of two or more joints may cause the wedge failure, steep slope coupled, nala course blocked by boulders, vertical scrap

0.42km E of Danaubluh
Steep slope, incessant rainfall Road widening

0.7km E of Danaubluh
Removal of precariously hanging sandstone blocks and easing of the slope.
highly jointed, intersection of two or more joints may cause the wedge failure, steep slope coupled with heavy rainfall

1.38 km NW of Rathacherra
Easing of slope, construction of hill side drain and proper maintains.
Steep slope, week slope forming material, incessant rainfall and increase of local pore pressure.

1 km NW of Rathacherra
Construction of retaining wall and easing of slope.
Steep slope and highly jointed rock mass, these joints are facilitate the percolation of rain water between the joints.

0.91km NNW of Rathacherra
valley side (Down slope) also noticed a slide
steep up slope and highly jointed sandstone

1.23 km NW of Rathacherra
Easing of the slope and construction of toe drain.
highly jointed, intersection of two or more joints may cause the wedge failure, steep slope coupled with heavy rainfall

1.29 km NW of Rathacherra
Construction of retaining wall, easing of slope and removal of overhanging boulders.
Weak geological formation, steep slope, highly jointed rock coupled with incessant rainfall and increase of local pore pressure.

Easing of slope, construction of hill side drain and proper maintains.
week geological formation and slope forming material, incessant rain fall may cause improvement of pore pressure

0.92 km NNW of Rathacherra
Steep slope and highly jointed rock mass, these joints are facilitate the percolation of rain water between the joints.

0.55 km N of Rathacherra
Slide area covered by grass and bushes, only old scar visible, earlier constructed retaining wall seen, slide seems to be 3 to 5 years old, absence of weep holes observed.

1.08 km NE of Rathacherra
This slide seems to be 3 to 5 years old. Over the slide area observed growth of small plants.
Easing of slope and construction of retaining wall.

Slide observed in natural slope
easing of the slope and construction of retaining wall
Steep slope with highly weathered rock and incessant rain fall may cause increase of local pore pressure.

2.10 km SE of Umkiang
Incessant rainfall, weak geological medium, highly fragmented shale.

1.81 km SE of Umkiang
Weak geological medium and highly weathered and fragmented.

Wakho
Thin beds of shale steeply dipping parallel to the slope, intersected joints, and incessant rainfall.

0.08 km N of Wakho
Slide part covered by bushes, observed depletion of mass .
Steep slope with highly fragmented shale and incessant rain fall.

0.11 km NE of Wakho
Construction of retaining wall and easing of the slope.
highly weathered shale and incessant rainfall

Umkiang
Incessant rainfall, weak geological medium, highly fragmented shale, one set of joints parallel to the slope.

Umkiang 1
Removal of settlement from the crown portion. Slide part covered by plants and bushes.
Construction of retaining wall and removal of the debris.
Incessant rainfall, weak geological medium, highly fragmented shale. Steep slope, loading over the crown portion.

Kuliang
Removal of settlement from the up slope.
Rocks are highly weathered and jointed, steep slope.

0.85 km NE of Kuliang
Few plants observed mid slope of the slide area.
Easing of slope, removal of debris from the nala course
Head ward erosion, nala course widening of the banks, probably blocking of the nala, joint intersection may also cause for this slide, relative relief is very high.

0.80 km NE of Kuliang
steep slope coupled with highly jointed rock

0.59 km NE of Kuliang
steep slope coupled with highly jointed rock

Umkiang 2
Incessant rainfall, weak geological medium, highly fragmented shale.

0.93 km E of Kuliang
Crown portion is visible, middle, right and left flanks covered by vegetation.
Incessant rainfall, weak geological medium, highly fragmented shale.

Removal of hanging sandstone blocks from the crown portion and scaling of sandstone blocks.
wedge failure, steep slope intersection of joints, one set of joins parallel to the slope

0.69 km N of Kuliang
intersection of joins and weak geological medium, steep slope

1 km NNW of Kuliang
weak geological medium and incessant rainfall

1.16 km NNE of Kuliang
Palaeo scar is seen, Thick vegetation in the middle part of the slide area indicating palaeo slide.
Removal of the plant from the slide area, clearing of debris from the nala course
Slope modified for plantation and weak geological formation, over saturation of weak geological formation, flowing of nala water may percolate the formation and its causing the slide. In the slid area sporadically Banana plantation observed/

1.18 km NNW of Kuliang
Over saturation of weak geological medium by nala and to cutting by nala, modification of the slope for the plantation.

Sonapur Landslide
Removal of debris and construction of breast wall.
Steep slope coupled with highly Jointed rock

Sonapyrdi
Construction of retaining wall and removal of the debris
Thick over burden with steep slope may cause for this slide, incessant rainfall

Sonapyrdi
A few hutments and beetle nut plantation are vulnerable if the slide is retrograded.
Adjacent to NH/ Sparsely to moderately vegetated above the crown.
High Monsoon discharge on the weak overburden might have initiated instability.

2.31 km NE of Sonapyrdi
Steep slope, highly weathered, weak geological formation

Sonapur slide

2.48 km NE of Sonapyrdi
Easing of the slope and removal of the debris and scaling of the overhanging blocks
Steep slope with highly jointed and incessant rain fall.

Tongseng slide
Wedge failure, nala erosion & steep slope

Tongseng
Removal of debris and easing of slope, maintain proper culvert and lined drainage

0.96 km NNE of Tongseng
Easing of slope, construction of hill side drain and proper maintains, removal of hanging trees from the slide area.
slope parallel joints, weak geological formation, steep slope

1.09 km NNW of Tongseng
Thick oveRIBurden with steep slope may cause for this slide, incessant rainfall, head ward erosion by nala

0.53 km N of Tongseng
Steep slopes and highly weathered rock, incessant rain fall, and weak geological medium.

0.63 km SE of Narphu
Removal of the debris and construction of retaining wall. Construction of breast wall from the valley side.

1.09 km SE of Narphu
Easing of the slope and removal of the debris, construction of retaining wall.

Brishyrnot Slide
Construction of retaining wall and evacuate the house from the upslope.
Thick over burden and highly weathered rock, incessant rain fall.

0.21 km N of Malidhar
Cut slope failure, dumping material towards the valley side, and the road constructed in the fill material this may cause the slide or subsidence during the next monsoon season.
Removal of the debris from the central part of the slide area easing of slope, construction of retaining wall and hill side drain
Highly fractured and jointed coupled with steep slope, road widening, weak geological formation. Cut slope may aggravated the slide.

0.58 km NW of Malidhar
Construction of retaining wall with sufficient weep holes, removal of debris, multiple benching with suitable height
road widening may aggravated this slide, highly fractured and jointed, shaleΓÇÖs are highly fragmented, weak geological medium

0.48 km N of Malidhar
Removal of the debris from the central part of the slide area easing of slope, construction of retaining wall and hill side drain
Highly fractured and jointed coupled with steep slope, road widening, weak geological formation. Cut slope may aggravated the slide.

0.39 km N of Malidhar
Cut slope failure, Dumbing material towards the valley side, observed rill erosion.
Removal of the debris from the central part of the slide area easing of slope, construction of retaining wall and hill side drain
Highly fractured and jointed coupled with steep slope, road widening, weak geological formation. Cut slope may aggravated the slide.

Bhamai slide-2
Intercalated unit of sandstone and shale of Tipam sandstone Formation overlain by pebble bed
The slope forming material is dominantly composed of weak lithology; comprising thick section of highly friable intercalated unit of sandstone and shale along with loose pebble bed. Oversaturation of non-cohesive slope material during heavy downpour and
Neethusree, K. J. and Suma, C. S, 2020. Macro-Scale (1:50,000) Landslide susceptibility mapping in Toposheet no. 83 C/12 and in parts of Toposheets nos. 83 D/5, 9, 13 & 14 in Dima Hasao, Cachar and Hailakandi districts of Assam, East Jaintia Hills distri
Since there are very few settlement, the landslide does not pose any great threat.
1.Removal of hanging trees and debris from the slope face 2.Avoiding Agriculture activities along the slope and planting by trees 3.Easing the slope by benching
1. The affected slope comprises highly friable intercalated unit of sandstone and shale along with loose pebble bed 2. The slope angle is almost 90° and the slope face is cut along the joint plane 3. Over-saturation of weak slope forming material due

Bhamai slide-1
Intercalated unit of sandstone and shale of Tipam sandstone Formation.
The slope forming material is dominantly composed of weak lithology and highly jointed. The slide occurred during prolonged and intense rainfall which elevated the local pore water pressure by over saturation of slope forming material. Basically, the int
Since the landslide has occurred where there are few settlements, this slide does not pose a great threat. The Slide occurred on Bhamai river side.
1.      Removal of hanging trees and debris from the slope face 2.Avoiding Agriculture activities along the slope and planting by trees 3.Easing the slope by benching
1. Slope is characterised by highly jointed and weathered rock mass 2.The affected slope comprises highly friable intercalated unit of sandstone and shale 3.Over-saturation of weak slope forming material due to rainfall.

Dinonatpur slide
Sandstone and clay of Dupitila Formation
Folded and jointed vertical fractures are evidently seen
The slide is a shallow translational debris slide occurred every monsoon season, caused due to quarrying, triggered by incessant rainfall and its affected 07 people from a family. The weak material comprising highly weathered sandstone and clay (W4) deve
Proper remedial measure should be adapted as a precaution against future landslides since the area is surrounded by settlements.
As it is situated near to settlements, remedial measures are very necessary: 1. Slope easing at the crown part 2. Construction of strong reinforced retaining wall/gabion wall at the toe of the slide founded on firm substratum 3. Construction of lined hil
1.The affected slope comprises highly weathered sandstone and clay 2. Caused by incessant rainfall and quarrying 3.The highly weathered rocks are steeply dipping and folded 4. Cracks are seen at the crown and toe portion of slide making it vulnerable for

Sonbari Slide
Clay and highly weathered sandstone of Dupitila Formation
The affected area is shallow translational debris slide caused due to slope cut for quarrying, triggered by incessant rainfall. The overburden material comprising highly weathered rock (W4) developed increase in pore water pressure due to continuous rain
Anthropogenic activities are to be strictly prohibited from this area, since the area belonging to habitats.
1. Slope easing at the crown area 2. Removal of debris from the affected area 3. Covering the vulnerable slope by geosynthetics / geotextile during rainy season.
1.Unscientific excavation of soil from the toe portion of the slope. 2. Overburden material comprising of weathered rock (W4). 3. Due to increase in incessant rainfall, the material increases in pore water pressure leading to slips materials from the cr

Bicrampore slide-1
Highly weathered sandstone and pebble of Dupitila Formation.
Excavation or cutting of toe for road construction activities on natural slopes disturbed the angle of repose of the material. Heavy downpour resulted in over-saturation of slope forming material which led to development of local hydrostatic pressure in
1. Moderation of slope gradient may be considered 2.Removal of precariously hanging trees at the crown portion to shed the static load 3.Construction of reinforced concrete retaining wall may be constructed on the up-slope and down-slope of the road benc
1.The affected slope comprises highly weathered sandstone and pebble 2. Cutting of the slope at critical angle for road construction 3. Over-saturation of weak slope forming material due to rainfall.

Bicrampore Slide -2
Highly weathered sandstone and pebble of Dupitila Formation.
The slide is a shallow translational slide and widening in nature. Extensive cut slope for road and incessant rainfall are the two main triggering factors for such failure. The slope forming material comprises highly weathered sandstone & pebble and the
Minor failures are observed all along the road. Settlements and tea plantations are there in the vicinity, hence it may be affected if proper measures are not implemented.
1. Slope dressing at the crown area 2.RCC retaining wall/ Masonry wall with sufficient weep holes may be constructed at the toe of the slope 3.Maintenance of hill side drains along road.
1.The affected slope comprises highly weathered sandstone and pebble 2. Destabilization due to toe cutting of slope for road construction 3. Development of pore pressure and reduction of slope material's shear strength caused due to over saturation duri

Ekala Basti slide
Pebble bed along with intercalation of sandstone and shale of Tipam sandstone Formation.
The shallow translational debris slide formed due to highly unstable and weathered slope forming materials. And another important factor causing the slide is modification of slope for railway construction. The weathering intensity is more at the crown ar
Geotextiling, grouting and retaining wall have been constructed for the protection of the slope but it is not stabilising the slope. Geotextile have been torn down and the material which have slided down poses a great threat to the retaining wall as it i
The debris should be removed so as to protect the grouting and retaining wall constructed.
1. The affected slope comprises highly unstable and weathered (W4) sandstone and shale along with pebble bed 2. Slope have been modified for railway construction. 3. Over-saturation of weak slope forming material due to rainfall.

Narainchora slide-1
Highly weathered sandstone and clay of Dupitila Formation.
Due to the effect of toe erosion of a Nala that is flowing along the downslope of the road side and highly weathered overburden material, there is continued slope failure. Also reduced the cover leading to higher degree of percolation of rain water there
Every monsoon the road is getting damaged. Reconstruction of road was under progress during the time of investigation.
1. Crown portion should be eased and all hanging trees should be removed 2.Construction of toe supporting RCC wall with sufficient weep holes 3. Proper maintenance of hill side drains along road.
Road constructed and the retaining wall got damaged
1. Unscientific hill slope modification for construction of road 2. Toe erosion by river 3.Highly weathered and jointed overburden material 4. Incessant rainfall resulted in reduction of strength on saturation and increase in pore water pressure

Naraichhora slide-2
Highly weathered sandstone and clay of Dupitila Formation.
The slope forming material is dominantly composed of weak lithology; comprising thick section of highly friable u sandstone interbedded with clay and overlain by thin in-situ soil cover developed increase in pore water pressure due to continuous rain whi
Construction of hill side drains along the road was under progress during the time of investigation.
1. Slope easing of the crown area/removal of extending branches from the crown area to avoid load pressure 2.Retaining wall with sufficient weep holes
1. Extensive cut slope 2. Due to incessant rainfall, the weak and loose overburden material (highly weathered sandstone) in the crown area compared to the lower layer loses its cohesiveness leading to slope failure.

Narainchara grant slide
Highly weathered sandstone with shale of Tipam Formation.
Gully erosion leading to shallow translational slide. High rainfall in the area leads to percolation of water, with development of local pore water pressure and loose cohesion. Excavation and toe cutting of moderate steep slope destabilized the natural s
Wide openings/ cracks are present on the road and slope face due to gully erosion; it created worse situation of road structure. Hence immediate protections are to be taken in this particular area.
1. Tapping and channelling of springs or water source on upslope portion, and diversion of surface runoff away from the affected slope face. 2. Construction and timely maintenance of lined lined hillside drains 3.Toe support for the affected slope throug
This failure has occurred as a result of combined effect of several factors such as: 1. The affected slope comprises highly friable sandstone 2. Lose of toe support due to Extensive cut slope 3. Gully erosion 5.Toe erosion due to absence of proper concre

Haticherra slide
Intercalated unit of sandstone, clay and conglomerate of Dupitila Formation.
Excavation or cutting of toe for road construction activities on natural slopes disturbed the angle of repose of the material. Heavy downpour resulted in over-saturation of slope forming material which led to development of local hydrostatic pressure in
1. Dressing of the slope/ removal of precariously hanging trees and debris 2. Construction of retaining wall of considerable height at the toe portion of the slope cut maybe considered 3. Maintenance of hill side lined drainage.
1. The affected slope comprises highly friable sandstone, clay and conglomerate 2.Unscientific slope modification for road construction 3.Over-saturation of weak slope forming material due to rainfall

Subong slide
Sandstone and clay of Dupitila Formation.
This shallow translational debris slide is retrogressive in nature. Weak and unconsolidated lithological unit plays a vital role in slope instability in this area. Rocks are highly fractured and jointed, hence the cracks have been acted pathway for water
This is a multiple type of failure where there are many minor slide on this slope. Hill side drain have been constructed but there is no cementing hence it may collapse during torrential rainfall.
1. Removal of debris and hanging trees from the slope face 2. Terracing can be carried out along with crown easing 3. Retaining wall can be constructed with sufficient weep holes.
Multiple factors affected the slope failure such as: 1. The affected slope comprises highly weathered (W4) sandstone and clay 2. Deep gully erosion 3. Unscientific slope modification for road construction 4. Rocks are highly fractured and jointed 5. Wat

Borkola Cyan Nagar slide
Conglomerate and sandstone of Dihing Group.
The litho package on the affected slope constitutes conglomerate and sandstone that has undergone extensive weathering and is overlain by thin in-situ soil cover. During rainfall, oversaturation of this weak slope material resulted in temporary increase
Minor slope failure was observed all along the road side.
1. Toe support for the affected slope through construction of strong RCC retaining wall with sufficient weep holes founded on sub stratum. 2. Construction and proper maintenance of concrete road side drain. Removal of trees from the crown area.
1.Extensive cut slope along Borkola-Cyan Nagar road 2. Weak slope forming material (Conglomerate and sandstone) 3. Over-saturation of weak slope forming material and increase in local pore water pressure during torrential rainfall.

Balichhara slide-1
Intercalated unit of sandstone and mudstone with overlying unconsolidated pebble bed. The sedimentary structures such as cross bedding is present in the sandstone.
The Balichhar slide-1 was primarily caused due to oversaturation of slope forming material during prolonged and intense rain fall which elevated the local pore water pressure. In such cases where landslide are of retrogressive in nature and adversely put
1. Lateral drain should be constructed above the crown of the affected area to divert the surface run off away from the slope. 2. Construction and proper maintenance of 4. In order to prevent further slide of landmass slope easing at the crown portion is
1. Loose of toe support due to Extensive cut slope along road NH-27 (old NH-54E) 2. The affected slope comprises weak lithology; highly weathered (W4) siltstone and sandstone intercalated unit which is in turn overlain by unconsolidated pebble bed. 3. Gu

Balichhara slide-3
Intercalated unit of siltstone and sandstone of Bhuban Formation of Surma Group
The slide is a shallow translational debris slide, triggered due to Extensive cut slope for road and incessant rainfall. The slope forming material comprises weathered sandstone and shale (Surma Group). The affected slope exhibits retrogressive nature. T
1. Clear off the debris from the toe area 2. Slope easing at the crown portion to achieve a more stable slope 3. Construction of RCC retaining wall with sufficient weep holes at the toe of the slope, accompanied by a few meter buffer zones. 4. Hill side
1. Cutting of the slope at critical angle for road construction 2. Weak overburden of highly weathered (sandstone and shale) and jointed rock are the main causative factors 3. Reduction of strength on over-saturation due to incessant rainfall.

Jatinga River slide-2
Intercalated cross bedded sandstone and shale of Bokabil Formation of Surma Group. The sedimentary structures such as ball and pillow and graded bedding are present.
The slope forming material is dominantly composed of weak lithology. During rainfall, oversaturation of weak slope material resulted in temporary increase in pore water pressure and reduce the shear strength of the material. Slope modification with bench
As it is situated away from settlement and railway line, it has not affected any infra-structure or lives.
1. Chute drain should be constructed to channelize the surface water flowing down the landslide affected area 2. Covering the vulnerable slope by geo-synthetics/ geotextiles during rainy season 3. Slope modification with benches supported by Gabion wall.
1. Over-saturation of weak slope forming material due to rainfall 2. Effect of a major regional fold (axial trace of syn-form) 3. Gully erosion played a significant role in initiating this landslide.

NH -27 slide 1
Intercalated unit of siltstone and shale of Bokabil Formation of Surma Group.
The shallow translational debris slide formed along the NH-27. The slope forming material is dominantly composed of weak lithology; comprising thick section of highly friable siltstone and shale. Four sets of joints and improper maintenance of drainage o
1.  Dressing of the slope/ removal of precariously hanging trees and debris 2. Construction of retaining wall of considerable height at the toe portion of the slope cut maybe considered 3.Maintenance of hill side lined drainage.
1.The affected slope comprises highly friable siltstone and shale 2. Unscientific slope modification for road construction 3. Structurally controlled, such as joints and fold 4. Over-saturation of weak slope forming material due to rainfall.

New Jatinga slide
Grey coloured fine grained cross bedded intercalated unit of sandstone and shale of Bokabil Formation of Surma Group.
It is shallow translational debris slide of retrogressive nature. Combination of factors like cutting of slope, weak overburden material and heavy rainfall resulted in the failure of slope. It is advised that large quant of debris resting on cut-slope sh
1.Dressing of the slope/ removal of precariously hanging trees and debris 2.Construction of retaining wall of considerable height at the toe portion of the slope cut maybe considered 3.Maintenance of hill side lined drainage.
1. The affected slope comprises highly friable sandstone and shale 2. Unscientific slope modification for road construction 3. Structurally controlled, such as joints and fold 4. Over-saturation of weak slope forming material due to rainfall.

NH -27 slide 2
Intercalated unit of siltstone and shale of Bokabil Formation of Surma Group.
The shallow translational debris slide formed along the NH-27. The slope forming material is dominantly composed of weak lithology; comprising thick section of highly friable siltstone and shale. Four sets of joints and improper maintenance of drainage o
1.  Dressing of the slope/ removal of precariously hanging trees and debris 2. Construction of retaining wall of considerable height at the toe portion of the slope cut maybe considered 3.Maintenance of hill side lined drainage.
1. The affected slope comprises highly friable siltstone and shale 2. Unscientific slope modification for road construction 3. Structurally controlled, such as joints and fold 4. Over-saturation of weak slope forming material due to rainfall.

Balichhara slide-2
Buff coloured very fine grained lamented siltstone of Bhuban Formation of Surma Group
The affected area comprises thick column of highly weathered siltstone and clayey in-situ soil. Benching has been already constructed over the slope however cutting the natural slope to a critical angle for road construction combined with over-saturation
Balichhara road section is part of NH-27 which leads to Haflong hill town and other major parts of the state hence frequented by large number of vehicle throughout the year. Therefore, proper mitigation measures in vulnerable slopes should be implemented
Construction of reinforced retaining wall at the toe of the slide founded on sound sub-stratum. Construction and proper maintenance of hill-side lined drainage.
1. Slope cut for road construction. 2. Weak lithology comprising mostly in-situ soil and weathered siltstone. 3. Pore-water pressure and reduction of strength on over-saturation.

The affected area is characterized by highly fragmented and deformed shale, siltstone and flaggy sandstone which are highly porous in nature. The weakening of toe support due to extensive cutting of the base of the slope, absence of culvert and poor main
Tep, Y. and Kumar, A. (2018); MacroScale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in Toposheet nos. 83C/16 and 83H/1 in Dima Hasao and Cachar districts in Asam and East Jaintia hills District in Meghalaya and West and Central MNipur district in MNi
During heavy rainfall, this stretch of the highway should be avoided. There is an alternative road below the existing one which should be properly maintained and used during the monsoon season. Also the new four lane highway construction should be comple
Badly damagedNH54 and during heavy rainfall alternate route are used.
Toe support for the affected slope through construction of strong RCC retaining wall with sufficient weep holes founded on sound substratum.Construction of concrete road side drains with sufficient width to allow the passage of high surface runoff in ord
Seepage and flow of surface run off along the preexisting cracks and crevices of the affected slope. Oversaturation of slope forming material and increase in local pore water pressure. Loose of toe support due to extensive slope cut along NH4. Fragmented

Due to the affect of toe erosion of a nala that is flowing along the road side, there is continued slope failure. Also the Jhum cultivation has reduced the soil cover leading to higher degree of percolation of rain water. Due to choking of the culvert (f
Tep, Y. and Kumar, A. (2018); MacroScale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in Toposheet nos. 83C/16 and 83H/1 in Dima Hasao and Cachar districts in Asam and East Jaintia hills District in Meghalaya and West and Central MNipur district in MNi
Toe support for the affected slope through construction of strong RCC retaining wall with sufficient weep holes founded on sound substratum.Construction and proper maintenance of concrete road side drain.The road side drain should be of sufficient width

Gully erosion is the main cause of the landslide.
Tep, Y. and Kumar, A. (2018); MacroScale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in Toposheet nos. 83C/16 and 83H/1 in Dima Hasao and Cachar districts in Asam and East Jaintia hills District in Meghalaya and West and Central MNipur district in MNi
Slope easing and construction of proper road side drain.

Gully erosion along weak slope forming materials characterized by transportationl midslope materials.
Gully erosion plays significant roles in initiating landsides in this area. Adequate surface as well as ground water MNGement is required after carrying out detail investigation.
NH54. Partly affected the road but cleared and stabilized.
Toe support for the affected slope through construction of strong RCC retaining wall with sufficient weep holes founded on sound substratum.Construction and proper maintenance of concrete road side drain. The road side drain should be of sufficient width
Oversaturation of slope forming material and increase in local pore water pressure during torrential rainfall.Loose of toe support due to extensive slope cut along NH4.Weak slope forming material (Transported debris).Affect of a major regional fault (Jat

The slope forming material is comprised of highly weathered and fragmented shale and siltstone. During torrential rainfall, the weak lithology gets over saturation and loses its cohesion and failure occurs due to gravity along steep slope.
Gully erosion plays significant roles in initiating landsides in this area. Adequate surface as well as ground water MNGement is required after carrying out detail investigation.
NH54. Partly affected the road but cleared and stabilized.
Toe support for the affected slope through construction of strong RCC retaining wall with sufficient weep holes founded on sound substratum. Construction and proper maintenance of concrete road side drain. The road side drain should be of sufficient widt
Oversaturation of slope forming material and increase in local pore water pressure during torrential rainfall.Loose of toe support due to extensive slope cut along NH54. Weak slope forming material (Transported debris). Affect of a major regional fault (

The slope forming material comprised of thin insitu soil layer and weathered and fragmented shale and siltstone got oversaturated during torrential rainfall and due to pore water pressure, it lost the cohesion and failure occurred.
The landslide is of small dimension however considering the regional importance of this road (NH54); remedial measures suggested should be carried out to arrest further slope failure.
NH54. Road partially covered but cleared.
Toe support for the affected slope through construction of strong RCC retaining wall with sufficient weep holes founded on sound substratum. Construction and proper maintenance of concrete road side drain.
Oversaturation of slope forming material and increase in local pore water pressure during torrential rainfall. Loose of toe support due to extensive slope cut along NH4.Weak lithology comprised of fragmented and highly jointed sandstone and friable shale

The slope forming material comprised of thin insitu soil layer and weathered and fragmented shale and siltstone got oversaturated during torrential rainfall and due to pore water pressure, it lost the cohesion and failure occurred.
The landslide is of small dimension however considering the regional importance of this road (NH54); remedial measures suggested should be carried out to arrest further slope failure.
Toe support for the affected slope through construction of strong RCC retaining wall with sufficient weep holes founded on sound substratum. Construction and proper maintenance of concrete road side drain.
Oversaturation of slope forming material and increase in local pore water pressure during torrential rainfall. Loose of toe support due to extensive slope cut along NH4. Weak lithology comprised of fragmented and highly jointed sandstone and friable shal

Over saturation of the insitu soil layer resulted in pore water pressure and due to the heavy weight of the vegetation cover (Trees), flow of the top soil layer occurred along the steep hill slope.
The landslide is of small dimension however considering the regional importance of this road (NH54); remedial measures suggested should be carried out to arrest further slope failure.
NH54. Road partially covered but cleared.
Toe support for the affected slope through construction of strong RCC retaining wall with sufficient weep holes founded on sound substratum.Construction and proper maintenance of concrete road side drain.
Oversaturation of slope forming material and increase in local pore water pressure during torrential rainfall.Weak lithology comprised of fragmented and highly jointed sandstone and friable shale and siltstone.Weight of the vegetation (Trees)

New Salem Slide
Laisong Formation of Barail Group represented by highly weathered, friable, yellowish to brown colour, ferruginous sandstone intercalated with siltstone and shale.
Eastern flank of NS trending hill ridge faulted along NNESSW trend showing dipping bed towards 15┬░ 20┬░westerly.
New Salem (Along TamenglongTamei State Highway)
Damp to Wet conditions prevail due to upslope settlement and a nearby stream. A water accumulation zone exists along the downslope side of slide.
TamenglongTamei state highway passes through settlement area. 2 houses at different levels (particularly in this slide area)
Diversion of possible surface runoff water from the affected slope. Consolidation of dumped material of mechanical means and providing retaining structures and planting suitable grass and bushes.
Construction of houses over the unconsolidated slope forming material. Toe removal (Slope cutting for the construction of house at lower level). Ignoring landslide indicators such as development of cracks in 2017.

Bandarkhal railway slide.
Geotechnical studies are being carried out by the Engineering Division of NFR, Lumding Division.
According to local sources, several landslides in the adjacent areas and also on the upslope portion of the hill had occurred in the past.
Between NFR Bridge No. 305 and Tunnel No. 19 (~2 km SW of Bandarkhal Railway Station).
NFR LumdingΓÇôBadarpur line railway service was suspended for 03 days.
In order to prevent further undercutting by river, substantial amount of large boulders/riprap be placed at the toe portion of slide and also on sinuous curves near the affected slope.Toe support for the affected slope through construction of strong RCC
Geologically, the affected slope comprises of unconsolidated materials or loose debris. Soil cum sandstone fragments of considerable thickness constitute the slope forming material, perhaps brought down at the footslope by the action of gravity. Stream b

The slope forming material comprised of loose transported debris as well as highly deformed rock units got oversaturated during torrential rainfall and due to pore water pressure, it lost the cohesion and failure occurred. The Nh54 in the hill section be
Gully erosion plays significant roles in initiating landsides in this area. Adequate surface as well as ground water MNGement is required after carrying out detail investigation.
NH54. Partly effected the road but cleared and stabilized.
Toe support for the affected slope through construction of strong RCC retaining wall with sufficient weep holes founded on sound substratum.Construction and proper maintenance of concrete road side drain. The road side drain should be of sufficient width
Oversaturation of slope forming material and increase in local pore water pressure during torrential rainfall.Loose of toe support due to extensive slope cut along NH4. Weak slope forming material (Transported debris). Affect of a major regional fault (J

The slope forming material comprised of loose transported debris as well as highly deformed rock units got oversaturated during torrential rainfall and due to pore water pressure, it lost the cohesion and failure occurred. The Nh54 in the hill section be
NH54. Partly affected the road but cleared and stabilized.
Toe support for the affected slope through construction of strong RCC retaining wall with sufficient weep holes founded on sound substratum. Construction and proper maintenance of concrete road side drain. The road side drain should be of sufficient widt
Oversaturation of slope forming material and increase in local pore water pressure during torrential rainfall.Loose of toe support due to extensive slope cut along NH54. Affect of a major regional fault (Jatinga fault)

Paschim Bandarkhla2
Torrential rainfall leading to oversaturation of slope forming material and increase in local pore water pressure. The thin insitu soil formation could not hold the weight of the overburden materials (Trees) and led to failure.
Due to the ruggedness of the terrain and lack of any approachability, the site could not be accessed.
Remedial measures not required as the landslide is situated in dense forest away from settlement and roads.
Oversaturation of slope forming material and increase in local pore water pressure. Gully erosion. Failure along prominent weak plane (joint, bedding)

Paschim Bandarkhla3
Torrential rainfall leading to high gully erosion along a high angle hill slope is the primary cause of the landslide. As the lithology is comprised of sandstone, there could be a prominent structure (bedding, joints) along which the shallow translationa
Due to the ruggedness of the terrain and lack of any approachability, the site could not be accessed.
Remedial measures not required as the landslide is situated in dense forest away from settlement and roads.
Oversaturation of slope forming material and increase in local pore water pressure. Failure along prominent weak plane (joint, bedding)

Paschim Bandarkhla1
Torrential rainfall leading to high gully erosion along a high angle hill slope is the primary cause of the landslide.
Due to the ruggedness of the terrain and lack of any approachability, the site could not be accessed.
Remedial measures not required as the landslide is situated in dense forest away from settlement and roads.
Oversaturation of slope forming material and increase in local pore water pressure.Gully erosion. Failure along prominent weak plane (joint, bedding)

Oversaturation of slope forming material and increase in local pore water pressure leading to failure of the slope forming material along prominent structure (bedding, joints).
Oversaturation of slope forming material and increase in local pore water pressure. Failure along prominent weak plane (joint, bedding)

The slope forming material of shallow depth loses its cohesion due to high percolation of water during heavy rainfall leading to failure under the influence of gravity due to the high angle of the slope.
The dimension of the landslide is not threatening however slope stability measures should be applied to arrest further failure.
Toe support for the affected slope through construction of strong RCC retaining wall with sufficient weep holes founded on sound substratum. Construction of concrete road side drains with sufficient width to allow the passage of surface runoff.
Oversaturation of slope forming material and increase in local pore water pressure. Loose of toe support due to extensive slope cut along NH4.

Several landslides along NH54 during the first week of April, 2017 led to disruption of normal vehicular movement for about 12 days. This landslide which could have been a reactivation of earlier slide was one of the worst affected areas. This landslide
Highly recommended to construct a bridge as shown in fig.18B to avoid this stretch of the road as the active landslide along with toe erosion by the stream will result in more failure and subsidence of the road.
NH54.Disrupted road communication for few days in the month of April, 2017.
Toe support for the affected slope through construction of strong RCC retaining wall with sufficient weep holes founded on sound substratum. Easing of the slope by benching above the RCC concrete wall Construction and proper maintenance of concrete road
Oversaturation of slope forming material and increase in local pore water pressure. Loose of toe support due to extensive slope cut along NH4.Toe erosion by natural stream is also affecting the downslope of the road. Weak lithology comprised of fragmente

This landslide which occurred about 150 m from slide no.18 is also situated near the intersection of the Jatinga fault and Bandarkhal fault characterized by highly deformed sandstone, friable shale, siltstone which are highly porous in nature. Oversatur
This landslide occurred near slide no.18.
Toe support for the affected slope through construction of strong RCC retaining wall with sufficient weep holes founded on sound substratum. Construction and proper maintenance of concrete road side drain.
Oversaturation of slope forming material and increase in local pore water pressure. Loose of toe support due to extensive slope cut along NH4. Weak lithology comprised of fragmented and highly jointed sandstone and friable shale.

Siltstone, micaceous sandstone and splintery shale.
Oversaturation of slope forming material and increase in local pore water pressure during heavy rainfall results in failure of the slope forming material along weak plane (Bedding plane).
The NH54 in this hill section passes through highly dissected hill slope and escarpment. It is observed that the road side drains are poorly maintained and no slope protection measures such retaining wall, slope easing have been applied. It is pertinent
Oversaturation of slope forming material and increase in local pore water pressure. Loose of toe support due to extensive slope cut along NH4. Weak lithology

Siltstone, micaceous sandstone and splintery shale.
The affected area is composed of friable siltstone and splintery shale. Also the slope is drained by heavy surface runoff during torrential rains. Due to the porous nature of the lithology and the overburden materials (insitu soil), there is extensive pe
Gully erosion of the poor slope forming material (fragmented and deformed shale, siltstone) is the primary cause of the landslide. Therefore, controlling the surface runoff along the affected slopes is very important.
Toe support for the affected slope through construction of strong RCC retaining wall with sufficient weep holes founded on sound substratum. Gully erosion is one of the primary factors for the landslides incidence, therefore, the surface runoff should be
Oversaturation of slope forming material and increase in local pore water pressure.Gully erosion.Loose of toe support due to extensive slope cut along NH4.Weak lithology

Gully erosion during torrential rainfall results in oversaturation of the slope forming material resulting in failure.
Small slide along NH54
Oversaturation of slope forming material and increase in local pore water pressure. Loose of toe support due to extensive slope cut along NH4. Weak lithology comprised of fragmented and highly jointed sandstone and friable shale. Gully erosion.

The slide is small in dimension and can be controlled by construction of a retaining wall.
Small slide along NH54
Oversaturation of slope forming material and increase in local pore water pressure. Loose of toe support due to extensive slope cut along NH4.

The affected area comprises of weak slope forming material (Thin insitu layer) and highly deformed rocks units. During incessant rainfall, the top thin insitu soil layer could not hold the weight of the overburden material (Bamboo, trees) and resulted in
Remedial measures must be applied at the earliest as the landslide is widening and further failure is expected.
Oversaturation of slope forming material and increase in local pore water pressure. Loose of toe support due to extensive slope cut along NH4. Weak lithology comprised of fragmented and highly jointed sandstone and friable shale

The Nh54 in the hill section between Bandarkhal and Tibong is running parallel to the Jatinga fault marked by the Jatinga river. As a result, the highly jointed and deformed rock units are prone to failure on removal of toe support and extensive slope cu
It is strongly recommended to avoid slope cutting in this zone.
A rock catchment fence should be constructed to prevent the fall from affecting the national highway.
Planner failure. Loose of toe support due to extensive slope cut along NH54. Affect of a major regional fault (Jatinga fault)

Due to gully erosion and high percolation of water, a shallow rotational slide occurred.
Toe support for the affected slope through construction of strong RCC retaining wall with sufficient weep holes founded on sound substratum. Construction and proper maintenance of concrete road side drain. The road side drain should be of sufficient widt
Oversaturation of slope forming material and increase in local pore water pressure during torrential rainfall. Loose of toe support due to extensive slope cut along NH54. Weak slope forming material (Transported debris). Affect of a major regional fault

New Harangajao railway station slide.
The slope forming material comprised of thin insitu soil layer and weathered and fragmented shale and siltstone got oversaturated during torrential rainfall and due to pore water pressure, it lost the cohesion and failure occurred.
NH54. Partly effected the road but cleared and stabilized.
Oversaturation of slope forming material and increase in local pore water pressure during torrential rainfall. Loose of toe support due to extensive slope cut along NH4 and also because of the railway cutting running parallel below the road.Weak litholo

Sonapur 4km mile stone
Sandstone with siltstone and shale interbands
Three set of joints plus random, J12600 / 500 ΓÇôSW, J23350 /590 ΓÇôNE, 700 /780 ΓÇôNW and 1000 /360 ΓÇôNE
Incessant rainfall prior to the failure reported (as per local media)
Valley dipping daylighted joint plane leading to planar failure. Steep cut slope; Increase in pore water pressure.
Steep slope, ground vibration caused by passage of heavy vehicle
NH6 closed for more than 12 hours as per reported news
The adjacent slopes hosts thick vegetation

Jatinga Lampur railway slide.
shale, flaggy sandstone and calcareous rocks
The slope failure occurred between Jatinga Lampur Railway Station and Harangajao Railway Station. Excavation and toe cutting of moderate steep slope destabilized the natural slope to a great extent. Incessant and intense downpour on 14.06.17 and in the
Construction of gabion wall was under progress during the time of investigation.
Between Jatinga Lampur Railway Station and Harangajao Railway Station.
Railway track was blocked, but was cleared in 2 to 3 hours.
Toe support for the affected slope through construction of strong RCC retaining wall with sufficient weep holes, founded on sound substratum. Covering the vulnerable slope by geosynthetics/geotextiles during rainy season.
Weak slope forming material: The affected area is composed of highly weathered sandstone and shale overlain by thick insitu soil. Anthropogenic activities: Slope modification by excavating and toe cutting for laying rail track. Rainfall: Incessant and he

Bara Mulkai sinking zone.
Oversaturation of slope forming material and increase in local pore water pressure during torrential rainfall.Loose of toe support due to extensive slope cut along NH4 and also because of the railway cutting running parallel below the road.Weak lithology

NH 54 Rekho slide- (1)
Shale, flaggy sandstone and calcareous rocks of Disang Group.
The slide is a deep translational failure which was caused due to reduction of strength on over-saturation of loose dump filled material which was used for road construction. These loosely packed material slide along the down-slope during incessant rainf
Immediate measures are needed as it is posing a major threat to road communication. Reconstruction/ proper maintenance of culvert is required. Landslide first occurred in May 2016.
1. Construction of hill-side lined channel drains to prevent percolation of surface run-off along the down slope of the road.
2. Construction of chute drains in down-slope along the nallah to prevent scouring by gully erosion.
3. Afforestation of the aff
Geologically, the area is made up of Shale, flaggy sandstone and calcareous rocks of Disang Group. The road was laid on filled platform which on over-saturation due to continuous rainfall led to infiltration of water, causing sliding of loose filled mate

NH 54 Rekho slide (2)
Shale, flaggy sandstone and calcareous rocks of Disang Group.
The slide is a deep translational failure which was caused due to reduction of strength on over-saturation of loose dump filled material which was used for road construction. These loosely packed material slide along the down-slope during incessant rainf
Immediate measures are needed as it is posing a major threat to road communication. Landslide first occurred in May 2016
1. Construction of hill-side lined channel drains to prevent percolation of surface run-off along the down slope of the road.
2. Construction of chute drains in down-slope along the nallah to prevent scouring by gully erosion.
3. Afforestation of the aff
Geologically, the area is made up of Shale, flaggy sandstone and calcareous rocks of Disang Group. The road was laid on filled platform which on over-saturation due to continuous rainfall led to infiltration of water, causing sliding of loose filled mate

Mailongdisa-Harangajao-2 slide
Sandstone with intercalated lack shale (Tertiary) is exposed
Between Mailongdisa and Harangajao railway station (Chainage: 130.100 Km to 130.400 Km)

Khurkurie slide
Intercalated unit of shale and siltstone of Bokabil Formation of Surma Group.
The litho-unit of the affected area includes highly friable shale and siltstone. Excavation and toe cutting further weakened and destabilized the slope. Subsequently, on heavy downpour, the saturated overburden resting on unstable slope failed when shear
1.      Moderation of slope gradient may be considered 2. Removal of precariously hanging trees at the crown portion to shed the static load 3.Construction of reinforced concrete retaining wall may be constructed on the down-slope of the road 4.Cons
1. The affected slope comprises highly friable shale and siltstone. 2. Unscientific slope modification for road construction. 3. Over-saturation of weak slope forming material due to rainfall.

Bomkhosngi slide
Konyak, A. and Jamir, I.; 2019: Macro-scale(1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in Toposheets 83C/06 & 83C/11 in parts of Jaintia Hills district, Meghalaya and North Cachar and Karbi Anglong.
Removal of debris and construction of lined hillside drainage to arrest further toe erosion.
Highly weathered shale, loose and thick unconsolidated soil, steep slope cutting and aggravated by toe erosion, super-saturation of soil which increased the hydrostatic pressure and leading to failure of the slope

Daistong slide no-3
Konyak, A. and Jamir, I.; 2019: Macro-scale(1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in Toposheets 83C/06 & 83C/11 in parts of Jaintia Hills district, Meghalaya and North Cachar and Karbi Anglong.
Scaling of debris resting critically on the slope and construction of breast wall with sufficient height and adequate weepholes
Predominance of highly weathered shale and sandstone coupled with steep slope cutting and toe removal for road widening

Daistong slide no 5
Konyak, A. and Jamir, I.; 2019: Macro-scale(1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in Toposheets 83C/06 & 83C/11 in parts of Jaintia Hills district, Meghalaya and North Cachar and Karbi Anglong.
Removal of debris on the slope and construction of breast wall with adequate weepholes at the toe and construction of lined hillside drainage to prevent toe erosion
Highly weathered rock covered with thick insitu soil and aggravated by steep slope cutting and toe removal. High saturation of slope forming material with surface water

Daistong slide no 4
Removal of debris from the slope, construction of breast wall and lined hill side drainage
Preponderance of steeply dipping jointed sandstone and steep cutting of slope thereby daylighting the vulnerable joints towards the road.

Daistong slide no 6
Removal of debris to avoid road blockade and construction of lined hill side drainage
Toe erosion by drainage and presence of unconsolidated slope forming material on the upslope

Daistong Slide
Construction of lined hillside drainage to prevent further toe erosion.
Highly weathered and weak slope forming material dominantly shale and clay, saturated by surface water flow from upslope and toe erosion by running water along the drainage.

Daistong slide
Construction of breast wall of sufficient height with adequate weepholes and maintenance of lined hill side drainage to prevent further toe erosion
Predominance of weathered shale and jointed sandstone coupled with steep slope cutting and toe removal for road widening

Pdeingrynkati slide
Clearing of debris and failed material and construction of lined hill side drainage to prevent further toe erosion
Predominance of thick insitu clay rich soil on the slope and aggravated by toe erosion of the slope by drainage

Pdeingrynkati slide
Channeling of water away from the crown area through construction of lined hillside drain on the road.
Steep slope coupled with highly weathered shale, concave slope morphometry where convergence of surface water flow is observed.

Ngaibang slide
Removal of debris and construction of lined hillside drainage to avoid toe erosion
Highly jointed rocky slope given vertical cut for road widening and aggravated by toe erosion of first order drainage along concave slope morphometry

Thuruk slide no 5
Removal of debris and construction breast wall with lined hill side drainage
Presence of highly jointed rock characterised by differential weathering, steep slope cutting by road construction and daylighting the vulnerable joint plane dipping in the slope direction.

Thuruk slide no 3
Removal of debris on the slope and construction of breast wall with adequate weepholes at the toe and construction of lined hillside drainage to prevent toe erosion
Highly weathered rock covered with thick insitu soil and aggravated by steep slope cutting and toe removal. High saturation of slope forming material with surface water

Thuruk slide no 4
Presence of thick insitu soil and aggravated by steep slope cutting and toe removal. High saturation of slope forming material with surface water

Highly weathered rock covered with thick insitu soil and aggravated by steep slope cutting and toe removal. High saturation of slope forming material with surface water.

Clearing of debris from the slope and culvert that plugged the water passage way. Construction of lined drainage upslope and provide pre-cast pipe or hume pipe of sufficient diameter across the width of the road for easy passage of debris and water and p
Toe erosion by first order stream, highly weathered and fractured rock.

Landslide located near the bridge abutment
Construction of breast wall and lined hill side drainage
Highly fractured and dislodged rock blocks in the upslope aggravated by steep slope cutting and toe removal.

Kobak
Sandstone Carbshale with Conglomerate/ Limestone (Barail Group)
In-situ rock not exposed in the vicinity
Due to poor slope forming material comprising of thick in-situ soil, Jhum cultivation, infiltration*
Tariq. Q. A., and Kumar. A 2017, Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 83C/14 & 83C/15 in Dima Hasao and Karbi Anglong of Assam and Jaintia Hills district of Meghalaya. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2016-2017.
The Slide almost reached crown portion
1. Depending on the contour of the existing slope, a variable excavation with a maximum of 1-1.5m depth may be made for founding the retaining wall, preferably on a rocky substratum.
Slope cut, poor slope forming material comprising of thick in-situ soil, infiltration of water due to incessant rainfall causing increase in pore water pressure of the overburden material.

Kobak Slide.
Sandstone ,Carbshale with Conglomerate/ Limestone (Barail Group)
In-situ rock not exposed in the vicinity
Due to incessant rainfall the poor slope forming material comprising of thick in-situ soil column l*
Tariq. Q. A., and Kumar. A 2017, Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 83C/14 & 83C/15 in Dima Hasao and Karbi Anglong of Assam and Jaintia Hills district of Meghalaya. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2016-2017.
1. Trimming of Slope with benches at suitable intervals
2. Depending on the contour of the existing slope, a variable excavation with a maximum of 1-1.5m depth may be made for founding the retaining wall, preferably on a rocky substratum.
1. Reduction of strength of the soil mass of natural slope on super-saturation due to heavy rain.2. Anthropogenic activities: Unplanned cutting of slope for construction of road.3. Loose overburden consisting of silty soil leading to rapid movement of th

Kalimkhu
Over saturation of the insitu soil layer resulted in pore water pressure due to heavy rainfall, failure of the top soil layer along with the highly jointed rock occurred.
This road section is characterized by massive sandstone. However, the sandstones are highly jointed, therefore road cutting through highly dissected slopes and escarpments may experience rock fall and debris slides if the slope is not stabilized by retai
MauldemNew Sangbar road partially covered but cleared.
Planner failure along bedding plane. Anthropogenic activities (unplanned cutting of slope)

Vaitongsip Slide
Sandstone Carbshale with Conglomerate/ Limestone (Barail Group)
In-situ rock not exposed in the vicinity
The slide is a shallow translational debris slide caused due to extensive slope cut for road constr*
Tariq. Q. A., and Kumar. A 2017, Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 83C/14 & 83C/15 in Dima Hasao and Karbi Anglong of Assam and Jaintia Hills district of Meghalaya. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2016-2017.
Regolith thickness found more than 5 meter around the slide effected place
1. Trimming of Slope with benches at suitable intervals 2. Depending on the contour of the existing slope, a variable excavation with a maximum of 1-1.5m depth may be made for founding the retaining wall, preferably on a rocky substratum.
3.The height of
1. Reduction of strength of the soil mass of natural slope on super-saturation due to heavy rain
2. Anthropogenic activities: Unplanned cutting of slope for construction of road.
4. Jhum on the slope

Vaitongsip
Sandstone, Carbshale with Conglomerate/ Limestone (Barail Group)
The slide is a shallow translational triggered by incessant rainfall. The overburden material compr*
Slope easing may be implemented, construction of proper hillside drains.
1.Slope cut for road
2. Incessant rainfall causing increase in pore water pressure of the overburden material.

Vaitongsip
Sandstone Carbshale with Conglomerate/ Limestone (Barail Group)
The slide is a shallow translational slide caused due to extensive slope cut triggered by incessant*
1. Removal of loose overburden
2. Planting of fibrous root plants to hold the soil
Loose overburden consisting of sandy soil with debris leading to rapid movement of the mass due to gravity.

Sericulture farm slide.
Sandsone, Shale, Siltstone, Limestone and Conglomerate (JaintiaGroup)
It is a shallow rotational slide caused due to improper drainage which led the deep cut along the r*
1. Trimming of Slope with benches at suitable intervals
2. Depending on the contour of the existing slope, a variable excavation with suitable depth may be made for founding the retaining wall, preferably on a rocky substratum.
1. Reduction of strength of the soil mass of natural slope on super-saturation due to incessant rain fall
2. Road constructed over old nala and no proper drainage system implemented

Bagha Slide
Sandsone, Shale, Siltstone, Limestone and Conglomerate (Jaintia Group)
3 sets of joints N310 dipping 5 NE, N270 80 S, NS dipping 80 E
The area is covered with thick over burden of about 2-3m. The landslide occurred as a result of inc*
Hillside drains may be constructed along road, slope easing on the crown area.
1. Patches of shale in between joints of Sandstone become super-saturation due to heavy rain fall. 2.Steep angle of the slope cut

Amardisa Slide
It is a shallow translational slide caused due to excavation for road construction. The slide is of*
Slope cut, weak overburden material comprising of weathered rock and in-situ soil, reduction of shear strength due to infiltration of water during incessant rainfall.

Amrudisa Slide
Sandstone , Carbshale with Conglomerate/ Limestone (Barail Group)
The slide is a shallow translational slide caused due to unplanned cutting of slope for constructio*
1. Trimming of Slope with benches at suitable intervals 2. Diversion of crown portion
1. Reduction of strength of the soil mass of natural slope on super-saturation due to heavy rain
2. Anthropogenic activities: Unplanned cutting of slope for construction of road.
3.Jhum cultivation

Amrudissa slide
No proper drainage planned
1. Slope with benches at suitable intervals
2. Proper drainage diversion from crown protion
1. Reduction of strength of the soil mass of natural slope on super-saturation due to heavy rain
2. No retaining wall made.
3.No proper drainage planned

Baigaon Slide
No proper drainage at toe portion.
1. Slope with benches at suitable intervals
2. Proper drainage diversion from crown protion
1.Infiltration of water during incessant rainfall causing increase in pore water pressure
2. Anthropogenic activities: Unplanned cutting of slope for construction of road.
3. No proper drainage at toe portion.

16 Kilo Slide-II
Limestone with Sandstone capping (Jaintia Group)
This landslide have been recorded in Umrangsu, 16 Kilo in Dalmia cement plant which is caused du*
The area has been filled by dumps from the Limestone quarry.
Near Limestone Quarry of Dalmia cement plant
Diversion of drainage system from the road side
Detailed investigation is required.
1.Improper drainage system
2. Dissolution of soluble rocks such as limestone, characterized by underground drainage systems with sinkholes and caves.
3. Incessant rain fall.

Dalmia cement plant slide.
Fossiliferous Limestone and Calcarious Shale/ Sandstone (Jaintia Group
The slide is a deep rotational slide caused due to extensive slope cut triggered by incessant rainf*
1. Trimming of Slope with benches at suitable intervals
2. Depending on the contour of the existing slope, a variable excavation at suitable depth may be made for founding the retaining wall, preferably on a rocky substratum
3.Details investigation and
1.Younger loose debris on the slope
2.Toe erosion by Nala
3.Karst topography
4.Incessant rainfall and improper drainage system

S of Namghar (NEEPCO colony)
Tep. Y,and Kiso. E,2017, Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 83 C/9,10 &13 in Nagaon, Karbi Anglong & Dima Hasao in Assam and Jaintia Hills district of Meghalaya. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2016-2017.
The slide is a shallow translational debris slide caused due to slope cut for road construction. Th*
Construction of toe support wall may be constructed with proper weep holes, slope easing especially in the crown area, construction of hill side drains.
Poor slope forming material (sandy soil), high slope angle, slope cut, oversaturation of water due to incessant rainfall leading to slope failure.

Lumsajor (Kopili Power house road)
Tep. Y,and Kiso. E,2017, Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 83 C/9,10 &13 in Nagaon, Karbi Anglong & Dima Hasao in Assam and Jaintia Hills district of Meghalaya. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2016-2017.
The slide is a translational debris slide caused due to slope cut for road construction triggered b*
Minor road blocked but cleared/ dumped materials seen on the down slope of road
Toe not to be disturbed, heavy vegetation cover to be removed from the crown area, slope benching, construction of hillside drains.
Poor overburden material comprising of highly weathered granite and thick and in-situ soil, extensive slope cut for road, infiltration of water during incessant rainfall leading to slope failure.

N of Lumjem
Sandstone (highly weathered) belonging to Jaintia group of rocks
Tep. Y,and Kiso. E,2017, Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 83 C/9,10 &13 in Nagaon, Karbi Anglong & Dima Hasao in Assam and Jaintia Hills district of Meghalaya. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2016-2017.
This slide is a shallow translational slide caused due to slope cut for road triggered by incessant*
Heavy load to be removed from the crown area especially pine trees, toe not to be further disturbed, slope easing may be adopted.
Slope cut, poor overburden material (sandy soil), oversaturation of water during incessant rainfall leading to slope failure.

Mokaiyaw slide
Construction of breast wall and lined hill side drainage to prevent toe erosion.
Aggravated by steep slope cutting and toe removal and predominance of thick insitu material on the upslope.

Laskein slide
Removal of debris to avoid road blockade, breast wall construction with adequate number of weepholes
Presence of jointed and weathered rock and aggravated by steep slope cutting and toe removal to daylight the vulnerable joints.

Nongryngkoh slide
Removal of loose materials from the slope. Construction of lined hillside drainage.
High degree of weathering of rocks coupled with daylighting of adverse orientation of geological discontinuities due to steep slope cut.

Molasngi slide
Construction of hill side drainage to prevent further toe erosion.
Presence of thick soil and aggravated by toe removal for road construction. The slope morphometry characterized by concavity facilitating convergence of surface water flow.

Shnongrim slide
Clearing of debris and construction of lined hillside drainage to prevent toe erosion.
Presence of steep slope coupled with intercalation of thinly bedded sandstone and weathered and weak shale bands

Shnongrim slide
Removal and clearing of debris, construction of lined hill side drainage to prevent toe erosion.
Loose unconsolidated debris and highly weathered shale covered with thick insitu soil and aggravated by toe cutting of slope for road construction.

Tongseng slide
Removal of debris and construction of lined hill side drainage to prevent toe erosion
Presence of loose unconsolidated soil on the upslope and aggravated by toe removal due to road construction

1.5 km W of Narphu
Thick oveRIBurden and incessant rainfall may cause to increase the pore pressure.

2.3 km S of Umtyra
Thick oveRIBurden and incessant rainfall may cause to increase the pore pressure, widening of the road bench, and head ward erosion by nala.

3 km S of Umtyra
Thick oveRIBurden and incessant rainfall may cause to increase the pore pressure, widening of the road bench.

2.7km S of Umtyra
Thick oveRIBurden and incessant rainfall may cause to increase the pore pressure, widening of the road bench.

2.58 km S of Umtyra
Gabion wall height should be increased and proper back fill is to be done
Thick oveRIBurden and incessant rainfall may cause to increase the pore pressure, widening of the road bench.

0.65 km S of Umtyra

1.57 km SW ofUmtyra
Thick oveRIBurden and incessant rainfall may cause to increase the pore pressure.

1.38 km NNE of Umtyra
Gabion wall height should be increased and proper back fill is to be done
Thick oveRIBurden and incessant rainfalll may cause to increase the pore pressure, widening of the road bench, head ward erosion by nala.

2.24 km E of Umsatai

2.63 km E of Umsatai

0.5 km SW of Power station
Construction of hill side drain, removal of hanging trees from the crown portion, benching with suitable height.
Highly weathered rock with steep slope and incessant rain fall cause the local improvement of pore pressure.

0.85 km SW of Power station
Removal of debris and proper maintenance of hill side drainage.
┬á Extensive slope cut for widening of road bench and highly weathered rock.
Development of local pore or hydrostatic pressure.

0.79 km SW of Power station
Removal of the debris from hillside drain and proper maintains.
Highly weathered rocks coupled with incessant rain fall may play a vital role to increase the local pore pressure.

Construction of hill side drainage and its proper maintains.
Highly joined rocks may enables┬á the water percolation thorough joints planes and it act as lubricant

Incessant rainfall may cause the improvement of pore pressure and highly weathered rock, poor slope forming material.

1.87 km W of Power station
Construction of hill side drain
Construction of hill side drainage and proper maintenance.┬á

1.7 km S of Satpator
Crown portion not visible
Easing of the slope, construction of hill side drainage and proper maintains.
Highly weathered rock coupled with steep slope and incessant rainfall may cause increase of the pore pressure.

1.15 km S of Satpator

1.5 km S of Satpator
Removal of precarious hanging boulders and debris, easing of slope and construction of hill side drain.
steep slope with highly weathered rock and incessant rain fall may cause the increase of pore pressure

Satpator
Removal of debris material, easing of slope and construction of hill side drain.
Highly weathered rock coupled with incessant rain fall and steep slope.

4.1 km E of Pdengshakap
Construction of hill side drain and proper maintains.
Weak slope forming material and incessant rain fall may cause the improvement of pore pressure.

3.14 km E of Pdengshakap
Removal of debris and construction of hill side drain, proper maintains.
Incessant rain fall may cause the improvement of local hydrostatic or pore pressure coupled with steep slope.

Construction of retaining wall with sufficient height.

Old retaining wall destroyed by the slide
Removal of debris and reconstruction of flexible retaining wall with sufficient height and weep holes
Highly fractured and jointed rockmass overlain by inistu soil.

Removal of precariously overhanging portion. Construction of road side drainage and proper maintenance.
Highly fractured and jointed rockmass overlain by veneer of soil. Local development of pore or hydrostatic pressure due to incessant rain fall.
Cutting of toe for road bench.

a first order streams originates in the road turning where slide has initiated.
Construction of flexible retaining wall with sufficient height and weep holes. Construction of road side drainage and proper maintenance.
Easing of the slope on both the flanks of the slide.
Highly fractured and jointed rockmass overlain by veneer of soil. Due to incessant rain fall cause the devolvement pore pressure between the interference of soil and rock.

Removal of debris and easing of slope. Construction of flexible retaining wall with sufficient height and proper maintenance of hill side drainage.
Highly fractured and jointed rockmass overlain by inistu soil. Extensive slope cut for widening of road bench.
Development of local pore or hydrostatic pressure.

Steep slope and Highly fractured and jointed rockmass overlain by weathered inistu soil.

Steep slope coupled with highly fractured and jointed rockmass/weathered rock in the crown area.

Jowai slide
The beds dip along the slope, Toe cutting by nala, Quarrying for sand, steep slope.

Kongong slide
Highly weathered sandstone of the Jaintia Group of the Shella Formation (Tertiary age).
Unfavourable slope, pore pressure due to over-saturation and weak geological formation.

Mynso quarry slide
Quarry sections
Construction of lined hill side drainage to channel the water and prevent further toe erosion.

Mynso quarry slide
Construction of breastwall with adequate weepholes. Clearing of debris and construction of lined hillside drainage.
High weathering of rocks coupled with steep slopes and toe removal by slope cutting.

Mynso slide
Clearing of debris along the hillside drainage and construction of breast wall with adequate weep-holes along lined hill side drainage.
Toe removal due to slope cutting, concave slope morphometry facilitating water accumulation or percolation, highly weathered rock mass covered by thick insitu soil in the upslope.

Jonglawit slide
Settlement observed above the landslide
Construction of breast wall with sufficient height and adequate number of weepholes along with lined hill side drainage at the toe to prevent toe erosion.
Presence of loose unconsolidated soil and toe cutting of the slope

Clearing of debris and maitainance of roadside drain.

Highly weathered rock mass and insitu soil. Jointed rocks in which one prominent joint plane has been daylighted.

Highly weathered rock mass and thick overburden. Over saturation of weak overburden material due to continuous rainfall in the preceding days and development of local hydrostatic pressure in the weak slope forming material leading to decrease in the shea

Barato slide
Tilting of trees
Removal of debris to avoid road blockade and drainage blockade
Presence of thick overburden on the upslope and toe cutting of the slope for road construction, static loading in the crown area by thick and tall vegetation.

Umpu
The affected area comprises of weak slope forming material (highly weathered migmatite and in-situ *
Dressing of slope, construction of hillside drains, toe supporting wall of low height may be constructed
Slope cut for road construction, load of boulders on slope, surface drainage, poor slope forming material comprising of highly weathered migmatite and in-situ soil.

NW of Umrasi
The affected area is lithologically weak comprising of highly weathered migmatite and in-situ soil.*
Slope easing, maintenance of hillside drains should be adopted.
Slope cut, infiltration of water due to incessant rainfall, poor slope forming material comprising of highly weathered migmatite and in-situ soil.

Hamren-Longpai road slide
Kikon. A, and Lemdur. K M2017. acro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 83 B/8, 12, 16 and full TS 83C/5 in Morigaon, Karbi Anglong, in Assam. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2016-2017.
Minor slope cut failure
The slope material is composed of thick column of highly weathered and fractured quartz. These *
~1 Km North of Longpai, Longpai road section
weak overburden may be removed, height and width of existing retaining wall may be increased
Unplanned cutting of slope for road construction, incessant downpour, weak overburden are the main contributing factors. Oversaturation of the weak overburden material by infiltration of water during continuous rainfall for about a week led to change

S of Ambinong-4
The slide is a shallow translational debris slide caused due to slope cut for quarrying purpose. It*
Removal of load or loose materials from the crown area, slope easing may be adopted
Slope cut for quarrying of sand, poor overburden material (W4), infiltration of water due to which loss of cohesive property of soil.

Power house Amtreng
Quartzite belonging to Shillong Group of rocks
Since this road leads to the power house of Karbi Langpi hydro dam necessary precautionary measures must be taken up.
The affected area comprises of weak slope forming material (highly weathered quartzite and in-situ *
Karbi Langpi hydro dam (power house road)
Removal of debris/loose boulders from the crown area, slope easing may be adopted, proper hillside drains to be constructed.
Slope cut, heavy load of vegetation cover (tree trunk), poor slope forming material comprising of highly weathered quartzite, due to incessant rainfall the material developed increase in pore water pressure.

Quartzite belonging to Shillong Group of rocks
A stretch of 100 m along this road is observed to be prone to failure.
The affected area comprises of massive quartzite blocks which are moderately weathered, mostly at t*
Removal of loose blocks (rock) from the crown area especially those dipping towards the road
Slope cut for road, failure of blocks along weak planes (3 sets of joints), steep dip angle towards valley (~70)

Quartzite belonging to Shillong Group of rocks
The slide is a shallow translational soil slide caused due to extensive slope cut, triggered by inc*
Slope easing may be adopted especially in the crown area, toe retaining wall to be raised higher than present say about 1 m more with proper weep holes.
Toe of the slope disturbed, poor slope forming material (highly weathered quartzite ~> 5m height), due to incessant rainfall developed increase in pore water pressure.

Amsoi-Umpanai road slide No.1
Kikon. A, and Lemdur. K M2017. acro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 83 B/8, 12, 16 and full TS 83C/5 in Morigaon, Karbi Anglong, in Assam. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2016-2017.
The slope material is composed of thick column of highly weathered and fractured quartz. These *
~1.5 Km South of Mortin, Sunani - Umpanai road
1. Slope easing
2. Construction of hill side lined drainage 3. Construction of retaining wall may be considered.
The affected slide comprises of highly fractured and weathered quartz and instability increased due to extensive slope cut. During incessant rainfall pore water pressure developed leading to reduction of strength of the overburden material ultimately cau

Amsoi-Umpanai road slide No.2
Kikon. A, and Lemdur. K M2017. acro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 83 B/8, 12, 16 and full TS 83C/5 in Morigaon, Karbi Anglong, in Assam. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2016-2017.
Excavation of slope for road construction destabilized the natural slope. Thick overburden material*
~300 meter South of Silaguri, Sunani - Umpanai road
1. Slope easing
2. Construction of hill side lined drainage 3. Construction of retaining wall may be considered.
Unplanned cutting of slope for road construction, incessant downpour, weak overburden are the main contributing factors. Oversaturation of the weak overburden material by infiltration of water during continuous rainfall for about a week led to change

Amsoi-Umpanai road slide No.3
The study area is lithologically weak which comprises of thick section of highly weatheredgranite a*
~500 meter South of Silaguri, Sunani - Umpanai road
1. Slope easing
2. Construction of hill side lined drainage 3. Construction of retaining wall may be considered.
Cutting of toe for road construction activities in natural slopes that is composed of in-situ soil and reduction of strength on over saturation led to slope failure.

The failure is caused by the action of flowing water; toe erosion by nala. The failed slope consist*
~1Km North-West of Ulukunchi. Sunani - Umpanai road
1. Slope easing/ removal of precariously hanging trees. 2.Construction of strong RCC retaining wall/ gabbian wall on sound stratum along the toe of affected site.
Translational failure, toe erosion by nala

Excavation of slope for road construction destabilized the natural slope. Thick overburden material*
~1.5 Km West of Umpanai. Sunani - Umpanai road
1. Construction of hill side lined drainage
2. Clearing of depleted mass from the road 3. Slope easing/ dressing 4. Construction of retaining wall may be considered
Translational failure, pore water pressure, reduction of strength on over saturation, unplanned cutting of slope.

Umsiang-Markanduba road slide
The slope stabilization may be carried out by reducing the slope angle and plantation of small plants.
Due to excessive slope cut for road widening, the slope became unstable and failed aided by rainfall .

Umsiang-Markanduba road slide
The slope stabilization should be addressed by reducing the slope angle and plantation of small plants may be done.
Excessive slope cutting has lead to slope being sub-vertical, the slope failed during heavy rainfall.

Nellie-Umswai road slide No.5
The slope material is composed of thick column of insitu soil overlying highly weathered and frac*
1. Slope easing/ dressing.
2. Maintenance of hill side lined drainage.
Slope cut, pore water pressure development and reduction of strength on over-saturation due to incessant rainfall, coupled with thick column of weak slope forming material comprising of clayey silty insitu soil are the causative factor for the slope fail

Nellie-Umswai road slide No.6
Combination of factors like cutting of toe of the slope, thick overburden of about 2-5m and heavy r*
1. Slope easing/ dressing.
2. Maintenance of hill side lined drainage.
The affected slide comprises of highly fractured and weathered quartz and instability increased due to extensive slope cut. During incessant rainfall pore water pressure developed leading to reduction of strength of the overburden material ultimately cau

Nellie-Umswai road slide No.4
The study area is lithologically weak which comprises of thick column of clayey insitu soil of abou*
~500 meter North of Asukunchi, Nellie - Umpanai-Umswai road
1. Slope easing/ removal of precariously hanging trees.
2. Maintenance of hill side lined drainage.
Unplanned cutting of slope for road construction, incessant downpour, weak overburden are the main contributing factors. Oversaturation of the weak overburden material by infiltration of water during continuous rainfall for about a week led to change

The affected site is composed of highly weathered granite and in-situ soil cover of about 3 m thick*
1. Slope easing/ removal of precariously hanging trees.
2. Construction of hill side lined drainage.
Slope cut, pore water pressure development and reduction of strength on over-saturation due to incessant rainfall, coupled with thick column of weak slope forming material comprising of clayey silty insitu soil are the causative factor for the slope fail

During rainfall thick overburden of 2 - 5m gets saturated and lose its shear strength. Surface run-*
2. Diversion of surface run-off from the crown portion - away from the depleted mass by contour drainage method.
Development of pore or hydrostatic pressure, weak geological formation, unfavourable slope and infiltration of water leading to further incision of slope causing sliding of highly weathered rock and soil.

The affected area comprises of thick column of weak slope forming material . Excavation or cutting *
1. Slope easing & dressing
2. Construction of hill side lined drainage.
Excavation or cutting of toe for road construction activities slopes disturbed the angle of repose of the material, and heavy downpour resulted in over-saturation of slope forming material which in turn increased pore water pressure and reduced their she

The study area is lithologically weak which comprises of thick column of clayey insitu soil overlyi*
1. Slope easing/ removal of precariously hanging trees.
2. Construction of hill side lined drainage. 3.Diversion of surface run-off from the crown portion - away from the depleted mass.
Major causative factors leading to slope failure are:
1. Excavation or cutting of toe for road construction activities on natural slopes.
2. Thick section of weak overburden material.
3. Incessant rainfall.

Amsoi- Amtrang road slide No.1
Small in dimension. Suitable remedial measures may be adopted.
The affected area comprises of granite boulders embedded within clayey in-situ soil. Cutting of slo*
~1.2 Km East of Rongphigaon, Amsoi- Amtrang road
1. Dressing of the slope/removal of overburden material .
2. Removal of slide material dumped on the road side.
The affected area is dominantly compraises of highly weathered granite and on excessive removal of toe for widening of road bench without support destabilises the slope. Heavy downpour resulted in over saturation of slope forming material which in tur

Amsoi-Amtrang road slide No.4
Combination of factors like cutting of toe of the slope, thick overburden of about 2-5m and heavy r*
1. Dressing of the slope/ removal of precariously hanging trees, granite boulders.
2. Construction of retaining wall of considerable height at the toe portion of the slope may be considered.
3. Removal of slide material and maintenance of hill side line
Toe cutting of the slope for road construction, incessant downpour, weak overburden are the main contributing factors. Oversaturation of the weak overburden material due to continuous rainfall for about a week led to infiltration of water which caused sl

Amsoi Nala slide
Toe erosion by nala causing shallow planar slide. It is an active landslide which is widened on one*
1. Construction of lined hillside drains to prevent surface run ╬ô├ç├┤ off entering into the slide zone.
2. RCC retaining wall may be constructed at the toe of the slope along the nala.
1. Toe erosion by nala
2. Weak overburden material
3. Infiltration of water during incessant rainfall along the downslope side of the road due to poor drainage outlets

Amsoi-Amtrang road slide No.5
The affected area comprises of weak Slope forming material which is highly weathered granite . Ove*
1. Dressing of the slope/ removal of precariously hanging trees, granite boulders.
2. Construction of retaining wall of considerable height at the toe portion of the slope may be considered.
3. Removal of slide material and maintenance of hill side line
Excessive steepening of natural slope without sufficient slope support. Over saturation of weak overburden material due to continuous rainfall in the preceding days and development of local hydrostatic pressure in the weak slope forming material rendered

Amsoi-Amtrang road slide No.6
Boulders embedded within the weak material should be cleared as it might pose a danger if dislodge.
Excavation or cutting of natural slope to a critical angle destabilized the slope and dislodgement *
1. Slope easing/slope dressing. 2 .Loosely embedded boulders at the crown portion and cut-slope face may be removed, and
2. Construction of hill side lined drainage.
Unplanned cutting of the slope for road construction, incessant downpour, weak overburden are the main contributing factors. Oversaturation of the weak overburden material due to continuous rainfall for about a week led to infiltration of water which cau

Combination of factors like cutting of toe of the slope, thick overburden of about 2-5m and heavy r*
Excavation or cutting of toe for road construction activities on natural slopes and saturation of thick column of weathered overburden material (clayey-silty) during incessant rainfall led to failure.

The affected area comprises of thick column of highly weathered granite which is about >5m. Cuttin*
1. Dressing of the slope/ removal of overburden material, trees.
2. Construction of retaining wall of 2 - 3m at the toe portion of the slope may be considered.
3. Removal of slide material and maintenance of hill side lined drainage.
Excavation or cutting of toe for road construction activities on natural slopes and saturation of thick column of weathered overburden material (clayey-silty) during incessant rainfall led to failure.

The affected area comprises of weak overburden material which comprises of highly decomposed granit*
~1.5 Km East of Rongphigaon, Amsoi- Amtrang road
1. Moderation of upslope by benching may be considered.
2. Removal of slide material from the road
3. Maintenance of hillside lined drainage.
The affected site is mainly composed of weak slope forming material comprising of highly decomposed granite. Excavation or cutting of toe for road construction activities coupled with over saturation of weak overburden material due to continuous rainfa

The affected area comprises of granite boulders embedded within weak material . Excavation or cutti*
1. Slope easing/ removal of overhanging trees and weak overburden material from the crown portion.
2. Construction of hill side lined drainage along the road.

Weak overburden material composed of highly weathered granite and boulders embedded within the weat*
1. Slope easing/ removal of overhanging trees and boulders from the affected site.
2. Construction of hill side lined drainage along the road.
Excavation or cutting of toe for road construction activities on natural slopes and saturation of thick column of weathered overburden material (clayey-silty ) during incessant rainfall led to failure.

During heavy downpour the surface run-off flows towards the downslope as the hillside drainage is c*
2. Construction of Retaining wall with sufficient weep holes in the downslope of road bench may be considered.
The main causative factors are deep gully/nala erosion due to flow of surface water run off. Choked hill side lined drainage diverts the flow of surface run off towards the downslope side of the road. unfavourable slope and infiltration of water into w

The affected area comprises of granite boulders embedded within weak material . Excavation or cutti*
1. Slope easing/ removal of precariously hanging trees and boulders.
2. Maintenance of hill side lined drainage/ removal of depleted mass from the choked drain. 3. Construction of retaining wall may be considered.

The affected area comprises of granite boulders embedded within weak material . Excavation or cutti*
1. Slope easing/ removal of overhanging boulders from the crown portion.
2. Maintenance of hill side lined drainage/ removal of depleted mass from the choked drain.

The affected area comprises of weak Slope forming material which is highly weathered granite . Ove*
1. Removal of precariously hanging trees and boulders.
Unplanned cutting of slope and pore water pressure leading to reduction of shear strength on over saturation due to incessant rainfall are the main causative factors that led to tramslational failure of slope.

Excavation or cutting of natural slope to a critical angle destabilized the slope and over saturati*
1. Slope easing/ removal of overhanging trees and boulders from the affected site.
2. Construction of hill side lined drainage along the road.
Excavation/cutting of slope for road construction activities and saturation of weak slope forming material during incessant rainfall are the main causative factor for the slope failure.

The slope material consists of thick section of loose soil and weathered granite. Due to incessant *
1. Removal of slide material from the road.
2. Maintenance of hill side lined drainage along the road.

The failed slope exposes highly jointed and fractured quartzite, three prominent sets of closely sp*
~500 meter North of Garampani, Amsoi- Amtrang road
1. Slope easing/ removal of precariously hanging trees and boulders.
2. Construction of hill side lined drainage. 3. Construction of retaining wall may be considered.
╬ô├ç├│ Development of local pore pressure due to incessant rainfall in highly jointed rock along the discontinuity plane.
╬ô├ç├│ Extensive slope cut for construction of road, exposing the discontinuity plane in day-lighted condition w

The failed slope exposes highly jointed and fractured quartzite, three prominent sets of closely sp*
~300 meter North of Garampani, Amsoi- Amtrang road
2. Construction of hill side lined drainage. 3. Construction of retaining wall may be considered.
╬ô├ç├│ Development of local pore pressure due to incessant rainfall in highly jointed rock along the discontinuity plane.
╬ô├ç├│ Extensive slope cut for construction of road, exposing the discontinuity plane in day-lighted condition w

The slope material is composed of weathered quartz mica schist and in-situ soil. These weak overb*
~1 Km North-East of Dolaigaon, Amsoi- Amtrang road
1. Construction of hill side lined drainage
2. Clearing of depleted mass from the road 3. Construction of retaining wall may be considered.
The affected slide comprises of highly fractured and weathered quartz mica schist and instability increased due to extensive slope cut. During incessant rainfall pore water pressure developed leading to reduction of strength of the overburden material ul

Barimgaon slide
Weak overburden material composed of in-situ soil and highly weathered granite of >5m on oversat*
1. Removal of overhanging boulders from the affected slope.
2. Clearing of depleted mass from the hill side lined drainage. 3. Construction of retaining wall may be considered.
Major causative factors leading to slope failure are:
1. Excavation or cutting of toe for road construction activities on natural slopes.
2. Thick section of weak overburden material.

~1Km South-West ofTakbigang, Amsoi- Amtrang road
1. Construction of hill side lined drainage
2. Clearing of depleted mass from the road

The slope material is composed of thick column of weak overburden (about 2m-5m) compraises of weat*
~1.5 Km North-East of Dolaigaon, Amsoi- Amtrang road
2. Clearing of depleted mass from the road 3. Construction of retaining wall may be considered.
Slope cut, pore water pressure development and reduction of strength on over-saturation due to incessant rainfall, coupled with weak slope forming material comprising of highly weathered quartzite are the causative factor for the slope failure.

The slope material is composed of thick column of weak overburden (about 2m-5m) compraises of weat*
~1.2 Km North-East of Dolaigaon, Amsoi- Amtrang road
1. Slope easing/ removal of overburden from the crown portion.
Slope cut, pore water pressure development and reduction of strength on over-saturation due to incessant rainfall, coupled with weak slope forming material comprising of highly weathered quartzite are the causative factor for the slope failure.

The affected site is composed of in-situ soil (clayey in nature). Unplanned cutting of natural slop*
~1.5 Km North of Duronggaon, Amsoi- Amtrang road
2.Maintenance of hill side lined drainage.
Cutting of toe for road construction activities on natural slopes that is composed of in-situ soil and reduction of strength on over saturation led to slope failure.

The study area is lithologically weak which comprises of thick section of in-situ soil with >5m *
2.Maintenance of hill side lined drainage.
Slope cut, pore water pressure development and reduction of strength on over-saturation due to incessant rainfall, coupled with thick column of weak slope forming material comprising of clayey silty insitu soil are the causative factor for the slope fail

The slope material is composed of weathered quartz mica schist and in-situ soil with a regolith t*
~1.2 Km North-East of Duronggaon, Amsoi- Amtrang road
2.Maintenance of hill side lined drainage.
The affected slide comprises of highly fractured and weathered quartz mica schist and instability increased due to extensive slope cut. During incessant rainfall pore water pressure developed leading to reduction of strength of the overburden material ul

The affected site is composed of in-situ soil (clayey in nature). Unplanned cutting of natural slop*
~1.2 Km North of Duronggaon, Amsoi- Amtrang road
1. RCC retaining wall should be laid on sound stratum and increasing the height of retaining wall may be considered.
Cutting of toe for road construction activities on natural slopes that is composed of in-situ soil and reduction of strength on over saturation led to slope failure.

The affected site is composed of highly weathered granite and in-situ soil cover of >5m. The slope *

The affected area comprises of granite boulders embedded within clayey silty insitu soil . Excavati*
2. Construction of hill side lined drainage. 3.Diversion of surface run-off away from the depleted mass.

The slope material is composed of thick column of weak overburden (about 2m-5m) compraises of high*
Excavation or cutting of toe for road construction activities on natural slopes and saturation of thick column of weathered overburden material during incessant rainfall led to failure.

An active slope failure triggered by slope cut and incessant rainfall. Oversaturation and developm*
2. Construction of hill side lined drainage. 3.Diversion of surface run-off from the crown portion - away from the depleted mass. 4. Construction of retaining wall with sufficient weep holes/planting of fibrous

Date of initiation/ history could not be traced.
An active slope failure triggered by slope cut and incessant rainfall. Oversaturation and developm*
1. Slope easing.
2. Construction of hill side lined drainage. 3. Construction of retaining wall with sufficient weep holes/planting of fibrous root plants may be considered.
Extensive slope cut for road construction, pore water pressure development and reduction of strength on over-saturation during incessant rainfall, poor overburden comprising of highly weathered granite and clayey silty soil are the contributing factors.

An active slope failure triggered by slope cut and incessant rainfall. Oversaturation and developm*
~1.5 Km South-East ofTakbigang, Amsoi- Amtrang road
Extensive slope cut for road construction, pore water pressure development and reduction of strength on over-saturation during incessant rainfall are the causative factor for the slope failure. It is also contributed by highly weathered thick overburden

Rengbeng tea garden slide
Micaceous, ferrogenous quartzite, phyllite and conglomerate.
Proper precaution measures should be adopted while carrying out quarrying activities.
The study area is lithologically weak which comprises of thick column of clayey insitu soil and hig*
Major causative factors leading to slope failure are:
1. Excavation or removal of toe forfor quarrying activities on natural slopes.
2. Thick section of weak overburden material.

N of Tarang
The slide is a translational soil slide caused due to slope cut for road construction triggered by *
Toe not to be disturbed, slope easing may be adopted, construction of proper hillside drains along road.
Slope cut, poor overburden material (highly weathered granite W5 and in-situ soil), oversaturation of water

Padam Pukhuri
It is a small scale slide
The slide is a shallow translational slide caused due to extensive slope cut triggered by incessant*
Slope cut for road, poor slope forming material comprising of incessant rainfall

Rohang Habal
The landside is of small scale and do not pose immediate risk, however, if not treated may lead to further slope failure and cause disruption of road connectivity between Hamren-Donkamukam. A granite boulder of about 1.5 m is resting dangerously on the s
The slide is a shallow translational soil slide caused due to slope cut for road construction. The *
Road cutting through thick vegetated area
Removal of few hanging boulders in the upslope area, slope easing/benching may be adopted
Slope cut, incessant rainfall, poor slope forming material

NE of Linsika
The slide is a shallow translational debris slide triggered by incessant rainfall. Other causative *
Road cutting through thick vegetated area
Removal of hanging boulders/vegetation cover, slope easing, construction of proper hillside drains along the road.
Slope cut, poor slope forming material comprising of thick in-situ soil column and due to oversaturation during incessant rainfall.

S of Baithalangso
The slide is a shallow translational debris slide caused due to slope cut for road construction and*
Heavy load to be removed from the crown area such as big trees, Slope easing, construction of proper hillside drains along the road.
Poor over burden material (thick > 5m) comprising of in-situ soil, Increase in pore water pressure due to incessant rainfall, slope cut for road.

Mt View English LP School
The school has been constructed at close proximity to the slope cut and therefore precaution must be taken strictly as it may endanger the lives of the students if landslip occurs. Especially utmost care must be taken during monsoon season.
The slide is a shallow translational slide caused due to extensive slope cut triggered by incessant*
Excavate the accumulated materials near school wall initiating from upslope portion and construct retaining wall with sufficient width size and firm foundation and weep holes. Removal of heavy vegetation covers from crown area. Construction of hillside d
Drainage on the upslope, extensive slope cut for school construction, poor slope forming material comprising of thick in-situ soil and reduce in shear strength of the material due to incessant rainfall.

N of Langchar Terongaon
The slide is a translational debris slide caused due to slope cut for road construction triggered b*
Trees/vegetation cover posing threat for more slope failure to be removed, slope easing may be adopted, construction of proper hillside drains for flow of natural drainage.
Poor overburden material, oversaturation of water due to incessant rainfall, slope cut.

N of Langchar Terongaon
The slope cut is of more than 5 m height and though the slide may not have cause large scale damage, however, necessary precaution must be taken as it serves as an important road connectivity between Baithalangso and Hamren.
The slide is a shallow translational debris slide caused due to extensive slope cut for road constr*
Removal of vegetation cover from crown area, slope easing, construction of hillside drains along road, boulders embedded within in-situ soil needs to be removed to prevent rock fall.
Anthropogenic factor-slope cut for road construction. Due to incessant rainfall the weak slope forming material comprising of thick in-situ soil loses its cohesive property causing slope failure.

This quarry is in working condition and precaution must be taken by workers while excavating.
The slide is a shallow translational rock cum soil slide which was caused due to quarrying activiti*
Removal of loose rock from crown area, toe not to be disturbed further.
Unethical quarrying activities, incessant rainfall, overburden material comprising of weathered quartzite with prominent joints and fractures.

SW of Tiriphlang
The slide is a shallow translational debris slide caused due to slope cutting for road construction*
Removal of load from crown area, hillside drains maybe constructed along road, slope easing on the crown area.
Slope cut, poor slope forming material comprising of thick in-situ soil, infiltration of water due to incessant rainfall causing increase in pore water pressure of the overburden material.

The affected area comprises of thick in-situ soil, covered by moderate vegetation cover. It is a sh*
Removal of load from crown area, construction of proper hillside drains along road.
Poor overburden material, extensive slope cut, oversaturation of water due to incessant rainfall.

The slide is a shallow translational debris slide caused due to slope cut for road construction, tr*
Slope easing may be adopted especially on the crown area, proper maintenance of hillside drains.
Poor overburden material comprising of thick in-situ soil, extensive slope cut, oversaturation of water due to incessant rainfall.

The slope is cut at a height of >5m without maintaining the angle of repose.
The slide is a shallow translational debris slide caused due to extensive slope cut triggered by in*
Removal of load/loose materials from the crown area, slope easing may be implemented, construction of proper hillside drains.
Slope cut for road, incessant rainfall causing increase in pore water pressure of the overburden material, weak slope forming material comprising of highly weathered quartzite.

S of Ambinong-1
It is a shallow translational slide caused due to excavation for road construction. The slide is of*
Removal of heavy vegetation cover from the crown area, construction of hillside drains along road.
Slope cut, weak overburden material comprising of weathered rock (jointed and fractured) and in-situ soil, reduction of shear strength due to infiltration of water during continuous rainfall.

S of Ambinong-2
Opposite to this slide area, a slope cut of about 5 m height is observed which is excavated almost vertically. Highly prone to slope failure (along road)
The slide is a translational debris slide caused due to slope cut for road construction triggered b*
Slope easing may be adopted, construction of proper hillside drains along the road.
Slope cut at a steep angle and height, poor slope forming material characterized by highly weathered granite gneiss (W4) and in-situ soil, oversaturation of water due to incessant rainfall.

Adjacent areas have adopted slope easing
The slide is a shallow translational debris slide caused due to slope cut triggered by incessant ra*
Slope cut for road, broom cultivation in the upslope area
Slope easing may be adopted by compromising some area in the upslope area (broom cultivation), construction of hillside drains along road.
Slope cut for road construction. During incessant rainfall the poor slope forming material comprising of highly weathered granite gneiss and in-situ soil loses its shear strength due to increase in pore water pressure leading to slope failure.

N of Rongkhong-1
Along this road section many slope cut failures are prevalent.
The slide is a shallow translational debris slide caused due to slope cut for road construction, wh*
Slope easing may be adopted, proper maintenance of hillside drains without much disturbance to toe area of the slope.
Slope cut for road construction, poor overburden material comprising of weathered rock (W5) and in-situ soil, oversaturation of water during continuous rainfall. It is also observed that while excavating for construction of drains along the road, the toe

N of Rongkhong-2
Along this road section many slope cut failures are prevalent.
The affected site is lithologically weak comprising of highly weathered granite gneiss and in-situ *
Slope easing may be implemented, proper maintenance of hillside drains, toe of the slope not to be disturbed.
Slope cut for road construction, poor slope forming material comprising of highly weathered granite gneiss and in-situ soil, infiltration of water during incessant rainfall causing increase in pore water pressure. It is also observed that while excavatin

N of Rongkhong-5
This road section is vulnerable to slope failure due to its weak material and high slope cut. Though slope easing has been adopted, disturbance of toe for drainage construction are certain factors responsible for slope failure.
The affected site is lithologically weak comprising of highly weathered granite gneiss and in-situ *
Construction of toe supporting wall, proper maintenance of hillside drains.
Slope cut for road construction, poor slope forming material comprising of highly weathered granite gneiss, infiltration of water due to incessant rainfall. It is also observed that while excavating for construction of drains along the road, the toe port

Along this stretch (road) three more slides observed.
The affected site is lithologically weak comprising of highly weathered granite gneiss and in-situ *
Load to be removed from the crown area, toe not to be disturbed, slope easing may be adopted and maintenance of proper hillside drains.
Slope cut for road construction, incessant rainfall, poor slope forming material. It is also observed that while excavating for construction of drains along the road, the toe portion of the slope are disturbed making it unstable.

Along this stretch slope cut failures are prevalent.
Unstable toe area should be supported by constructing toe supporting wall, slope easing or benches may be implemented, and maintenance of proper hillside drains for normal flow of natural drainage.
Extensive slope cut, oversaturation of water during rainfall, poor overburden material (highly weathered granite gneiss and in-situ soil). It is also observed that while excavating for construction of drains along the road, the toe portion of the slope a

Amlong
Small scale landslides occur along this road
The slide is a shallow translational slide caused due to slope cut for road construction, triggered*
Slope easing may be implemented, removal of vegetation cover from the crown area, construction of proper hillside drains along the road.
Slope cut for road, incessant rainfall leading to oversaturation of weak overburden material.

Pangyatiso
Along this road section similar small scale slope failures are prevalent.
It is a rock cum soil slide caused due to slope cut, triggered by rainfall. The affected area compr*
Any loose rocks on top/hanging should be dismantled. Construction of hillside drains for proper flow of natural drainage.
Slope cut for road construction, quartzites have prominent joints and fractures along which failure have occurred, percolation of surface water during rainfall causing reduction in shear strength of the overburden material.

SE of Rongsope
The slide is a shallow translational debris slide caused due to slope cut for road construction, wh*
The road is not much of economic importance, therefore, low cost effective measures such as removal of load especially vegetation cover from the crown area and construction of hillside drains can be recommended.
Slope cut, loss of cohesive property of soil due to over saturation, poor slope forming material comprising of highly weathered quartzite.

NE of Pangyatiso-3
Slide is of small scale and do not pose any major risk.
The affected area comprises of weak materials (weathered quartzite and in-situ soil). It is a soil *
Removal of heavy vegetation cover from the crown area, construction of hillside drains along the road.
Infiltration of water during incessant rainfall causing increase in pore water pressure of the overburden material, slope cut causing instability of slope, poor slope forming material (weathered quartzite and in-situ soil).

NE of Pangyatiso-2
Along this road small scale landslides observed.
The slide is a shallow translational soil cum rock slide caused due to slope cut triggered by inces*
Slope easing near crown area with removal of vegetation cover, proper maintenance of hillside drains along road.
Infiltration of water during incessant rainfall, slope cut causing instability of slope, poor slope forming material comprising of weathered quartzite and in-situ soil.

NE of Pangyatiso-1
Along this road section especially within the quartzite terrain slope failures are prevalent.
The slide is caused due to slope cut for road construction which was triggered by incessant rainfal*
Construction of toe supporting wall, proper maintenance of hillside drains
Oversaturation of water due to incessant rainfall, slope cut for road, poor slope forming material comprising of weathered quartzite and in-situ soil.

The slide is a translational soil slide caused due to slope cut for road construction triggered by *
Slope easing/ benches may be implemented, toe not to disturbed, construction of hillside drains along road.
Poor slope forming material, slope cut, oversaturation of water due to incessant rainfall.

The slide is a translational soil slide caused due to slope cut for road construction triggered by *
Slope easing/ benches may be implemented, toe not to disturbed, construction of proper hillside drains along road.
Poor slope forming material, slope cut, oversaturation of water due to incessant rainfall.

Kumila L. et al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 83G/1, G/2, Karbi Anglong, Naogaon, North Cachar Hills, Assam. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2015-2016.
Minor slope cut failure.
NH 54, about 1.5 km West of Purana Dibolong
1. Dressing of the slope/ removal of overburden material
2. 1-2 m high retaining wall may be constructed at the toe portion of the slope to stop the slide mass from choking the drainage.
Excavation or cutting of toe for road construction activities on natural slopes and seepage of water along the weak planes within the rock mass during incessant rainfall.

Kumila L. et al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 83G/1, G/2, Karbi Anglong, Naogaon, North Cachar Hills, Assam. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2015-2016.
RCC retaining wall and lined drainage ditches is under construction. Detailed site specific study may be required.
Due to continuous rainfall the weak slope forming material retained moisture and lost its cohesive *
1. Moderation of upslope by construction of intermittent benches. 2. Dressing of the slope. 3. Construction of lined catch water drains on uphill slope above the crown of the slide
Excessive removal of toe for widening of road bench without supports rendering steep slope to fail.

Highly friable Sandstone with silty clayey soil intercalated with carbonaceous shale.
Kumila L. et al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 83G/1, G/2, Karbi Anglong, Naogaon, North Cachar Hills, Assam. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2015-2016.
Further cutting of the slope should be avoided .
The affected area is lithologically weak which comprises of thick section of in-situ soil and highl*
NH 54, about 2.5 km SEof Langlao Disa (NC Hills)
1. Moderation of upslope by two tier benching may be considered.
2. 2-3 meter high retaining wall may be constructed at the toe of the slope with sufficient number of weep holes.
3. Construction of lined hillside drainage ditches along the road.
Extensive slope cutting for road coupled with saturation of weak overburden material composed of clayey-silt rich soil and highly friable sandstone due to incessant rainfall leds to failure.

Weathered Sandstone, Carbonaceous shale with silty clayey soil.
Retaining wall and lined drainage is already constructed.
The affected area is lithologically weak which comprises of thick overburden material of silty clay*
NH 54, about 2km SE of Langlao Disa (NC Hills)
1. Easing of the slope.
2. Slope dressing and Removal of precariously hanging trees to reduce the static loading at the crown.
1. Excavation or cutting of toe for road construction activities on natural slopes. 2. Thick section of weak overburden material. 3. Incessant rainfall.

Retaining wall is under construction but its height may be increased by 1-2 m.
The affected area is lithologically weak which comprises of thick section of highly weathered sands*
NH 54, about 2km SE of Langlao Disa (NC Hills)
Sparsely forested, mainly covered with shrubs and bamboo
1. Dressing of the slope/removal of overburden material .
2. Removal of slide material dumped on the road side.
3. Construction of lined hill side drain..
Excavation or cutting of toe for road construction activities on natural slopes disturbs the angle of repose of the material.

The slide mass on road side should be cleared.
Cutting of slope for road construction and rill marks left on weak slope forming material by heavy *
1. Removal of weak weathered rock mass.
2. Height of retaining wall may be increased by 2-3 m to check the slide mass from choking the drainage
Concentrated infiltration of water during incessant rainfall within the rill marks left during road excavation in highly weathered sandstone led to formation of gully.

Minor slope cut failure.
The slope material consists of thick section of loose soil and fragmented sandstone. Due to incessa*
1. Retaining wall with proper and sufficient weep holes.
2. Construction of hill side drainage ditches along the road.
Excavation or cutting of toe for road construction activities on natural slopes destabilized the slope.

Minor slope cut failure.
The slope material consists of thick section of loose soil and highly weathered sandstone. Due to c*
1. Retaining wall with proper and sufficient weep holes.
2. Construction of hill side lined drainage ditches along the road.
3. Removal of precariously hanging trees.
Cutting of toe for road construction disturbed the angle of repose of the material, and over saturation of overburden material due to rainfall leading to failure

Proper and efficient remedial measures should be adopted and implemented at the earliest.
Cutting of the slope at near vertical/vertical angle led to rock fall along weak planes. Overhangin*
NH 54, About 2km SW of Arlongapai, Nagaon
1. Easing of slope by benching. 2. Removal of precariously overhanging material. 3. Shot-creting the cut slope face may be considered. 4. Toe support for the day-lighted bedrock
Failure due to extensive slope cut beyond the critical angle of slope for construction of road and day-lighting of the exposed slope face led to failure along weak vulnerable planes.

Bhelughat-Bisarpur Terongaon road slide
Tep, Y., Mahapatra, B. M., 2019; Macro - Scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of Toposheet Nos. 83 B/15, 83F/3 and 83F/4 in Karbi Anglong and Nagaon districts of Assam.
This is an old road which connects Bhelughat and nearest main town Dokmoka with the settlement on the hills (Bisarpur Terongaon). First construction of a well maintained road along with RCC retaining wall is required.
Extensive slope cut in the moderate vegetation
Easing of the slope angle and construction of concrete retaining wall with sufficient weep holes and construction & maintenance of proper hillside drains along the road.
Reduction of strength of the slope forming material on super-saturation due to heavy rain and heavy weight of the overburden.Extensive cutting of slope for construction of road.

Bhelughat Slide
Tep, Y., Mahapatra, B. M., 2019; Macro - Scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of Toposheet Nos. 83 B/15, 83F/3 and 83F/4 in Karbi Anglong and Nagaon districts of Assam.
Urgent need to clear the choked culvert, remove the slide debris to restore the passage of the nala water.
Loose of toe support due to extensive slope cut and toe erosion

Rongar-eh Slide No. 2
Kashyap, M.P., Kikon, A., 2019; Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in Toposheet Nos. 83 F/7 an 83 F/8 in Karbi Anglong district of Assam.
Rongar-eh ΓÇô Pinghat Rangpigaon ΓÇô Tiabergaon Road Section
Slope easing, construction of concrete lined hillside drains.
1. SFM: moderately to highly weathered biotite granite gneiss
2. Overburden thickness of about 5 m
3. Near vertical slope cut
4. Rainfall.

Rongar-eh Slide No. 1
Kashyap, M.P., Kikon, A., 2019; Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in Toposheet Nos. 83 F/7 an 83 F/8 in Karbi Anglong district of Assam.
Rongar-eh ΓÇô Pinghat Rangpigaon ΓÇô Tiabergaon Road Section
Slope easing, construction of concrete lined hillside drains.
1. SFM: moderately to highly weathered biotite granite gneiss
2. Overburden thickness of about 5m
3. Near vertical slope cut
4. Rainfall.
3. Near vert

Pinghat Rangpigaon Slide No. 1
Kashyap, M.P., Kikon, A., 2019; Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility mapping in Toposheet Nos. 83 F/7 an 83 F/8 in Karbi Anglong district of Assam.
1. Slope easing.
2. Precariously hanging grown trees at the crown and flanks of slide may be removed to reduce the static load.
1. SFM: unconsolidated clayey in-situ soil 2. Overburden thickness of about 2ΓÇô5m 3. Near vertical slope cut 4. Rainfall.

Pinghat Rangpigaon Slide No. 2
Strengthen and protect the stream bank with rock rip rap.
1. SFM: unconsolidated clayey in-situ soil 2. Overburden thickness of 2ΓÇô5m 3. Rainfall 4. Toe erosion by nala.

Sartherang Juri Slide
1. Bio barriers may be planted on the exposed slope as a temporary measure, especially during monsoon season.
2. Strengthen and protect the stream bank with rock rip rap and allow native grasses and shrubs to grow on the affected slope.
1. SFM: unconsolidated clayey in-situ soil
2. Overburden thickness of 5m
3. Rainfall
4. Toe erosion by nala.

Samelangso-Langlangso road slide-3
A prominent joint trending E-W with dipping towards slope direction. So immediate remedial measures should be applied to arrest further larger slope failure.
Dense vegetation, road cutting with mild bamboo plants
Partly affected a road but communication restored.
Easing of the crown portion with construction of concrete road side drains and retaining walls with weep holes.
Extensive slope cut with toe erosion of a very steep hill slope by natural stream and heavy weight of overburden trees.

Samelangso-Langlangso road slide-4
This is an important road which connects Samelangso with the settlement on the hills (Lanlangso). Construction of an RCC retaining wall is paramount as the area may experience further failure.
Partly affected a road but communication restored.
Toe support for the affected slope through construction of strong RCC retaining wall with sufficient weep holes, Construction of road side drain.
Failure along a prominent joint plane trending E-W supported by extensive slope cut.

Samelangso-Langlangso road slide-5
This is an important road which connects Samelangso with the settlement on the hills (Lanlangso). Construction of an RCC retaining wall is paramount as the area may experience further failure.
Reduction of strength of the slope forming material on super-saturation due to heavy rain. Extensive cutting of slope for construction of road.

Failure of the thick insitu slope forming material (2-5m) due to slope cutting
Easing of the slope angle and construction of concrete retaining wall with sufficient weep holes and construction & maintenance of proper hillside drains along the road.
Extensive slope cut withtoe erosion by nala

This is an active landslide with the scars from earlier failure visible. Due to heavy rainfall, failure of a part of the landslide affected slope occurred. Remedial measures should be applied to arrest further larger slope failure which is eminent.
An RCC retaining wall with sufficient weep holes may be constructed and construction of proper hillside drains. Slope easing may also arrest further failure.
Extensive slope cut withtoe erosion by nala

Charbong Slide No. 2
1. Slope easing.
2. Removal of loose boulders from the vulnerable cut slope mass.
3. Construction of concrete lined hillside drains.
4. Construction of RCC retaining wall at the toe of cut slope may be considered.
1. SFM: highly weathered rock mass/clayey in-situ soil 2. Overburden thickness of about >5m 3. Near vertical slope cut 4. Rainfall 5. Absence of lined hillside drains.

Charbong Slide No. 1
2. Construction of concrete lined hillside drains.
3. Construction of RCC breast wall at the toe of cut slope may be considered.
1. SFM: highly weathered rock mass/clayey in-situ soil 2. Overburden thickness of about 2ΓÇô5m 3. Near vertical slope cut 4. Rainfall 5. Absence of lined hillside drains.

Dak Ranghanggaon Slide
Strengthen and protect the stream bank with rock rip rap, and allow native grasses & fast growing trees to flourish on the affected slope.
1. SFM: clayey in-situ soil 2. Overburden thickness of 5m
3. Rainfall 4. Toe erosion by nala.

Dhansiri
The affected area is a shallow translational soil slide caused due to slope cut, triggered by incessant rainfall. Other chief causative factors include poor slope forming material comprising of insitu (sandysilt) soil and improper maintenance of draiNGe
This road forms a major connectivity for Diphu, Dhansiri and Dimapur.
1. Proper maintenance of hill side drains. 2. Slope easing on the crown area. 3. Construction of RCC toe wall of about 1 m with sufficient weep holes near the toe of the slope.
1. Slope cut for road. 2. Poor slope forming material comprising of sandy soil. 3. Poor maintenance of hill side drains along road.

Hafjan Kidingpur5
Ferruginous sandstone with siltstone and clay.
The slide is a shallow translational debris slide caused due to slope cut for road, triggered by incessant rainfall. The study area is lithologically weak which comprises of highly weathered ferruginous sandstone (W4). During incessant rainfall the weak
1. Incessant rainfall. 2. Slope cut for road.
┬áNA
Partial road block but was already cleared at the time of investigation.
1. Construction of proper hillside drains along road. 2. Retaining wall of about 1 to 1.5 m height may be constructed with proper weep holes. 3. Slope easing and removal of heavy vegetation cover near the crown area.
1. Poor slope forming material comprising of sandysilt soil. 2. During rainfall the weak material loses its cohesive strength leading to slope failure.

Hafjan Kidingpur4
Ferruginous sandstone with siltstone and clay.
The slide is a shallow translational debris slide caused due to slope cut for road, triggered by incessant rainfall. The study area is lithologically weak which comprises of highly weathered ferruginous sandstone (W4). During incessant rainfall the weak
1. Construction of proper hillside drains along road. 2. Retaining wall of about 1 to 1.5 m height may be constructed with proper weep holes. 3. Removal of heavy vegetation covers near the crown area.
1. Poor slope forming material comprising of sandysilt soil. 2. During rainfall the weak material loses its cohesive strength leading to slope failure.

Hafjan Kidingpur3
Ferruginous sandstone with siltstone and clay.
The slide is a shallow translational debris slide caused due to slope cut for road, triggered by incessant rainfall. The study area is lithologically weak which comprises of highly weathered ferruginous sandstone (W4). During incessant rainfall the weak
Partial road block but was already cleared at the time of investigation.
1. Construction of hillside drains along the road. 2. Retaining wall may be constructed at the toe of the slope with sufficient weep holes. 3. Removal of heavy vegetation covers to reduce the load over crown area.
1. Poor slope forming material comprising of sandysilt soil. 2. During rainfall the weak material loses its cohesive strength leading to increase in pore water pressure causing slope failure.

The slide is a shallow translational debris slide, caused due to extensive slope cut for road construction and triggered by incessant rainfall. It is retrogressive in nature and comprises of weak slope forming material (highly weathered ferruginous sands
┬áNA
Road blocked but already cleared at the time of investigation.
1. Construction of hillside drains along the road. 2. Retaining wall may be constructed at the toe of the slope with sufficient weep holes. 3. Benches/terraces may be adopted to create slope stability.
1. Poor slope forming material comprising of sandysilt soil. 2. During rainfall the weak material loses its cohesive strength leading to slope failure.

The slide is a shallow translational debris slide, caused due to extensive slope cut for road construction and triggered by incessant rainfall. It is retrogressive in nature and comprises of weak slope forming material (highly weathered ferruginous sands
Chances of more slope failure for about a stretch of 100 m especially during monsoon season.
Road blocked but was already cleared at the time of investigation.
1. Construction of hillside drains along the road. 2. Retaining wall may be constructed at the toe of the slope with sufficient weep holes. 3. Benches/terraces may be adopted to create slope stability.

Kania Terongaon2
Shale, siltstone, ferruginous sandstone & mudstone.
The slide is a shallow translational slide caused by extensive slope cut, triggered by incessant rainfall. The other causative measures include poor slope forming material and improper maintenance of draiNGe outlet. During incessant rainfall the weak mat
┬áNA
1. Slope easing in the crown area and removal of heavy vegetation cover. 2. Maintenance of hillside drains along road.
1. Weak overburden material comprising of weathered sandstoneshalesiltstone with insitu soil. 2. Loss of cohesive strength of materials due to increase in pore waterpressure during rainfall. 3. Extensive cutting of slope.

Kania Terongaon1
Shale, siltstone, ferruginous sandstone & mudstone.
The slide is a shallow translational soil slide caused by slope cut and triggered by incessant rainfall. The material comprises of insitu soil (1 to 1.5 m) at the top and weathered sandstonesilt below. The weak material developed pore water pressure due
1. Slope easing in the crown area and removal of heavy vegetation cover. 2. Maintenance of hillside drains along road.
1. Weak overburden material comprising of weathered sandstoneshalesiltstone with insitu soil. 2. Loss of cohesive strength of materials due to increase in pore water pressure during rainfall.

Dilaiji
Shale, siltstone, ferruginous sandstone & mudstone.
The study area comprises of insitu soil and fragmented sandstonesiltclay rocks. Cutting of slope for house construction on natural slopes and due to over saturation of weak overburden material during incessant rainfall are the main causative factors for
1. Incessant rainfall. 2. Slope cut for house construction.
The house is abandoned.
1. Slope easing in the crown area. 2. Train/channelize the draiNGe away from the affected area. 3. Proper hillside drains may be adopted.
1. Poor slope forming material comprising of weathered ferruginous sandstonesiltstone (W4) and insitu soil. 2. Percolation of rain water/natural draiNGe within the weak material causing increase in pore water pressure.

Panbari
It is a shallow translational soil slide caused due to extensive slope cut triggered by incessant rainfall. Other chief causative factors include poor slope forming material comprising of insitu soil (top cover) and highly weathered ferruginous sandstone
1. Incessant rainfall. 2. Extensive slope cut of more than 10 m height.
This is a connectivity road (State Highway) for DiphuDhansiriDimapur which runs almost parallel to the railway line.
Slight road block but already cleared at the time of investigation.
1. Slope benching along with removal of vegetation cover especially in the crown area. 2. Hillside drains should be maintained. 3. The toe of the slope should not be disturbed. 4. RCC retaining wall may be constructed at the toe at a considerable height
1. Poor slope forming material comprising of weathered ferruginous sandstone (W4) with clay lenses. 2. Percolation of rain water/natural draiNGe within the weak material causing increase in pore water pressure. 3. Extensive cutting of slope.

┬áThe slide is a shallow translational soil slide caused due to extensive slope cut for house construction and triggered by incessant rainfall. It is also aided by poor slope forming material comprising of highly weathered ferruginous sandstone (W4).
1. Incessant rainfall. 2. Slope cut at a steep angle (70┬░ to 80┬░) of height more than 6 to 7 m.
┬áKaccha houses of 3 to 4 in numbers are situated near the crown.
1. To evacuate and relocate the residents residing in the upslope area. immediately (mainly to be taken up by the respective State Department) 2. Avoid further discharge of any draiNGe outlet. 3. For immediate measure, by covering the affected slope with
Part of the toilet wall covered with debris.
1. Poor slope forming material comprising of highly weathered ferruginous sandstone (W4). 2. During rainfall the weak material loses its cohesive strength leading to increase in pore water pressure causing slope failure. 3. Discharge of draiNGe from the

The slide is a shallow translational soil slide caused due to extensive slope cut for house construction and triggered by incessant rainfall. It is also aided by poor slope forming material comprising of highly weathered ferruginous sandstone (W4). Durin
1. Incessant rainfall. 2. Slope cut at a steep angle (70┬░ to 80┬░) of height more than 6 to 7 m.
This particular area (Matipung) as observed have thick column of weathered rock material and poses risk for the residents residing nearby.
1. RCC retaining wall (two tiers) of 0.5 to 1 m width may be constructed at the toe of the slope with sufficient weep holes to allow proper draiNGe outlet. 2. Slope easing at the crown area. 3. To channelize draiNGe flow in the upslope area away from the
One kaccha house wall damaged with depleted materials covering a portion of the bathroom wall (RCC).
1. Poor slope forming material comprising of highly weathered ferruginous sandstone (W4). 2. During rainfall the weak material loses its cohesive strength leading to increase in pore water pressure causing slope failure. 3. Poor draiNGe outlet from the u

Matipung
The slope material consists of thick column of highly weathered sandstone (W4). The slide is shallow translational and retrogressive in nature. During incessant rainfall, this weak overburden got saturated and the pore water pressure increased which dimi
1. Incessant rainfall. 2. Slope cut at a steep angle (70┬░ to 80┬░) of height more than 6 to 7 m.
┬áIt poses high risk for both the residents in the upslope and down slope area. Similarly, in the vicinity slope cut of more than 10 m is prevalent causing chances for more number of slope cut failures.
1. Channelize/train the draiNGe flow in the upslope area away from the affected part. 2. Construction of RCC retaining wall with sufficient weep holes at a height of 4 to 5 m with buffer zone. 3. Residents residing in the down slope as well as the upslop
1. Poor slope forming material comprising of highly weathered ferruginous sandstone (W4). 2. During rainfall the weak material loses its cohesive strength leading to increase in pore water pressure causing slope failure. 3. Poor draiNGe outlet from the u

Taralangso
The slide is a shallow translational slide caused due to slope cut for house construction, triggered by incessant rainfall. Other chief causative factors include poor slope forming material comprising of thick weathered rock (W4) column along with lateri
1. Incessant rainfall. 2. Slope cut for house construction.
┬áOne kaccha hut is situated near the crown of the affected area. Any sort of draiNGe discharge should be avoided.
1. To channelize the draiNGe flow from the crown area away from the affected area. 2. Removal of vegetation load from the crown area. 3. Slope easing near the crown area. 4. Stop further excavation of slope.
1. Poor slope forming material comprising of highly weathered ferruginous sandstone (W4) with laterite cover. 2. Increase in pore water pressure during rainfall leading to slope failure.

Bongkolong–Nkio rock fall.
Flaggy sandstone with subordinate shale of Laisong formation belonging to Barail Group of rocks.
SΓéÆ: S185W/29 degreeE, JΓéü: S235W/79 degreeSSE, J2: S220W/60 degreeNW.
The failed slope exposes well bedded medium to coarse grained friable sandstone with two set of joints; wedge failure in the form of fall had occurred on the almost vertical slope cut due to unfavorable discontinuity planes.
Lemdur, K. and Kikon, A. (2018); MacroScale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in Toposheet nos. 83G/6 and 83G/7 in Karbi Anglong and Dima Hasao districts in Asam, Kohima District of Nagaland and West Manipur distrcit of Manipur. GSI report of F
Minor rock fall.
Moderation of slope gradient may be considered.
Geologically, the affected site comprises of bedded and jointed weathered sandstone alternated with siltstone, shale and clay. The primary reasons responsible for the failure areΓÇô slope cut for construction of road and exposing the discontinuity pla

New Nkio–Pamsiakilwa slide No.1
Shale, flaggy sandstone and calcareous rocks belonging to Disang
The affected area is predominantly composed of splintery shale of Disang Formation. This grey to dark grey, very fine grained, finely laminated shale commonly exhibit conchoidal surface, and thus breaks easily along these surfaces. Excavation or cutting
Lemdur, K. and Kikon, A. (2018); MacroScale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in Toposheet nos. 83G/6 and 83G/7 in Karbi Anglong and Dima Hasao districts in Asam, Kohima District of NGaland and West MNipur distrcit of MNipur. GSI report of FS 2
1. Construction of reinforced retaining wall at the toe of the slide founded on sound substratum.
2. Construction and proper maintenance of hillside lined draiNGe.
1. Slope cut for road construction.
2. Weak lithology comprising mostly of shale and flaggy sandstone.
3. Porewater pressure and reduction of strength on oversaturation.

New Nkio–Pamsiakilwa slide No.2
Shale, flaggy sandstone and calcareous rocks belonging to Disang
Excavation or cutting of slope for road construction activities, weak slope forming material of about 0.5ΓÇô2 m and over saturation during rainfall caused a shallow translational debris slide. Due to weak lithology and illplanned cutting of slope, slo
Lemdur, K. and Kikon, A. (2018); MacroScale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in Toposheet nos. 83G/6 and 83G/7 in Karbi Anglong and Dima Hasao districts in Asam, Kohima District of NGaland and West MNipur distrcit of MNipur. GSI report of FS 2
Landslides prone area. Proper remedial measures should be adopted in order to mitigate the hazards involved.
1. Toe support for the daylighted slope material through construction of strong concrete retaining wall with sufficient weep holes.
2. Construction of lined hill side drains.
The affected area is composed of highly weathered sandstone with insitu soil of about 0.5ΓÇô2 m. Extensive slope excavation beyond the critical angle for road construction having weak slope forming material, combined with heavy downpour resulted in sa

Fractured slided shale become unstable due to slope cut
1. Remove slided material from toe/road, 2. Clear drainage

Slope is high and slope modification destabilized it
Construct retaining wall throughout the slided length of the toe attached to road

Remove slided material and clear drainage

1. Remove hanging material from crown, 1. remove slided debris and clear drainage

Gractured sandstone got destabilizad due to slope cut
Clear hanging material from landslide scar

Nchen–Ngaulong slide No.1
Shale, siltstone, ferruginous sandstone and mudstone of Bokabil Formation belonging to Surma Group of rocks.
It is a shallow translational debris slide of retrogressive nature. Combination of several factors like toe cutting of slope for road construction, weak overburden material with regolith thickness of about 25 m and heavy rainfall resulted in slope failur
Lemdur, K. and Kikon, A. (2018); MacroScale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in Toposheet nos. 83G/6 and 83G/7 in Karbi Anglong and Dima Hasao districts in Asam, Kohima District of NGaland and West MNipur distrcit of MNipur. GSI report of FS 2
Since the landslide is small in dimension and caused minor road block, adopting the recommended remedial measure would help in addressing the problem.
Construction of hill side lined draiNGe and retaining wall may be considered.
The slope forming material at the affected site is composed of highly fragmented sandstone intercalated with shale, siltstone and mudstone. Oversaturation of these weak overburden materials during rainfall resulted in development of local pore water pres

Nchen–Ngaulong slide No.4
Ferruginous sandstone with siltstone and clay of Tipam sandstone Formation belonging to Tipam Group of rocks.
The slope forming material at the affected site is composed of sandy insitu soil and highly fragmented sandstone. Cutting of toe destabilized the slope, furthermore, saturation and lose of cohesion due to rainfall contributed to the mobility of slope mat
Inactive landslide.
1. Construction and timely maintenance of lined hillside draiNGe system.
2. Retaining wall at the toe of cut slope founded on a sound stratum may be constructed.
1. Thick column of sandy insitu soil and highly fragmented sandstone
2. Moderate steep slope (30╦Ü35╦Ü).
3. Development of pore water pressure and reduction of strength on oversaturation due to incessant rainfall.
4. Slope cut.

Nchen–Ngaulong rock fall.
Ferruginous sandstone with siltstone and clay of Tipam sandstone Formation belonging to Tipam Group of rocks.
The area shows a rugged and youthful topography represented by high sharp ridges, moderately dissected hillslopes and steep valleys. The geological setting of the area is characterized by well bedded sandstone intercalated with clay and siltstone. Excava
Proper remedial measures should be given to avoid further sliding of rock.
1. Construction of hill side lined draiNGe.
2. Meshing and rock bolting may be considered.
1. Modification of natural slope and toe cutting for road construction.
2. Rock dipping towards the valley.
3. Daylighting of exposed rock face and seepage of water along the weak planes.

Nchen–Ngaulong slide No.2
Ferruginous sandstone with siltstone and clay of Tipam sandstone Formation belonging to Tipam Group of rocks.
J1: N28E/37 degreeNW, J2: N291W/90 degree
The landslide though small in size, it is important because of the involvement of its sub vertical joint that provides a plane for the overburden mass to slip downward. Deforestation for jhum cultivation on the crown portion of the slope cut could also b
1. Planting of deep fibrous rooted plants on the crown portion of slope.
2. Construction and timely maintenance of lined hillside draiNGe system.
During incessant rainfall the weak overburden comprising of weathered sandstone and insitu soil got over saturated and eventually failed along the sub vertical to vertical joint plane.

The affected area dominantly comprises weak overburden material. Toe cutting of slope for road construction without proper slope protection further destabilized the slope. Oversaturation of these materials during incessant rainfall reduced the shear stre
1. Planting of deep fibrous rooted plants on the crown portion of slope.
2. Construction and timely maintenance of lined hillside draiNGe system.
1. Slope cut.
2. Weak overburden materialΓÇô weathered and fragmented rock with thin sandy insitu soil cover.
3. Porewater pressure development.
4. Reduction of strength on oversaturation due to incessant rainfall.

Kepre Tongikro Mongjang slide No.13
Shale, flaggy sandstone and calcareous rocks belonging to Disang
J1: S185W/55 degreeE, J2: S225W/40 degree
The presence of two sets of joint in weathered sandstone, seepage of water along the discontinuity planes, and over saturation of weak overburden material resting on steep slope during rainfall resulted in wedge type failure. The slide also brought down
The landslide might pose a threat to the cultivated land nearby.
1. Moderation of slope gradient may be considered.
2. Construction of strong concrete retaining wall with sufficient weep holes.
3. Revegetation of slope with fibrous roots system plants.
1. Weak slope forming material comprising mainly of weathered and jointed sandstone, sandstone boulders embedded within insitu soil.
2. Failure due to intersection of joints.
3. Steep slope angle of about 45┬║.
4. Reduction of slope materialΓÇÖs s

Thingje–Hereilo slide No.1
Flaggy sandstone with subordinate shale of Laisong Formation belonging to Barail Group of rocks.
S0: N35E/52 degreeSE, J1:S 155E/54 degreeSW
Unscientific approach to cutting of slope for road construction without considering the rock disposition and structures is the chief causative factor that led to a rock slide. This part of the study area (SE of TS No. 83 G/7) displays a rugged and youthf
Remedial measure should be implemented as jointed and moderately weathered rock mass might led to recurrent rock falls and slides.
1. Construction of strong retaining wall at the toe of slide with rock slide road sign.
2. Steel mesh with rock bolt anchors to hold the mesh in place may be considered.
1. Unscientific cutting of slope for road construction.
2. Well bedded and jointed sandstone.
3. Seepage of water along the discontinuity planes during rainfall.
4. Failure occurred along the bedding plane (dipping towards the road); furthermore, bedding

Thingje–Hereilo slide No.2
Flaggy sandstone with subordinate shale of Laisong Formation belonging to Barail Group of rocks.
S0: N30E/55 degreeNW, J1: N55E/31 degreeSE
This part of the study area (SE of TS No. 83 G/7) displays a rugged and youthful topography represented by high ridges and steep valleys. The slide is a shallow translational failure caused both by inherent and external factors. The hills display a steep
Remedial measure should be implemented as jointed and moderately weathered rock mass might led to recurrent rock falls and slides.
1. Construction of strong retaining wall at the toe of slide with rock slide road sign.
2. Steel mesh with rock bolt anchors to hold the mesh in place may be considered.
1. Ill planned cutting of slope (near vertical) for road construction.
2. Well bedded, fractured, jointed sandstone.
3. Intersection of bedding and joint plane.
4. Seepage of water along the discontinuity planes during rainfall.

The slide face is 012?
1.Steep cutting of slope and Increase in pore water pressure by incessant rainfall hence reducing the cohesive strenght of the materials causing it to slide. 2. the materials making the slope are unconsolidated debris.

The slide face is 360?
1.Steep cutting of slope and Increase in pore water pressure by incessant rainfall hence reducing the cohesive strenght of the materials causing it to slide. 2. the materials making the slope are unconsolidated debris.

The slide face is 345?
1.Cutting of slope and removal of debris at the toe portion of the slide. 2. Increase in pore water pressure by incessant rainfall hence reducing the cohesive strenght of the materials causing it to slide. 2. The materials making the slope are unconsoli

Removal of debris under process during the time of field validation.
1. Slope easing by slope benching. 2. Providing proper drainage.
1. Planar failure. 2. increase in pore water pressure. 3. steep cutting of slope for road alignment.

Sandstone and shale roc strata alteration.
The slide face is 200? and slope angle is 25?
1. Planar failure. 2. Increase in pore water pressure hence reduction of strenght on supersatuartion of the overburden added by steep slope cut for road alignment. 3. the materials making the slope are not well compacted.

1. Slope easing by slope benching. 2. Providing lined drainage and removal of debris lying on the road.
1. Increase in pore water pressure hence reduction of strenght on supersatuartion of the materials making the slope. 2. the materials making the slope are not well compacted and are saturated with water as evidence by the dripping of the water oozing ou

The slide face is 300? and is a natural slide.
1. Toe erosion by river as well as gully erosion.

1. Steep cutting of slope. 2. Over saturation as evidence by the seepage of water of the overburden by water reducing the strenght of the materials to resist failure. 3. Fractured rock strata.

1.Toe esrosin by Jenam river during the flooding of the river. Rill erosion added further sliding.

Thick bedded sandstone and shale alteration.
The slide face is 246?. Cracks observed on the dumped materials along the downslope portion of the road.
Proper drainage and removal of debris blocking the drainage.
1.Steep cutting of slope and Increase in pore water pressure by incessant rainfall hence reducing the cohesive strenght of the materials causing it to slide.

A natural slide. The debris have blocked the river course changing the course of the river. The slide face is 220?
Road shifting towards the upslope. Provide proper drainage.
1.Toe esrosin by Jenam river during the flooding of the river.

Guilong–Semkhor slide No.3
Geologically, the affected site is composed of highly weathered sandstone with thin insitu soil cover. Excavation on natural slope having weak slope forming material of about 2ΓÇô5 m thickness for road construction combined with rainfall resulted in o
1. Removal of overhanging trees at the crown portion.
2. Construction of retaining wall may be considered.
1. Toecutting of slope.
2. Weak slope forming material comprising mainly of weathered sandstone and shale with thin inΓÇôsitu soil cover.
3. Overburden thickness of 2ΓÇô5m.
4. Reduction of strength on over saturation due to rainfall.

Digarkaro Phaipha Slide No.2
The affected site comprises highly weathered fragmented and friable sandstone overlain by thin insitu soil cover. Extensive slope excavation beyond the critical angle and toe removal of natural slope having weak slope forming material played a major role
PhaiphaΓÇôDigarkaro road section is prone to landslides especially during monsoon season.
1. Moderation/Easing of slope.
2. Construction and timely maintenance of hillside lateral drains.
Destabilization of slope by modification of slope face and toe removal for road construction, weak slope forming material, decrease in shear strength of slope material due to oversaturation are the main causes that contributed to slope failure.

Digarkaro–Phaipha Slide No.1
Flaggy sandstone with subordinate shale of Laisong Formation belonging to Barail Group of rocks.
Weak slope forming material, overburden thickness of 2ΓÇô5 m, ill planned cutting of slope and rainfall are the chief factors that contributed in causing a shallow translational debris slide. In this part of the study area, the hills are moderately s
This road section i.e. DigarkaroΓÇôPhaipha road section is prone to landslides especially during monsoon season.
1. Moderation/Easing of slope.
2. Construction and timely maintenance of hillside lateral drains.
1. Unplanned cutting of slope (near vertical) for road construction.
2. Weak slope forming material comprising mainly of weathered and fragmented sandstone with thin sandy insitu soil.
3. Overburden thickness of 2ΓÇô5 m.
4. Reduction of slope material

Nobdi Langting–Phath slide.
Mottled clay, sandy clay, sandstone & conglomerate of Girujan Clay belonging to Tipam Group of rocks.
The affected slope is composed of loosely packed, friable sandstone. Toe removal and cutting of slope for road construction at a critical angle disturbed the angle of repose of the material. Oversaturation of these weak materials during incessant or int
Timely implementation of remedial measure will prevent the slope from further failures.
1. Moderation of slope gradient may be considered.
3. Construction of reinforced retaining wall at the toe of the slide with sufficient weep holes.
1. Destabilization of slope due to ill planned cutting (near vertical) for road construction.
2. Weak slope forming material comprising mainly of friable sandstone and sandy insitu soil.
3. Overburden thickness of 2ΓÇô5m.
4. Reduction of strength on o

Darangibra–Kepre slide No.1
Mottled clay, sandy clay, sandstone & conglomerate of Girujan Clay belonging to Tipam Group of rocks.
The affected site is composed of highly weathered sandstone with thin clay horizon and insitu soil cover. Illplanned cutting of slope beyond the critical angle destabilized the slope. Furthermore, heavy downpour led to oversaturation of slope forming ma
1. Slope easing and removal of precariously hanging trees at the crown portion to reduce the overburden load.
2. Construction of lined hillside draiNGe.
1. Excavation or toe cutting of slope for road construction.
2. Reduction of shear strength on oversaturation of thick column of highly weathered overburden material of about 0.5ΓÇô2m thickness during incessant rainfall.

NE of Darangibra slide.
Mottled clay, sandy clay, sandstone & conglomerate of Girujan Clay belonging to Tipam Group of rocks.
The affected slope consist thick section (~2ΓÇô5 m) of loosely packed weathered sandstone overlain by thin inΓÇôsitu soil horizon. Slope modification of natural slope having weak slope forming material coupled with rainfall resulted in over saturat
Landslides prone area. Proper remedial measures should be adopted in order to mitigate the hazards involved.
1. Construction of strong reinforced retaining wall/gabion wall at the toe of the slide founded on firm substratum.
2. Construction and proper maintenance of lined hillside draiNGe.
3. Slope dressing may be considered.
1. Excavation and toe cutting of slope for road construction.
2. Weak slope forming material compromising mainly of highly weathered friable sandstone with sandy inΓÇôsitu soil.
3. Overburden thickness of >5m.
4. Reduction of strength on over saturati

Kepre–Koladisa Prasadimdik slide No.1
Geologically, the affected site comprises medium grained, friable, fragmented sandstone overlain by insitu soil cover. Removal of toe support and cutting of slope at a steep angle, development of pore water pressure in the thick weathered zone due to inc
As this landslide is still active and widening, proper remedial measures should be adopted
2. Construction of strong reinforced concrete retaining wall set on sound bed rock may be considered.
3. Construction of hillside lined draiNGe.
The slide occurred due to interplay of several factors:
1. Destabilization due to toecutting of slope for road construction.
2. The major geological causes are presence of weathered, fragmented rocks and unconsolidated materials, development of pore pre

Kepre–Koladisa–Prasadimdik slide No.2
Geologically, the affected site is comprised of highly weathered and friable sandstone overlain by insitu soil cover. Extensive slope excavation beyond the critical angle and toe removal of natural slope having weak slope forming material played a major
A large number of minor cut slope failures were observed along this section. Proper mitigation should be taken up to curb untoward incidences.
2. Construction of hillside lined draiNGe.
3. Dressing of slope and removal of depleted mass from the affected slope.
Destabilization caused due to ill modification of slope face and toe removal for road construction, unfavorable lithology and weak slope forming material, reduction in shear strength of slope material due to oversaturation are the main geoscientific caus

Kepre–Koladisa–Prasadimdik slide No.3
The geological setting of the affected area is characterized by flaggy sandstone with subordinate shale that has undergone extensive weathering. Excavation and toe cutting of slope for road construction further diminished the stability of the slope. Duri
Lithology in this area consists of weathered, friable, loosely packed sandstone which is highly susceptible to slope failure.
2. Construction of hillside lined draiNGe.
3. Construction of reinforced concrete retaining wall with sufficient weep holes in both upslope and downslope of the road bench.
1. Destabilization of slope due to ill planned cutting for road construction.
2. Weak slope forming material comprising mainly of highly weathered sandstone.
3. Reduction of slope materialΓÇÖs shear strength on over saturation due to rainfall.

Kepre–Koladisa–Prasadimdik slide No.4
Geologically, the affected site is comprised of highly weathered friable sandstone overlain by thin insitu soil cover. Slope modification beyond the critical angle and toe removal of natural slope having weak slope forming material, combined with heavy
Lithology in this area consists of weathered, friable, loosely packed sandstone which is highly susceptible to slope failure.
3. Construction of reinforced concrete retaining wall with sufficient weep holes in both upslope and downslope of the road bench.
1. Destabilization of slope due to ill planned cutting for road construction.
2. Weak slope forming material comprising mainly of highly weathered sandstone.
3. Reduction of slope materialΓÇÖs shear strength on over saturation due to rainfall.

The affected slope comprises highly weathered sandstone, shale and sandy insitu soil, with regolith thickness of about 0.5ΓÇô2 m. The area is susceptible to landslides. Excavation and toe cutting further weakened and destabilized the slope. Subsequen
2. Removal of precariously hanging trees at the crown portion to shed the static load.
3. Revegetation of slope with fibrous roots system plants.
Cutting of natural slope for road construction, highly weathered, friable, loosely packed sandstone, and reduction of shear strength due to heavy downpour were the chief causative factors for the slope failure.

The lithounit of the affected area includes highly friable, loosely packed sandstone intercalated with thin shale layer. Extensive slope cut and percolation of rain water through this weak slope material during rainfall contributed to the driving force b
2. Removal of precariously hanging trees at the crown portion to shed the static load.
3. Construction of reinforced concrete retaining wall may be constructed on the upslope and downslope of the road be
1. Anthropogenic activities: illplanned cutting of slope at steep angle (700800) for road construction.
2. Weak slope forming material.
3. Incessant rainfall resulted in over saturation of slope forming material which in turn increased local pore water p

Kepre Tongikro Mongjang slide No.4
The slope forming material is composed of highly weathered sandstone and shale. Geomorphologically, the affected area displays an undulating landform with low to moderate slope angle. This part of the study area appears stable with low chances of landsli
This road section, specifically, KepreΓÇôTongikroΓÇôMongjang has high concentration of slope cut failures.
1. Timely maintenance of lined hillside draiNGe system.
2. Removal of precariously rooted trees to reduce the static loading.
1. Destabilization of slope due to ill planned cutting for road construction.
2. Weak slope forming material comprising mainly of highly weathered, loosely packed, friable, medium grained sandstone with thin sandy insitu soil cover.
3. Overburden thickne

Kepre Tongikro Mongjang slide No.5
The affected area displays an undulating landform with low to moderate slope angle and lowly dissected hillslope, which can be considered as a safe terrain with little chance of landslide occurrences. However, anthropogenic activities like slope excavati
This road section, specifically, KepreΓÇôTongikroΓÇôMongjang has high concentration of slope cut failures.
1. Timely maintenance of lined hillside draiNGe system.
2. Removal of precariously rooted trees to reduce the static loading.
2. Weak slope forming material comprising mainly of highly weathered, loosely packed, friable, medium grained sandstone with thin sandy insitu soil cover.
3. Overburden thickne

S0: Horizontal, J1: S145E/64 degreeSW, J2: N24E/90 degree
Geologically, the affected area is comprised of flaggy sandstone with subordinate shale that has undergone certain degree of weathering. The disposition of bedding was observed to be horizontal and dissected by two set of joints. Daylighting the weak dis
This road section has high concentration of minor slope cut failures.
1. Timely maintenance of lined hillside draiNGe system.
3. Toe support for the affected slope through construction of strong concrete retaining wall with sufficient weep holes.
2. Bedding plane dissected by two set of joints forming wedges.
3. Seepage of water along the discontinuity planes during rainfall.
4. Weak slope forming material comprising ma

Dongki nala slide.
During heavy rainfall, the stream undercuts the toe due to increase in water volume and velocity. Though the road traffic is low, the toe erosion taking place on the left bank is of major concern because the road that connects several villages runs just
Road bench is at risk in the events of high rainfall.
1. Timely maintenance of lined hillside draiNGe system at the toe of cut slope (road bench)
2. Gabion walls or riprap placed at the bank toe to prevent further undercutting.
3. In order to restore and strengthen the bank, establishing significant plant r
1. Toe erosion (stream bank erosion) by Dongki nala.
2. Weak slope forming material comprising mainly of weathered, friable, medium grained sandstone.
3. Overburden thickness of >5m.
4. Reduction of slope materialΓÇÖs shear strength on over saturation

Geomorphologically, the affected area displays an undulating landform with low to moderate slope angle. The area at large is stable with low chances of natural slides if left undisturbed. However, failure occurred as a result of excavation and toe cuttin
The slide affected the road for a stretch of about 32 m. This road section i.e. KepreΓÇôTongikroΓÇôMongjang has high concentration of slope cut failures.
2. Removal of precariously rooted trees to reduce the static loading.
1. Destabilization of slope due to slope cutting for road construction.
2. Weak slope forming material comprising mainly of highly weathered, loosely packed, friable, medium grained sandstone with thin insitu soil cover.
3. Overburden thickness of 2ΓÇ

The affected area comprises thick section of highly weathered friable sandstone. Cutting of slope for road construction destabilized the slope, infiltration of water due to continuous or heavy downpour led to oversaturation and reduction of shearing stre
This road section, specifically, KepreΓÇôTongikroΓÇôMongjang has high concentration of slope cut failures.
2. Construction of retaining wall with sufficient weep holes founded on sound substratum may be considered.
1. Removal of toe support during road construction.
2. Weak slope forming material: highly weathered friable sandstone
3. Development of local hydrostatic pore pressure due to incessant rainfall rendering the weak slope to lose its shear strength.

Weak slope forming material, anthropogenic activities like slope modification for road construction, decrease in shear strength due to oversaturation are some of the factors that contributed to this failure.
The slide affected the road for a stretch of about 32 m. This road section i.e KepreΓÇôTongikroΓÇôMongjang has high concentration of slope cut failures.
1. Destabilization of slope due to slope cutting for road construction.
2. Weak slope forming material comprising mainly of highly weathered, loosely packed, friable, medium grained sandstone with thin insitu soil cover.
3. Overburden thickness of 2ΓÇ

Darangibra–Kepre slide No.2
A shallow translational debris slide caused due to combined action of slope excavation, toe cutting and over saturation of weak overburden material during rainfall. The landslide partially blocked the road. Appropriate remedial measures should be adopted
Road bench is at risk.
1. Slope dressing.
2. Retaining wall may be constructed at the toe of the cut slope.
3. Construction of lined hillside draiNGe along the road.
1. Ill planned cutting of slope for road construction.
2. Weak slope forming material comprising mainly of fragmented and weathered sandstone, siltstone, clay with thin inΓÇôsitu soil cover.
3. Overburden thickness of 2ΓÇô5m.
4. Reduction of streng

Greenwood school compound Slide.
The mentioned rotational slide is small in scale and is induced by minor slope cut on thick sandy insitu soil. The slope collapsed due to absence of strong trees with intricate root system to hold the soil mass and oversaturation during rainfall. Weak
Minor slope failure. However, the Greenwood school authority mentioned that the school compound which is founded on a gentle hill slope is slowly moving downward, this claim is substantiated by tilted house and trees. The Nobdi LangtingΓÇôKhepre road
Plantation of strong deep rooted system trees on the upper portion of the slope.
1. Minor slope cut for land leveling.
2. Sandy insitu soil cover of about 2ΓÇô5 m.
3. Reduction of strength on over saturation due to rainfall.

Weak slope forming material, percolation of rain water into the weak overburden material, increase of pore water pressure, loss of cohesion and shear strength are some of the geoscientific causes that caused this failure. Toe cutting of slope for road co
This road section has high concentration of minor slope cut failures.
3. Toe support in both upslope and downslope through construction of strong concrete retaining wall with sufficient weep holes.
2. Weak slope forming material comprising mainly of weathered friable micaceous sandstone and considerable thickness of insitu soil.
4. Re

Geologically, the affected area is comprised mainly of sandy insitu soil with weathered sandstone, clay, thin bed of unconsolidated pebbles and cobbles. Toe cutting of slope destabilized the slope. The weak overburden on over saturation develops local p
This road stretch is dotted with minor cut slope failures. Therefore, proper remedial measures should be adopted as a precaution against future incidences.
2. Moderation of slope gradient/dressing of slope may be considered.
3. Toe support for the affected slope through construction of strong concrete retaining wall with sufficient weep holes.
2. Weak slope forming material comprising mainly of insitu soil underlain by highly weathered friable sandstone.
3. Overburden thickness of 0.5ΓÇô2m.
4. Reduction of slope m

Geologically, the affected area comprises mainly of weathered sandstone, clay, thin bed of unconsolidated pebbles and cobbles with sandy insitu soil. The weathered rock mass and thick overburden coupled with slope excavation and rainfall led to reductio
This road stretch is dotted with minor cut slope failures. Therefore, proper remedial measures should be adopted as a precaution against future incidences.
2. Construction of strong concrete retaining wall with sufficient weep holes.
1. Toe cutting of slope.
2. Weak slope forming material
3. Reduction of slope materialΓÇÖs shear strength on over saturation due to rainfall.

The affected slope is dominantly composed of weathered sandstone and shale with sandy insitu soil cover. During rainfall, weak overburden material on over saturation elevates the local pore water pressure, resulting in reduction of shear strength and ren
2. Construction of strong concrete retaining wall with sufficient weep holes.
1. Destabilization of slope due to slope cutting for road construction.
2. Weak slope forming material comprising mainly of highly weathered, loosely packed, friable, medium grained sandstone with thin insitu soil cover.
3. Overburden thickness of 2ΓÇ

The affected area is lithologically weak; comprising mainly of weathered friable sandstone. Modification of slope for road construction and over saturation of loosely packed overburden material during rainfall resulted in development of local pore water
This is a large landslide with high chances of reactivation. Timely and appropriate remedial measures must be taken up in order to minimize the risk involved.
2. Revegetation of slope with fibrous roots system plants.
4. Channelling of surface runoff from the upslope portion and dive
1. Anthropogenic activities: illplanned cutting of slope at steep angle for road construction.
2. Weak slope forming material
3. Incessant or heavy downpour resulted in over saturation of slope forming material.

Sengya Sambhudhan school slide No.2
The slide occurred on a moderately dissected hill slope, materially composed of highly weathered and fragmented sandstone, thin clay beds, conglomerates and sandy insitu soil cover underlain by steeply dipping fresh rock (towards the valley) forming a we
Though itΓÇÖs a big landslide, the affected area is uninhabited and thus poses no threat to life or property.
Approx. 500 m south of Sengya Sambhudhan school
Sparse vegetation & jhum at the crown portion
1. Weak slope forming material comprising of weathered, flaggy, ferruginous, medium grained sandstone, thin clay and conglomerate beds, with sandy insitu soil (~2 m) cover.
2. Dissection by hill slope draiNGes.
3. Reduction of slope materialΓÇÖs shear

Daoblibdisa market slide No.5
The affected area constitutes lithologically weak units comprising thick column of insitu soil underlain by highly weathered sandstone. Failure occurred when rainwater percolated into the thick soil cover; its shear strength reduced due to increase in lo
The affected area is uninhabited, however, a major road/lifeline passes just above the affected slope.
1. Weak slope forming material dominantly composed of weathered, friable, loosely packed sandstone with sandy insitu soil.
2. Overburden thickness of 2ΓÇô5 m.

Daoblibdisa market slide No.4
Immature geology, weak slope forming material, regolith thickness of about >5 m thickness, deforestation and heavy downpour are the factors that caused a shallow translational slide. Notably, Jhum cultivation seemed to have played a significant role in
Deforestation for jhum cultivation makes hill slopes more prone to landslides
1. Weak slope forming material comprising sandy insitu soil underlain by weathered sandstone.
2. Overburden thickness of >5 m.
4. Practice of Jhum cultivation at th

Sengya Sambhudhan school slide No.3
It is a shallow translational landslide caused by interplay of various factors like, immature geology, weak slope forming material, regolith thickness of about 2ΓÇô5 m thickness, deforestation, and increase in pore water pressure due to rainwater inf
Approx. 500 m south of sengya Sambhudhan school
Sparse vegetation & jhum at the crown portion
1. Weak slope forming material comprising of weathered, flaggy, ferruginous, medium grained sandstone with sandy insitu soil.
3. Practice of Jhum cultivation at the

Sengya Sambhudhan school slide No.1
It is a shallow translational slide caused by a combination of factors like immature geology, weak slope forming material, regolith thickness of about 2ΓÇô5 m thickness, deforestation and sudden increase in pore water pressure due to infiltration of r
Deforestation for jhum cultivation makes hill slopes more prone to landslides.
Approx. 500 m south of Sengya Sambhudhan school
1. Weak slope forming material comprising of weathered and fragmented sandstone, clay, with sandy insitu soil.
2. Overburden thickness of 2ΓÇô5 m.
4. Practice of

Daoblibdisa market slide No.3
The affected slope is composed of 25 m thick column of weak overburden material comprising highly weathered sandstone and shale resting on a moderate slope gradient. Monsoon rain oversaturated the loose soil overburden material and caused a temporary inc
Deforestation for jhum cultivation made the low mounds prone to landslides.
1. Weak slope forming material comprising of sandy insitu soil underlain by weathered sandstone.
3. Reduction of slope materialΓÇÖs shear strength on heavy infiltration of rain water of soil overburden.

Immature lithology, weak slope forming material, regolith thickness of about 2ΓÇô5 m thickness, deforestation, and rainfall are the main factors that contributed in causing this shallow translational slide. Notably, Jhum cultivation seemed to have pla
The affected area is uninhabited. Deforestation for jhum cultivation made the low mounds prone to landslides.
Afforestation with deep rooted trees in order to anchor and strengthen the soil mass
1. Weak slope forming material comprising of sandy insitu soil underlain by weathered sandstone.

The affected area comprises thick column of insitu soil underlain by highly weathered sandstone. Failure occurred due to percolation of rain water into the thick soil cover; its shear strength reduced due to pore water pressure making the slope vulnerabl
The affected area is uninhabited. Deforestation for jhum cultivation made the low mounds prone to landslides.
1. Weak slope forming material comprising of sandy insitu soil underlain by weathered sandstone.

Nkio–Prasadimdik slide No.8
The affected slope is composed of weak slope forming material with regolith thickness of about 3 m. Illplanned cutting of slope for road construction destabilized the slope and was left vulnerable without any slope support. Though small in dimension, ne
2. Construction of strong reinforced retaining wall at the toe of the slide founded on firm substratum.
3. Construction of lined hillside draiNGe at the toe of cut slope.
1. The affected site is mainly composed of weak slope forming material: highly weathered sandstone with inΓÇôsitu soil.
2. Excavation or cutting of slope for road construction activities.
3. Oversaturation of slope forming material due to continuous

Nkio–Prasadimdik slide No.6
The affected slope is composed of weak overburden material, mostly weathered and fragmented rock overlain by thin sandy insitu soil. During precipitation, water infiltration increased the local pore water pressure, weight of overburden, and reduced the s
Past landslides on the same site had damaged large cultivated lands (valley portion) that exist just below the road bench.
1. Construction of strong reinforced retaining wall/gabion wall at the toe of the slide founded on firm substratum.
2. Dressing of slope and removal of depleted material from the road.
3. Construction of lined hillside draiNGe.
1. Weak slope forming material comprising of highly weathered sandstone and insitu soil.
2. Destabilization of slope due to illplanned slope cut.
3. Development of local hydrostatic pressure and reduction of strength on oversaturation of weak overburden

Nkio–Prasadimdik slide No.7
The litho package on the affected slope constitutes flaggy sandstone with subordinate shale which has undergone extensive weathering. During rainfall, oversaturation of this weak slope material resulted in temporary increase in pore water pressure and r
Proper remedial measure should be adapted as a precaution against future landslides.
Mainly affected those villagers who are involved in trades.
1. Construction of strong reinforced retaining wall/gabion wall at the toe of the slide founded on firm substratum.
2. Removal of depleted material from the road.
3. Construction of lined hillside draiNGe.
1. Weak slope forming material: weathered sandstone with shale.
2. Cutting of slope for road construction.
3. Incessant rainfall led to oversaturation of slope forming material results in reduction of shear strength due to rise in local pore water press

The affected slope forms the footslope of a hill, thus, comprising transported materials; soil intermixed with small and large fragments of sandstone. Removal of material from the toe portion of slope for road construction destabilized the slope. Prolong
Presence of weak slope forming material, reduction of shear strength due to oversaturation, and anthropogenic activities like slope face modification during road construction are the main causes.

New Nkio–Phaikulum slide No.2.
The affected area is lithologically weak; comprising weathered sandstone, shale and insitu soil cover, of about 2ΓÇô5 m regolith thickness. Modification of slope for road construction, weathering and daylighting of the exposed slope material led to de
1. Slope easing and plantation of fibrous rooted plants on the affected slope to create further soil anchoring.
3. Clearing of depleted mass from the road side.
The slide occurred due to interplay of several factors:
1. Destabilization due to toe cutting of slope for road construction.
2. The major geological causes are presence of weathered, fragmented rocks and unconsolidated materials, development of pore pr

New Nkio–Phaikulum slide No.1.
Shale, flaggy sandstone and calcareous rocks belonging to Disang.
The affected slope is composed of thick column of loose sandy insitu soil and unconsolidated pebbleΓÇôboulder bed. The affected area is also devoid of any deep rooted trees which can hold the soil together. During incessant rainfall oversaturation of
Road bench may be affected which is at the crown portion of the slide.
Construction of reinforced retaining wall at the toe of the slide with sufficient weep holes.
1. Weak slope forming materialΓÇô loose sandy insitu soil and unconsolidated pebbleboulder bed.
2. Development of local hydrostatic pressure and reduction of shear strength on oversaturation of weak overburden material due to rainfall.

Nkio Prasadimdik slide No.1
Excavation or cutting of slope for road construction activities, weak slope forming material of about 0.5ΓÇô2 m and over saturation during rainfall caused a shallow translational debris slide.
1. Choked hill side lined drains should be cleared and maintained, especially during monsoon season.
2. Construction of retaining wall at the toe of the slope.
1. Weak slope forming material: highly weathered sandstone and shale with thin insitu soil cover
2. Illplanned cutting of slope for road construction.
3. Development of local hydrostatic pressure and reduction of shear strength on oversaturation of weak

Nkio Prasadimdik slide No.5
The affected slope is composed of weak overburden, mostly weathered and fragmented rock overlain by thin sandy insitu soil. Excavation or cutting of slope for road construction and reduction of strength on oversaturation of thick column of highly weather
Though the risk involved at present is low because the area is scarcely populated, during future damage it may pose threat to large cultivated lands (valley portion) that exist just below the road bench.
2. Construction and timely maintenance of lined hillside draiNGe for proper disposal of surface water runoff.
1. Weak slope forming material: weathered and fragmented rock overlain by thin sandy insitu soil.
2. Illplanned cutting of slope.
3. Reduction of strength on oversaturation.

The affected slope is composed of weak overburden material mostly weathered and fragmented rock overlain by thick sandy insitu soil. During rainfall, water infiltration raised the temporary water level and reduced the shearing strength of the overburden
Past landslides had damaged large cultivated lands (valley portion) that exist just below the road bench.
Mainly affected those villagers who are involved in trades.
2. Lined hillside draiNGe should be maintained.
1. Weak slope forming material comprising highly weathered sandstone and insitu soil.
2. Anthropogenic activities: toe cutting of slope.
3. Development of local hydrostatic pressure and reduction of strength on oversaturation of weak overburden material

The affected slope is composed of unconsolidated pebbles and cobbles, highly fragmented sandstone and inΓÇôsitu soil cover of about 2ΓÇô5 m thickness. Seepage/infiltration by springs on the slope was observed during the time of field study (January
For proper draining of surface runoff, choked hill side lined drains should be cleared and maintained, especially during monsoon season.
1. Anthropogenic activities: Illplanned cutting of slope for road construction.
2. Development of local hydrostatic pressure and reduction of shear strength on oversaturation of weak overburden material due to rainfall.

The affected slope dominantly consists of highly weathered sandstone and shale of 2ΓÇô5 m thickness, on a 25╦ÜΓÇô30╦Ü slope gradient. Oversaturation of overburden material during incessant rainfall resulted in temporary increase in pore water
Minor road blocks may also happen in the future obstructing the daily commuters if timely mitigation is not implemented.
1. Moderation of upslope to a stable angle.
2. For proper draining of surface runoff, choked hill side lined drains should be maintained, especially during monsoon season.
Toe cutting of slope, weak overburden material and reduction of shear strain due to oversaturation of material during incessant rainfall are the major geoscientific factors contributing to this failure.

This slide is a result of interplay of various factors such as, presence of thick soil cover of >5 m, highly weathered sandstone, ill planned cutting of slope, and reduction of shear strength due to pore water pressure as a result of rain water infiltrat
Since it is a slope cut failure and caused minor road block, adopting the recommended remedial measure would help in addressing the problem.
1. Construction of retaining wall at the toe of the slope founded on firm substratum.
2. Construction of hillside drains at the toe of slope cut.
3. Slope dressing may be considered.
1. Excavation and toe cutting of slope for road construction.
2. Weak slope forming material comprising mainly of highly weathered friable sandstone with sandy inΓÇôsitu soil.
3. Thick overburden material.
4. Reduction of strength on over saturation d

Thick horizon of insitu soil (>5 m) defines the slope forming material of the affected slope. Roadcut on slope characterized by weak and loose soil combined with heavy downpour resulted in over saturation of porous slope forming material. Increased local
Since it is a slope cut failure and caused minor road block, adopting the recommended remedial measure would help in addressing the problem.
1. Construction of retaining wall at the toe of the slope founded on firm substratum.
2. Construction of hillside drains at the toe of slope cut.
3. Slope dressing may be considered.
A combination of several factors ΓÇô weak slope forming material, thick overburden, slope modification, increase in pore water pressure due to incessant or heavy downpour contributed to the slope failure.

The slope forming material is dominantly characterized by loose sandy insitu soil. The major factors that led to a minor shallow rotational failure includes toe removal of slope, increased pore pressure in the weak overburden material due to infiltratio
2. Removal of precariously hanging trees at the crown portion to shed the static load.
4. Construction of hillside lined draiNGe system.
2. Weak slope forming material comprising mainly of sandy insitu soil.
4. Reduction of slope materialΓÇÖs shear strength on over satur

The affected area is comprised of thick section of unconsolidated and friable sandstone with subordinate shale and insitu soil cover. Toe cutting of slope for road construction, development of pore water pressure during rainfall, reduction of strength on
3. Construction of reinforced concrete retaining wall may be constructed
2. Weak slope forming material comprising mainly of highly weathered rock.

Digar nala slide No.3
The affected area comprises unconsolidated sandy insitu soil of approximately 2ΓÇô5 m regolith thickness. During monsoon months, the debris charged Digar nala on its course erodes the toe of slope and destabilizes it. The partially eroded road section
Road bench is at risk if further toe erosion continues during monsoon season.
Construction of strong reinforced retaining wall/gabion wall at the toe of the slide founded on firm substratum.
1. The affected slope comprises of sandy insitu soil.
2. Stream bank erosion/toe erosion by nala.
3. Oversaturation of slope forming material and increase in local pore water pressure

Digar nala slide No.2
The affected site forms the footslope of hill, and the slope forming material is dominantly composed of sandy inΓÇôsitu soil of about 2ΓÇô5m thickness. The landslide was primarily caused due to increase in discharge of water and rapid flow during h
Road bench is at risk if further toe erosion continues during monsoon season.
1. In order to prevent further undercutting by nala, substantial amount of large boulders/riprap be placed at the toe portion of slide.
2. Construction of gabion wall at the toe of slide.
3. Diversion of surface runoff away from the affected slope face.
1. The affected slope comprises of sandy insitu soil.
2. Stream bank erosion/toe erosion by nala.
3. Oversaturation of slope forming material and increase in local pore water pressure

Digar nala slide No.1
The affected site forms the footslope of hill, and the slope forming material is dominantly composed of sandy inΓÇôsitu soil of about 2ΓÇô5m regolith thickness. The landslide was primarily caused due to increase in discharge of water and rapid flow
Road bench is at risk if further toe erosion continues during monsoon season.
1. In order to prevent further undercutting by nala, substantial amount of large boulders/riprap be placed at the toe portion of slide.
2. Construction of gabion wall at the toe of slide.
3. Diversion of surface runoff away from the affected slope face.
1. The affected slope comprises of sandy insitu soil.
2. Stream bank erosion/toe erosion by nala.
3. Oversaturation of slope forming material and increase in local pore water pressure

Dedaodip slide
Shale siltstone ferruginous and mudstone of Bokabil formation.
Amit Kumar et al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 83G/3, G/4, North Cachar Hills and Cachar, Assam. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2015-2016.
The landslide occurred as a result of incessant heavy rainfall. The slope material is made up of lo*
Retaining wall of suitable size and design with sufficient weep holes should be constructed on sound sub-stratum to stabilize the slope at the toe portion.
Highly weathered sandstone which get over saturated due to heavy precipitation and fail due to gravity when disturbed /exposed due to road expansion.

Dedaodip slide
Shale siltstone ferruginous and mudstone of Bokabil formation.
Amit Kumar et al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 83G/3, G/4, North Cachar Hills and Cachar, Assam. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2015-2016.
The landslide occurred as a result of incessant heavy rainfall. The slope material is made up of w*
Retaining wall of suitable size and design with sufficient weep holes should be constructed on sound sub-stratum to stabilize the slope at the toe portion.

Mupa-Langting RF Rock slide
The failed slope exposes well bedded sandstone with multiple discontinuity planes, failure in the form of translational failure along the disjointed discontinuity plane is observed. The rock slide occurred in July 2015, got reactivated on 22/05/2016 duri
Incessant rainfall and anthropogenic activity – extensive slope cut; steepening of the natural slope beyond critical angle for road construction.
Area is relatively safer in terms of landslide occurrences, thus adopting suitable remedial measures will address in mitigating the problem. Initiated during Jul-15, Reactivated on 22/05/2016
1. Removal of debris from the slope.
2. Toe support for the day-lighted bedrock through construction of strong concrete retaining walls with provision of drain pipes.
3. Shot-creting may also be considered.
4. Construction of lined hill side drain.
• Development of local pore pressure due to incessant rainfall in highly jointed rock along the discontinuity plane.
• Extensive slope cut for construction of road, exposing the discontinuity plane in day-lighted condition which failed along the weak

Existing retaining wall height may be increased
The affected area is lithologically weak which comprises of highly weathered sandstone and shale. E*
NH 54, near Langting, Dima Hasao (NC Hills)
1. Dressing of the slope/removal of overburden material.
2. 1-2 m high retaining wall may be constructed at the toe portion of the slope to stop the slide mass from choking the drainage.
Excavation/cutting of slope for road construction activities and saturation of weak slope forming material during incessant rainfall are the main causative factor for the slope failure.

Dehangi Slide
Sandstone , Carb Shale with Conglomerate/ Limestone (Barail Group)
The landslide occurred as a result of unprecedented heavy rainfall .The slope material is made up o*
Slope easing/benching recommended. Diversion of drainage from crown portion.
1. Reduction of strength of the soil mass of natural slope on super-saturation due to heavy rain 2. Anthropogenic activities: Unplanned cutting of slope for construction of road.

Dehangi Slide
The slide is a translational soil cum debris slide caused due to slope cut for road construction tr*
Slope easing may be adopted, construction of proper hillside drains along the road.
Slope cut at a steep angle and height, poor slope forming material characterized by weathered Sandstone and in-situ soil, super saturation of due to incessant rainfall.

Dehangi Slide
The slide is a shallow translational debris slide caused due to extensive slope cut for road constr*
1. Trimming of Slope
2. Construction of hillside drains along road.
3. Retaining wall of suitable size may be made preferably on a sound substratum.
3. Retaining wall of suitable size
Part of road covered with failure material

Sandstone carbonaceous shale with conglomerate /limestone of Renji Formation
Amit Kumar et al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 83G/3, G/4, North Cachar Hills and Cachar, Assam. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2015-2016.
The landslide occurred as a result of incessant heavy rainfall. The slope material is made up of lo*
1. Retaining wall of suitable size and design with sufficient weep holes should be 2.constructed on sound sub-stratum to stabilize the slope at the toe portion.
1. No proper drainage over the effected slope.
2.Unplanned cutting of slope for construction of the road

Sandstone carbonaceous shale with conglomerate /limestone of Renji Formation
The landslide occurred as a result of incessant heavy rainfall. The slope material is made up of lo*
Retaining wall of suitable size and design with sufficient weep holes should be constructed on sound sub-stratum to stabilize the slope at the toe portion.
1. No proper drainage over the effected slope.
2. Unplanned cutting of slope for construction of the road

Gunjang Slide
The slide is a shallow translational slide caused due to extensive slope cut for road construction *
1 Slope easing may be adopted 2.Removal of load or loose materials from the affected area
3.Plantation of fibrous roots trees
4. Loose overburden consisting of sandy soil with debris leading to rapid

Robi Nala Slide
The landslide is situated along MichiduiHaflong road near a bridge over Robi nala. It is observed that this road section is poorly maintained with absence of road side drain and no slope stability measures. It is important to construct an RCC retaining w
This is an important road which connects Haflong with the settlement on the hills (NW of Haflong). Construction of an RCC retaining wall is paramount as the area may experience further failure.
Toe support for the affected slope through construction of strong RCC retaining wall with sufficient weep holes, founded on sound substratum. Construction of road side drain.
Loose of toe support due to extensive slope cut combined with affect of weak slope forming material (Colluvium), and heavy rainfall resulting in over saturation of slope material.

Lungkok slide (Haflong – Gunjung road-11)
Sandstone, carbonaceous shale of Renji Fm
Due to incessant rainfall for about a week in the region, the pore water pressure increased and the weak slope forming material diminished the available shear strength to a point where equilibrium was no longer sustainable in the slope.
Immediate measures needed as it is posing a major threat to road communication. Landslide reactivated on 22/05/2016
Haflong – Gunjung road section, Lungkok village, Lower Haflong
1. The surface run-off from the open ground and its surrounding areas should be properly drained away from the affected slope by provision of lined channel all along the road and to be let out separately.
2. Construction of retaining RCC structure and cu
The affected site is mainly composed of weak slope forming material which comprises of weathered sandstone, shale and carbonaceous shale of Renji formation. Over saturation of weak overburden material due to continuous rainfall in the preceding days lead

Haflong-Gunjung road section slide-10
Sandstone, shale and carbonaceous shale of Renji Formation
The study area is lithologically weak comprising weathered and jointed sandstone. Pore water pressure developed due to seepage of water along the weak planes within the rock mass during incessant rainfall leading of slope failure
Mitigation should be implemented at the earliest as the area is an arterial route from lower Haflong to Gunjung. Besides in the affected area it is observed that along the road creep like nature is observed within a stretch of 150 m.
1. Construction of drainage ditches (lined hillside drain) along the road (which is at crown portion of the slide) so that water does not flow towards the affected slope.
2. The slope lower to the road in the valley side should be investigated.
Due to incessant rainfall, water penetrated along the weak planes of weathered sandstone beds thus causing failure

Riao
Sandstone carbonaceous shale with conglomerate /limestone of Renji Formation
No proper drainage over the effected slope.
Heavy rainfall

Haflong – Gunjung slide-1
Due to incessant rainfall for about five days the pore water pressure increased and the slope forming material diminished the available shear strength to a point where equilibrium was no longer sustainable in the slope.
Although a subsidiary road, it leads to many villages for trade. Landslide occurred on 22/05/2016 with no past record of slope failure
1. Multiple bench and berm upslope of road bench.
2. Removal of precariously hanging tree to reduce the static loading at the crown.
3. Channeling of surface drainage system and proper maintenance of hill side drain.
Excessive steepening of natural slope without sufficient slope support. Over saturation of weak overburden material due to continuous rainfall in the preceding days and development of local hydrostatic pressure in the weak slope forming material rendered

Haflong – Gunjung road section slide-07
The slope material consist of thick section of loose soil and fragmented sandstone, due to incessant rainfall for about a week, these weak overburden got saturated and the pore water pressure increased which diminished the available shear strength to a p
The slope is vulnerable to more landslide unless mitigation measures are implemented early. Landslide reactivated on May,2016
• Construction of retaining wall at the toe portion of the slope founded over bedrock/hard sub-stratum with sufficient weep holes.
• Construction of drainage ditches along the road.
• Easing of the slope by benching.
• Removal of loose debris fr
Cutting of toe for road construction on natural slopes with weak slope forming material disturbed the angle of repose of the material, and heavy downpour resulted in development of local pore water pressure in the weak slope forming material and reduced

Haflong – Gunjung road section soil creep-6
Sandstone, shale and carb shale of Renji Formation
A large area is undergoing slow, downward movement of slope forming material. The movement is caused by shear stress produced by thick overburden on a 30o-35o slope angle, which when gets super saturated during heavy rainfall leads to loss of cohesion an
Mitigation should be implemented at the earliest as the slide is posing a threat to the road. Landslide studies was carried out on 17/05/2016
1. Concrete retaining wall should be constructed along the nala section to prevent erosion.
2. Retaining wall to be constructed strategically at the top of the slope, mid slope or at the toe or combination of two or more retaining wall.
3. Terracing of s
Collapse of one culvert and partial damage to road
The overburden material is very thick (>5m) which exceeds the bearing strength of the slope; hence slope has reached the point of failure. During heavy precipitation the loose material gets saturated leading to loss of cohesion.

Haflong – Gunjung road section slide-05
The study area is lithologically weak which comprises of thick overburden material. Cutting of slope for road construction activities on natural slopes and due over saturation of weak overburden material during incessant rainfall are the main causative f
Numerous small fresh landslide scars is seen along this Haflong – Gunjung road section. Landslide reactivated on May 2016
1. Moderation of upslope by construction of intermittent benches.
2. Construction of retaining wall at the toe portion of the slope with sufficient weep holes may be considered.
3. Construction of drainage ditches along the road.
Excavation or cutting of toe for road construction activities on natural slopes disturbed the angle of repose of the material, and heavy downpour resulted in over-saturation of slope forming material which in turn increased pore water pressure and reduce

Haflong – Gunjung road section slide-04
Weathered sandstone, shale and carbonaceous shale of Renji Formation
The study area is lithologically weak which comprises of weathered and jointed sandstone. Cutting of slope for road construction activities on natural slopes disturbed the angle of repose of the material, pore water pressure development on slope due to s
Numerous small fresh landslide scars is seen along this Haflong – Gunjung road section road section. Landslide initiated on 22/05/2016
1. Construction of hillside road drains all along the road section.
2. Removal of loose boulders and precariously hanging trees to reduce the static loading at the crown.
1. The affected site is mainly composed of weathered rock which comprises of weathered sandstone, shale and carbonaceous shale of Renji formation.
2. Excavation or cutting of toe for road construction activities on natural slopes and seepage of water al

The study area is lithologically weak which comprises of thick overburden material. Cutting of slope for road construction activities on natural slopes and due over saturation of weak overburden material during incessant rainfall are the main causative f
Numerous small fresh landslide scars are seen along this Haflong – Gunjung road section road section. Reactivated on May 2016
1. Easing of the slope by benching.
2. Channeling of surface run off away from the affected slope by channelizing the outlet water through lateral drain near the toe of the slide.
3. Removal of precariously hanging trees to reduce the static loading at t
Major causative factors leading to slope failures are:
1. Excavation or cutting of toe for road construction activities on natural slopes.
3. Incessant rainfall.

The slope material consist of thick section of loose in-situ soil and fragmented sandstone and due to incessant rainfall for about a week, overburden got over saturated and developed local hydrostatic pressure which diminished the available shear strengt
Slope is vulnerable to further degradation , hence early mitigation measures are to be implemented. Landslide occurrence on 22nd May, 2016
1. Construction of retaining wall at the toe portion of the slope with sufficient weep holes founded on hard sub-stratum.
2. Construction of hill side lined drains/ ditches along the road
3. Easing of the slope by benching.
Cutting of toe for road construction activities on natural slopes disturbed the angle of repose of the material, and heavy downpour resulted in over saturation of slope forming material which in turn increased pore water pressure and reduced its shear st

Sandstone, shale and carbonaceous shale of Renji Formation
Exposed rock display the following joints:-S0: 267°/77° N, J1: 52°/32°NW, J2: 185°/66°W-EW.
The area comprises of weathered and jointed sandstone. Unscientific cutting of slope for road construction on natural slopes beyond the critical angle, pore water pressure development on slope material due to seepage of water along the weak planes within
Planting local or Vetiver grass within bio-degradable geo-textile pinned into the slope. Landslide initiation occurred in May, 2016
Road was blocked, already cleared at the time of investigation
1. Removal of any loose or hanging materials on slope (Slope dressing).
2. Construction of retaining wall at the toe of slope cut.
Village trade affected, roadside drain choked
Due to continuous rainfall the overburden material (in-situ soil) retained moisture and lost its cohesive strength leading to failure of slope which was already disturbed at toe portion. In addition to that, the layered sandstone dips towards the road th

The affected failed slope comprises of highly weathered sandstone and carbonaceous shale. Due to incessant rainfall, weak slope forming material developed local hydrostatic pore and seepage of water along the weak planes contributed to slope failure.
Numerous small fresh landslide scars are seen along this Haflong – Gunjung road section road section. Landslide initiated on 22/05/2016
1. Construction of retaining wall at the toe portion of the slope with sufficient weep holes.
2. Easing of the slope by benching.
3. Channeling of surface run off away from the affected slope by channelizing the outlet water through lateral drain near th
Cutting of toe for road construction in natural slopes disturbed the angle of repose of the material, and heavy downpour resulted in over-saturation of slope forming material which in turn increased pore water pressure and reduced their shear strength.

Shale, flaggy sandstone and calcareous rocks of Disang formation and younger loose debris
The landslide occurred as a result of incessant heavy rainfall. The slope material is made up of so*
No proper drainage over the effected slope.
Heavy precipitation

Riao

Alternate layer of sandstone and shale of Renji Formation
No in-situ rocks exposed in the vicinity
The study area is lithologically weak which comprises of thick section (>5 m) of overburden material. Main causative factors include cutting of slope for road construction and over-saturation due to continuous rainfall led to infiltration of water, causi
This area falls within the Hewangberam sinking zone. Initiated during May, 2016
1. Construction of drainage ditches (lined hillside drain) along the road.
2. Retaining wall may be constructed at the toe of the slope and below the road bench on sound foundation.
1. Excavation or cutting of slope
2. Weak slope forming material developed local hydrostatic pore pressure due to incessant rainfall rendering the weak slope to lose its shear strength.

Heuwangbram
Shale, flaggy sandstone and calcareous rocks of Disang formation and younger loose debris
Unplanned cutting of slope for construction of the road.

Heuwangberam subsidence zone-1
Sandstone, shale, carbonaceous shale of Renji Formation
The affected failed slope is lithologically weak which comprises of weathered sandstone, shale and carbonaceous shale of Renji Formation. The affected site was initially a subsidence area that stretches for about 200m along the road section which is part
Detailed landslide investigation should be carried out along this road section to work out long term protection measures. Reactivated on 20/08/2016
Control measures to prevent seepage of water into the sub-surface through piping, percolation (sealing of surface cracks with impervious material) and prevention of further movement by a toe retaining wall below the road may be considered. The slope lowe
The road was constructed on terrain dominated with intercalation of sandstone and carbonaceous shale. Shale on weathering transforms into a clay- rich soil which normally has very low shear strength especially when wet.

Nutan Lampur slide -1
Sandstone, shale, carbonaceous Shale of Renji Formation.
Extremely weathered rock exposed in the area with incipient joint planes.
Due to incessant rainfall for about a week the pore water pressure increased and the slope forming material (2-5m) resting on a steep slope diminished the available shear strength to a point where equilibrium was no longer sustainable in the slope.
The intercalated unit of shale and siltstone remained intact on the slope, however, the weak overburden in-situ soil cover failed due to over saturation. Landslide occurred on 22/05/2016
1. Height of retaining wall at the toe portion of the slope may be increased with sufficient weep holes and founded upon bedrock or firm sub-stratum.
2. Easing of the slope by benching, slope dressing/removal of overburden
3. Channeling of surface drain
Cutting of natural slope at very steep angle for road construction destabilized the slope, and heavy downpour resulted in over saturation of the loosely packed overburden material which in turn increased pore water pressure and reduced its shear strength

Phaiding slide
Sandstone, shale, carbonaceous Shale of Renji Formation
The affected slope consists of loose unconsolidated colluvial material. Due to incessant rainfall these weak overburden gets over-saturated which led to increase in local pore pressure causing the material to slide down. Toe erosion of foot-slope by rive
(The slide is approx.300m N123º to this location point). Unprecedented continuous drizzle followed by torrential rainfall have damaged even undisturbed slope. Landslide initiated in May 2016
Construction of retaining wall lining the river bank may be considered to check further toe cutting of the slope by river.
Toe erosion of colluvial foot-slope by river.

Semdikhar
Shale, flaggy sandstone and calcareous rocks of Disang formation and younger loose debris
Unplanned cutting of slope for construction of the road.

Kalikhola Slide I (New Landslide)
Contact zone of Disang Group and Laisong Formation of Barail Group. Disang Group of rocks represented by dark grey colored shale is overlain by Laisong Formation represented by buffed sandstone with partings of siltstone and shale.
Eastern flank of NS trending hill ridge showing dipping bed 25┬░ 30┬░towards westerly.
Landslide occurred at Kalikhola village of Kangpokpi District, Manipur during July, 2018 resulted damage of village foot track and blocked a nala (Kali Lok) at downslope with water logging forming a dam. The area is represented by NS trending alternate s
The entire Kalikhola is prone to landslide mainly because of inherent geological, topographical and landuse pattern. Thus, an appropriate watershed management and landuse management is urgently required.
Flowing during rainy season. Two streams i.e. southsouth easterly Flowing Kali Lok (Nala) and its tributary which is southerly Flowing meets in the area and flows south easterly at downslope of the sliding zone.
Thickly to moderately vegetated forest with patches of jhum cultivation at higher reaches.
Damaged a village foot track; Blocked Kali Lok (Nala) with water logging forming a temporary dam.
The area is represented by thick forest in the higher reaches with terrace and jhum cultivation in patches. Topographic midslope portion is represented by moderate to sparse vegetation and downslope is characterized by sparse vegetation with terrace farm
Immediate removal of debris material which blocked the stream course for free flow of water. The newly developed nala (running along the middle part of the slide) be made functional clearing the debris material. Plantation of fast growing, la
Presence of topographic break in slope, the steeper upslope part is represented by harder rocks and thick forest while the gentler lower part is represented by sparse vegetation and thin layer of debris underlain by impermeable clayey layer; Rain water a

Mahur-Wadringdisa slide
Greyish to pale yellowish shale with intercalated sandstone is exposed. Reddish brown lateritic soil 2m to 3m thick at the top.
Construction of stone wall without weep hole created the problem.

Nutan Lampur slide -2
Sandstone, shale, carbonaceous Shale of Renji Formation.
Sub-horizontally bedded and vertical joint plane
The study area comprises of lithologically weak rocks of weathered sandstone, shale and carbonaceous shale of Renji Formation. Infiltration of water along the weak planes due to incessant rainfall for about a week, the weathered and fragmented rock masse
Landslide reactivated on 22/05/2016
1. Easing of the slope by benching
2. Channeling of surface drainage system away from the affected area.
Cutting of natural slope for road construction, highly fragmented rock mass, and heavy downpour were the chief causative factors for the slope failure.

Mupa slide
Shale siltstone ferruginous and mudstone of Bokabil formation.
Highly plastic and swelling type of carbonaceous shale with high porosity and low permeability absorbs water and fail due to gravity when disturbed /exposed due to road expansion

Nutan Hajong–Nablaidisa slide No.1
The affected slope dominantly consists of finely laminated sandstone and clay overlain by thin sandy insitu soil. Oversaturation of these materials during rainfall led to reduction of shear strength due to increase in local pore water pressure which rend
1. Construction of retaining wall of considerable height at the toe portion of slope cut maybe considered.
2. Proper maintenance of lined hill side draiNGe.
1. Slope cut
2. Weak overburden material
3. Reduction of shear strength due to over saturation during heavy rainfall.

Nutan Hajong–Nablaidisa slide No.2
The affected slope comprises intercalated shale, clay and sandstone overlain by thin insitu layer. Though the bedding plane is horizontal, on saturation, fragmented rocks and thin layer of soil failed along the near vertical cut slope.
Slope easing and proper maintenance of lined hill side draiNGe.
1. The affected site is mainly composed of weak slope forming material: intercalated shale, clay and sandstone.
2. Steep excavation or cutting of slope for road construction activities.
3. Oversaturation of slope forming material due to continuous rainfa

Guilong–Semkhor slide No.1
The affected slope is composed of 2ΓÇô5 m thick column of weak overburden material which is resting on a 25╦ÜΓÇô30╦Ü slope. Excavation and toe cutting of slope for road construction further diminished the stability of the slope. Incessant or
This road section for a stretch of about 20ΓÇô25 m is highly vulnerable to landslides.
3. Construction of reinforced retaining wall at the toe of the slide with sufficient weep holes.
1. Weak slope forming material comprising highly weathered, fragmented sandstone and insitu soil.
2. Anthropogenic activities ΓÇô toe cutting of slope.
3. Development of local hydrostatic pressure and reduction of strength on oversaturation of weak o

Guilong–Semkhor slide No.2
A combination and interplay of several factors like, weak slope forming material, overburden thickness of >5 m, ill planned cutting of slope, highly dissected hillslope, and oversaturation of material during rainfall contributed in causing a shallow tran
Road in high risk if proper remedial measures are not adopted.
1. Moderation of slope gradient and removal of overhanging trees at the crown portion.
3. Construction of reinforced retaining wall at the toe of the slide and also at the downslope
1. Anthropogenic activities: illplanned cutting of slope at steep angle (700800) for road construction.
1. Weak slope forming material comprising mainly of fragmented and weathered sandstone with inΓÇôsitu soil cover.
2. Overburden thickness of >5m.
3

Phiding slide.
The affected slope is composed of unconsolidated fragments of sandstone and carbonaceous shale with clayrich soil. The lithounit belongs to the Renji Formation of Barail Group of rocks.
Benching of the slope was done but couldn't withstand the overburden load of the oversaturated material.
Near Phiding Railway Station. Between Mahur and Phiding RS, NFR.
Channelling of surface runoff from the upslope portion and diverting it away from the affected slope through perforated pipes; Toe support for the affected slope through construction of strong RCC retaining wall with sufficient weep holes, of considerabl
Anthropogenic activities; Excavation of slope for railway construction; The affected slope is composed of loose unconsolidated fragments of sandstone and carbonaceous shale with clayrich soil; Weathering transforms shale into a clayrich soil which normal

Bedded snadstone with carbonaceous shale alteration
A natural slide.The slide face is 260?
1. Lined darainage along the road. 2. No dumping of the slope cut materials along the downslope of the road.
Increased pore pressure on overburden and reduction of strenght on saturation by the incessant rainfall

Highly weathered and friable Sandstone of Jenam Formation belonging to Barial group.
A natural slide.The slide face is 180?
1. Increased in pore water pressure due to incessant heavy rainfall reducing the strenght of the super saturated material. Joints and cracks acted as weak planes.

A natural slide.The slide face is 185?
Increased pore pressure on overburden and reduction of strenght on saturation by the incessant rainfall

The slide face is 100? and slope angle is 34?
1. Steep slope cutting for road alignment at the crown and toe portion of the slide. 2. Loading of materials at the crown portion of the slide..

1. Slope cut for road alighment on a steep slope. 2. Increase in pore water pressure and reduction of strenght on saturation of the overburden by water.

1. Steep slope cutting for road alignment. 2. Splintery nature of the shale making the slope.

Impoi
The landslide occurred as a result of unprecedented heavy rainfall since June, 2015. The slope mate*
Avoidance of further activities (building construction, deforestation).
Retaining wall with numerous weep holes should be constructed to stabilize the slope
Unplanned cutting of slope for construction of road
2.Loose overburden consisting of sandy soil and younger loose debris with trees leading to rapid movement of the mass due to heavy rain.

Toe esrosin by Jenam river during the flooding of the river.

The slide face is 77?. The slide is stable.
1. Planar failure. 2. steep cutting of slope for road alignment. 3. Increase in pore water pressure due to expossure of the overburden to environment.

The slide face is 70?.
1. Increase in pore water pressure reducing the strenght of the overburden to resist sliding in the slide area. The slide area was wet. 2. Slope cut failure

Sandstone with shale alteration. The sandstone beds exhibits joint structures.
1.Increase in pore water pressure reducing the strenght of the over burden materials to resist sliding. 2.Gully erosion

Jenam Ghat road
Ferruginous Sandstone, Siltstone and Clay of Tipam formation.
It is observed that the landslide lubricated by torrential and continuous rainfall. The slide has m*
a variable excavation with a maximum of 1-1.5m depth may be made for founding the retaining wall, preferably on a rocky substratum
The height of the retaining wall may be considered at 1.5-2m high
Unplanned cutting of slope for construction of the road.

Bara Arkap_1
Due to steep Joints the weathered part of the slope in absence of any toe support collapsed.

Bara Arkap_2
Due to torrential Rains the weathered part of the overhanging rocks collapsed from the steeper joints.
Part of Raja Bazaar ΓÇôBara Arkap road affected .
Construction of retaining wall with sufficient weep holes and maintenance of the road side drain.

Thingbhung
Ferruginous Sandstone with sub-ordinate Shale of Laisong Fomation
It is observed that the landslide lubricated by torrential and continuous rainfall. The slide has m*
a variable excavation with a maximum of 1-1.5m depth may be made for founding the retaining wall, preferably on a rocky substratum
The height of the retaining wall may be considered at 1.5-2m high
1. Reduction of strength of the soil mass of natural slope due to heavy rain
2. Anthropogenic activities: Unplanned cutting of slope for construction of road

Asalu slide
The landslide occurred as a result of unprecedented heavy rainfall since June, 2015. The slope mate*
Avoidance of further activities (building construction, deforestation).
Retaining wall with numerous weep holes should be constructed to stabilize the slope
Unplanned cutting of slope for construction of road
2.Loose overburden consisting of sandy soil and younger loose debris with trees leading to rapid movement of the mass due to heavy rain.

The landslide occurred as a result of unprecedented heavy rainfall since June , 2015. The slope mat*
Avoidance of further activities (building construction, deforestation).
Retaining wall with numerous weep holes should be constructed to stabilize the slope
Unplanned cutting of slope for construction of road
2.Loose overburden consisting of sandy soil and younger loose debris with trees leading to rapid movement of the mass due to heavy rain.

Riao slide
Jhum cultivation on the hill slope.
Unplanned cutting of slope for construction of the road

Pangmol
Unscientific slope cutting while construction of the road.
No proper drainage over the effected slope.
Unplanned cutting of slope for construction of the road

Newngalsong
Alternate layer of siltstone and shale of Disang Formation
The affected slope comprises of weak slope forming material which developed local hydrostatic pore pressure due to incessant rainfall rendering the weak slope to lose its shear strength. Another contributing factor is the impact of surface water runoff o
The slide is basically a cut-slope failure. Landslide initiated during May, 2016
1. Construction of drainage ditches (lined hillside drain) along the road (which is at crown portion of the slide) so that water does not flow towards the affected slope. 2. The slope lower to the road in the valley side should be investigated.
Saturation of weak overburden material due to continuous rainfall in the preceding days and development of local hydrostatic pressure in the weak slope forming material rendered the slope to lose its shear strength.

Mahur
Alternate layer of sandstone and shale (Shale dominated) of Renji Formation
In-situ rock not exposed within nearby area.
The slide was caused due to toe erosion by nala over the weak slope forming material. Another contributing factor was due to absence of drainage pipes on the road which caused infiltration of water leading to failure of the thick overburden during incess
The area is in active slide zone and is vulnerable. Suggested to refrain from any house/industrial construction. Landslide initiated on 22/05/2016
1. Construction of lined hillside drains to prevent surface run – off entering into the slide zone.
2. RCC retaining wall may be constructed at the toe of the slope along the nala.
1. Toe erosion by nala
2. Weak overburden material
3. Infiltration of water during incessant rainfall along the downslope side of the road due to poor drainage outlets.

Alternate layer of sandstone and shale of Renji Formation
The study area is lithologically weak which comprises of thick section of overburden material. Main causative factor includes cutting of slope for construction of NH-54 which runs below this road section removed the toe support and disturbed the angle of
This area falls within the Hewangberam sinking zone. Initiated during May, 2016
1. Construction of drainage ditches (lined hillside drain) along the road.
2. Multi-tier retaining wall may be constructed at the toe of the slope and below the road bench.
3. Proper maintenance of culverts.
4. Road may be widened towards the upslope sid
1. Cutting of slope for construction of NH-54 which runs below this road section removed the toe support.
2. Weak slope forming material developed local hydrostatic pore pressure due to incessant rainfall rendering the weak slope to lose its shear streng

Phaeding-Sunbung Subsidence
Carbonaceous shale has proved treacherous to communication as has been proved at the time of railwa*
Detouring of part of the NH-54 or possibility of tunneling has to be examined to avoid this problematic zone.
Being the 2nd lifeline (next to railways), the NH-54 connects two states ├╗Tripura and Mizoram and part of Manipur and entire Barak Valley
Extremely poor lithology and disturbance of meta-stable slope at the time of road expansion.

Mahur railway station slide
Sandstone, shale, carbonaceous Shale of Renji Formation.
1. The slide is a shallow rotational failure and retrogressive in nature caused due to cutting of toe of the slope for rail track construction and triggered by heavy precipitation.
2. Due to continuous rainfall in the preceding days, over saturation of
Retaining wall was already constructed which blocked the slide mass and protected the rail track from getting blocked. Landslide reactivated on May 2016
1. Diversion of surface water away from the crown and slide area.
2. Plantation of fibrous plants/grass to check soil movement.
3. Easing of slope by removing the weak overburden and benching the up slope portion may also be considered.
Excavation or cutting of toe for road construction activities on natural slopes and saturation of thick regolith- clayey- silt overburden during incessant rainfall lead to failure.

Migrendisa slide
The affected site is lithologically weak comprising of weathered sandstone, shale and carbonaceous shale of Renji Formation. Due to incessant rainfall for more than a week the weak slope forming material developed local hydrostatic pore pressure renderin
1. Construction of retaining wall laid on firm foundation/stable bed rock or raft at the toe of the hill-slope (at the junction of track and hill).
2. Multi-tier benching of upslope may be considered. Consolidation grouting of the basement may also be c
Collapse of RCC breast wall, tilting and upheaval of railway track
Geologically, the affected site comprises of highly weathered sandstone with thick bands of carbonaceous shale. Extensive slope excavation and toe removal of natural slope having weak slope forming material beyond the critical angle for laying of railwa

Bara-wapu village subsidence
Carbonaceous shale has proved treacherous to communication as has been proved at the time of railwa*
Detouring of part of the NH-54 or possibility of tunneling has to be examined to avoid this problematic zone.
Being the 2nd lifeline (next to railways), the NH-54 connects two states ├╗Tripura and Mizoram and part of Manipur and entire Barak Valley
Extremely poor lithology and disturbance of meta-stable slope at the time of road expansion.

Pura slide.
1. Detouring the NH through sandstone dominated areas which is more stable. Diversion of surface water from the crown portion.

Pura slide.-2

Retaining wall of suitable size and design with sufficient weep holes should be constructed on sound sub-stratum to stabilize the slope at the toe portion

Pura Sinking Zone village
Carbonaceous shale has proved treacherous to communication as has been proved at the time of railwa*
Detouring of part of the NH-54 or possibility of tunneling has to be examined to avoid this problem
Being the 2nd lifeline (next to railways), the NH-54 connects two states ├╗Tripura and Mizoram and part of Manipur and entire Barak Valley
Extremely poor lithology and disturbance of meta-stable slope at the time of road expansion.

Nutan Leikul-Kelelo Sinking zone
The Leikul village has shifted to an area with a stable geology and sought to be re-located beyond the disturbed zone limited to a tributary of Mahur nala

1. Detouring the NH through sandstone dominated areas which is more stable. Diversion of surface water from the crown portion.

Nutan Leikul-5
1. Detouring the NH through sandstone dominated areas which is more stable. Diversion of surface water from the crown portion.

Kelelo slide-1
The landslide occurred as a result of incessant heavy rainfall. The slope material is made up soil *

1. Removel of debris from the effected slope
2. Retaining wall of suitable size and design with sufficient weep holes
Younger loose debris on the slope.

Kelelo -2

Jatinga slide

Jatinga Orange Garden Slide.

Harangajao Slide
Shale, flaggy sandstone and calcareous rocks of Disang Group.
The thick overburden consisting of highly weathered loosely packed material on over saturation during incessant rainfall led to reduction of strength. Cutting of the slope beyond angle of repose for road construction destabilized and mobilized the slope
Retaining wall with sufficient weep holes should be constructed in order to stop the slide mass from obstructing the road in the future. Landslide initiation not known, Reactivated in May 2016.
1. Channeling of surface drainage system.
2. Construction of gabion wall on the slope.
Geologically, the area is made up of shale, flaggy sandstone and calcareous rocks of Disang Group. Excavation/cutting of natural slope for road construction disturbed the angle of repose of the material and continuous drizzle resulted in over saturation

Silchar road
Sandstone carbonaceous shale with conglomerate /limestone of Barail Group.
1.Easing of the slope.
2. Toe supporting retaining/guard wall of suitable size and design with sufficient weep holes founded on bedrock/ sound sub-stratum to stabilize the slope.
Reduction of strength of the soil mass of natural slope on super-saturation.
Thick loose overburden consisting of highly weathered sandstone and soil leading to rapid movement o

Silchar road
Sandstone carbonaceous shale with conglomerate /limestone of Barail Group
Diversion of surface water from the crown portion and away from the displaced mass. Proper drainage ditches at the toe portion of the slope.
Toe supporting retaining/guard wall
Reduction of strength of the soil mass of natural slope on super-saturation.
Thick loose overburden consisting of highly weathered sandstone and soil leading to rapid movement of

Silchar road slide.
Sandstone carbonaceous shale with conglomerate /limestone of Barail Group.
The landslide occurred as a result of unprecedented heavy rainfall .The slope material is made up o*
A variable excavation with a maximum of 1-1.5m depth may be made for founding the retaining wall, preferably on a rocky substratum.The height of the retaining wall may be considered at 1.5-2m high
1. Reduction of strength of the soil mass of natural slope on super-saturation due to heavy rain 2. Anthropogenic activities: Unplanned cutting of slope for construction of road.

Silchar road
Sandstone carbonaceous shale with conglomerate /limestone of Barail Group.
Diversion of surface water from the crown portion and away from the displaced mass. Proper drainage ditches at the toe portion of the slope.
Toe supporting retaining/guard wall
Reduction of strength of the soil mass of natural slope on super-saturation.
Thick loose overburden consisting of highly weathered sandstone and soil leading to rapid movement of

Bara Wapu
Heavy precipitation

Jatinga

Bara Haflong-3
Heavy precipitation
Jhum cultivation over the hill slope
Unplanned cutting of slope for construction of the road

Bara Haflong
1. House waste water flow over the effected slope.
2. Heavy precipitation
3. Unplanned cutting of slope for construction of the road

Near and below Assam rifles camp, Boro Haflong-3
The landslide has been reactivated after a gap of 2 years due to incessant rainfall that continued for about a week. The slide is a shallow translational failure and retrogressive in nature.
The slide mass needs to be cleared so that it doesn’t block the road again in the event of rainfall and also to provide a free passage to commuters. Landslide occurred in 2014, Reactivated on 22/05/2016
1. Construction of retaining wall at the toe portion of the slope with sufficient weep holes.
2. Channeling of surface run off away from the affected slope.
3. Construction of drainage ditches along the road section.
It is a reactivated debris slide caused due to saturation of already displaced weak mass triggered by heavy rainfall. The affected slope consists of loose unconsolidated debris of the earlier slide which occurred in 2014. Due to heavy rainfall these loos

Jatinga-Haflong Road section-1
Highly fragmented intercalated Sandstone and Shale
The slide is a shallow translational rock cum debris slide and retrogressive in nature caused due to extensive slope cut, day lighting of the weak slope forming material (highly fragmented intercalated sandstone and shale) and development of local pore p
Numerous minor slides of this size have occurred along this road section creating inconvenience to the commuters. Landslide initiated on 22/05/2016
1. Toe support for the day-lighted bedrock through construction of strong concrete retaining walls with provision of drain pipes.
3. Removal of precariously hanging tree to reduce the static loading at the flank
1. Development of local pore pressure due to incessant rainfall in highly fragmented rock along the discontinuity planes.
2. Extensive slope cut for construction of road, exposing the discontinuity planes in day-lighted condition which failed along the w

The slide is a shallow translational rock cum debris slide and retrogressive in nature caused due to extensive slope cut, day lighting of the weak slope forming material and development of local pore pressure due to incessant rainfall in highly jointed r
The slide is basically a cut-slope failure. Numerous minor slides of this size have occurred along this road section creating inconvenience to the commuters. Landslide initiated on 22/05/2016
1. Toe support for the day-lighted bedrock through construction of strong concrete retaining walls with provision of drain pipes.
3. Moderation of upslope angle.
1. Development of local pore pressure due to incessant rainfall in highly jointed rock along the discontinuity planes.
2. Extensive slope cut for construction of road, exposing the discontinuity planes in day-lighted condition which failed along the weak

Haflong-Jatinga road section slide-02
Weathered sandstone, shale and carbonaceous shale of Renji Formation
Exposed rock display joints as J1: 20/10oNW; J2: 345/68oSW; J3: 288/70oSW
The affected site is lithologically weak which comprises of weathered and jointed sandstone. Cutting of slope for road construction activities on natural slopes disturbed the angle of repose of the over burden material, during incessant rainfall pore wat
Mitigation should be implemented at the earliest as the slide is posing a threat to the road as well as the buildings at the head portion of the slope. Landslide initiated in May, 2016
1. Construction of drainage ditches along the road.
2. Retaining wall to be constructed at the toe of the slope.
3. Moderation of upslope by two tier benching may be considered.
Excavation or cutting of toe for road construction activities on natural slopes and seepage of water along the weak planes within the rock mass during incessant rainfall.

Haflong-Jatinga road section slide-04
Weathered sandstone, shale and carbonaceous shale of Renji Formation
The study area is lithologically weak which comprises of highly weathered sandstone. Cutting of slope for road construction activities on natural slopes disturbed the angle of repose of the material, weak slope forming material developed local hydrostati
Mitigation should be implemented at the earliest as the slide is posing a threat to the road as well as the buildings at the head portion of the slope. Landslide initiated on 27/05/2016
1. Retaining wall to be constructed at the toe of the slope.
2. Moderation of the steep slope by benching above the retaining wall.
3. Flexible breast wall should be constructed above the benches.
4. Dressing of the crown portion.
Excavation or cutting of toe for road construction activities on natural slopes, saturation of clayey-silt rich overburden material and seepage of water along the weak planes within the rock mass during incessant rainfall lead to failure.

G. C. Langthasa High school slide
In-situ rocks not exposed in the vicinity
The landslide has been reactivated after a gap of 18 years due to incessant rainfall that continued for about a week. The slide is a shallow translational failure and retrogressive in nature, and if left un- attended the slide will further affect the Jat
Area is relatively safer in terms of landslide occurrences, thus adopting suitable remedial measures will address in mitigating the problem. Initiated in 1998, Reactivated on 15/05/2016 at 5:00 AM
1. Construction of reinforced retaining wall at the toe of the slide.
2. Construction of drainage ditches (lined hillside drain) along the road (which is at crown portion of the slide) so that water does not flow towards the slope.
3. Removal of precar
Weak slope forming material comprising mainly of highly weathered sandstone and carbonaceous shale. Over saturation of weak overburden material due to continuous rainfall in the preceding days and development of local hydrostatic pressure in the weak slo

Gadhi Rojai Slide
Weathered sandstone, shale and carb shale of Renji Formation
The study area is lithologically weak which comprises of thick section of overburden material. Cutting of slope for road construction activities on natural slopes disturbed the angle of repose of the material, Due to incessant rainfall for more than a we
Mitigation should be implemented at the earliest as the slide is posing a threat to the road as well as the buildings at the head portion of the slope. Landslide initiated on 22/05/2016
1. Slope dressing.
2. Retaining wall to be constructed at the toe of the slope over firm foundation.
3. Construction of drainage ditches along the road.
4. Displaced materials should be cleared from the road.
Excavation or cutting for road construction activities on natural slopes disturbed the angle of repose of the material, and heavy downpour resulted in super-saturation of slope forming material which in turn increased pore water pressure and reduced thei

Haflong-Jatinga road section slide-03
The study area is lithologically weak which comprises of highly weathered sandstone. Cutting of slope for road construction activities on natural slopes and pore water pressure development along the weak planes due to seepage of water within the weathere
Mitigation measures should be implemented at the earliest as the slide is posing a threat to the road. Similarly, several fresh slope failures were observed along this road section. Landslide initiated on 22/05/2016
1. Removal of debris from the slope, removal of precariously hanging rock fragments/boulders.
3. Construction of lined hill
Excavation or cutting of toe for road construction activities on natural slopes and seepage of water along the weak planes within the fragmented rocks during incessant rainfall led to slope failure.

Bara Haflong

Mahadev Tilla-1
Alternative layer of sandstone and shale of Renji Formation
The study area comprises of thick overburden material. Cutting of slope for road construction activities on natural slopes and due over saturation of weak overburden material during incessant rainfall are the main causative factors for slope failure.
The area is still vulnerable to landslides. Landslide initiated on 22/05/2016
1. No heavy structures to be constructed near the crown area.
2. Use of PVC pipes for drainage recommended for people living nearby.
3. 2-3 meter high retaining wall may be constructed with sufficient number of weep holes.
1. Extensive slope cut for road construction
2. Weak slope forming material
3. Saturation of weak overburden material due to continuous rainfall in the preceding days and development of local hydrostatic pressure in the weak slope forming material render

Mahadev Tila slide-2
The affected slope is lithologically weak with thick section of highly weathered sandstone. Due to choking of the lateral drain and culvert, water overtopped and flowed over the road eroding the already soaked soil due to rain that failed taking away wit
Mitigation should be implemented at the earliest as the slide is posing a threat to the road which is also the crown portion of the slide. Landslide initiated on 17/05/2016
• Construction of lined hillside drains to prevent surface run – off entering into the slide zone.
• RCC retaining wall should be constructed on sound foundation in the down-slope of road bench.
• Construction of chute drains in down-slope along
Collapse of one culvert and partial damage to road
Development of pore or hydrostatic pressure, weak geological formation, unfavourable slope and infiltration of water leading to further incision of slope causing sliding of highly weathered rock and soil.

In-situ rock not exposed in the vicinity.
The study area is lithologically weak which comprises of thick section of highly weathered sandstone. On cutting of toe for road construction activities in natural slopes disturbed the angle of repose of the material, and over saturated during heavy rain
Mitigation should be implemented at the earliest as the slide is posing a threat to the building at the head portion of the slope. Landslide initiated on 22/05/2016
1. Channeling of surface drainage system.
2. Retaining wall may be constructed at the toe of the slope cut.
Cutting of toe for road construction activities in natural slopes that is composed of in-situ soil and reduction of strength on over saturation led to slope failure.

The slide is a shallow rotational debris slide which is retrogressive in nature caused due to over saturation of weak overburden material during continuous rainfall in the preceding days.
The affected slope is a settlement area and thus effective remedial measures should be planned and initiated at the earliest. Landslide occurred on 22/05/2016
1. Construction of retaining wall at the toe and mid of the slope founded on sound sub-stratum may be considered.
2. Channeling of surface drainage system away from the affected slope.
3. Removal of precariously hanging tree to reduce the static loading
An under construction house was partially damaged
The affected area is dominantly covered with weak slope forming material composed mainly of clayey-silt in-situ soil and weathered sandstone. Heavy downpour resulted in over saturation of slope forming material which in turn increased pore water pressure

The slide is a shallow translational debris slide which is retrogressive in nature caused due to over saturation of weak overburden material during continuous rainfall in the preceding days.
Landslide occurrence and initiation on 22/05/2016
1. Diversion of surface water away from the crown portion and displaced mass.
2. No construction activity must be carried out near the vicinity of landslide as extra weight will further add vulnerability to slope failure.
3. Removal of precariously hang
The affected slope consists of thick overburden comprising mainly of in-situ soil and highly weathered sandstone. On over saturation of weak overburden material due to continuous rainfall in the preceding days developed local hydrostatic pressure, which

Boro Haflong-1
In-situ rock not exposed in and around the area
The slide is a shallow rotational debris slide which is retrogressive in nature caused due to over saturation of weak overburden material during continuous rainfall in the preceding days. The slide being retrogressive in nature, in the event of future la
The area is vulnerable to future landslides. Immediate remedial measures to mitigate the risk involved should be initiated. Landslide occurred on 22/05/2016
• Construction of lined hillside drains to prevent surface run – off entering into the slide zone.
• RCC retaining wall may be constructed on sound foundation in the down-slope of road bench and also at the foot of the slope.
1. Shallow translation failure caused as a result of toe erosion by a nala at the foot of the slope.
2. Weak slope forming material consisting mainly of clayey-silt rich in-situ soil, weathered sandstone and carbonaceous Shale.
3. Reduction of strength

Vidya Mandir, Boro Haflong-2
In-situ rock not exposed in and around the area
The causative factor being steep slope cut for road construction and triggered by incessant rainfall that lasted for about a week. Due to incessant rainfall for about a week the pore water pressure increased and the slope forming material diminished the
The slide is basically a cut-slope failure. Slope easing/moderation of upslope will help to mitigate the current problem. Landslide initiated on 22/05/2016
2. Removal of slide material dumped on the road side.
3. Construction of hillside road drains all along the road section.
Minor road block affecting local trade of villagers
The affected site is mainly composed of weak slope forming material which comprises of weathered sandstone, shale and carbonaceous shale of Renji formation. Cutting of toe for road construction on natural slopes with weak slope forming material disturbed

New Haflong R. S slide(3)
Sandstone, carbonaceous shale of Renji Fm.
The affected slope comprises of weathered sandstone, shale and carbonaceous shale of Renji Formation, the area is lithologically weak. Due to the cutting of slope for road construction and incessant downpour, the highly weathered rocks and overburden mat
The slope facing down the road is prone to slope failure in the near future; as cracks have developed on the metalled road. Immediate measures should be considered. Landslide reactivated on 17/05/2016
Road leading to New Haflong R. S. was blocked for few days
Since the existing wall has become ineffective as it might have been founded at shallow level on the soil itself, the slope failure has been initiated again with the movement of slope mass material. So in order to arrest this, a series of retaining wall
The area comprises of highly weathered sandstone, shale and carbonaceous shale of Renji Formation. Steep cutting of the slope for road construction activities coupled with heavy downpour resulted in over-saturation which cause loss of cohesion of the slo

New Haflong R. S slide(1)
No in-situ rocks seen within the vicinity
The affected site is lithologically weak comprising of weathered sandstone, shale and carbonaceous shale of Renji Formation. The slope failure occurred on colluvial foot-slope. Colluvium materials are loosely packed and on saturation during heavy rainfal
Detailed large scale site specific slope stability studies may be carried out along this road section to understand the causative factor and remediate. Reactivated on 17/05/2016
West slope of New Haflong Railway Station.
1. Height of the retaining wall may be increased upto 5 m above the toe.
2. Moderation of upslope after the construction of retaining wall by two tier benching.
3. Training of surface drainage by proper drainage arrangements away from the displaced mass.
Partly damaged the retaining wall and gabion wall resting over it
The slide occurred due to combination of several factors:
1. The major geological causes are presence of weathered rock and loose material, development of pore pressure and reduction of shear strength of the material due to saturation by water percolatio

New Haflong R.S. slide - (2)
Sandstone, carbonaceous shale of Renji Formation.
The slope failure occurred on colluvial foot slope. Colluvium materials are loosely packed and on saturation during heavy rainfall, these loose materials loss their cohesive strength. In addition to that, cutting of toe of the slope destabilized the slop
Retaining wall constructed at the toe of the slope was partially damaged; perhaps, its base width, height and thickness should be increased in order to sustain the displaced mass load and founded on bed rock. Landslide occurred on 17/05/2016
1. Channeling of surface and sub-surface water away from the affected slope.
2. Dressing of the slope/ removal of overburden material.
The area comprises of weathered sandstone of W3-W4 weathering scale, khaki shale and carbonaceous shale. Cutting of toe of the slope for construction activities and heavy downpour resulted in super-saturation, loss of cohesion of the slope forming materi

Nutan Leikul-1
1.Highly plastic and swelling type of carbonaceous shale with high porosity and low permeability absorbs water and fail due to gravity when disturbed /exposed due to road expansion.

Nutan Leikul-4

96 km Migrendisa slide
Sandstone, carbonaceous shale of Renji Formation.
Comprising of weathered sandstone, shale and carbonaceous shale, the study area is lithologically weak. Due to incessant rainfall for more than a week the pore water pressure increased and diminished the available shear strength of the thick overburden m
The weak lithology comprising of carbonaceous shale and sandstone of is causing a persistent problem to rail network along this section during monsoon period. The displaced mass was already cleared from the affected area during the time of investigation.
96 km, Migrendisa – Haflong rail section, near Diyung bridge.
Railway line was blocked for several days
1. Diversion of surface and sub-surface water away from the crown
2. Construction of lined drainage along the road
3. Construction of retaining wall on sound sub-stratum at the toe of the slope
4. Plantation of fibrous plants/grass on the affected slop
Railway line buckled due to swelling of clay
The affected area comprises of intercalation of carbonaceous shale and sandstone of Renji Formation. Cutting of toe of the slope for rail track construction in natural slopes constituting thick overburden destabilized the slope which on heavy precipitati

Lower Haflong slide (Haflong – Gunjung road-12)
Sandstone, carbonaceous shale of Renji Formation.
Highly weathered rocks with incipient planar structures
Due to incessant rainfall for about five days in the region, the pore water pressure increased and the slope forming material diminished the available shear strength to a point where equilibrium was no longer sustainable in the slope.
Immediate measures are needed as it is posing a major threat to road communication. Landslide occurred on 22/05/2016
Haflong – Gunjung road section, Lower Haflong
1. Moderation of upslope by construction of intermittent benches.
3. Construction of suitably designed retaining structure at the hill side of the road to be founded on hard rock
4. Construction of hi
The affected area is dominantly covered with Weak slope forming material such as weathered/ fragmented sandstone and on excessive removal of toe for widening of road bench without support rendering steep slope beyond its critical angle and destabilizing

Khongsai slide-1
A large area is undergoing slow, downward movement of slope forming material. The movement is caused by shear stress produced by thick overburden on a 20o-25o slope angle, which when gets super saturated during heavy rainfall leads to loss of cohesion an
Crown cracks were developed two years ago. Since the area is very unstable it is advisable not to construct heavy structures in the area. Based on the preliminary assessment, detailed site specific study is suggested to ascertain the geo-scientific cause
1. Contour drain to stop the surface run-off from the affected area.
2. Sealing of the cracks by impervious material.
The clayey-silt rich thick overburden material resting on moderate slope angle got saturated and heavy during heavy rainfall. Further, toe erosion by a mountain stream flowing at the foot of slope has destabilized the slope. Subsequently, the saturated s

Khongsai slide- 2
In-situ rock not exposed within the vicinity
A large area is undergoing slow, downward movement of slope forming material. The movement is caused by shear stress produced by thick overburden on a 25o-30o slope angle, which when gets saturated during heavy rainfall leads to loss of cohesion and the
Crown cracks were developed two years ago. Since the area is very unstable it is advisable not to construct heavy structures in the area. Based on the preliminary assessment, detailed site specific study is suggested to ascertain the geo-scientific cause
1. Contour drain to stop the surface run-off from the affected area.
2. Terracing of slope and plantation of fibrous rooted plants to create further soil anchor may also help.
The clayey-silt rich thick overburden material resting on moderate slope angle got saturated during heavy rainfall. Further, toe cutting for laying railway track at the foot of slope has destabilized the slope. Subsequently, the saturated slope forming m

N.D Raji (Hamar)-2
Due to incessant rainfall for about a week in the region, the pore water pressure increased and the weak slope forming material diminished the available shear strength to a point where equilibrium was no longer sustainable in the slope.
Further construction of houses at the crown portion of the slide should be avoided to minimize the potential loss of life and property. Evacuation of residents at the crown portion may be initiated. First occurrence of slope failure on 22/05/2016
1. Construction of reinforced retaining wall at the toe of the slide.
2. Construction of drainage ditches (lined hillside drain) along the road.
3. Channeling of surface drainage system away from the affected slope.
Road Block affected trade of local villagers
Saturation of weak overburden material composed of clayey-silt rich soil and weathered sandstone on steep slope and heavy rainfall resulted in development of local pore water pressure in the weak slope forming material and reduced their shear strength.

Muolhoi /Gilgal
A large area is undergoing slow, downward movement of slope forming material. The movement is caused by shear stress produced by thick overburden on a 25o-30o slope angle, which when gets saturated during heavy rainfall leads to loss of cohesion and the
Crown cracks were developed years back. Locals have reported some event of upheaval and subsidence of land mass in the area few years back. Based on the preliminary assessment, detailed site specific study is suggested to ascertain the geo-scientific cau
1. Contour drain to stop the surface run-off from the affected area may be considered.
2. Since the area is very unstable, it is advised not to construct any heavy structure in the area.
The clayey-silt rich thick overburden material resting on moderate slope angle got saturated during heavy rainfall. Further, toe cutting for laying railway track at the foot of slope has destabilized the slope. Subsequently, the saturated slope forming m

N.D Raji.-1
In situ rock not exposed in the vicinity
The slide is a shallow translational debris slide which is retrogressive in nature caused due to over saturation of weak overburden material during continuous rainfall in the preceding days.
Construction of houses at the crown portion of the slide should be avoided to minimize the potential economic and loss of life. First occurrence of slope failure on 22/05/2016
Construction of reinforced retaining wall at the toe of the slide.
3. Channeling of surface drainage system away from the affected slope.
Weak slope forming material comprising mainly of highly weathered sandstone and carbonaceous shale. Over saturation of weak overburden material due to continuous rainfall in the preceding days and development of local hydrostatic pressure in the weak slo

Huonveng, N.D Raji-3
The affected area is lithologically weak, comprising weathered sandstone, shale, carbonaceous shale with thick overburden cover. Due to incessant rainfall in the preceding days the pore water pressure increased while the available shear strength of the t
Retrogressive slides may occur in the future, so, the area is vulnerable to landslides. Landslide occurred on 22/05/2016
1. Moderation of upslope by construction of intermittent benches.
2 Construction of suitably designed retaining structure at the hill side of the road to be founded on hard rock.
3 Removal of overhanging boulders and precariously rooted trees to reduce t
The affected area is dominantly covered with weak slope forming material composed mainly of clayey-silt in-situ soil and boulders of sandstone embedded within it, and on excessive removal of toe for widening of road without support rendering steep slope

Mailongdisa-Harangajao slide
Grey sandstone and black shale units(Tertiary) with nearly 2 to 3 m thik top soil.
Between Mailongdisa and Harangajao Railway stations. CHainage:128.400 km to 128.600 km
Steep slope cut, hydrostatic pressure, weak geological formation and overstressing by construction

NH 54 Ritzawl slide (1)
Cutting of toe of the slope during construction of road destabilized the slope. It is an old landslide which got reactivated during incessant precipitation, fresh landslides scars are developed which indicates recent movement and damages.
Implementation of Mitigation measures necessary. Landslide initiation not known, Reactivated in May 2016
1. Construction of retaining wall at the toe of the slope founded on firm sub-stratum
2. Proper channeling of surface drainage system away from the affected slope face.
3. Removal of precariously hanging tree to reduce the static loading at the crown.
Geologically, the area is made up of Shale, flaggy sandstone and calcareous rocks of Disang Group. The affected slope consists of thick overburden comprising highly weathered sandstone and in-situ soil. The slide is reactivated and retrogressive in natur

Chhota Kapurchhara1 slide.
The slope forming material comprised fragmented shale and siltstone which got oversaturated during torrential rainfall and due to pore water pressure, it lost the cohesion and failure occurred. Also the affected area is drained by natural stream.
Slide debris covered half of the 4lane highway.
NH54. Half of the new 4lane road covered.
Toe support for the affected slope through construction of strong RCC retaining wall with sufficient weep holes founded on sound substratum.Construction and proper maintenance of concrete road side drain. The road side drain should be of sufficient width
Oversaturation of slope forming material and increase in local pore water pressure during torrential rainfall. Loose of toe support due to extensive slope cut along NH4 and also because of the railway cutting running parallel below the road.Weak litholog

NH 54 Rekho slide (3)
Geologically, the area is made up of Shale, flaggy sandstone and calcareous rocks of Disang Group. Over -saturation due to continuous rainfall led to infiltration of water, causing sliding of the thick overburden consisting mainly of highly weathered loo
Reconstruction/ proper maintenance of culvert is required. Landslide initiation not known, Reactivated in May 2016
1. Construction of breast wall / retaining wall of suitable design at the toe portion with weep holes preferably founded on sound bedrock
2. Construction of energy dissipation structure such as cascading chute drains in down-slope along the nala to preve
The main causative factors are deep gully/nala extensive erosion due to sudden downpour coupled with presence of loose and unconsolidated overburden material comprising of heterogeneous highly weathered shale, flaggy sandstone and calcareous rocks of Dis

Jatinga Lampur sinking zone.
Oversaturation of slope forming material and increase in local pore water pressure during torrential rainfall.Loose of toe support due to extensive slope cut along NH54 and also because of the railway cutting running parallel below the road.Weak litholog

Heavy rainfall resulted in failure of part of an active landslide affected area.
This is an active landslide with the scars from earlier failure visible. Due to heavy rainfall, failure of a part of the landslide affected slope occurred. Remedial measures should be applied to arrest further larger slope failure which is eminent.
An RCC retaining wall with sufficient weep holes may be constructed and construction of proper hillside drains. Slope easing may also arrest further failure.
Reduction of strength of the soil mass on supersaturation due to heavy rain. Anthropogenic activities: Road cutting and jhum cultivation

Failure of the insitu soil along with the overburden material (tress) in a very steep slope due to toe erosion by a natural stream and triggered by rainfall.
The landslide does not pose any threat to settlement or road.
In order to prevent further undercutting by the stream, substantial amount of large boulders/riprap may be placed at the toe portion of slide. However as the landslide is situated away from settlements and road, no further remedial measures are required
Oversaturation of slope forming material and increase in local pore water pressure. Toe erosion of a very steep hill slope by natural stream. Heavy weight of the overburden (Trees)

Due to the affect of toe erosion of a nala that is flowing along the road side, there is continued slope failure. Also the Jhum cultivation has reduced the soil cover leading to higher degree of percolation of rain water.
Urgent need to clear the choked culvert, remove the slide debris to restore the passage of the nala water.
Construction of RCC retaining wall with sufficient weep holes, construction of proper hillside drains along the road, Clearing of the choked culvert to allow passage of water. Hill side drains may be constructed above the head of the landslide to avoid d
Slope cut, poor slope forming material comprising of colluviums and toe erosion by nala flowing along the road side drain

Longrangajao slide.
Gully erosion leading to shallow rotational slide. High rainfall in the area leads to percolation of water, with development of local pore water pressure and lose of cohesion.
As it is situated away from settlement and road, remedial measures not required.
As it is situated away from settlement and road, remedial measures not required. However it is observed that there is Jhum cultivation above the crown of the landslide. Therefore, it is suggested to avoid future jhum fields and plantations near the slide
Reduction of strength of the slope forming material on supersaturation due to heavy rain. Gully erosion

Jatinga-Longrangajao slide
Sandstone with intercalated shale is exposed near the site. Top 3m is reddish brown soil.
Between Jatinga and Longrangajao Railway stations (Chainage:120.100 km to 120.400 km)

Sandstone carbonaceous shale with conglomerate /limestone of Barail Group
Diversion of surface water from the crown portion and away from the displaced mass. Proper drainage ditches at the toe portion of the slope.
Toe supporting retaining/guard wall
1. Reduction of strength of the soil mass of natural slope on super-saturation due to heavy rain fall.
2. Steep angle of the slope cut
3. Thick loose overburden consisting of highly weathe

Silchar road slide
Sandstone carbonaceous shale with conglomerate /limestone of Barail Group
1. Reduction of strength of the soil mass of natural slope on super-saturation due to heavy rain fall.
2. Steep angle of the slope cut
3. Thick loose overburden consisting of highly weathe

1.Reduction of strength of the soil mass of natural slope on super-saturation
2.Thick loose overburden consisting of highly weathered sandstone and soil leading to rapid movemen

1. Reduction of strength of the soil mass of natural slope on super-saturation
2. Thick loose overburden consisting of highly weathered sandstone and soil leading to rapid moveme

NH 54 Ritzawl slide (2)
Geologically, the area is made up of Shale, flaggy sandstone and calcareous rocks of Disang Group. Combination of factors like cutting of toe of the slope, thick overburden of about 2-5m and heavy rainfall resulted in the failure of slope. It is a shallo
The mitigation measures are to be implemented urgently. The slide materials have to be removed as this will disrupt the traffic. Landslide occurred in May 2016
Construction of retaining wall at the toe of the slope founded on firm sub-stratum
2. Proper channeling of surface run-off and construction of hill side drain for proper water outlet.
Toe cutting of the slope for road construction, incessant downpour, weak overburden are the main contributing factors. Oversaturation of the weak overburden material due to continuous rainfall for about a week led to infiltration of water which caused sl

Ritzawl slide (3)
It is a shallow rotational debris slide of retrogressive in nature. Combination of factors like cutting of the slope, thick overburden of about >5m, weak lithology, and incessant rainfall resulted in the failure of slope.
Leakage from the water pipe is also contributing to slope failure. Half part of the road has collapsed. Reconstruction/ proper maintenance of culvert system is required. Landslide occurred on 2nd week of May 2016
1. Construction of retaining wall at the toe of the slope founded on firm sub-stratum.
2. Construction of hill side drains at the toe of slope cut.
3. Cascading the nala section and proper channeling of surface run-off.
Geologically, the area is made up of Shale, flaggy sandstone and calcareous rocks of Disang Group. Excavation or cutting of natural slope for road construction activities destabilized the slope. And incessant drizzle resulted in over saturation of the sl

The combined affect of high slope angle, loose of toe support due to road cutting, weak lithology (shale dominated) and high seepage of water from heavy rainfall contributed to this landslide.
Though this road section is no more used for commuting between Haflong and Silchar, it is still used by the settlements situated south of Retzawl. Therefore in order to maintain the connectivity, RCC retaining walls and road side drain should be construc
Partly affected old HaflongSilchar road but restored.
Toe support for the affected slope through construction of strong RCC retaining wall with sufficient weep holes, founded on sound substratum. Construction of road side drain. Slope easing by benching should be done to reduce the slope angle.
Reduction of strength of the slope forming material on supersaturation due to heavy rain. Extensive cutting of slope for construction of road.

The combined affect of high slope angle, loose of toe support due to road cutting, weak lithology (shale dominated) and high seepage of water from heavy rainfall contributed to this landslide.
Though this road section is no more used for commuting between Haflong and Silchar, it is still used by the settlements situated south of Retzawl. Therefore in order to maintain the connectivity, RCC retaining walls and road side drain should be construc
Partly affected old HaflongSilchar road but restored.
Toe support for the affected slope through construction of strong RCC retaining wall with sufficient weep holes. Construction of road side drain. Slope easing by benching should be done to reduce the slope angle.
Reduction of strength of the slope forming material on supersaturation due to heavy rain. Extensive cutting of slope for construction of road.

Failure of the insitu soil along with the overburden material (Bamboo and tress) triggered by rainfall on 22nd October, 2017.
Slope stability measures required.
Partly affected old HaflongSilchar road but restored.
An RCC retaining wall with sufficient weep holes may be constructed and construction of proper hillside drains. The large trees and bamboo on very steep hill slope should be cleared in controlled MNner.
Reduction of strength of the soil mass of natural slope on supersaturation due to heavy rain. Anthropogenic activities: Unplanned cutting of slope for construction of road. Heavy weight of the overburden (Bamboo and big trees)

The combined affect of high slope angle, loose of toe support due to road cutting, highly deformed lithology resulted in failure along a weak plane (bedding plane) triggered by heavy rainfall.
Though this road section is no more used for commuting between Haflong and Silchar, it is still used by the settlements situated south of Retzawl. Therefore in order to maintain the connectivity, RCC retaining walls and road side drain should be construc
Toe support for the affected slope through construction of strong RCC retaining wall with sufficient weep holes. Construction of road side drain. Widening of the road may be done with easing of the steep slope to reduce the slope angle
Failure along bedding plane. Anthropogenic unplanned construction of road. Reduction of strength on supersaturation due to heavy rainfall.

The landslide is caused by a combined affect of high slope angle, loose of toe support due to road cutting, reduction of shear strength of the slope forming material due to seepage of water
This road section is no more used.
Toe support for the affected slope through construction of strong RCC retaining wall with sufficient weep holes. Construction of road side drain.
Anthropogenic unplanned construction of road. Reduction of strength of strength of the slope forming material on supersaturation due to heavy rainfall.

Lailongchara 3
Shale, micaceous sandstone and pebbly sandstone.
Enhanced toe erosion due to absence of proper road side drain has consequently brought this part to Slide.
Construction of retaining wall and easing of the slope. Construction and maintenance of road side drain.

Lailongchara 2
Shale, micaceous sandstone and pebbly sandstone.
Due to flowing condition of the drains in the rainy seasons the toe erosion is enhanced resulting in failures.
Easing of the slope by benching. Construction and proper maintenance of a road side drain.

Lailongchara 1
Shale, micaceous sandstone and pebbly sandstone.
Enhanced toe erosion due to absence of proper concrete draiNGe has consequently brought this part to Slide.

Tikal Nadi
Intercalated unit of sandstone and siltstone belonging to Bhuban Formation of Surma Group.
Basically, the interplay of rainfall, fluvial action, weak slope forming material and seepage of water along the pre-existing cracks is contributing in causing a shallow translational failure. It may also be noted that stream bank erosion along this rive
Stream bank erosion by Tikal nadi (toe erosion) along the slope is prominent. There are mainly three small scale slope failures are found at this location itself.
As it is situated away from settlement and road remedial measures are not necessary. However it is observed that there is jhum cultivation above the crown of the landslide. Therefore, it is suggested to avoid future jhum fields and plantation near the sl
1. Over-saturation of slope forming material and increase in local pore water pressure during torrential rainfall.

Guabari slide-1
Intercalated unit of highly weathered sandstone and shale of Bhuban Formation of Surma Group
The slope forming material is dominantly composed of weak lithology; comprising of highly friable shale and sandstone overlain by thin in-situ soil cover. The nala though perennial in nature maintains a lean flow. Constant wetting of toe portion of slope
Clearing of debris and fallen trees are very necessary for the smooth flow of nala. The landslide is located at an isolated place and hence poses no threat to life or property.
1. The affected slope comprises highly friable shale and sandstone 2.Toe erosion by nala 3.Development of local hydrostatic pressure and reduction of shear strength on over-saturation of weak overburden material due to rainfall.

Nagadun slide
Shale of Bokabil Formation of Surma Group
The slide is a shallow translational debris slide caused due to Extensive cut slope and toe erosion, triggered by incessant rainfall. The overburden material comprises highly weathered shale and thin in-situ soil cover on top. During continuous rainfall,
This incidence has occurred as a result of combined effect of multiple factors; slope modification through middle of the slope face for road construction and toe cutting occurred in the sub surface due to Nagadun nala
1. The affected slope comprises highly weathered (W4) shale 2. Anthropogenic activities: Unscientific cutting of slope at steep angle (70?-80?) for road construction 3.Toe erosion by Nagadun Nala 4.Incessant rainfall resulted in over saturation of slope

Guabari slide-2
The slope forming material is dominantly composed of weak lithology; comprising of highly friable shale and overlain by thin in-situ soil cover. Undercutting of the bank toe due to increase in discharge of water and rapid flow, change in water level and
At present, the affected area and its vicinity is covered habitations as well as Agriculture practices are going on, thus, this landslide poses threat to life and smooth flow of the nala.
1. Rock filled with Gabions should be constructed along the side of the streams to avoid further toe erosion of the slope. 2. Removal of precariously hanging trees at the crown portion to shed the static load.
1. The affected slope comprises highly friable shale 2.Toe erosion by Naku nala 3.Over-saturation of weak slope forming material and increase in local pore water pressure due to rainfall.

Lowajuri
Over saturation of the insitu soil layer caused high porewater pressure which resulted in failure of the insitu soil hanging above the retaining wall.
The NH53 passing through the hill section after crossing Lakhipur plains is characterized by extensive slope at several stretches. Due to the weak rock units (Siltstone, shale) the slope should be protected by adequate retaining walls.
The height of the existing RCC retaining wall should be raised with sufficient weep holes.Easing of the slope above the retaining wall. Construction and proper maintenance of concrete road side drain.
Oversaturation of slope forming material and increase in local pore water pressure during torrential rainfall.Anthropogenic activities (unplanned cutting of slope)

Lalpani
Intercalation of siltstone, shale and sandstone
Over saturation of the slope forming material resulting in pore water pressure due to heavy rainfall coupled with the steepness of the slope led to failure.
Prompt action is required to remove the debris from the steep slope and construction of retaining wall as further failure is imminent during torrential rainfall.
Toe support for the affected slope through construction of strong RCC retaining wall with sufficient weep holes founded on sound substratum. Removal of the side debris from the slope face. Construction and proper maintenance of concrete road side drain.
Oversaturation of slope forming material and increase in local pore water pressure during torrential rainfall and anthropogenic activities (unplanned cutting of slope for road).

Sejang
Due to high weathering profile landslides are common in this area.
Village road New Kaiphundai to Longkhalong

Old Kaiphundi3
The Shale dominated part of the stratum fails randomly in succession in every rainy season due to high weathering and loose of toe support.
Slope easing and construction of retaining wall with sufficient weep holes to stabilize the slope

Old Kaiphundi2
This rockslide was due to cumulative of three factors (i) favourable rock dip (ii) weathering of rocks and (iii) Slip of the shale layer at the contact with sandstone layer.

New Kaiphundai
Due to high weathering profile landslides are common in this area.
Construction of retaining wall is required.

Makru 3
Road construction activity rendered a loss of toe support to the slope and as a result the incompetent Lithology collapsed in the heavy rains due to running water condition which enhanced erosion of loose materials resulting in a collapse of the part of
A rock catchment fence should be constructed to prevent the rock fall from affecting the national highway. A retaining wall be constructed to stabilized the slope.

Due to the affect of toe erosion of a nala that is flowing along the road side, there is continued slope failure. Also the Jhum cultivation has reduced the soil cover leading to higher degree of percolation of rain water. Due to choking of the culvert (f
Landslide affected section of NH54.
A retaining wall may be constructed to stabilize the slope.

Due to the affect of toe erosion of a nala that is flowing along the road side, there is continued slope failure. Also reduced the cover leading to higher degree of percolation of rain water there is flooding of the road and enhanced toe erosion.
A retaining wall may be constructed to stabilize the slope and easing of the hanging slope by benching.

Shale dominated rock with higher index of weathering forms weak lithology which is incapable of sustaining extra weight when wet after absorbing enough water in the rains, this one is a typical example.
Construction of retaining wall with sufficient weep holes and maintenance of the road side drain.

Lokchao Landslide
Represented by buff to khaki green shale with thin intercalations of buff colour siltstone of Upper Disang Formation (Ocean Pelagic Sediments)
Eastern flank of NESW trending hill ridge. S0//J1: N16┬░W/44┬░SW, Joint (J2): N80┬░E/84┬░SE and Joint (J3): N20┬░W/46┬░SE (Fig.2). The widening of J3 is very prominent and it's the weakest plane.
Appropriate watershed management, landuse pattern and afforestation are required.
Lokchao River, originated from Sita Chingjao is the main river in the area. It flows towards south and joins Yu River in Myanmar. In the site studied, the Lokchao River shows trend NESW, just below the affected area (downslope). The tributary streams at
Moderate dense vegetated forest, sparse at places including just above the crown and upslope of the affected area. A bridge is under construction just below the road, the opposite side of the landslide site.
The ImphalMoreh road (NH102) was blocked for a short period.
The entire area is represented by moderate dense forest with shrubs, bushes and bamboo and the upslope of the affected area is sparsely vegetated.
Retaining wall of 20m width along the road (Fig. 3b & 4c); Benching of the slope (Fig: 3c &4c);┬á┬á Promote afforestation after construction of retaining wall and benching (Fig. 3b & 4c).
Extensive slope cutting exposing 18m high very steep cut slope(760); Sparse vegetation just above the crown; Water percolationiv. Development of prominent cracks along Joint (J3) due to gravity and water percolation along the joints.

Makru landslide
Black carbonaceous shale is present which is fractured and thus exposed more area to weathering. The bedrock being highly weathered to give rise to soil and thus possess no strength to withstand.
This is an important road corridor connecting Silchar with Imphal.
On the upslope side, there is present thick vegetation and strong Makru river on the downslope.
Imphal-Silchar road has been blocked for many times due to subsequent failure along the slope due to high rainfall. The road for nearly a kilometre length has been damaged.
The area shows the presence of thickly vegetated forest.
1. As the road has been washed away for a stretch of nearly 1 km, so it is suggested to construct retaining wall with weep holes to push away excess water seepage.
2. The washed part may again be back filled with boulders upto road level instead of cut a
a) The bedrock exposed is carbonaceous shale which is highly fractured and highly weathered. b) Intense weathering of shale present as slope material was converted to clay at places made the slope vulnerable for failure. c) Removal of toe for road constr

Due to the affect of toe erosion of a nala that is flowing along the road side, there is continued slope failure. Also the Jhum cultivation has reduced the soil cover leading to higher degree of percolation of rain water. Due to choking of the culvert (f
The highway passes through highly dissected hillslope and is vulnerable to slope failure due to weak lithology and extensive slope cut.
Construction of retaining wall with sufficient weep holes. Construction and maintenance of proper road side drain. Easing of the steep slope by benching.

Thurr, R., and Atiullah., 2019: MacroΓÇÉscale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheet nos. 83H/05 and 83H/06 in Tamenglong, Noney Districts of Manipur and Cachar District of Assam. Un pub. GSI report for FS 2018-121

Shale and sandstone intercalation of Bhuban Formation
Thurr, R., and Atiullah., 2019: MacroΓÇÉscale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheet nos. 83H/05 and 83H/06 in Tamenglong, Noney Districts of Manipur and Cachar District of Assam. Un pub. GSI report for FS 2018-107

Shale and sandstone intercalation of Jenam Formation
Thurr, R., and Atiullah., 2019: MacroΓÇÉscale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheet nos. 83H/05 and 83H/06 in Tamenglong, Noney Districts of Manipur and Cachar District of Assam. Un pub. GSI report for FS 2018-105

Shale and sandstone intercalation of Laisong Formation
Removal of the debris and slope treatment

Shale and sandstone intercalation of Laisong Formation
Removal of the debris and construction of retention wall downslope

Shale and sandstone intercalation of Upper Disang
Veryloose soil slided due to rainfall after slope modification

Shale and sandstone intercalation of Upper Disang
Unscientific dumping of waste and old landslide is not treated well

Shale and sandstone intercalation of Upper Disang
Unscientific slope cutting and stagnation of water

Natural landslide

Shale and sandstone intercalation of Laisong Formation
Unscientific slope cutting of steep slope and stagnation of water

Building a footwall to contain the slide

Clearing of the nala for drainage water to pass through

Tamenglong-Khongsang road-2 slide

Treatment of the slope and construction of retention wall
Unscientific slope cutting of steep slope and bedding is dipping towards the road

Extensive slope cutting of highly weathered rock.

load pressure increased due to accumulation of dumped waste and failed on rainfall

Shale and sandstone intercalation of Jenam Formation
Removal of the debris and slope treatment
Unscientific slope cutting of steep slope and incompetent lithology

Shale and sandstone intercalation of Jenam Formation

Slope treatment and construction of retention wall

Tamenglong - Khongsang road slide
Removal of toe by quarry, soft overburden, loosing of material by frequent blasting

Lamkaolong slide

Oversaturation of overburden material due to rain fall

Removal of slided material and slope treatment

Building of retaining wall and widening of the road
Dumped waste from the road cut became saturated and the overburden weight increased leading to uprooting of the trees

Tamenglong-Khongsang road (near Tabanglong) slide
Removal of toe by road cutting, high vertical face

Data taken from P. Songkai to Natun Songkai road
1. Increase in pore water pressure reducing the strenght of the overburden to resist sliding.

Avoid dumping of materials at the crwon portion.
1. Increased in pore water pressure. Subsequentlly reducing the frictional strenght of the over burden materials.

Weathered Sandstone and Splintery shale alteration
1. Planar failure. 2. Cutting of slope for road alignment at the crown portion and dumping of materials at the head portion increased the load. 3.Increase in pore water pressure due to incessant rainfall reduced the cohesive strenght of the dumped mate

Data recorded from Hangrum to Songkai road
Increase in pore water pressure by incessant rainfall hence reducing the cohesive strenght of the materials causing it to slide.

The slide face is 120? and slope angles is 30?
1.Toe esrosin by Jenam river during the flooding of the river.

A natural slide.
1. Removal of materials from the road. 2. Clearance of streamline. 3. Proper culvert as well line drainage to be provided.
1.Toe esrosin by Jenam river during the flooding of the river.

A natural slide.
1.Construction of retension wall at the downslope. 2. Avoid further cutting of slope for road/ construction. 3. Proper line drainage.
1. Shallow planar failure. 2.Increased in pore water pressure due to heavy rainfall which reduced the strenght of overburden causing the debris to slide on the steep slope.

A natural slide.The slide face is 285?//J3
1.Toe esrosin by Jenam river during the flooding of the river. 2. Weak joint planes added to the slide of the rock material. J3 acted as the weakplane for the materials to slide.

1.Toe esrosin by Jenam river during the flooding of the river. 2. Weak joint planes added to the fall of the rock blocks.

A natural slide.
1. Shallow planar failure. 2.Increased in pore water pressure due to heavy rainfall which reduced the strenght of overburden causing the debris to slide on the steep slope.

Anatural slide.
Data recorded from Hejaichak to Hangrum road
Increase in pore water pressure by incessant rainfall hence reducing the cohesive strenght of the materials causing it to slide.

Data recorded from Hejaichak to Hangrum road
1. Removal of materials from the drainage. 2. Slope benching
Increase in pore water pressure by incessant rainfall hence reducing the cohesive strenght of the materials causing it to slide.

Data recorded from Hejaichak to Hangrum road
Easing of the slope by benching and proper drainage to be provided.
Increase in pore water pressure by incessant rainfall hence reducing the cohesive strenght of the overburden materials causing it to slide.

Data taken from Tousem part 3- Old Tousem road
1.Removal of debris. 2. slope easing by benching 3.Drainage line along the road.
1. Increase in pore water pressure reducing the strenght of the overburden to resist sliding in the slide area. 2. Toe erosion by the stream at the toe portion of the slide.

Weathered shale and fractured sandstone alteration.
The slide face is 340?.
1. Increase in pore water pressure reducing the strenght of the overburden to resist sliding in the slide area. 2. Toe erosion by the stream at the toe portion of the slide. 3. weak lithology. 4. Deforestation for Jhum cultivation.

Weathered shale and fractured sandstone alteration.
The slide face is 345?.
1. Proper line drainage. 2. Proper channeling of stream. 3. Proper culvert to be provided.
1. Increase in pore water pressure reducing the strenght of the overburden to resist sliding in the slide area. 2. Road cutting further increasing the risk. 3. Unconcolidated slope materials.

Data taken by remote sensing technigue. It is a natural slide.
1. Increase in pore water pressure reducing the strenght of the overburden to resist sliding in the slide area.

Tamenglong-2 slide

Guigailuang-2 slide

Capentry area slide
Toe cutting, steep slope & soft material

Capentary area-2 slide
Toe cutting, steep slope & soft material

Avoid construction of houses in the area.
1. Cutting of steep slope and loading of debris on the head portion of the slide.

Highly fractured and weathered shale got unstable due to slope cut.
1.Retaining wall is already constructed. 2.Removal of slided material from the slope.

Highly weathered shale and sandstone got oversaturated due to rainfall and slided down
1.Removal of material from the toe of the slide to clear drainage. 2.Construction of retaining wall.

Slope cut has destabilized the highly weathered shale and siltstone.
1.Slided material has been already removed. 2.The slide is stable now.

Slope cut has destabilized weathered and fractured sandstone.
1.Removal of slided material from the slope. 2.Removal of loose hanging material from the crown.

Slope cut has destabilized the highly weathered shale
1.Modification of the slope to low gradient. 2.Removal of loose material from the slope

Highly fractured and weathered sanstone got unstable due to slope cut. And during rainfall the weathered sandstone got oversaturated due to which the material slided down.
1.Modification of the crown by removing loose hanging material.

Loose colluvium material become unstable due to slope
1. Clear looose material from the slope, 2. Clear hanging material from crown.

Highly weathered shale and sandstone got oversaturated due to rainfall and slided down. Due to extensive slope cut the slope got destabilized.
1.Construction of benches. 2.Removal of debris to clear drainage. 3.Construction of retaining wall.

1.Modification of the crown. 2.Removal of loose materials from the drainage

1.Modification of the crown by removal of loose hanging material

1.Construction of benches. 2.Removal of debris to clear drainage.

1.Construction of benches. 2.Construction of retaining wall

1.Removal of loose materials from the drainage.

1.Removal of loose material from the slope. 2.Modification of the crown.

1. Construction of benches. 2.Construction of retaining wall. 3.Construction of proper drainage system.

Slope cut has destabilized the slope.

Slope cut has destabilized the highly weathered rock.
1.Removal of loose material to clear drainage. 2.Construction of retaining wall.

Slope cut has destabilized the highly weathered and jointed rock.
1.Removal of loose material to clear drainage. 2.Construction of retaining wall.

Highly fractured rock on steep slope tend to fall due to extensive slope cut
1.Removal of loose boulders from the slope.

Slope cut has destabilized the highly weathered and jointed rock.
1.Removal of loose hanging material by blasting. 2.Steel wire mesh can be put with proper bolting.

Slope cut has destabilized the highly weathered and jointed rock.
1.Removal of loose hanging material by blasting.

Slope cut has destabilized the highly weathered rock.

Slope cut has destabilized the highly weathered shale and siltstone.

Slope cut has destabilized the slope.
1.Modification of the crown by removing loose hanging material. 2. Clear drainage.

Slope cut has destabilized the slope.
1.Modification of the crown by removing loose hanging material.

Slope cut has destabilized the highly weathered rock.
1.Modification of the crown by removing loose hanging material. 2.Clear drainage.

1.Modification of the crown by removing loose hanging material.

1.Removal of material to clear drainage. 2.Modification of the slope.

Slope cut has destabilized the highly weathered shale and siltstone.
1.Removal of loose material from the slope. 2.Modification of the crown.

1.Removal of loose material from the slope and clear the clogged drainage. 2.Modification of the crown.

1.Retaining wall constructed and the slide is stable now.

Slope cut has destabilized the highly weathered shale

Shale, siltstone, Greywacke rhythmite and sandstone of Upper Disang Formation.
1. Support wall for the road from toe erosion. 2. Proper back filling.

Shale, siltstone, Greywacke rhythmite and sandstone of Upper Disang Formation.

Below Bhalok village, part-1, Tamenglong district
Avoid anohtropogenic activities in the sliding area.

Provide a retaining wall with proper drainage system along the road.
1. Cutting of slope for Road alignment and Footpath. 2. Incessant rainfall increased the pore water pressureby infiltration of water on the footpath above the crown in the area reducing the resistive strenght of the overburden materials.

1. Slope stabilization by planting trees. 2. Avoid settlement in the area.
slide occurred due to heavy rainfall which increased the pore water pressure reducing the resistive strenght of the saturated overburden. Stability of the slope was reduced due to steep slope cut for construction of house. In addition a stream passes alo

Massive friable sandstone of Laisong Formation.
1. Slope benching. 2. Removal of slide material from the toe. 3.Maintenance of drainage along the road.
Unplanned cutting of slope on a friable massive sandstone.

Massive friable sandstone of Laisong Formation.
Rainfall and anthropogenic factor like road cutting.
Unplanned cutting of slope on a friable massive sandstone and incessant rainfall caused the slide.

1. Removal of debris 2. Clearing of blocked drainage.
1. Shallow planar failure. 2.Increased in pore water pressure due to heavy rainfall which reduced the strenght of overburden causing the debris to slide on the steep slope.

Retaining wall at the crown portion slided down along with the slide.
1. Unplanned construction. 2. slope cutting at the toe portion. 3. Overloading of debris at head region.

Makru Bridge Landslide
NH37 affected 25 Km from Jiribam town along NH37 (ImphalJiribam road).
Restrict the debris material by applying wooden piles along the affected river course to arrest easterly scouring by the river and preventing further aggravation of the landslide. Use of unconsolidated material for construction of service road may be avo
Road damaged for a length of 205m. Slided material has changed the course of the river towards opposite bank which may cause toe erosion on this bank.
Extensive dumping of slope excavated material down slope of the road, thereby aggravating the instability of the slope through static loading. Inherent poor rock mass (profusely jointed, thinly bedded shale& sandstone). Unguided down slope flow of surfac

Highly weathered and friable Sandstone of Jenam Formation belonging to Barial group.
Below Police Station, New Salem, Tamenglong
1. Benching of slope. 2. Avoid settlement in the area
1. Increased in pore water pressure due to incessant heavy rainfall. 2. Unplanned cutting of slope and construction of houses on loose consolidated soil.

Massive friable sandstone of Jenam Group.
1. Benching of slope. 2. Planting of trees. 3. Avoid settlement in the area.
1. Unplanned construction on a loose overburden soil. 2. The area seem to be a dumped waste site

Tamenglong slide

Siltstone and clay. The rock exposes exfoliation type of weathering which are very friable.
1. Construction of retaining wall. 2. prociding a proper drainage. 3. Avoid construction of house in the sliding area.
1. Unplanned cutting of slope for construction of house and road. 2. Reduction of the strenght of the overburben materials by super-saturation.

Settlement at the toe portion and forest at the crown portion.
Stabilizing the slope by avoiding further slope cutting and construction of houses.
1. Increased in pore water pressure due to incessant heavy rainfall reducing the strenght of the super saturated overburden. 2. Extensive slope cut for settlement and roads.

1. Construction of retaining wall with weep holes. 2. Divergent of run-off to the stream.
1. Unplanned construction which decrease the stability of the slope by steep wall cutting. 2. Higher infiltration of water which increased the pore water pressure reducing the strenght to resist the sliding force. A stream lies on the left flank of the

1. Benching of slope. 2. construction of lined drainage along the road.
1. Steep cutting of slope. 2. Over saturation of the overburden

Construction of breast wall and putting a mesh of size of 10cmx10cm to prevent the fall
Pile of unconsolidated debris got saturated on rainfall, eventually slided down

5 Km SSW of Kotlen Landslide (NH37)
NH37/ ImphalJiribam Highway/ 5Kms from Kotlen towards Noney.
Removal of overburden materials. Channelling and diversion of rain water in the crown portion. Lined drainage along the road. A retention wall with proper weep holes to be constructed on the slope of the NH37. A culvert across the NH
Road damaged for a length of 130m and cables damaged
Extensive slope cut for communication aggravated the instability of the slope. Inherent poor rock mass i.e. the rocks are profusely jointed and composed of splintery grey shale. Failure of overburden material due to increased pore water pressure as a res

Highly weathered and friable Sandstone of Jenam Formation belonging to Barial group.
Approved reports of GSI by Dr. C. D. Singh
Tamenglong- Tamei road, New Salem, Tamenglong
1. Diversion of possible surface runoff water from the affected slope. 2. Consolidation of dumped materials. 3. Providing retaining stuctures.
1. Construction of houses over the unconsolidated slope forming materials. 2. Slope cutting for the construction of house at lower level. 3. Ignorance of landslide indicators such as cracks in 2017.

New Salem Leikai-2 slide

New Salem Leikai slide

New Kanan Slide
Laisong Formation of Barail Group represented by highly weathered, friable, yellowish to brown colour, ferruginous sandstone with siltstone and shale.
Western flank of NS trending hill ridge showing a bedding attitude of strike 325┬░dipping 10┬░towards 235┬░.
Settlement area with moderate vegetation represented by tall trees and undergrowth at upslope of the slide.
Settlement area with forest represented by moderate vegetation upslope.
Slope moderation at the top part with adequate drainage arrangement. Plantation of fast growing species.
Construction of house near the nala. Exposing very high vertical cut face nearly 12 m. Loose insitu soil underlain by highly weathered sandstone exposed in the vertical cut face. Existence of foundation trench on top portion of the upslope.

No further settlement here and contour drainage at the top, slope treatment
Unscientic slope cutting and unplanned construction

Proper drainage and building of walls with weep holes
water dripping through perched water table on the rocks which dips towards the slope caused the overburden material to slide down

Benching of slope and building of retention wall
Toe erosion by nala and oversaturation by rainfall

Unscientic slope and saturation of crown part due to rain fall

Removal of material and construction of retention wall

Unscientific slope cutting exposing the jointed rock

Pile of debris upslope and on rainfall it became unstablised

Unscientific slope cutting and saturation of debris material after rainfall

Slope treatment and plantation of vegetation

Stagnation of water, movement of heavy vehicle and subsidence

Khongshang Landslide
The area is tectonically very active and falls in high rainfall zone. Such incidences are anticipated. These can only be minimised by taking proper precautions.
Along the National Highway – communication line and road got damaged.
The area shows the presence of moderate to thick vegetated forest. Bamboo is the dominant vegetation and at some parts it is banana trees
a. Drainage management in the area is very important. Recommended to provide lined drainage at the toe and also perforated drainage at different contour levels to push away excess water seepage.
b. The subsided right flank of the slide can be treated wit
Imphal-Tamenglong road for 100 m got damaged completely.
a. Rainfall is the major cause and the main triggering element for the landslide.
b. Regolith cover is thick and it ranges from 2 to 3meters with a high proportion of soil content in the regolith. The bedrock in the area

Highly weathered rock is cut unscientifically and became oversaturated after rainfall

Benching of slope and building of retention wall
Extensive slope cut and bed is dipping towards the road

Very steep slope and road cut material dumped unscientifically which slided after rain fall

Loose weatherd rock along steep slope and toe erosion by nala

Benching of slope and building of retention wall
Extensive slope cut and stagnation of water

1. Slope easing by slope benching. 2. Providing proper drainage.

1. Removal of material from toe of the landslide. 2. Lined drainage along the road.
Planar failure and Steep cutting of slope for road alignment.

Taobam landslide

Retention wall of 2m thick and 10m height
Toe cutting by nala and dumping of waste unscientifically

Dumped wate material failed due vehicle movement and saturation after rainfall

Unscientific slope cutting of weathered and loose material

Shale, siltstone and sandstone of Upper Disang Formation.

Khongsong slide

Awangkhul slide
Sandstone intercalated with shale, bedding N10°W - S10°E / 30° due W
Hydrostatic pressure and weak geological formation

Awangkhul slide
Hydrostatic pressure and weak geological formation

Awangkhul slide
Sandstone intercalated with shale. Bedding N20°W-S20°E /47°due W.
The landslide is a vey small one & occurs at a height of 20m from the road level. Presence of loose soil on top of steep slope creates the landslide.
Weak geological formation, hydrostatic pressure, steep slope

Sandstone intercalated with shale, bedding N20°W - S20°E / 47° due W
Weak geological formation, hydrostatic pressure and steep slope

Shale, siltstone and sandstone of Upper Disang Formation.
Data taken by remote sensing technigue
Slope benching. Construction of concrete wall from the toe portion of the slide upto the road alignment.
Planar failure, unplanned cutting of slope and toe erosion by the Ijai river.

Shale with Sandstone beds of Upper Disang Formation

1. Planar failure. 2. Reduction of strenght on supersatuartion of the overburden.

1. Slope easing by slope benching. 2. Providing lined drainage.

1. Plantation of trees for slope hardening. 2. Diversion of run-off waterfrom the crown.
1. Planar failure 2.Reduction of strenght on super-saturation of overburden materials.

Sandstone-shale interbands of Upper Disang Formation
1. Provide proper lined drainage.2. Slope benching

1. Reconstruction of Gabion wall 2. Proper drainage maintenance.
1. Toe erosion by stream 2. cut-fill failure

Weak lithology with highly weathered and closely spaced joint planes.

Sandstone and shale interbands of Disang
1. Construction of support wall from toe. 2. Proper back filling.

Lukhambi slide
Cutting is going towards upslope for the construction of railway line. During the heavy rain, the nala brought down the excavated loose soil downward and dumped of the road. This in turn creates the problem in the form of blocking the Nh and creating lan
NH-53(Imphal-Jiribam, 3km from None towards Nungba)
Weak geological formation and anthropogenic interference

1. Increase in pore water pressure reducing the strenght of the overburden to resist sliding.

Steep cutting of slope for road alignment.

1. Slope hardening. 2. Slope benching. 3. proper lined drainage.
1. Excessive cutting of slope for road alignment. 2. Increase in pore water pressure due to expossure of the overburden to environment.

Concrete walls dislocated.
Avoid settlement in the area and construct concrete retaining walls for further erosion.
1. Toe erosion by river which is located at the confluence of 2 rivers.

1. Planar failure. 2. Increase in pore water pressure 3. reduction of strenght in super-saturation.

Sandstone with shale of Barial Formation.
Slope benching with a proper lined drainage.
Planar failure, unplanned cutting of slope and rocks are jointed.

Railway cutting passing through the slide.
Data taken from NH_37, Imphal-Jiribum highway. Opposite Nandumjang village.
1. Slope stabilization methods 2. Gravity walls to be constructed along the upslope of the railway cutting and support at the downslope of the cutting.

Shale and Siltstone od Upper Disang Formation
Hardening of slope and benching of slope.
Extensive slope cut failure and increased overburden pore pressure due to rainfall.

Shale, siltstone and sandstone of Disang Formation
Increased overburden pressure due to rainfall.

1. Excessive cutting of slope for road alignment.

Shale, siltstone and sandstone of Upper Disang Formation

Intercalation of sandstone in Friable Shale of Upper Disang.

Data taken from Khoupum- Tousang village road.

Natural slide. Data taken from Khoupum-Nungba road
Data taken from Khoupum- Nungba highway.

Concrete wall provided at the toe of the slide.
1. Provide benching. 2. Removal of debris. 3. Clearing lined drainage.
1. Extensive slope cut. 2. Incompetent lithology. 3. Increase in pore water pressure in the debri materials.

Retention wall already builtTreatment/benching of the slope
Unscientific slope cutting of highly weathered rock

lined drainage and construction of culvert

1. Debris removed. 2. lined Drainage provided.
1. Extensive slope cut. 2. increase in pore pressure reducing the cohesive strength of the overburden materials which slided alone the bedding plane. 3. Beds and slope are in consequent disposition.

Lined drainage is washed & Road partially blocked.
1.Removal of debri material from wash drain area. 2. Benching of slope
1. Planar failure. 2. Increase in pore water pressure 3. reduction of strenght in super-saturation. 4. Anthropogenic activity (unplanned cutting of slope)

The slide area is unstable.
1. Benching of slope. 2. Gabion wall construction. 3.Proper drainage to drain water.
1. Reduction of strenght of the overburden materials by supersaturation and increase in pore water pressure by incessant rainfall. 2 Extensive slope cut

Intercalation of shale in flaggy sandstone.
Debris removed and proper line drainage provided.
1. Benching of slope. 2. Gabion wall construction.
1. Reduction of strenght of the overburden materials by supersaturation and increase in pore water pressure by incessant rainfall. 2 Extensive slope cut

Debris removed and proper line drainage provided.
Gabion walls recommemded to be build at the toe of the slide.
Increase in pore water pressure and reduction of strenght by supersaturation and steep cutting of slope.

Debris removed and proper line drainage provided.
Steep cutting of slope for road alignment and increase in pore water pressure on the exposed materials. Weak lithology added to the caused.

Slope dips at 29Γü░ towards 165Γü░.
1.Unplanned cutting of slope. 2. Consequent nature of beds and slope.

1.Removal of slided material. 2. Proper line drainage to be provided. 3. Benching of slope
1. Increase in pore water pressure 2. reduction of strenght in super-saturation. 3. Thick sliding soil lying above competent lithology

Alternate layers of shale, siltstone and sandstone.
Removal of debris from the lined drainage.
1. Steep cutting of slope. 2. increase in pore pressure reducing the cohesive strength of the overburden materials.

Alternate layers of shale, siltstone and sandstone.
Debris removed
Increase in pore pressure reducing the cohesive strength of the overburden materials.

Intercalation of shale in flaggy sandstone. Rock is fractured.
Cracks observed on the road towards the back filling part. The slide area is unstable.
1. Proper back filling and removal of debris.
1. Reduction of strenght of the overburden materials by supersaturation and increase in pore water pressure by incessant rainfall. 2 Extensive slope cut. 3. Rocks are fractured. 4. Back filled failure.

Intercalation of shale in flaggy sandstone.
1. Benching of slope. 2. Concrete wall construction at the toe part.
1. Reduction of strenght of the overburden materials by supersaturation and increase in pore water pressure by incessant rainfall.

Splintery shale and sandstone beds of Upper Disang Formation.
Removal of debris and clearing the drainage. Provide proper benching to the steep upslope.
1. Cutting of slope for Road alignment . 2. Incessant rainfall increased the pore water pressure hence reducing the resistive strenght of the overburden materials and causing the debris to slip along the interface of rock and overburden materials.

Debris removed from the road and proper line drainage provided.
Steep cutting of slope for road alignment and increase in pore water pressure on the exposed materials.

Splintery shale of Upper Disang Formation.
Debris removed from the road and proper line drainage provided. Cracks observed on the road where debris were dumped.
Benching of slope. Sealing of the cracks observed with appropriate materials.
Steep cutting of slope for road alignment and increase in pore water pressure on the exposed materials. Weak lithology added to the caused.

Debris removed from the road and proper line drainage provided.
1.Extensive slope cut. 2.Decrease in cohesive strenght of the overburden materials by water percolation. 3. Weak lithology and consequent nature of beds with the slope. 4. Gully erosion on the downslope of the road.

Data taken by remote sensing.

Sandstone, siltstone and shale. Sandstones are closely spaced joints.
1. Concrete walls to be provided at the road bench with proper weep holes.
1. Steep slope cutting. Consequent beds with the slope. 3. Highly sheared Sandstone beds.

Dats taken by remote sensing.

Debri material is removed and proper line drainage is provided
1. Planar failure. 2. Increase in pore water pressure 3. reduction of strenght in super-saturation. 4. Weak lithology.

Splintery shale and siltstone with sandstone partings.
Debris removed from the road and proper line drainage provided.
Increased in pore water pressure of the slide area. Thus reducing the cohesive strenght of the overburden materials and causing the materials to slide. In addition steep slope cut is another causal factor for the sliding.

Snadstone and shale alteration of Upper Disang Formation.
debris are removed and drainage provided.
1. Increase in pore water pressure in the overburden as indicated by the dripping of water 3. extensive slope cut.

Shale and siltstone with subordinate sandstone laminae.
Drainage provided.
Construction of concrete walls with proper weep holes.
1. Incompetent lithology lying in between competent sandstone beds slided down. 2. increase in pore pressure reducing the cohesive strength of the materials. 3. Rocks are Sheared.

1. Removal of debris. 2. provide benching. 3. Proper lined drainage.

Data taken from NH_37A, Imphal-Khoupum highway

Landslide on natural slope
Data taken from NH_37A, Imphal-Khoupum highway

Shale, Sandstone and Siltstone of Lower Disnag Formation
Data taken from Imphal-Khuopum road, lying above Khongbung village.

Splintery shale with thin siltstone and sandstone bands
along Imphal-Khoupum road, near Longsai village

Construction of retention wall with weep holes and slope treatment
Unscientific slope cutting bed is dipping towards the road

Retention wall already builtTreatment/benching of the slope

Removal of the debris and Construction of retention wall for the upslope and for downslope Construction of retention wall and compaction of dumped waste
Dumping of road cut material over steep slope

Treatment of the slope and construction of retention wall
Unscientific slope cutting and Dumping of road cut material over steep slope

Removal of the debris and Construction of retention wall
Unscientific slope cutting and highly weathered rock

Removal of the debris and benching of the slope

Construction of retention wall and compaction of dumped waste
Dumping of road cut material over steep slope

Construction of retention wall and compaction of dumped waste

Removal of material and construction of retention wall
Bedding is dipping towards the road and unscientific slope modification and stagnation of water

Removal of the debris and Construction of retention wall

Removal of the debris , plantation of fast growing plant and Construction of retention wall
Unscientific slope cutting and highly weathered rock

Removal of the debris and Construction of retention wall for the upslope and for downslope Construction of retention wall and compaction of dumped waste
Unscientific slope cutting and highly weathered rock and consequent subsidence of the dumped material

Colvert is under construction
Removal of material and construction of retention wall
Unscientific slope cutting and stagnation of water

Removal of material and construction of proper drainage
Unscientific slope cutting and stagnation of water

Removal of the debris , plantation of fast growing plant and Construction of retention wall

Removal of the debris and Construction of retention wall
Bedding is dipping towards the road and unscientific slope modification

Putting of mesh of 15 cm diameter and slope treatment
Unscientific slope cutting, bedding and joint make wedge which is sliding

Treatment of the slope and construction of culvert and maintainance of drainage
Unscientific slope cutting of weathered and loose material

Removal of the material and Benching of the slope

Benching of the slope and stopping of the quarry
Unscientific quarrying of the sandstone and extensive slope modification

Construction of retention wall with weep holes and culvert
Unscientific slope cutting of steep slope and stagnation of water

Removal of the debris and construction of retention wall
Unscientific slope cutting. Failure along joint plane

Slope treatment and maintainance of drainage

Slope treatment and construction of retention wall
Unscientific slope cutting of friable material

Shale with minor sandstone of Jenam Formation
Unscientific slope cutting of friable material

Removal of the material and putting of mesh size 10x10cm and slope treatment.
The joints perpendicular to the bedding which dips inside the hills disloges the blocks leading to the rockfall.

Old Kaiphundi4
Torrential rain and pore water pressure made a cumulative effect to produce the slide.
Retaining walls to support the toe and to stop the toe erosion.

Proper lined drainage to be provided and slope benching.
1. Increased in pore water pressure due to incessant heavy rainfall reducing the strenght of the super saturated overburden.

A natural slide
Proper drainage, slope benching and planting of deep rooted plants.
1. Increase in pore water pressure reducing the strenght of the overburden to resist sliding in the slide area.

A natural slide
1. Increase in pore water pressure reducing the strenght of the overburden to resist sliding in the slide area.

1. The internal strength of siltstone-shale unit is decreased due to high degree of weathering. 2. Steep slope cut has induced instability to the slope.

Slope benching and planting deep rooted plants and trees along the slope
1. Toe erosion by stream. 2. Increase in pore water pressure reducing the strenght of the overburden to resist sliding in the slide area.

Slope benching and planting deep rooted plants
1.Beds and slope are consequent. 2. Steeper Slope cut at the slide site.

1. Accumulation of water in head portion. 2. Highly weathered sandstone unit.

1. The internal strength of sandstone unit is decreased due to high degree of weathering. 2. Steep slope cut has induced instability to the slope.

The slide face is 005? with slope angle of 45 ?
1. Sandstone quarry- removal of support at toe portion of the slide 2.Increased overburden pore water pressure due to incessant rainfall.

The slide face is 030? . Its in meta stable condition and risk is low.
Removal of materials from the road and proper drainage
Jointed rock. Percolation of water along the weak planes decreases the resistent friction leading the rock beds to slide.

A natural slide
Removal of materials from the road and proper drainage
Toe erosion by the stream. Increased pore pressure on overburden by water percolation.

Toe erosion by the nala. Increased pore pressure on overburden by water percolation.

It is an old landslide and is in meta stable condition
1. Steep slope cut. 2. Reduction of strenght on super saturation by water.

Increased overburden pore water pressure due to incessant rainfall.

Carbonacous splintery shale, siltstone and sandstone.
The slide face is 310?. It is in meta stable condition.
Removal of materials from the road and proper drainage
1. weak lithology- splintery nature of shale. 2. Toe erosion by nala. 3.Increased pore pressure on overburden and reduction of strenght on saturation.

Carbonacous splintery shale, siltstone and sandstone.
weak splintery nature of shale, Toe erosion by the nala, Increased pore pressure on overburden by water percolation etc

Shale, siltstone and ferruginous sandstone alteration
A natural slide. The slide face is 75?
weak lithology and Increased overburden pore water pressure due to incessant rainfall.

1. Removal of debris. 2. Slope benching and planting deep rooted vitriver.
1. The internal strength of sandstone unit is decreased due to high degree of weathering. 2. Steep slope cut has induced instability to the slope.

1. Slope benching and planting deep rooted vitriver plants. 2. Proper lined drainage.

The slide face is 092? with slope angle of 60?

The slide face is 307? with slope angle of 65 ?
1. Weathered lithology (clay). 2.Fractured rock 3. Increased pore water pressure due to rainfall. 4. Beds and slope are consequent.5. Rill erosion

The slide face is 215?. It is unstable and a risk to the road.
Slope benching and planting deep rooted trees and plants, removal of debris material
Rill esrosin and loose overburden material.

Khasiapunji slide
The landslide was basically a debris slide triggered by high anomalous rainfall, which got surcharged with run-off water and progressed into a debris flow. The flow of the debris was solely responsible for the destruction, damage and loss of lives and pr
Landslide occurred on 31st August 2016
Thickly vegetated, Jhum cultivation for betel leaves, pineapple and banana plantation
3 persons reported dead and one missing till date of investigation
Remedial measures suggested at landslide site:
a. The loose debris material along the nalla course from crown to foot and into the run-out path must be cleared to restore the natural course of the stream. It is also suggested that run-out path is not put
From the field studies, a combination of factors has been interpreted to be involved in the
initiation and triggering of the landslide, which are:
a. 2-5m thick overburden resting on the slope got saturated during continuous, heavy rainfall and loses its

Bhuban Nagar slide
Ferruginous sandstone with siltstone of Tipam Sandstone Formation.
The affected area is shallow translational debris slide caused due to toe erosion and weak slope forming material, triggered by incessant rainfall. The overburden material comprising 1.5m thick of in-situ soil with highly weathered sandstone and siltston
Minor failures were occured adjacent areas.
1. Slope easing of the crown area/removal of extending branches from the crown area to avoid load pressure 3. Diversion of surface run-off away from the affected slope face/ in order to prevent further undercutting by river, substantial amount of boulder
1. The affected slope comprises highly friable sandstone and siltstone 2. Toe erosion. 3. Over-saturation of weak slope forming material due to rain.

Highly weathered and fracture Sandstone and weathered shale.
The slide face is 350? and is in meta stable condition
1. Slope and beds are consequent. 2. weak lithology that is highly weathered and fracture lithology . 3. Increased pore pressure on overburden and reduction of strenght on saturation by the incessant rainfall. 4. Lack of drainage.

It is in unstable condition
1. Slope benching. 2. Proper lined drainage to be provided.
1.Gully towards the right flank of the slide and toe erosion at the toe of the slide. 2. weak lithology that is highly weathered shale. 3. Increased pore pressure on overburden and reduction of strenght on saturation by the incessant rainfall. 4. Culvert

A natural slide recorded by remote sensing
Avoid dumping of materials towards the downslope of the road.
Increased pore pressure on overburden and reduction of strenght on saturation.

1. Steep cutting of slope. 2. Increase in pore water pressure by incessant rainfall hence reducing the cohesive strenght of the materials causing it to slide.

Below JT road, betweenLower Kharkhuplien to Savomphai village

A natural slide recorded by remote sensing

Shale and sandstone alteration with clay.
1. Steep cutting of slope. 2. Increase in pore water pressure by incessant rainfall hence reducing the cohesive strenght of the materials causing it to slide.

JT road, betweenLower Kharkhuplien to Savomphai village
Slope benching and planting deep rooted plants and trees.
Extensive slope cut failure, Loading of cut materials at the head region of the slide and increased overburden porewater pressure due to rainfall.

Below JT road, betweenLower Kharkhuplien to Savomphai village
Increased overburden pore water pressure due to incessant rainfall.

1. Slope cut failure, damp materials slided away . 2. Increase in pore water pressure by incessant rainfall hence reducing the cohesive strenght of the materials causing it to slide.

Below JT road, betweenLower Kharkhuplien to Savomphai village
Increased overburden pore water pressure due to incessant rainfall and gully erosion.

Closely spaced jointed shale and siltstone.
Risk to raod. The slide face is 142? and slope angles is 53?
Increased pore pressure on overburden. Closely spaced jointed rock strata added to the sliding.

The slide face is 265? and slope angles is 30?
Construction of retention wall at the toe of the landslide.Proper drianage to be provided. Plantation of deep root plants on the upslope.
Reduction of strenght on super saturation by water. The beds and the slope are consequent. Lithology such as highly weathered shale and clay added to the landslide.

Maniarkhal Slide
Ferruginous sandstone with siltstone of Tipam Sandstone Formation.
The slide is a shallow translational debris slide, triggered due to Extensive cut slope for road and incessant rainfall. The slope forming material comprises weathered ferruginous sandstone (Tipam Group). The affected slope exhibits widening nature. The
A large water body abutting the affected area.
1. Slope easing at the crown portion to achieve a more stable slope. 2. Construction of RCC retaining wall with sufficient weep holes at the toe of the slope, accompanied by a few meter buffer zones 3. Hill side drains may be constructed along the road.
1. Overburden material comprising highly weathered (W4) ferruginous sandstone and siltstone. 2. Excavation of slope for road construction 3. over-saturation of slope material due to incessant rainfall.

Flaggy sandstone with thin shale partings
The slide face is 125? . A natural and an old slide havinf a slope angle of >45. Plants outgrown the slide.
Proper line drainage to be provided and avoid heavy vehicle passage.
Over saturation of the overburden by water reducing the strenght of the materials to resist failure.

S?: 200/53??290.Beds are folded and deformed.
Subsidence observed towards the right flank of the slide. The area is unstable and a risk to road.
JT road, between Kharkhuplien to Jaikhang
1.Uncompacted debri materials which upon over saturation by water, lost its frictional resistance and slided away

It is a natural slide. The slide face is 40?.
1.Erosion by stream at the toe portion of the slide. 2.Increase in pore water pressure by incessant rainfall hence reducing the cohesive strenght of the materials causing it to slide.

It is a natural slide. The slide face is 170?. Risk to the road lying above the crown of the slide.
1.Erosion by stream at the toe portion of the slide. 2.Increase in pore water pressure by incessant rainfall hence reducing the cohesive strenght of the materials causing it to slide.

Data taken from JT road, betweenLower Kharkhuplien to Savomphai village
Increased pore water pressure due to rainfall.

Longchari, T. and Achumi, P., 2020. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in toposheet nos. 83H/07& 83H/08 and parts of toposheet nos. 83H/14 & 83L/02 falling in Churachandpur, Imphal East, Imphal West districts of Manipur and Aizawl, C
Soil oversaturated with water due to high rainfall and toe erosion

Longchari, T. and Achumi, P., 2020. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in toposheet nos. 83H/07& 83H/08 and parts of toposheet nos. 83H/14 & 83L/02 falling in Churachandpur, Imphal East, Imphal West districts of Manipur and Aizawl, C
Removal of loose debris and construction of proper drainage
Soil oversaturated with water due to high rainfall and toe erosion

Longchari, T. and Achumi, P., 2020. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in toposheet nos. 83H/07& 83H/08 and parts of toposheet nos. 83H/14 & 83L/02 falling in Churachandpur, Imphal East, Imphal West districts of Manipur and Aizawl, C
Pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super saturation and toe erosion

Retaining wall,construction and maintainence of drainage
Pore water pressure, toe erosion and unplanned cutting of slope

Sandstone with thin bedded friable shale Bhuban Formation.
Borah, A., and Thurr, R., 2020. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in toposheet nos. 83H/03, 83H/04 and 83D/16 falling in Cachar district of Assam and Jiribam and Pherzawl district of Manipur. Unpublished GSI report.
Partial affected the NH 102B in the slided area. Landslide facing 52?
Benching, proper drainage at toe, plantation of fast growing plants which have deep roots.
Steep slope, thinly bedded shale and heavy rainfall

Thin bedded friable shale of Renji Formation.
Borah, A., and Thurr, R., 2020. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in toposheet nos. 83H/03, 83H/04 and 83D/16 falling in Cachar district of Assam and Jiribam and Pherzawl district of Manipur. Unpublished GSI report.
Slide occuring in the down slope of the road. Affected the NH 102B in the slided area. Landslide facing 68?
Benching, proper drainage at toe, retention wall and covering the landslide with water proof material to minimise the effect of water percolation.
Weathered splintery shale, rill erosion, unscientific sope cutting and heavy rainfall

Sandstone with thin bedded shale of Renji Formation.
Borah, A., and Thurr, R., 2020. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in toposheet nos. 83H/03, 83H/04 and 83D/16 falling in Cachar district of Assam and Jiribam and Pherzawl district of Manipur. Unpublished GSI report.
Shallow translational failure. Landslide facing 108?
Stop quarrying and Benching of the slope, proper drainage at toe, breast wall and covering the landslide with water proof material to minimise the effect of water percolation.
extensive quarrying, consequent slope and rainfall.

Thin bedded friable sandstone of Renji Formation.
Partial affected the NH 102B in the slided area. Landslide facing 60?
Benching, proper drainage at toe, breast wall and covering the landslide with water proof material to minimise the effect of water percolation.
Weathered splintery shale, rill erosion, unscientific sope cutting and heavy rainfall

Shallow translational failure. Landslide facing 330?
Benching, proper drainage at toe, breast wall and plantation of fast growing trees with deep roots.
Weathered friable shale, steep slope, debris material and heavy rainfall

Shale with Sandstone bands of Renji Formation.
Natural landslide. Landslide facing 68?

Shale with Sandstone bands of Jenam Formation.
Shallow translational failure. Landslide facing 25?.
Slope easing, construction of breast wall, proper drainage at toe. Aforestation.
Weathered shale, saturation of overburden material due to heavy rainfall leading to slope failure.

Shallow translational failure. Landslide facing 45?
Benching, proper drainage at toe, breast wall with weep holes and plantation of fast growing trees with deep roots.
Weathered splintery shale, unscientific sope cutting and heavy rainfall

Shale with thin bedded Sandstone of Jenam Formation.
Rock slide. Landslide facing 100?
Construction of mesh to stabilise the rock blocks on the upslope of the road. Proper drainage at toe.
Weathered shale, unscientific sope cutting and heavy rainfall

Benching, proper drainage at toe, retention wall and covering the landslide with water proof material to minimise the effect of water percolation.
Weathered friable shale, steep slope, debris material and heavy rainfall

Shale with thin bands of sandstone of Jenam Formation.
Landslide totally disturbed the patch of road. Landslide facing 10?.
Avoidance of the disturbed slope for further use.
Extensive unscientific slope cut, toe erosion by flowing nala and steep slope.

Shale with thin bands of sandstone of Jenam Formation.
Shallow translational failure. Landslide facing 337?.

Shallow planar failure. Landslide facing 282?.

Natural Landslide. Deep rotational failure Landslide facing 250?.
Failure of unstable lithology on natural slope.

Rock fall. Landslide facing 313?.
netting with mesh size 5''x5''. proper drainage at toe.
Exposure of steeply bedded jointed rocks on the road cut section leading to failure of rock blocks along the joint plane.

Stabilised road side Landslide. Landslide facing 220?.

Shale with thin bands of sandstone of Jenam Formation.
Shallow translational failure. Landslide facing 335?.
Benching, proper drainage at toe, breast wall with weep holes and covering the landslide with water proof material to minimise the effect of water percolation.

construction of breast wall upslope and construction of retention wall downslope of the road to check the slide.
Steep slope, extensive slope cut, construction of house upslope of the slide.

Slope easing, Construction of breast wall to check the slide material, removal of loose debris materials.

Removal of loose debris materials, Construction of breast wall with weep holes.
unstable litholgy exposed on steep slope due to road cut has lead to slope failing.

Natural Landslide,Deep rotational failure. Landslide facing 270?.
Construction of proper drainage and breast wall with weep holes, removal of loose debris materials.
Steep slope, failure of slope along a natural flowing stream.

Shale with Sandstone bands of Renji Formation.
Stop quarrying and Benching of the slope, proper drainage at toe, breast wall and covering the landslide with water proof material to minimise the effect of water percolation.
quarrying of sandstone blocks caused the block to fail

Clearance of material, Slope easing, Construction of retention wall, netting with mesh size 5''x5''. proper drainage at toe.

Clearance of fallen slide materials, Slope easing, Construction of retention wall, proper drainage at toe.
Weathered shale, heavy rainfall, steep slope.

Shallow planar failure. Landslide facing 293?.
unscientific slope cut has lead to the exposure of the bedding plane on the road which lead to the failure of the overburden material along the bedding plane.

Construction of breast wall with culvert, removal of loose debris materials.
a natural flowing nala has been constricted by the materials flowing from the upstream leading to failure during the rainy season.

Benching of Slope, Construction of retention wall, proper drainage at toe.

Construction of retentio wall. Proper drainage at toe.
Weathered shale, heavy rainfall,Extensive slope cut, improper drainage at toe.

Clearance of fallen slide materials, Slope easing.
Weathered shale, heavy rainfall, debris material.

Palsang-Zohmun slide
Thinly bedded shale intercalated with sst, siltst
Shome, P. and Kapfo, K. U., 2020. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in toposheet no. 83 D/15 and parts of toposheet nos. 84D/08, 83D/12, 83H/03 and 84A/05, Mamit, Kolasib and Aizawl districts of Mizoram and Hailakandi & Cacha*
Removal of fallen roak blocks from the drainage, lining of present drainage, removal of trees and plants from the crown and slope of the landslide
Jointed and weathered nature of rock, presence of trees and plants with deep penetrative roots, seepages near the base of the slope

Tinghmun-Zohmun section slide
Highly weathered and jointed, J1 47°/45°W
Shome, P. and Kapfo, K. U., 2020. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in toposheet no. 83 D/15 and parts of toposheet nos. 84D/08, 83D/12, 83H/03 and 84A/05, Mamit, Kolasib and Aizawl districts of Mizoram and Hailakandi & Cacha*
Blockade of nala due to quarrying (fallen boulder at the base)
Quarrying, jointed nature of lithology, steep consequent slopes

Grey sandy splintery shale, siltstone and mudstone
Patra S.K., and Soraisam. C, 2017. Macro-Scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in Toposheet nos. 83 D/12 & 16, Kolasib and Aizawl district, Mizoram.GSI report of FS 2016-2017.
road is cut along friable lithology shale
removal of overhangs and maintanence of roadside drainage
ex.cut slope and oversaturation due to infiltration of surface runoff

Zohmun-Sakawrdai section slide
Grey sandy splintery shale, siltstone and mudstone
Highly weathered, shale splintary in nature
Shome, P. and Kapfo, K. U., 2020. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in toposheet no. 83 D/15 and parts of toposheet nos. 84D/08, 83D/12, 83H/03 and 84A/05, Mamit, Kolasib and Aizawl districts of Mizoram and Hailakandi & Cacha*
Splintary, loose nature of lithology, cut slope failures

Grey sandy splintery shale, siltstone and mudstone
Patra S.K., and Soraisam. C, 2017. Macro-Scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in Toposheet nos. 83 D/12 & 16, Kolasib and Aizawl district, Mizoram.GSI report of FS 2016-2017.
removal of slide material and plantation of suitable grasses
ex. Cut slope and infiltration of surface runoff.

Patra S.K., and Soraisam. C, 2017. Macro-Scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in Toposheet nos. 83 D/12 & 16, Kolasib and Aizawl district, Mizoram.GSI report of FS 2016-2017.
west of Sakawrdai towards North Khawdungsei
removal of slide material and plantation of suitable grasses
slope cutting for construction of road, oversaturation of overburden

removal of slide material and hardening of the surface by plantation of grasss
ex.cut slope and oversaturation due to infiltration of surface runoff

west of Sakawrdai towards North Khawdungsei
removal of slide material and growing of grasses
slope cutting for road construction and presence of consequent slope

sidedrain along the road blocked due to the slide material
removal of slide material and hardening of the surface by plantation of grasss, channelisation of the domestic waste water by maintaining proper drainage
slope cutting for road construction, upslope presence of house and two pig sty whose waste water might have led to oversaturation of overburden

toe cutting by nala, cultivationearance of vegetation cover for jhum cultivation (pineapple)

hannelization of the drain and hardening of the surface by groing grasses
ex.cut slope and oversaturation due to infiltration of surface runoff

flowing springs nearby
removal of slide material and hardening of the surface by plantation of grasss
slope modifcation for road construction, seepage of water near the toe of the slide

rowing of grassesremoval of slide material and
extensive cut slope, oversaturation of overburden

another natural slide observed on the slope located at front bearing 320
slope cutting for construction of road, infiltration of surface runoff

removal of slide material from the slope
widening of joints leading to infiltration, three settlements of joints forming wedges, and slope modification for road construction

removal of slide material, hardening of the slope by filling up cracks
toe cutting by nala and slope cutting for road construction, presence of joints leading to dev of cracks

removal of slide material, channelization of surface runoff, constuction of culvert

removal of trees around the crown of the slide
removal of slide material and chanellizing the surfce runoff
ex. Cut slopeand infiltration of surface runoff

removal of the overhangs and unstable blocks from adjoining areas as well
extensive cut slope for road construction, development of cracks and widening leading to infiltration and oversaturation

extensive slope cut for road construction, abandoned jhum upslope leading to infiltration of surface runoff

removal of slide material from the slope
slope cutting for construction of road, infiltration of surface runoff

settlementtlement nearby
New Vervek, 18km Tipaimukh, milestone NH 150
removal of slide material and hardening of the surface by plantation of grasss

settlementtlement nearby, risk high
slope modification for construction of road, toe cutting by nala, infiltration of surface runoff

ex cut slope for construction of road jhum cultivation upslope

ex cut slope for road construction and sparse veg upslope

14km east of New Vervek towards Tipaimukh
removal of overhangs and hardening of surface
extensive cut slope, development of cracks, widening of cracks

Sandstone with subordinate siltstone, mudstone and shale
removal of overhangs and hardening of surface
extensive cut slope, development of cracks, widening of cracks, infiltration of water

Sandstone with subordinate siltstone, mudstone and shale
construction of roadside drainage and hardening of the surface

Sandstone with subordinate siltstone, mudstone and shale
extensive cut slope for road construction, development of cracks and widening leading to infiltration and oversaturation

extensive cut slope, development of cracks, widening of cracks, infiltration of water

vegetation growth can be seen on the slide material making it stabilised.
extensive cut slope, development of cracks, widening of cracks along joints, infiltration of water

removal of overhangs and check infiltration upslope
development of cracks and widening of the cracks and moreover cultivation activity upslope

extensive cut slope, development of cracks, widening of cracks along joints, infiltration of water

Landslide facing 280?.
Slope easing, Construction of breast wall.

Shale with bands of sandstone of Renji Formation.
Debris Landslide,Shallow translational failure. Landslide facing 260?.
Benching of slope, proper drainage at toe.

Stabilised Landslide. Landslide facing 315?.
Removal of loose debris materials, Construction of breast wall with weep holes.
extensive slope cutting, weathered rock and rainfall.

Removal of loose debris materials, Construction of breast wall with weep holes.
extensive slope cutting, weathered rock and rainfall.

Slope easing, Construction of breast wall, netting of weak rock mass, proper drainage at toe.

Removal of material, slope easing and proper drainage at toe.

Rockslide,Shallow translational failure. Landslide facing 290?.
Removal of material, slope easing and proper drainage at toe.

Construction of a breast wall of 3 meters high with a flat top of about 5 meters.

slope modification for construction of road, infiltration of surface run off along weak planes, development of cracks along these planes

cultivation upslope
proper channelisation and construction of concrete passage for the drainage
toe cutting by nala and slope cutting for road construction

thinly bedded shales with steep dip and weathered
extensive cut slope for construction of road and infiltration of surface runoff

plantaion of suitable grasses and plants to harden the slope surface
slope cutting for construction of road, infiltration of surface runoff

slope modification for construction of road, toe cutting by nala, infiltration of surface runoff

cultivation on the upslope
plantaion of suitable grasses and plants to harden the slope surface
infiltration of surface runoff, slope modification for construction of road

hardening of the slope surface by plantation of sitable grasses
slope modification for constuction of road

hardening of the slope surface by plantation of sitable grasses
slope modification for the construction of road leading to infiltration of surface runoff and hence oversaturation of overburden

the slide had damaged and carried the road downslope, construction of retening wall is underway
plantation of grasses to harden the surface
infiltration of the surface runoff through the joints leading to oversaturation.moreover, the nala near the area leads to toe cutting

another small slide present almost 30m from the prsent location
removal of slide material resting on the slope
extensive cut slope for construction of road

it is an old slide and the slope has been stabilised, grasses and plants have started to grow on the slope
presence of joints coupled with slope modification for construction of road

removal of the slide material from the slope, hardening of the slope by plantation
slope modification for construction of road, infiltration of surface runoff

removal of the overburden resting on the slope
toe cutting by the nala, modification of slope for construction of road

removal of the slide material resting on the slope
extensive cutslope, infiltration of surface runoff

extensive cut slope for construction of road, infiltration of rainwater along bedding

extensive cut slope for road construction

a small shed constructed upslope
removal, cultivationearance of slide material, planataion of suitable plants for hardening

there is spring and seepage of water from ground
slopemodification for construction of road, seepage from spring leading to oversaturation, cultivationearance of vegetation cover for jhum leading to increase in infiltration.

Kapfo.K, and Thaware. R.K., 2017. Macro-Scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheet nos. 84 A/9 & 13, Aizawl, Kolasib and Mamit districts, Mizoram.GSI report of FS 2016-2017.
~2.5 km S of Sawleng at 5 km N of Kepran milestone
Slope moderation, Removal of tall trees at the periphery

Singh, Maibam Pradipkanta and Kapfo, Kowe├╝, 2018; MacroScale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets no. 84E/01, 84E/05, 83H/04 & 83H/08, Aizawl and Champhai districts, Mizoram. GSI Report of FS 201718
A number of small slides along this (200 m) section, break in slope upslope of slide
Cut slope failure, thickness of overburden

Singh, Maibam Pradipkanta and Kapfo, Kowe├╝, 2018; MacroScale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets no. 84E/01, 84E/05, 83H/04 & 83H/08, Aizawl and Champhai districts, Mizoram. GSI Report of FS 201718
Removal of slided Debris, channeling and lining of drainage
Presence of old landslide, highly weathered and fractured nature of the Rockmass, seepage from the stream

Singh, Maibam Pradipkanta and Kapfo, Kowe├╝, 2018; MacroScale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets no. 84E/01, 84E/05, 83H/04 & 83H/08, Aizawl and Champhai districts, Mizoram. GSI Report of FS 201718
A no. of old landslides and small fresh landslides were observed along this section
Thick vegetation, jhum in the northern hillock
Removal of slided Debris from upslope of the road, clearing of drainage along the road, channeling of drainage upslope
Loose nature of overburden material from old landslide

Thick vegetation in the N and SWS alopes, jhum and lhp downslope and SE hillock,
Removal of Debris from landslide slope, Removal of tall trees from the crown and flanks of the landslide
Highly weathered and fractured nature of Rock forming loose overburden material

Soil tightening, plantation of Soil holding plants and shrubs

Weathered and fractured nature of Rockmass, steep slope

Siltstone, shale and sandstone with coal streaks
Landslide is present at the periphery of jhum cultivation
Thick vegetation downslope, sett in the N, jhum at loc
Thickness of the overburden, steep slope, presence of jhum causes Soil loosening and slope instability

Siltstone, shale and sandstone with coal streaks
Thick vegetation, Sparse vegetation in the opp. Slope
Thickness of the overburden, steep slope

Thick vegetation downslope, Moderate vegetation upslope of landslide, Excs
Fractured nature of Rockmass, steep slope, toe cutting

Structure and nature of the Rock, consequent slope

Removal of tall trees at the crown of the landslide, lining and channeling of drainage
Presence of gully, thick and loose nature of overburden material brought down by the stream

Small landslides near this loc
Removal of tall trees and Rock blocks from the crown of the landslide, slope moderation
Thickness of the overburden, steep slope

Removal of hanging material and bamboo groves from the crown of the landslide, planting of Soil tightening plants, slope moderation
Thickness of the overburden, steep slope

Removal of fractured Rockmass from slope
Weathered and fractured nature of Rockmass, cut slope failure

Removal of jointed blocks and deep rooted trees from crown of slide, Removal of Debris from the length of the slide
Fractured and weathered nature of Rockmass, penetration of tree roots within the joints and fractures of Rock unit, steep slope cut

failure along bedding, water percolation within the beds, sharp contact between debris and bedding

Pore water pressure and reduction of strength on super saturation, felicitation of failure due to dippin of beds towards the road

a no. of small ls along this section from last loc
3.5 km milestone to Tuival river from Khawkawn
Consequent slope, highly weathered and splintery nature of the Rockmass, toe cutting

2.5 km milestone to Tuival river from Khawkawn
Thick vegetation, Moderate vegetation on westren hillslope,, excs
Removal of Debris and bamboo groves from the periphery of the crown
Loose nature of overburden, cut slope failure

5.5 km milestone to Tuival river from Khawkawn
Thick vegetation with bamboo grooves, tall trees and thick undergrowth, Jhum in the ESE slopes
Removal of advancing material, Removal of overhanging Debris and bamboo grooves from slide scarp
Highly weathered and fractured nature of Rock, loose overburden

Nature of Rock unit(competentincompetent), steep slope

The water from the streams are converging and flowing on to the road, and flowing downslope, seepages along this section, Rock slide along tbis section
Thick vegetation, jhum in south slope and hillocks
Removal of the large tilted trees and Debris from the slope, Proper drainage at the base along the road, proper channeling of gullies
Speepage and pressure from flowing gullies in both the flanks of the slide, jointed and splintery nature of shale

Soil and Debris with waethered Rock mass
Removal of bamboo grooves near the periphery of the slide scarp
Splintery nature of shale, toe cutting of slope

~5m wide Debris slide nearby this loc
Proper channeling of drainage, Removal of load from landslide periphery and slope scarp
Presence of gully, nature of Rockmass, steep slope, presence of load (tall trees, banana groves, etc)

Small Rock falls along the excs, dripping of water along the Rocky slope, culvert contructed
Channeling of lined drainage, Removal of Debris and load (heavy vegetation), slope moderation
Seepage along the slide slope, jointe and fractured nature of the Rockmass, steep slope due to quarrying, presence of load (banana groves & water retention) on the slope

Numerous cut slope failure along this section
Removal of Debris, Removal of tall trees from landslide scarp

Culvert constructed
Toe support/protection at the base of landslide, Removal of Debris, tall trees from periphery of landslide scarp
Toe and deep gully erosion, thick loose nature of overburden

Reduction of strength on saturation, Pore water pressure and Unplanned cutting of slope

Construction of retaining walls and drainage
Unplanned cutting of slope and toe erosion

Reduction of strength on saturation and Pore water pressure

Removal of debris and construction of drainage

Construction of breast wall and contour drain
Reduction of strength on super saturation of water and pore water pressure

Brave wall and Retaining wall and removal of debris.

Removal of debris and construction of drainage
Toe erosion and reduction of strength on saturation

Removal of loose debris and contour drainage
Pore water pressure, reduction of strength on super saturation and toe erosion

Removal of debris and construction of benching
Soil oversaturated with water due to high rainfall and toe erosion

Removal of loose debris and contour drainage
Soil oversaturated with water due to high rainfall and water percolation between bedrock and overburden

Failure due to water percolation between bedrock and overburden

Removal of loose debris and construction of drainage
Reduction of strength on saturation and Pore water pressure

Soil oversaturated with water due to high rainfall and water percolation between bedrock and overburden

Removal of loose debris and construction of drainage
Reduction of strength on saturation, toe erosion and Pore water pressure

Removal of loose debris
and profile modification
Bedrock daylighted, oversaturation, highly weathered rocks, movement may have been triggered due to basting from rock quarry

Construction of proper drainage and benches
Reduction of strength on super saturation and toe erosion

Removal of loose debris and profile modification
Reduction of strength on super saturation and toe erosion, water percolation between overburden and bedrock

Removal of failure materials and slope modification
Reduction of strength on super saturation of water and toe removal along steep slope

Removal of failure materials and uprooted trees and shrubs
Reduction of strength on super saturation of water and toe removal

Removal of failure materials, benching and construction of proper drainage
reduction off material holding capacity due to cut slope

Shijoh, V. and Shijoh, C., 2020. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 83H/11,83H/12 and 84E/09 and parts of 83H/15 and 83L/03 falling in Churachandpur, Bishnupur and Chandel district of Manipur. Unpublished
Failure along bedding plane due to toe cutting

Sandstone with shale intercalation of Bhuban Formation.
Partial damage and narrowing of the NH 102B in the slided area. Landslide facing 30?
Widening and construction of the road on the hill side and avoidance of the slope as it is too steep to be treated.
Weathered friable shale, steep slope, debris material and heavy rainfall

Shijoh, V. and Shijoh, C., 2020. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 83H/11,83H/12 and 84E/09 and parts of 83H/15 and 83L/03 falling in Churachandpur, Bishnupur and Chandel district of Manipur. Unpublished

Shijoh, V. and Shijoh, C., 2020. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 83H/11,83H/12 and 84E/09 and parts of 83H/15 and 83L/03 falling in Churachandpur, Bishnupur and Chandel district of Manipur. Unpublished
Concrete retaining wall and bamboo plantation at toe area.
Toe cutting by nala and failure due to absorption by clay and shale

Pore water pressure, super-saturation and unplanned cutting of slope

Retaining wall and plantation for slope stability

Increase plantation of trees on the abandoned road for stabilizing the slope.

Plantation on the slope for slope stability
Rainfall along with cyclone triggered the already unstable area due to toe cutting of the hill

Proper drainage and slope stability by plantation
Rainfall along with cyclone triggered the already unstable area due to toe cutting of the hill

Shale and sandstone weathering and toe cutting by river

toe cutting by road cut. Highly jointed, fractured and weathered rock

Due to dumping of road cut materials and rainfall, gravity

Weathering highly jointed and fractured and toe cutting due to road cut

Retaining wall and bamboo plantation at the base

highly jointed and highly weathered shale

Removal of advancing Debris, Removal of load (heavy vegetatio and material) from the periphery of landslide scarp
Loose nature of overburden, cut slope failure

Rhythmic sequence of sandstone, siltstone & shale
Numerous 23m width landslides along this section
Thick vegetation, cl along Tuisa R in the E and NE
Channeling of drainage, Removal of Debris from crown of landslide, Removal of advancing material
Seepage, thick and loose nature of overburden from old landslide, steep slope

Rhythmic sequence of sandstone, siltstone & shale
Thick and loose nature of overburden from old landslide, steep slope cut

Gullies present at the flanks of the landslide, seepage, highly weathered Rockmass
Removal of advancing slided material, channeling and lining of drainage
Weathered and fractured nature of Rock, seepage near the base of the slide, toe cutting

Numerous Excs and dumped material along this road section
Splintery and weathered nature of the Rock, dumped Debris material from road cutting in the upslope

Lined drainage constructed, seepage at several places along the slope
Removal of old Debris slide, channeling and lining of drainage
Loose Debris material from landslide, seepage at the base of the slide

Numerous old small landslides along this section; Unstable

Numerous old small landslides along this section, retaining wall put up at places along the old landslide,Unstable
Thick vegetation, Sparse vegetation at old jhum areas
Removal of slide Debris, slope moderation
Old landslide Debris, presence of flowing springs at the flanks of the landslide, consequent nature of slope

Numerous reactivated slides along this section and a number of retaining wall constructed at places
Removal of slide Debris, slope moderation
Old landslide Debris, consequent nature of slope

Landslide on natural slope in the N
Thick vegetation, Sparse vegetation in the N, jhum upslope and downslope of loc
Loose and thick nature of overburden, presence of water along the slope, clearing of vegetation for jhum

Reactivated old landslide nearby
Removal of advancing Debris from the slope and tall trees from the crown of landslide
Loose and thick nature of overburden, presence of water along the slope, cut slope failure

Removal of advancing Debris from the slope and tall trees from the crown of landslide
Loose and thick nature of overburden, presence of water along the slope, old landslide reactivation

Landslide between two roads in the upslope and downslope
Nature of Rock unit, toe cutting of slope

Slope moderation, Removal of Debris, construction of retaining wall
Presence of loose Debris, presence of gully near the landslide slope, steep slope with toe cutting

Thick vegetation, sett Kawlbem in the NE slope
Toe cutting of slope, nature of Rock unit

Removal of overhanging Debris/overburden material, Removal of landslide Debris
Toe cutting of slope, nature and structure of Rock unit

Old landslide Debris, weathered, fractured and splintery nature of the Rockmass

Loose and thick nature of overburden, fractured and splintery nature of the Rock

Unstable
Removal of slide Debris, Removal of load(tall trees) from landslide scarp

Limpou. L. and Soraisam. C. (2018) Macroscale (1:50,00) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheet Nos. 84 E/02 and 84 E/06, Aizawl and Champhai districts, Mizoram.
The retaining near the slide should have a proper culvert where the water should be channelised and dropped at a distance away from the road to prevent further toecutting
Plantation of grasses to harden the surface.
Extensive slopecut during road construction leads to exposure of the slope, presence of 3 sets of joints further leads to seepage of water and development of cracks leading to failure of the overburden

Limpou. L. and Soraisam. C. (2018) Macroscale (1:50,00) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheet Nos. 84 E/02 and 84 E/06, Aizawl and Champhai districts, Mizoram.
Dumping of the slide material has lead to further slopefailure downslope
Proper channnelisation of the nala by construction of concrete drainage and maintanance of roadside nala. Plantation of grasses to harden the slope
Presence of a nala which cuts the slope and leads to seepage of water and Oversaturation of overburden, local displacements of the Rocks observed due to faulting.

Old Rockslide present, retaining wall constructed at places
Moderate vegetation, Sparse vegetation along old landslide slope, dumped waste
Fractured and competentincompetent nature of Rock mass, steep slope ~40╦Ü

Limpou. L. and Soraisam. C. (2018) Macroscale (1:50,00) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheet Nos. 84 E/02 and 84 E/06, Aizawl and Champhai districts, Mizoram.
Removal of slide material and proper maintanace of roadside nala
Extensive slopecut for road construction, presence of concave surface and development of rill erosion

Plantation of grasses to harden the surface.
Extensive slope cut exposing the slope for construction of road and quarry. Further there is development of rills and gully erosion leading to seepage.

Oversaturation of overburden, seepage of surafce runoff, extensive slopecut for road construction

Sequence of siltstone, shale & sandstone with coal
Jhum cultivation upslope which may have further aided to the slope failure
Removal of slide material and plantation of grasses to harden the slope surface, maintanance of roadside nala
Oversaturation of overburden due to slope modification for road construction and moreover the Rocks are highly disturbed and sheared

Sequence of siltstone, shale & sandstone with coal
Boulders can be observed within the slide material
Removal of slide material and widening of the road
Extensive slope cut for road construction which leads to seepage and percolation of surface runoff

Sequence of siltstone, shale & sandstone with coal
The slide material has been dumped downslope which further leads to toe erosion and failure downslope
Removal of slide material from the road, plantation of grasses to harden the slope surface
Extensive slope cut leading to seepage of surface runoff, abandoned Jhum cultivation upslope and toecutting by the nala

~1km towards tualcheng from road junction
Removal of slide material and plantation of grasses for hardening
Slope modification for road construction leading to seepage and ovrsaturation of the overburden

Removal of slide material and widening of the road

The slide material has been dumped downslope which further leads to toe erosion and failure downslope
Removal of slide material, channelization of the drainage to prevent seepage, plantation of grasses to harden the surface
Slope modification for road construction leading to seepage and ovrsaturation of the overburden

The area is damp even in dry season
Removal of slide material and plantation of grasses to harden the surface
Slope modification for road construction leading to seepage and ovrsaturation of the overburden

the water from the culvert should be disposed at a length from the road and not immediately as it leads to further erosion
Removal of slide material and prevention of toe erosion downslope
Oversturation of overburden due to seepage of water and gully erosion and presence of a fault

Removal of slide material and plantation of grasses to harden the slope surface.
Oversaturation of the overburden, the place is damped due to seepage of water as the Rocks are sheared

Dumping of slide material downslope should be avoided
Widening of the road, maintanance of roadside nala
Extensive slope cut for road construction, development of cracks and seepage of surface runoff

Development of gully erosion can be observed on the slope surface
Removal of slide material, plantation of grasses and maintanance of roadside nala
Oversaturation of the overburden and toecutting by the nala

Development of rill/gully erosion on the slide surface, dumping of slide material downslope should be avoided
Removal of slide material and maintanance of roadside drainage
Extensive slopecut for road construction, seepage of surface runoff and Oversaturation of overburden

Removal of slide material and maintanance of roadside drainage
Oversaturation of overburden due to seepage of surface runoff

Slide material has been dumped downslope and should be avoided
Removal of slide material and proper maintanance of roadside nala
Presence of a faulted zone and extensive slopecut for road construction

Dumping of slide material downslope should be avoided
Channelisation of the drainage to avoid seepage, maintanance of roadside nala
Extensive slopecut for road construction and development of gully/rill erosion leading to seepage of surface runoff moreover there is presence of spheroidal weathering in the shale

This road section is unstable and there is presence of 3 slides and dumping of slide material downslope should be avoided
Maintananc eof roadside nala, plantationof grasses to harden the slope surface
Extensive slopecut for road construction leading to seepage of surface runoff and Oversaturation of the overburden

Maintanance of roadside nala, Removal of slide material.
Extensive slope cut for road construction, seepage of surface run off

Development of tension cracks can be observed at the edge of the road
Removal of slide material and overhangs, filling of cracks.
Extensive slopecut for road construction, presence of three sets of joints leading to development of wedge failure due to percolation of surface runoff

Tree trunks and logs have been dumped along with the slide material downslope
Planatation of grasses to harden the slope surface
Oversaturation of overburden due to seepage of surface runoff, modification slope for construction of local trekroad

Vanchhia slide
Patra, S. K & Tushipokla (2018); MacroScale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in Toposheet nos.
84E/03, 84E/07 & 84E/08, Serchhip and Champhai districts, Mizoram. GSI report of FS 201745.
Removal of overhanging boulders and tree. Soil hardening by suitable grass plantation. Road side nala mainatainance.
toe Removal by slope cut for road. Infiltration of surface runoff along cracks and joints.

Patra, S. K & Tushipokla (2018); MacroScale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in Toposheet nos.
84E/03, 84E/07 & 84E/08, Serchhip and Champhai districts, Mizoram. GSI report of FS 201737.
trimming of edge. Road side nala maintainance.
Oversaturation failure in vertical cut slope for road.

Olive green splintery shale with minor sandstone
Patra, S. K & Tushipokla (2018); MacroScale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in Toposheet nos.
84E/03, 84E/07 & 84E/08, Serchhip and Champhai districts, Mizoram. GSI report of FS 201729.
Removal of slide Debris from road side nala. Removal of overhangs.
Oversaturation slope failure in vertical slope cut, highly weathered shale.

Olive green splintery shale with minor sandstone
Removal of slide Debris and overhangs. Clearance and maintainance of road side nala.
splintery shale gets oversaturated due to heavy Rainfall. Extensive slope cut for construction of road

Olive green splintery shale with minor sandstone
Removal of slide Debris from the road side drain.
overburden slope failure due to Oversaturation

extensive slope cut failure. Oversaturation of the highly weathered splintery shale.

Khuangleng slide
Removal of slide debries from the road side drain. Removal of overhanging trees and materials upslope. Diversion of water upslope. Maintainance of road side drain.
seepage in the jointed and weathered Rocks. Consequent slope. Extensive slope cut area.

Removal of overhanging trees, trimming of crown area. Construction of retaining wall. Water diversion upslope and road side drain maintainance.
seepage from upslope; toe Removal; extensive slope cut.

Khuangleng slide
toe support by construction of retaining wall.
seepage, toe Removal during construction of road; unplanned quarrying activity

Removal of overhanging materials midslope. Slope moderation by benching.
seepage of water in highly fractured Rocks. Extensive slope cut failure.

growing of suitable grasses to stabilise the accumulated slide Debris. Maintainance of road side nala.
Oversaturation of the overburden Soil and weathered Rocks.

Removal of the accumulated slide Debris. Maintainance of road side nala.

Removal of overhangs. Maintainance of road side nala
Oversaturation failure in steep cut slope area.

Soil hardening by plantation of suitable grass. Road side nala maintainance.
failure due to Oversaturation in extensive slope cut area.

growing of suitable grass. Maintainance of road side nala.
toe cut by slope modification for construction of road. Oversaturation due to excessive infiltration of surface runoff in splintery shale lithology.

Removal of overhangs and trimming of the edge. Road side nala maintainance.
Oversaturation of overburden materials. Vertical slope cut for construction of road.

Overburden slope failure due to Oversaturation by Rainfall.

Overburden slope failure due to Oversaturation by Rainfall on extensive slope cut for road widening.

Removal of slde Debris/ stabilisation of the slide Debris. Maintainance of road side drain.
Oversaturation of highly weathered Rocks in the extensive slope cut area.

Oversaturation of the highly weathered shale in extensive slope cut area.

Removal of slide Debris from the nala. Maintainance of road side drain.

Removal of overhanging materials and trees. Diversion of water upslope. Mainatainance of road side drain.
seepage in concave surface, extensive slope cut

Removal of the overhanging trees and materials midslope. Maintainance of road side drain/ diversion of waterupslope.
seepage in the extensive slope cut area.

maintainance of road side drain. Removal of Debris from the road side drain.
seepage of rainwater along the joints and fractures of the Rock.

Removal of slide Debris from the nala. trimming of overhanging crown portion.
extensive slope cut failure. highly weathered Rock

Removal of Debris from road side nala. Maintainance of nala to mainatain road stability.
the overburden Rocks are highly fractured and rain water gets penetrate into the fractures

Removal of slide Debris from the nala. Trimming of overhanging crown portion.
overburden slope failure in extensive slope cut area.

obsequent slope, but slope modification for road construction
trimming of the overhanging crown part. Maintainance of the road side drain to maintain the stability of the road.
overburden slope failure in extensive slope cut area.

overburden slope failure in extensive slope cut area.

Removal of slide Debris from the road side drain. Hardening of the overburden by plantaion
seepage and Oversaturation of the overburden materials. Toe cutting by nala. Jhum cultivation (abandoned) might have enhanced the overburden stress

Clearance of nala, trimming of the crown part
overburden slope failure due to Oversaturation of overburden materials

Removal of Debris from the nala. Trimming of overhanging trees on the crown.

Removal of Debris from the nala. Trimming of overhanging materials.
overburden slope failure due to Oversaturation of overburden materials

Removal of loose overburden and the trees. Maintainance of road side drain.

Removal of slide Debris from the road side drain. Trimming of overhanging materials.
overburden slope failure due to Oversaturation, highly weathered Rock unit.

Removal of slide Debris from the nala to avoid uncontrolled flow of water on the road.
seepage of water, overburden slope failure in extensive slope cut area.

maintainance of road side drain to avoid damage of the road.

romoval of overhanging materials and accumulated slide Debris from the nala, maintainance of road side drain.
wedge failure, consequent slope, extensive slope cut area.

Mualkawi slide
overburden slope failure due to oversaturaion caused by Rainfall

Diversion of water upslope; Removal of overhangs
infiltration in loose material area caused by Anthropogenic activities upslope; extensive slope cut';

the existing retaining wall is completely covered by the slide Debris
extension of toe support both horizontally and vertically, sealing of cracks, diversion of surface runn off
infiltration of water along the cracks and joints resulting in Oversaturation and seepage; presence of fold hindge; extensive slope cut

Melbuk slide
existing retaining wall is damaged by this slide
trimming of the edge, Removal of accumulated debri slide along the road and nala and Soil hardening measures by plantation os suitable plants upslope
edge failure due to Oversaturation in extensive slope cut area (vertical cut); infiltration of water is also present; splintery shale lithology and seepage.

Melbuk slide
benching have already been done in the adjacent area as well.
Diversion of the rain water upslope by construction of contour drain, slope moderation (atleast 3 benches may be required); toe support by retaing wall
seepage in extensive slope cut area, Infiltration of the surface run off between the bedding planes

Zokhawthar slide 1
Indo Myanmar boarder road (north of Mualkawi)
Removal of slide Debris from the road, maintainance of road side drain, diversion of water upslope.
seepage of water, extensive slope cut failure.

Zokhawthar slide 2
Indo Myanmar boarder road (north of Mualkawi)
Removal of sllide Debris, maintainance of road side drain.
seepage in splintery shale, extensive slope cut failure.

rmoval of landslide debries from the road. Maintainance of road side drain.
seepage of water, overburden slope failure in extensive slope cut area. Concave surface

Zokhawthar slide 3
slope moderation by benching, maintainance of road side drain.
seepage in concave slope, overburden slope failure in extensive slope cut area

Removal of loose overhanging materials, maintainance of road side drain.
Removal of toe of the slope for construction of road, seepage of water; presence of unconsolidated Rock/materials in the extensive slope cut area.

Mualkawi slide
almost vertical slope cut
Removal of overhanging materials. Slope moderation, maintainance of road side drain.
seepage of water, extensive slope cut area.

The hanging blocks should be properly removed
Toe of the slope is removed by Anthropogenic activity (old quarry area) leads to overburden slope failure

Removal of slide Debris from the roadside , trimming of the edge for moderation
Over stauration slope failure in highly weathered Rock unit (slope cut for road), toe Removal downslope

Removal of accumulated debries. Slope moderation by trimming of edges. Maintainance of road side nala.
extensive slope cut failure in splintery shale unit

Trimming of the edges, Removal of slided Debris, maintenence of road side drain
extensive vertical slope cut failure in splintery shale unit

Trimming of the edges, Removal of slided Debris, maintenence of road side drain,
Fresh extensive vertical slope is being made for road widening, break in slope upslope may have induced water infiltration of surface runoff

Removal of slide Debris from the road, trimming of the crown part and maintenence of the road side drain
extensive slope cut failure in splintery shale unit

Removal of slide Debris and bouldera from the road, road side nala maintenence and trimming of the overhangs
road widening activity is being done in this area, failure along extensive slope cut, infiltration of rain water along this area

Removal of Slide debri from the road, trimming of the overhangs, road side drain maintenece
overburden slope failure due to toe cut by extensive slope cutting for road widening activity, Seepage is also observed in the area.

Removal of accumulated debries. Diversion of water from above. Maintainance of road side nala.
infiltration od surface runoff along the join planes perpendicular to the bedding, Verticla slope cut

Removal of slide Debris from the roadside drain, toe support of suitable retaining wall and Soil hardening upslope by plantation
Over stauration slope failure in highly weathered Rock unit (slope cut for road), toe Removal downslope

Removal of slide Debris from the road and extension of retaining wall further towards the slided area, edge trimming of the crown part and construction and maintenance of the road side drain
extensiv slope cut failure due to oversaturaion,

Removal of accumulatedb debri slide along the road and nala and Soil hardening measures by plantation os suitable plants upslope
Oversaturation , extensive slope cut area

Overburden slope failure due to Oversaturation by Rainfall. Road cut dump

Removal of slide Debris and Mainatainace of road side drain.
Over stauration slope failure in highly weathered Rock unit

Removal of overhangs and trimming of the edge. Road side nala maintainance.
infiltraion of rainwater along the joints and cracks.

Over stauration slope failure in highly weathered Rock unit

Necessary awareness have been conveyed to the local residents for saftey measures to be applied
Construction of hill side drain/ vertical drain by impermeable materials to a sfaer side and maintenance of road side drain
Overburden slope failure due to Oversaturation by Rainfall on extensive slope cut for road widening. Toe Removal

Presence od foot tracks and houses are at risk. Residents may be asked to relocate if measures are not applied sooner specially during monsoons.
slope moderation in the crown part, road widening and toe support, Diversion of water upslope by construction of proper nala system, Soil hardening on the slope by suitable plantation.
Over stauration slope failure in highly weathered Rock unit (slope cut for road)

extensiv slope cut failure due to oversaturaion, concave slope, vertical to sub vertical slope cut

Trimming of the edges, Maintenence of road side drain
Edge failure in extensive slope cut area. Over saturation

Road widening with slope moderation, Maintenence of road side nala
Overburden slope failure due to Oversaturation by Rainfall in extensive slope cut area.

Detailed side specific study suggested.
maintenance of road side drain, diversion of water by constructing contour drainage/vertical hillside drain towards safer area.
seepage and Oversaturation of the overburden materials.water retension enhanced the saturation, concave slope Landslide scar

Construction oh hillside drain, road side drainage with culvert with proper chanelling downslope below the culvert
Oversaturation during monsoons by convergence of two rivulets upslope, Rapid flow of water, toe Removal by nala

Soil hardening for stabilization by plantation, construction/maintenance of contour drain and road side drain.
Overburden slope failure due to Oversaturation by Rainfall in extensive slope cut area.

Removal of overhanging materials, maintainance of road side drain.
overburden slope failure due to infiltration of water in the section cut for road construction, Steep slope cut

Slope moderation by benching, trimming of the crown portion and construction of contour drainage upslope to divert the excessive surface runoff by using impermeable materials. Removal of slide Debris, Construction of nala along the road section
Overburden slope failure due to Oversaturation by Rainfall on extensive slope cut for road widening.

suitable plantation upslope for Soil hardening, Maintenance of road side nala and culvert
Oversaturation due to accumulation of water in break in slope, Sparse vegetation upslope.

Removal of accumulated slide Debris from the road side. Roadside drain maintenence, construction of suitable toe support
overburden debri slided due to Oversaturation. Vertical slope cut for road.

Removal of accumulated slide Debris from the road side. Roadside drain maintenence, construction of suitable toe support
Overburden debri slided due to Oversaturation. Vertical slope cut for road.

Raod side nala maintenence; Slope moderation.
Overburden slope failure due to Oversaturation by Rainfall in extensive slope cut area.

Proper maintenence of road side drain sysytem needs to be done with installation of toe support at certain places along thois road section once the slope cutting is completed.

Clearance and maintenance of road side drain, Soil stabilization by suitable plantation
overburden debri slided due to Oversaturation. Vertical slope cut for road.

Maintanance of roadside drainage and Removal of slide material
Slope modification for construction of road exposing the shale dominant jointed Rocks coupled with the percolation of surface runoff water

Oversaturation of overburden due to percolation of surface runoff

The colluvium material at the base of the escarpment has been triggered to failure by the quarrying and dumping of the waste
Dumepd quarry material and Oversaturation of the overburden at the time of Rainfall

Removal of slide material from the slope
Slope modification for construction of road exposing the shale dominant jointed Rocks coupled with the percolation of surface runoff water

Removal of slide material and maintanance of roadside drainage
Excavation of slope for quarry and road construction,high thickness of colluvium

It is an old slide which is reactivated on the periphery and upslope
Ex slopecut coupled with Oversaturation of overburden, development of concave surface during road construction

Ex slopecut for the road construction and Oversaturation of overbureden due to surface runoff

Removal of slide material, Removal of tree from the crown and maintanance of roadside nala
Extensive slope cut for road construction

Oversaturation of overburden due to the percolation of surface runoff

the slide aapears to be stabilised for now. Maintainace of road side drain will ensure the stability of the road.

Removal of slide Debris from the side of the road and maintainance of road side drain.
oversatuation of overburden materials in the slope cut area.

Keifangtlang, Champhai, road below the DC complex
Removal of accumulated slide Debris from the road side.
edge failure in the cut slope area due to Oversaturation

retaining wall is already placed.
diversion of water from above is recommended.
overburden slope failur due to seepage from house hold drain.

Champhai slide
stabilisation of the accumulated slide mateials by growing suitable grass. Lateral extension of the existing retaining wall. Constructiobn of road side drain.
extensive cut slope area, seepage in concave slope; Oversaturation of overburden material

the slide is diminishing and stabilised.
Maintainance of road side drain will ensure stability of the road.
overburden slope failure in extensive slope cuyt area.

overburden slope failure ; cultivation upslope have enforced accumulation of overburden materials.

The slide have blocked the road side drain and will cause further damage to road especially in rainy season by uncontrolled flow of water on the road causing water accumulation and weakening the Soil by Oversaturation. Seepage is active in this region h
Diversion of surface runoff by construction of contour drainage/Hill side drains using impervious material. Slope moderation by benching and application of Soil hardening measures by plantation of deeply rooted grass and Toe support by construction of r
Infiltration of surface runoff in unconsolidated material causing Oversaturation resulting in seepage and slope failure.Toe Removal by extensive slope cut for road widening activity.

Champhai slide
Removal of slide Debris from the road, maintainance of road side drain; slope moderation by benching
extensiv slope cut failure due to oversaturaion, concave slope, vertical to sub vertical slope cut

Champhai slide
0.5km south of police check post, Champhai Zokhawthar bypass road
extensiv slope cut failure due to oversaturaionn

costruction of retaining wall, Soil hardening by planting deep root graases on the slope.
overburdenslope failure in the extensive slope cut area due to seepage.

Removal of landslide Debris from the road side nala, proper maintainance of roa side nala will ensure the stability of the road.

overburen slope failure in jhum cultivation area

clearance of the slide materials, diversion of rainwater by countour and vertical drain and maintainance of the road side drain.
Oversaturation, toe cutting of the slope by nala/ Gully erosion

upslope, above crown, banana cultivation can be seen
Clearance of slide debries from the road side drain. Diversion of water from upslope.
extensive slope cut failure, seepage from house hold waste. Presence of a small streamlet.

retaining wall will stabilise the place.
overburden slope failure due to seepage. Toe cutting

diversion of water upslope may enhance the stability. Slope stabilisation is being done by plantation. Mainatainance of road side drain.
seepage from household drain is noticed in this area. Extensive slope modification.

Vengsang slide
toe cutting by nala slope cut for road above the crown leads to Oversaturation

1.2km west of Khankawn along Aizawl Champhai road
Removal of slide Debris from the road side drain
concave surface above and cultivation above might have caused the seepage of water in to the cracks and joints of the Rock cause the failure in the extensive slope cut area.

Removal of the slide materials. Hillside/road side nala/ drain should be properly maintain.
Oversaturation of the overburden materials in the extensive cut slope area.

Removal of slide material and plantation of fast growing plants
Oversaturation of overburden, extensive slopecut for road construction leading to infiltration and seepage of siurface runoff

NW of ChhungteKhua along Aizawl Champhai road
Removal of slide Debris from the nala to prevent damage to the road by water.
Oversaturation of overburden materials in the extensive cut slope area.

Removal of the slide Debris from the road side drain.
overburden slope gets oversaturated and seepage caused the failure in the extensive cut slope area

ChhungteKhua slide
SW of Chhungtekhua village, Aizawl Champhai road
growing of suitable grasses to stabilise the accumulated materials, proper chhanelisation of water from both side of the zone of accumulation to the road side drain.
seepage of rainwater, extensive cut slope area

ChhungteKhua slide
~4km SW of ChhungteKhua, Aizawl Champhai road
Oversaturation of dumped materials (cut and fill of slope for road construction)

ChhungteKhua slide
diversion of rainwater from the upslope, Removal of overhanging materials; mainatainance of road side drain to maintain the stability of the road.
Seepage of rainwater alonng the joints and cracks, extensive cut slope area.

Removal of slide dDebris from drain and maintainance of road side drain.
Oversaturation of overburden material, extensive slope cut area

Near 135km Seiling mile stone, Tuipui, Aizawl Champhai road
Removal of slide Debris and maintainace of road side drain.
Oversaturation of overburden material, extensive slope cut area

Removal of slide debries from the road and road side drain.
excessive seepage in jointed Rocks, extensive slope cut area.

Removal of slide Debris from road side nala. Removal of overhanging trees and overburden materials.
seepage along jointed and weathered Rock due to incesstant rain

18 km mile stone from Khawzawl to Champhai
trimming of overhangging materials and slide Debris from the road side nala. Nala maintainance to avoid damage to road.
overburden slope failure in extensive slope cut area, seepage in concave slope.,

Removal of slide debri from road side nala

may be the slide is having some tectonic influence?
trimming of overhanging materials to avoid further slde.
wedge failure in joited Rocks in extensive slope cut area.

Removal of slide debri from nanal and maintenance of nala, trimming of the crown
extensive slope cut failure, seepage in highly weathered Rocks;

Removal of slide Debris from road side and maintainence of road side nala

Hill side drain; maintenance of road side drain

maintenance opf road side drain, trimming of the edges, hill side drain,

North of Chawngtalai, Chawntalai Khawzawl road

edge trimming of the vertical slope cut. Maintainance of road side nala.
toe removed for costruction of road. Steep slope cut.

Removal of slide material present on the road and slope, maintanance of roadside drainage
Presence of joints and toe Removal for construction of road

6km E from NgaizawlKhawzawl road junction
Removal of slide material, widening of the road and maintanance of roadside drainage
Extensive slope cut for road construction, consequent slope, development of fracture plane along these joints

2km E from NgaizawlKhawzawl road junction
Removal of slide material, plantation of grasses, maintanance of roadside drainage
Ex slopecut for road construction, upslope there is presence of an old road cut which leads to further percolation of water and gully erosion

Plantation of grasses to harden the Soil and maintanance of the drainage for the flowing stream
Oversaturation of overburden, moreover a nala runs on the left flank of the slide leading to further toe cutting

Still some Rock boulders lying on the failue plane/slope surface which has high chances of further failure.
4.5 km NW of Khwazawl on the Khawzawl Kawkulh road
Removal of slide material, plantation of grasses, further check thedumping of slide material on the downslope
Presence of joints, presence of flowing spring, toe Removal (extensive slope cut) at the time of road construction

3km NW of Khawzawl on the KhawzawlKawkulh road
Removal of silde material maintanance of roadside drainage
Presence of joints leading to development of cracks and percolation of water which further leads to Oversaturation of the overburden. Toe Removal for the construction of road

Oversaturation of overburden and percolation of water along the fracture planes

Ofc cable wire damaged, slide has also been observed on the downslope due to the dumping of the slide material
Removal of slide material, dumping of material downslope should be avoided
Folded region with exposure of hinge, ex slopecut

Removal of hanging blocks, maintanance of roadside nala
Presence of three sets of joints and development of cracks along these planes

Stabilized (L75 was identified as quarry)

On the right flank of the retention wall further reactivation of slide

there is spring and seepage of water from ground
seepage of water along the joints. Extensive cut slope area.

trimming of overhanging materials. Maintainance of road side nala.

Soil hardening by plantation of suitable grass. Maintainance of road side nala.

trimming of the overhanging crown part. Soil hardening by grass plantaion. Maintainance of road side nala.
Oversaturation of overburden materials. Extensive slope cut.

Shale with minor siltstone and sandstone
Removal of overhanging materials, diversion of surface runoff upslope to safe place. Maintainance of road side drain.
toe cutting by slope modification by construction of road, jhum upslope enhance the overburden materials.

plantation to harden the surface, road side nala maintainance.
Seepage of water in splintery shale which makes it oversaturated and causes to fail.

Removal of the slide Debris from the road side. Trimming of the crown part.
failure in the extensive slope cut area due to Oversaturation.

Khawhai slide

Removal of the materiials/Rock boulders, trees. Slope moderation.
edge failure in the vertically cut slope for road. Seepage of water along the joint plains.

toe support by construction of retaining wall with weeping holes and proper maintainance of road side drainage. Construction of contour drain upslope to divert the rain water.
infiltraion of rain water between the Rock interface. Toe cuttiing for road construction. Consequent slope.

jhum cultivation on the upslope
Soil hardening by plantation of suitable grass. Toe support by mud filled sacks/sand pilling. Contour drain.
Oversaturation of overburden materials. Toe cutting by modification of slope for construction of road.

growing of suitable plants to harden the surface or covering of the bare exposed slope, diversion of rain water from above the crown to the nearest nala by countour drain, maintainance of road side nala.
Oversaturation of overburden materials due to accumulation of water above the crown during heavy Rainfall.

Sequence of sandstone, splintery shale & siltstone
Removal of the slide Debris from the road side nala. Toe support by construction of retaining wall.
Oversaturation of the overburden Soil (Rock Soil interface ). Slope modification (toe cutting of the slope) for road.

jhum cultivation on the upslope
Removal of overhanging Rock blocks. Soil hardening buy growing of suitable grass.

trimming of the crown part, Soil hardening by growing suitable vegetation.
overburden slope failure in the extensive slope cut area.

Removal of the slide debries from the road side drain, trimming of the crown area (overhanging materials).
Oversaturation of overburden material, Jhum cultivation upslope may have enhanced the accumulation of water in the overburden material, and also the slope modified for construction of road.

About 0.5km from Tuipui towards Khawzawl
Removal of slide Debris, trimming of overhangs

Removal of overhanging materials, maintainance of road side drain.
infiltration of rainwater, extensive slope cut area.

Tuipui slide
Removal of slide Debris from the road side drain. Slope moderation by benching. Soil hardening by plantaion.
the slide reactivated due to the slope modification for construction of new road by extensive slope cut.

500m east of Tuipui bridge towards Champhai
Removal of slide Debris from road, growing of suitable grasses on the bare exposed surface; maintainance of road side dran.
seepage of rainwater in the jointed Rocks, extensive slope cut area.

700m east of Tuipui bridge towards Champhai
Removal of slide Debris from the road, Removal of overhangs, mainatainance of road side drain.
Infiltration of rainwater. Concave surface. Extensive slope cut area.

NE of Tuipui bridge (Aizawl Champhai road)
Removal of slide Debris from the road, maintainance of road side drain.
seepage of rainwater in cracks and joints.

oversturation resulting to Rock Soil interface failure;

growing of suitable grass on the bare/ exposed surface. Road side nala maintainance

Removal of Rock Debris from road side nala. Trimming of edges. Maintainance of road side nala.
overburden slope failure in vertical slope cut.

Removal of overhanging materials and trees. Clearance and maintatinance of road side nala. Trimming of edge and Soil hardening by plantation.
overburden slope failure due to Oversaturation

LHP, Agriculture upslope
Removal of slide Debris from nala. Road side nala maintainance.
vertical slope cut failure due to heavy Rainfall

trimming of edges. Removal of overhangs. Maintainance of road side drain.
overburden debri slided due to Oversaturation. Vertical slope cut for road.

4 km towards Samthang along Vaphai Samthang road
Removal of the slide Debris from the road side nala. Trimming of the crown part.

Removal of slide Debris from roadside drain,trimming of crown of slided area; proper nala construction to prevent the existing excessive flow of water on the road.
Oversaturation due to Rainfall, vertical slope cut for road

Soil hardening by plantation of suitable deeply rooted grass, Diversion of surface runoff by construction contour drainage, and road side drain
Oversaturation due to Rainfall, vertical slope cut for road

The hanging blocks should be properly removed
Soil hardening by suitable grass plantation. Diversion of water upslope by construction of contour drain. Construction of road side drain.
Oversaturation of overburden materials due to accumulation of surface runoff. Slope cut for road construction.

Removal of overhangs. Soil hardening by suitable grass plantation. Construction of road side drain.

Limpou, Luangmei and Chakma, Kenneth, 2019; Macro-Scale (1:50,000) Landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of toposheets no. 84 E/04, 84F/01 and 84 F/02, Champhai, Serchhip, Lunglei, and Saiha districts, Mizoram
Dumping of slide materials donslope of the road have also triggered landslide downslope of the road
Widening of road by removal of slide debris, Plantation on the downslope dumping on the road
1.5Km South of Dungtlang Village on SH Khawbung-Champhai Road
Splintery shale, Speroidal weathering, Oversaturation of slope forming materials, Presence of joints, Extensive slope cut at the time of road construction

Limpou, Luangmei and Chakma, Kenneth, 2019; Macro-Scale (1:50,000) Landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of toposheets no. 84 E/04, 84F/01 and 84 F/02, Champhai, Serchhip, Lunglei, and Saiha districts, Mizoram
Removal of rock boulder from the roadside, Dumping of the rock boulder downslope should be avoided
5.5Km South of Dungtlang Village on SH Khawlung-Champhai Road
Presence of joints, Extensive slope cut at the time of road construction , Wedge failure

Limpou, Luangmei and Chakma, Kenneth, 2019; Macro-Scale (1:50,000) Landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of toposheets no. 84 E/04, 84F/01 and 84 F/02, Champhai, Serchhip, Lunglei, and Saiha districts, Mizoram
Widening of raod and clearance of the rock boulder
2.5Km South West of Khawbung on SH Khawbung-Biate Road
Presence of joints (sandstone), Extensive slope cut due to quarrying (sandstone), Oversaturation of SFM

Removal of accumulated slide Debris from road. Maintainance of road side nala.
Oversaturation of overburden colluvial material/ unsorted Debris

Central portion of the slide is still active
Trimming of the slide material on the slope, Plantation on the slope as a means for harding of the slope material, Clearance of hillside nala
1.5Km North of Leng Village on PMGSY Sailulak-East Lungdar Road
Splintery shale, Presence of joints, Extensive slope cut at the time of road construction, Oversaturation of slope forming materials, Consequent slope

Shale with minor siltstone and sandstone
trimming of overhanging materilas. Mainatainance of road side drain.
overburden slope failure due to Oversaturation in extensive slope cut area.

Shale with minor siltstone and sandstone
Trimming of the overhang materials above the crown area, slope moderation, maintainance of road side drain.
overburden slope failure in the extensive slope cut area due to over saturation. Road widening activity

already benching has been done
trimming of overhanging materilas. Slope moderation.
overburden slope failure due to Oversaturation in extensive slope cut area.

Removal of slide Debris from road side. Trimming of the overhang materials above crown part. Maintainance of road side nala.
Oversaturation in the extensive slope cut area.

Removal of the accumulated slide Debris. Growing of suitable grass. Mainatainance of road side drain.
Oversaturation of the overburden materials in the modified slope area.

Removal of slide Debris and maintainance of road side drain. Trimming of overhanging materials and Soil hardening by plantation.
overburden slope failure due to Oversaturation. Slope modification for road construction.

trimming of the overhanging materials. Mainatainance of the road side drain.

Khawhai slide
Removal of Debris from the road side nala. Slope moderation.
infiltration of water in the fractured Rock unit. Oversaturation of overburden materials due to seepage.

Sandstone with subordinate siltstone mudstone, sh

Sandstone with subordinate siltstone mudstone, sh
Removal of slide debri from road side nala

road cut, Rainfall, stauration, consequent slope , moderate upslope, downslope.

trimming of the crown part (overhangs), maintainance of the road side drainage.
overburden slope failure due to infiltration of water in the section cut for road construction, Steep slope cut

Removal of the overhanging materials. Mainatainance of the road side drain.
steep slope cut and water seepage along the fracture plain.

Dumping of slide materials donslope of the road have also triggered landslide downslope of the road
Removal of the slide debris so as to widen the road, Diversion of water from percolating downslope of the road
8.5km SE of East Lungdar on PMGSY East Lungdar - Biate Road
Splintery shale, Speroidal weathering, Oversaturation of slope forming materials, Presence of joints, Extensive slope cut at the time of road construction

Plantation on the slided area
500Km NW of Aithalkawn on SH East Lungdar-Serchhip Road
Splintery shale, Extensive slope cut at the time of road construction, Oversaturation of slope forming materials

Widening of road by removal of slide debris, Trimming of the slope
200m from the Bridge of Valva Lui on SH East Lungdar-Serchhip Road
Highly weathered shale, Presence of joints,Extensive slope cut at the time of road construction, Oversaturation of slope forming materials

Slope cut of the earlier dumped materials of SH upslope
Drainage on the upslope and hillside/road side, Plantation with deep rooted plants
500m NW of Chekawn Village on SH East Lungdar-Serchhip Road
Lithology of shale, siltone, Extensive slope cut at the time of road construction, Oversaturation of slope forming materials, Toe and rill erosion

Kapfo, Kowe-├╝ and Das, Jitendra, 2019; Macro-Scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets no. 84A/12 & 84A/16, Lunglei and Serchhip districts, Mizoram. GSI Report of FS 2018-19
Removal of materials and trees from the crown of landslide
Thick vegetation, jhum in S & SW slope of loc
Nature & structure of rock (weathered, fractured); steep slope (Extensive cut slope); load (trees at the scarp of slope)

Removal of the slide debris so as to widen the road
IWMP Water Reserviour of Chekawn Village on SH East Lungdar-Serchhip Road
Lithology of shale, siltone, Extensive slope cut at the time of road construction, Oversaturation of slope forming materials

Kapfo, Kowe-├╝ and Das, Jitendra, 2019; Macro-Scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets no. 84A/12 & 84A/16, Lunglei and Serchhip districts, Mizoram. GSI Report of FS 2018-19
Removal of loose overburden by benching
Thick vegetation in downslope, jhum in the upslope of landslide, dump waste, cultivated land along Tuichang river

Kapfo, Kowe-├╝ and Das, Jitendra, 2019; Macro-Scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets no. 84A/12 & 84A/16, Lunglei and Serchhip districts, Mizoram. GSI Report of FS 2018-19
Removal of advancing material from the scarp face
Thick vegetation, jhum & cultivated land in NNW of loc, low height plantation in NW of loc
Highly weathered lithology; loose & thick nature of overburden; steep slope

Slope moderation by benching
0.7 km East of Keitum Village (Keitum-Khawlailawng Section)
Loose nature of overburden; steep slope (Extensive Slope cut)

Slope moderation by benching
East of Keitum Village (Keitum-Khawlailawng Section)
Thick vegetation, jhum in NNE & SE of loc, cultivated land in NE & SE of loc along the river valley
Loose & thick nature of overburden; cut slope failure

Removal of advancing & overhanging material
East of Keitum Village (Keitum-Khawlailawng Section)
Flowing spring is adjacent to southern slope & along the base of landslide
Thick vegetation, low height plantation in NE of loc, cultivated land in NE of loc along the river terrace
Presence of loose & thick nature of debrii (older landslide debris); highly weathered nature of lithology; presence of flowing spring at the base of landslide slope & seepage along the landslide slope

Removal of overhanging material; slope moderation
East of Keitum Village (Keitum-Khawlailawng Section)
Splintery nature of lithology; steep slope

Removal of load (bamboos) from the scarp face
Loose & thick nature of overburden; loads (bamboos) over the crown

Removal of loose overhanging material from the crown of landslide
East of Keitum Village (Keitum-Khawlailawng Section, near the bridge)
Presence of old landslide debris; highly weathered material & splintery nature of lithology

Shale with thin bands of sandstone/silty sandstone
Slope moderation
Thick vegetation, low height plantation at loc
Slope cut failure (steep slope); fractured & weathered nature of rock

Channeling of drainage; slope moderation by benching
Thick vegetation, jhum in the upslope, high height plantation
Nature & structure of rock; steep slope; formation of gully along the landslide slope

Micaceous sandy shale, siltstone and sandstone
Removal of overhanging material at the crown of the slide
Thick vegetation, abandoned jhum in the opposite of loc, jhum in SE of loc
Loose nature of overburden with splintery & fractured nature of rock; steep slope; load

Slope moderation by benching
Tuichang river-Khawlailawng Section (near Tuichang river)
Thick vegetation, high height plantation (teak)
Fractured & splintery nature of rock; steep slope (Extensive cut slope/cut slope failure)

Removal of materials from the landslide crown
Nature & structure of rock; load (tall trees, bamboo grooves)

Slope moderation by benching; removal of material from the crown of the landslide
Thick vegetation, high height plantation in upslope & downslope of road
Fractured & splintery nature of rock; steep slope (Extensive cut slope); load (tall trees, bamboo grooves)

Slope moderation by benching; removal of advancing slided material (trees, bamboo, loose overburden)
Tuichang river-Khawlailawng Section (near Tuichang river)
Splintery, weathered & jointed natureof rock; steep slope (Extensive cut slope); load (tall trees, banana & bamboo grooves)

Limpou.,L. And Tushipokla., 2017.Macro-Scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 84 A/11 & 15, Aizawl, Mamit, Lunglei and Serchhip districts, Mizoram. GSI report of FS 2016-2017.
North of Sialhau, PMGSY Thentlang-Sialhau Road
Diversion of the streamlets, road widening and constructionand proper maintenance of road side drain with culverts
Lithology, Rill and gully erosion indicated by streamlets scar, Slope modification by extensive slope cut.

Vanchengpui slide
growing of suitable grass. Slope moderation. Maintainance of road side nala.
Oversaturation of overburden materials. Steep slope cut for construction of road.

Vanchengpui slide
a small shed constructed upslope
trimming of the crown part. Soil hardening by growing of suitable grass. Maintainance of road side nala.
Oversaturation of overburden materials. Extensive slope cut.

trimming of the crown part. Road side nala maintainance.

Edge failure due to over saturation, Extrnsive cut slope area.

Removal of overhanging materials. Mainatainance of road side drain.

Vanchengpui slide
Removal of overhanging trees and materials. Maintainance of road side nala. Diversion of rainwater upslope.
seepage of water along the joints may be due to jhum cultivation upslope. Extensive slope cut area.

diversion of rainwater above the crown area. Maintainance of road side nala.
infiltraion of rainwater along the joints and cracks.

overburden slope failure due to Oversaturation.

Removal of overhaning materials. Road side nala maintainance.
seepage of rainwater. Extensive slope cut area.

trimming of the overhangs. Road side nala maintainance.
seepage in the slope cut area. Oversaturation.

water diversion above the crown. Growing of suitable grass to harden the Soil or the zone of accumulation. Maintainance of road side nala.
Oversaturation of dumped materials above the road.

Removal of overhangs. Diversion of rainwater upslope. Maintainance of road side drain.

'Rhythmic sequence of sandstone siltstone & shale

Removal of the slide material present on the road
Presence of joints and weathering (spheroidal)

Data collected at the crown of the slide above the road
Maintanence of hillside nala and plantation of fast growing grasses to uphold the Soil
Dumping of material on the downslope at the time of road construction, the surface runoff water along the dumped material lead to gully eroson and also effected by banana plantation downslope

Development of cracks along the edge of the road (downslope)
Maintanance of roadside drainage, widening of road, plantation of grasses tp prevent percolation of water
Faultd zone, (NWSE trending fault), presence of competent and incompetent lithology

Failure plane is the contact of the overburden and bedRock
Presence of three sets of joints, widening of these joints leading to development of cracks, Oversaturation of the overburden

Limpou L et al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 84A/10, 14, Aizwal, Serchip and Mamit, Mizoram. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2015-2016.
Mualpheng village area on Ruallung-Mualpheng road
Wedge failure due to presence of 3 joint sets

Limpou L et al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 84A/10, 14, Aizwal, Serchip and Mamit, Mizoram. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2015-2016.
Towards Lenchim from Mualpheng-Lenchim-Ruallung cross road
Overburden slope failure due to rainfall; Anthropogenic activity

Limpou L et al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 84A/10, 14, Aizwal, Serchip and Mamit, Mizoram. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2015-2016.
East of Ruallung village, on Ruallung-Mualpheng road
overburden slope failure. (colluvium).The accumulated sediments from agriculture upslope of Extensive slope cut by road failed during incessant rainfall

jhum cultivation on the upslope(ginger)
South of Keifang village on SH Keifang-Seling road.
toe cutting by river, overloading of sediments from jhum cultivation upslope.

rock fall caused due to over loading of the overburden material above incompetent jointed rocks
About 3km South of Keifang village on SH Keifang-Seling road.
Mud filled drum/sack piling; breast wall
Overburden slope failure due to rainfall; Extensive slope cutting for road.wedge failure due to joint sets

the area is mostly covered by wild Bamboos in this area
2 km south of Keifang village on SH Keifang-Seling road near water reservoir
Oversaturation due to incessant rainfall in highly weathered OCD area

The eroded sediments accumulated downslope due to Jhum cultivation fail during incessant rainfall
1.9 km south of Keifang village on SH Keifang-Seling road near water reservoir
Oversaturation due to incessant rainfall in highly weathered rock; Extensive slope cut and Jhum cultivation upslope

2.9 km south of Keifang village on SH Keifang-Seling road
overburden slope failure in highly weathered and fractured rock unit

NW of Lenchim village, Mualpheng-Lenchim Rd
Breast wall/ mud filled drum piling, construction of proper water outlets
Overburden slope failure due to rainfall; Anthropogenic activity

old landslide in the adjacent area; wild banana and bamboo present.
About 17 Km from Seling on SH Seling-Keifang.
overburden slope failure: effects of joint sets; and highly weathered splintery shale; younger loose debri from the old slide is also involved in this slide.

5.3 km south of Dilkhan village, Saitual - Dilkhan Rd
Mud filled drum piling, construction of proper drainage systems
Overburden slope failure due to rainfall; younger loose debris of older road cut dump is involved in this slide

SE of Dilkhan Village, Saitual-Dilkhan-Phullen Rd
Breast wall; mud filled drum piling, construction of proper nala
Overburden slope failure due to rainfall;

4 km south of Dilkhan village, Saitual-Dilkhan Rd
Breast wall; mud filled drum piling, construction of proper drainage systems
Overburden slope failure due to rainfall;

NE of Keifang village on SH-Keifang-Saichal road.
cut and fill overburden, wedge failure due to three joint sets

Failure of the accumulated overburden sediments due to incessant rainfall

Keifang village, Play Ground, Saitual - Phullen Rd
Benching; construction of proper of drainage systems
Oversaturation due to rainfall reducing the shear strength of rock in highly jointed incompetent rocks causing wedge failure and Extensive slope cut

slide is near settlement area induced by disturbance of natural slope stability by Extensive slope cut for Play ground and road cut.
East of Keifang, SH- Keifang- Champhai road
Oversaturation due to rainfall; highly jointed incompetent rocks causing wedge failure and Extensive slope cut by making play ground downslope

Extensive slope cut for road construction.
Overburden slope failure due to rainfall; highly jointed incompetent rocks

In this quarry about 2-3 yrs back A LS washed away a passenger bus killing all 17-18 people onboard.
Retaining wall, proper drainage systems etc
Swept a bus down a ravine killing 19 and injured 16 persons.
Dumping downslope of the road should be homogenous distributed.

Keifang, quarry section on SH- Keifang- Champhai road
Retaining wall, proper drainage systems etc
Disturbance of natural slope stability by blasting and quarrying for sandstone.

Keifang, BRTF Quarry, SH- Keifang- Champhai road
Overburden slope failure due to rainfall; highly incompetent rocks

Presence of consequent slope and Oversaturation of the overburden due to percolation of surface runoff

Development of rill erosion can be seen on the slide slope surface
Removal of the slide material from the slope, plantation of grasses
Oversaturation of the overburden due to percolation of surface runoff water during Rainfall

Removal of the slide material and proepr channelisation of the nala
Oversaturation of the overburden and deep gully erosion by the nala which brings down boulders from the crown area (reactivation due to quarrying activity before)

Removal of slide material, plantation of grasses and maintanance of roadside nala
Extensive slopecut for construction of road, presence of consequesnt slope and joints

Slope modification for road construction, presence of cracks along the joints and Oversaturation

development of rill erosion can be seen on the slide slope surface
Extensive slope cut and Oversaturation of the overburden due to percolation of surface runoff water during Rainfall and presence of consequent slope

Removal of slide material, channelisation of the nala
Presence of joints and development of cracks along the joints coupled with consequent slope. Moreover Jhum cultivation is observed upslope which might add to the percolation of surface runoff leading to excess saturation

Dumping of slide material downslope should be avoided
Retention wall and culvert has already been constructed downslope, the nala should be channelised properly to avoid further failure and roadside nala should also be maintained
Toe erosion by the nala and Oversaturation of the overburden

50m from the location an old slide is observed which occured due to the extensive slopecut
Removal of slide material and plantation of grasses to harden the surface
Oversaturation of the overburden due to percolation of surface runoff water during Rainfall

Oversaturation of the overburden due to percolation of surface runoff water during Rainfall

Thinly bedded shale intercalated with sandstone, siltstone
Quarrying has been done from the huge boulder that resulted from the slope failure after the slide occured
Removal of slide material from the slope, maintanance of roadside nala and plantation of grasses
Extensive slopecut for road construction and percolation of surface runoff leading to Oversaturation

Plantation of grasses to harden the surface.
Slope modification for road construction, presence of joints and Oversaturation

Small slides along this section

On the left flank of the slide another smaller slide is observed
Removal of slide material from the slope and tree trunks as well
Friable lithology, extensive slopecut leading to percolation of surface runoff during monsoon thus leading to Oversaturation, spheroidal weathering prominent

Removal of the slide material and plantation of grasses
Extensive slopecut for road construction leading to percolation of water and Oversaturation

Removal of slide material and plantation of grasses, diversion of the nala
Extensive coupled with toecutting by the nala

Thinly bedded shale intercalated with sandstone, siltstone
Removal of slide material, maintanance of roadside nala and plantation of grasses
Extensive cut slope for road construction and penetration of surface runoff leading to Oversaturation

Thinly bedded shale intercalated with sandstone, siltstone
Removal of slide material and hanging blocks, maintanance of roadside nala
Presence of joints and spheroidal weathering and extensive slopecut for road construction. There is development of cracks along the joint planes

Extensive slopecut right flank active
Removal of slide material and trees from slope surface
Extensive slopecut, consequent slope, uprooting of trees during rain leading to Oversaturation

Right flank of landslide is still active
Part of the slide stabilised, which acts as a retaining structure while upslope sliding activity observed
Extensive slopecut for road construction, presence of consequent slope and joints

Uprooting of trees can be observed
Oversaturation of overburden due to percolation ofsurface runoff coupled with friable lithology, uprooting of trees

A small retaining wall has already been constructed
Removalof slide material and overhangs and construction of retaining walls
Presence of three sets of joints and development of prominant fracture plane along which sliding takes place

Slide material dumped downslope which should be avoided
Removal of slide material and hanging blocks
Friable lithology, presence of three sets of joints leading to percolation of water along these planes and Oversaturation

500m from Kawlkulh highway restaurant towards Dulte
Removal of slide material and planatation of grasses to harden the surface
Presence of old trek road upslope and slope modification of the present mettelled road leads to percolation of water and leads to Oversaturation

700m from Kawlkulh highway restaurent towards Dulte
Plantation of grasses to harden the slope surface
Slope modification for road construction and Oversaturation of the overburden

Removal of the slide material, plantation of grasses and maintanance of roadside nala
Presence of three sets of joints coupled with extensive slopecut leads to percolationof surface runoff and Oversaturation

Removal of slide material and trees from the slope
Oversaturation of the overburden and uprooting of trees due to strong winds

Slide material dumped downslope leading to further toecutting and failure
Removal of slide material, plantation of grasses
Extensive slopecut for road construction leading to percolation of water and Oversaturation

Extensive slope cut for road construction leading to percolation of surface runoff and Oversaturation of the overburden

Development of cracks can be observed which will result in sliding
3.2km toowards chimluang project road from junction
Removal of slide material and plantation of grasses
Closely spaced roads on the slope and the slopecut material has been dumped downslope. Moreover the toeerosion by the nala leads to Oversaturation and failure

5km towards chimluang project road from junction
Diversion of the nala by construction of concrete proper nala
Extensive slopecut due to closely spaced roadcuts on the same slope and material has been dumped downslope and toecutting by the nala leads to Oversaturation and failure

The dumping of the slopecut and slide material downslope has further lead to more toe cutting and sliding
2.5km towards Chimluang project road from junction
Plantation of grasses downslope to harden the slope diversion of the rainwater
Oversaturation of the overburden during Rainfall, toecuuting by the nala downslope. The runoff water accumulates and cuts the slope leading to failure

The dumping of theslopecut and slide material downslope should be avoided as it lead to more toe cutting and sliding
3km towards Chimluang project from junction
Removal oof slide material from the slope and diversion of the nala
Presence of road upslope and the slopecut material has been dumped where accumulation of surface runoff leads to toecutting and leads to Oversaturation (closes pacing of the roads)

The upper portion seems to beslided while the lower portion is earth flow
1km towards Chimluang project road from junction
Plantation of fast growing grasses, diversion of the water from the road
Toe erosion by the nala, sheared unsorted material leading to easy percolation of water. Two nalas present which accumulatethe rain water during Rainfall and lead to toecutting

Removal of slide material and trees from the slope
Slope modification for road construction leading to percolation of surface runoff and Oversaturation

Removal of slide material and hanging blocks, where dev of cracks are visible it should be removed
Slope modification for road construction leading to percolation of surface runoff and Oversaturation

2030m from present location another small slide observed
Removal of the slide material from the slope and maintanance of proper roadside nala
Slope modification for road construction leading to percolation of excess water

Khaki coloured loose sandstone with subordinate sandstone
The slide material has been dumped downsloper and development of tension cracks can be observed at the edge of the road. Development of rill erosion also observed on the slope surface
Removal of slide material and planatation of grasses to harden the surface
The overburden thickness at this particular site is (25m) and the lithology is friable. Percolation of surface runoff water led to Oversaturation of the overburden andn failure of the slope. Again reactivation of the slide in then form of slump took pla

Development of rill erosion on the slope surface
Removal of slide material and plantation of grasses
Extensive slopecut for road construction lleading to percolation of surface runoff and Oversaturation of the overburden

The slide material is dumped downslope and the accumulation of the surface runoff leads to formation of nala and toecutting
Diversion of the nala (downslope) as this nala leads to toecutting and gully erosion and maintanance of roadside nala
Extensive slopecut for road construction,presence of joints

Presence of consequent slope and three sets of joints and dev of cracks along the joint planes

Keifang Slide
Power transmission post has been slided/destroyed when the aug 20017 reactivation took place. Now the slided material has been benched properly creating a flat surface at the river base
Construction of contour drainage at the cron to divert the water, construction of retention wall to support the toe of the cut slope, benching of the slope surface
Presence of friable lithology, accumulation of surface runoff, development of rill erosion, development of cracks

Upslope and downslope there is banana plantation
Planatation of grasses to harden the surfrace and Removal of slide material
Oversaturation of the overburden due to percolation of surface runoff

Dev of tension cracks can be observed in the middle of the road/ construction of retention wall can be observed
Removal of slide material/trees from the slope
Oversaturation of the overburden due to percolation of surface runoff. Reactivation of right flank of older slide

Removal of hanging trees from the slope, maintanance of roadside nala
Extensive slopecut for road construction leads to Oversaturation of the overburden

The slide material has been removed and dumped downslope
Plantation of grasses to harden the slope surface
Oversaturation of the overburden due to percolation of surface runoff during monsoon, extensive slopecut for road modification exposes the surface of the slope

Plantation of grasses to harden the slope
Due to Jhum activity upslope and lack of proper channelisation of surface runoff, it leads to Oversaturation of the overburden and development of concave surface

No proper roadside nala observed leading to flow of water on the road which increases the chance of further failure downslope
Removal of slide material, channelisation of the drainage
Infiltration of surface runoff due to extensive slopecut for road construction which leads to Oversaturation

Dumping of slide material downslope should be avoided and the stones have been quarried earlier
Removal of the hanging blocks and slide material from the slope surface
Presence of 3 sets of joints leading to percolation of water and development of cracks along the weak planes, moreover slope modification for road construction

Reactivation of earlier slide
Maintanance of roadside nala and plantation of grasses
Friable lithology with splintery nature, consequent slope, Oversaturation of overburden

Removal of slide material and overhanging blocks

There is dumping of slide material downslope leading to further failure downslope
Construction of retention wall and culvert downslope. Removal of slide material, diversion of water
Extensive slopecut for road construction, presence of consequent slope, friable lithology

Removal of slide material and hanging blocks
Presence of consequent slope and presence of prominent EW trending joint planes, friable lithology, coupled with extensive slopecut for road construction

Removal of the slide materialand tree trunks and plantation of grasses to harden the surface
Consequent slope, tree roots penetrating joint planes when trigerred by strong wind, uprooting takes place leading to slope failure

Removal of the slide material, construction of retention wall to support the toe and plantation of grasses to harden the surface
Presence of three sets of joints leading to percolation of water and Oversaturation

The slide materialhas been dumped downslope which might lead to toe erosion and further failure
Removalof slide material and tree trunks and trees growning near the crown
Oversaturation of the overburden coupled with the uprooting of tall trees on the slope surface due to strong winds

Removal of slided Rock boulders and Removal of trees from the crown
Slopemodification for road construction resulting in steep slope coupled with presence of three sets of joints leading to percolation of water

Presence of two smaller slides in a few m distance
Consequent slope coupled with extensive slopecut for road construction, presence of 3 sets of joints

Portion of the old slide material has been stabilised and an old retaining wall can also be observed, dev of toeerosion can be observed in the nearby nala
Construction of retaining wall to support the toe and construction of proper rainage to channelise the spring water
Seepage of water can be observed (dripping water from the spring), consequent slope and presence of three sets of joints

Deforestation upslope to be checked by concerned department
Plantation of grasses to harden the slope

Presence of 3 sets of joints coupled with extensive slopecut for road construction leading to percolation of surface runoff water

Downslope dumping of material should be avoided
Removal of the overhangs nad slided material material lying on the slope
Rock slided along the fracture plane due to percolation of water along these weak planes, toe Removal for road construction

Slide material has been removed

At a distance of 30m, another Rock slide observed
Presence of joints, cracks, Oversaturation of overburden, toe Removal for road construction

The slide material has been dumped downslope which has triggered another slide downslope due to gully erosion, moreover the surface downslope is concave
Removal of slide material and plantation of fast growing plants downslope
Presence of joints leading to development of fracture and the Oversaturation of the overburden

Oversaturation of overburden overlying the Rock

Gully erosion of the dumped slide material on the downslope leading to further slope failure
Slide material should be properly dumped
Presence of joints leading to development of cracks, toe Removal for construction of road

Removal of trees above the crown of the slide
12.5km N of Khwazawl on KhawzawlRabung road
Removal of slide materila present on the road, maintanance of roadside drainage
Oversaturation of overburden due to percolation of surface runoff water

Even during dry season the slope is damp showing signs of seepage
Removal of slide material, proper maintanance of roadside nala
Seepage of water from within, extensive slopecut for road construction, leading to percolation of surface runoff and Oversaturation of overburden

Removal of slide material and widening of the road and maintanance of roadside nala
Slope modification for road construction with Jhum cultivation upslope leads to percolation of surface runoff and ovrsaturation of overburden.

The slide material has been dumped downslope which should be avoided
Removal of slide material, construction of retention wall/fencing downslope to prevent further failure
Extensive slopecut for road construction leading to seepage of surface runoff and Oversaturation of the overburden

To prevent erosion plantation of grasses downslope
Removal of slide material and hanging blocks, Removal of trees above the crown, construction of brace wall and plantation of grasses upslope
Extensive slopecut for road construction, presence of joints, friable lithology (splintery shale with spheroidal weathering), consequent slope

medium grained compact sandstone of Jenam
Removal of slide material from the road, maintanance of proper roadside nala
Extensive slopecut forroad construction leading to seepage along the weak planes

Extensive slopecut for road construction and presence of joints leading to percolation of water

Flowing spring and water reservoir on the left flank of the slide
Removal of slide material and hanging blocks
Slope modification for road construction and presence of 3 sets of joints leading to seepage of surface runoff

Siltstone, shale and sandstone with coal streaks
Small slides along this section
Removal of loose Debris and trees from the crown of the slide
Loose nature overburden from old landslide Debris

Small landslide near the loc
Thick vegetation, jhum upslope of road and landslide
Removal of Debris from landslide slope, slope moderation
Thickness and loose nature of overburden material, cut slope failure

Old landslide ~30m width along the road evident from the tilted trees upslopr and thick loose Debris material
Thick vegetation with tall trees and banana groves, jhum
Removal of slided Debris from slided slope
Loose nature of overburden material from old landslide

Splintery grey shale with thinly bedded(predominant) sandstone intercalation
Similar minor (12m width and length) slides along this section
Thick vegetation in general and Jhum in the northern slope

Weathered nature of Rockmass, steep slope

23 km from Phuaibuang towards Tuivai river
Sparse vegetation, old jhum upslope, Moderate vegetation, jhum in the western slope
Plantation of Soil holding plants, Slope moderation
Loose and thick nature of overburden, slope cut failure

Removal of jointed blocks from upslope of slide
Jointed nature of the Rockmass, slope cut failure

Small landslide along this road section
Thick vegetation with tall trees and banana groves (SW slope), sett upslope
Slope stability measures like retaining wall
Nature of Rock unit(competentincompetent), steep slope/ cut slope failure

Small 2 m wide slide nearby
Weathered, jointed and fractured nature of the Rockmass

Small landslide near the loc
Thick vegetation, Sparse vegetation and jhum upslope
Slope moderation by Removal of Debris material from upslope
Presence of old landslide Debris, cut slope failure

OverhangingJointed Rocky blocks could collapse in the future without proper toe support, 30m wide old Debris slide
Removal of old landslide Debris, Removal of tall trees from the landslide scarp and the Rocky outcrops, toe support for Rocky outcrops
Loose nature of overburden material from old landslide

Similar smaller Debris slides along this scetion
Removal of hanging Debris, bamboo and banana groves from the crown and slope of the landslide, slope moderation
Loose and thick nature of overburden, steep slope, presence of load(tall trees, banana groves) at the periphery of the slope scarp

Similar small cut slope failures along this road section

presence of old landlside
17.2 km S of Ngopa, NgopaPawlrang section
Removal of loose overburden material and old slide Debris from the steep slope, Removal of tall trees from the slope and the periphery of the crown, proper channeling and lining of drainage
Loose and thick(2m) nature of overburden from old slide

Rhythmic sequence of sandstone, siltstone & shale
Small landslides of 12m width are observed along this section
Thick vegetation with bamboo, banana and thick undergrowth
Removal of tall trees, bamboo and banana groves from the crown of the landslide
Thickness and loose nature of overburden material, cut slope failure

This situation where landslide occurs in the periphery of the landslide is a common occurrence in PhuaibuangSuangpuilawn section
Sparse vegetation, jhum upslope of landslide, quarry ~400m from loc, Excs
Thickness of overburden, presence of jhum upslope causes Soil loosening and slope instability, steep slope due toe cutting

Similar (~12m width and 6m length) slide near this location
Weathered and fractured nature of Rockmass

Small slides along this section
Moderate vegetation, Thick vegetation at SE valley and slopes, Jhum in SW, sett in the NW
Weathered and fractured nature of Rockmass

Present retaining wall is damaged due to landslide and subsidence
Thick vegetation with numerous banana groves in the upslope and donslope of loc
Strong concrete wall for protection of base of road
Weathered and fractured nature of the Rock, load or stress from vehicle plying on the road

Small Debris slides along this section of the village
Thick vegetation in the valley, Sparse vegetation upslope of landslide, sett downslope of landslide
Removal of Debris from the landslide slope
Thick and loose nature of the overburden, flowing gully and water tank near the landslide(~30m), steep slope/cut slope failure

Landslide downslope and in the western slope
Sparse vegetation, jhum upslope, Moderate vegetation in the west
Removal of slided and fractured Rockmass from landslide slope
Splintery nature of shale, weathered Rockmass, slope cut failure

Splintery grey shale with thinly bedded(predominant) sandstone intercalation
Large trees fell during the landslide causing temporary road blockade
Removal of remaining Debris in the upslope, Removal of load (trees) in the periphery of the landslide scarp
Oversaturation of loose overburden along the steep slope

Small landslide near the loc
Removal of Debris for slope moderation, Removal of fractured and jointed Rocks from upslope of the road
Loose nature of overburden from old landslide, presence of gully, steep slope

Small 4m width Debris slide nearby
Slope moderation, Removal of tall trees from the crown of the landslide
Thickness and loose nature of overburden material, weathered nature of the Rockmass, Steep slope, cut slope failure

Road subsidence of 1m along 30 m stretch of the road, large amount of Debris accumulation along the road side, tilted trees on the upslope of the landslide
Removal of loose Debris and tall trees, bamboo from the upslope of the crown of the slide and along the slope
Loose nature of overburden due to presence of old landslide

Small slides near this location, small material movement observed after 1 day
Removal of jointed Rock blocks in the upslope, proper lined drainage channeling, gabian type retaining wall
Jointed and fractured nature of the Rockmass, seepage along the slided slope

Thick banana and bamboo groves upslope of landslide
Moderate vegetation, jhum in the northern slope
Plantation of Soil holding plants, slope moderation
Loose and thick nature of overburden, cut slope failure

Extensive deep gully erosion along this section evident from large amount of Debris deposits on the road during heavy rains
Concrete wall for protection of base of slope

small landslide along the N slope
Thick vegetation with tall trees and shrubs, cl along the stream
Loose overburden material from old landslide, steep slope

Deep gully erosion, materials from upstream deposited along the road, small Debris slide and old landslide observed near this location
Channeling and lining of drainage along the slope
Presence of flowing gullies which swell up during heavy rains, loose nature of the overburden, steep slope

Landslide in the eastern foothill
Moderate vegetation, old jhum patches at places
Plantation of Soil holding plants, slope moderation
Loose and thick nature of overburden, cut slope failure

Extensive deep gully erosion along this section evident from large amount of Debris deposits on the road during heavy rains
Water/drainage diversion or channeling by contour drianage system
Seepage and flow of stream along the slided slope, loose nature of overburden material

Ngopa
Old landslide extends upto 20m width along the road side however retaining support wall is constructed and the slope is fairly stable
Concrete retaining wall is constructed, proper drainage system on the upslope and base of slope
Consequent slope, structure and nature of the bedRock

Old landslides along this stretch of the road observed from the scar and Debris along the slope
Thick vegetation,jhum upslope of slide and downslope of road
Removal of Debris of old landslide and tall trees from the slided slope and crown

Removal of loose Debris and weathered Rock, slope moderation

Removal of loose Debris and trees from the crown of the slide
Consequent slope, highly weathered nature of the Rock

Large amount of material brought downslope by the streams/gullies during the monsoon period, similar smaller Debris slides along this scetion
Thick vegetation, jhum clearing and burning in the western slopes, quarry nearby, lhp near the quarry
Presence of gully, thick and loose nature of overburden material brought down by the stream

Small slide along this section
Moderate vegetation with bamboo and banana plants
Weathered and fractured of the Rocks, steep slope

Lined drainage and culvert put up, road collapse at places, very steep downslope
Thick vegetation with bamboo grooves, tall trees and thick undergrowth
Removal of loose Debris and tall trees, bamboo from the crown of the slide and periphery of the cut slope, proper channeling of drainage
Seepage along the slides slope, loose nature of overburden, steep slope

Old landslide

Lined drainage put up along the road, landslide west of this location on the natural slope
Thick vegetation, cl at the valley, Sparse vegetation upslope of slide, sett in the SW
Loose nature overburden, highly weathered nature of Rock, cut slope failure

Slide is within banana grove
Plantation of Soil holding plants, slope moderation
Loose nature of overburden from old landslide

Smaller old Rock slide upslope of road
Moderate vegetation with tall trees, banana and thick undergrowth

Multiple Rock slides and fall along this section, obsequent slope,
Thick vegetation in general, excs and barren Rocky upslope of road, Sparse vegetation upslope of landslide, small jhum areas in SW, quarry nearby, eExcs
Removal of hanging blocks, Removal of trees and plants with penetrative roots
Nature of lithology(intercalation of competentincompetent), weathered nature of Rock unit, toe cutting

Multiple landslides along 100m section
Removal of tall and penetrative rooted trees from the slope and scarp of the landslide, Removal of fractured and jointed fragments, channeling and lining of drainage
Nature(intercalation of competentincompetent) of Rockmass, structure/fractured nature of Rockmass, seepage along the slope

Multiple landslides along this section
Removal of tall trees, bamboo from the scarp of the landslide
Thickness of overburden, highly weathered nature of Rock, toe cutting

small 4m width Debris slide nearby
Sparse vegetation, jhum in NWN, Thick vegetation in south
Slope moderation by Removal of loose overburden material
Loose nature of overburden and weathered natured of Rockmass, slope cut failure

Small slide near this location

Landslide of similar dimension downlslope of loc
Weathered, friable nature of sandstone, steep slope

Small 1.5m width slide ~15m from this location
Channeling and cleaning of drainage, Removal of overhanging Debris and tall trees from landslide scarp and crown area
Seepage from gullies, loose nature of overburden, steep slope

Slide is upslope of road ~3m from Debris flow
Slope moderation, Removal of overhanging trees and material from the slope and crown of landslide
Loose nature overburden, cut slope failure

Old landslide scar observed
Thick vegetation, Moderate vegetation and jhum in the western slopes
Removal of loose overburden material and old slide Debris
Loose and thick(2m) nature of overburden from old slide

Old landslide upslope
Slope moderation, planned quarrying by Removal of jointed Rock blocks and Debris
Quarrying at the base of the slope, seepage at the base of the slide, flowing stream

Small slide near this location
Moderate vegetation with bamboo, cl along the bank of the stream
Weathered and fractured nature of the Rockmass, steeply cut slope

Frequent Rock slides along the bedding plane on to the road
Thick vegetation in the valley, Sparse vegetation and barren upslope of landslide, jhum in the southern slopes
Consequent nature of slope, Removal of toe support

Removal of Debris, weathered Rock from steep slope
Thick and loose nature of overburden, friable nature of sandstone, steep slope

Thick vegetation downslope and along the valleys, Sparse vegetation, quarry ~50m from this loc

Thickness of overburden, weathered nature of sandstone, steep slope

Sparse vegetation, sett and old jhum in SE, Moderate vegetation near Tuivai R
Splintery nature of shale, weathered Rockmass, slope cut failure

Removal of overburden Debris and old slide Debris
Highly weathered and splintery nature of shale and siltstone, cut slope failure

Thick vegetation, Moderate vegetation with tall trees, bamboo, jhum in the NW slopes
Removal of weathered Rock material, slope moderation
Weathered and fractured nature of the Rockmass, cut slope failure

Thick vegetation, cl at the foothill in the east

Removal of fractured Rockmass from steep slope, lining of drainage
Weathered and fractured nature of the Rockmass, seepage from stream, steep slope

Highly weathered nature of Rockmass, cut slope failure

Debris flow is in the downslope of the road ~3m from Debris slide
Channeling of drainage, repairing of road and retaining wall
Road and retaining wall partially removed
Presence of flowing gullies which swell up during heavy rains, loose nature of the overburden

Thick and loose nature of the overburden, steep slope/cut slope failure

Moderate vegetation with tall trees, banana, cl along Tuivai river bank
Removal of overburden Debris and slide Debris

Loose and thick nature of overburden, steep slope

Thick vegetation with banana groves upslope of landslide, Jhum in the east
Channeling of seepage water, Removal of banana groves from the crown and flanks of the landslide
Loose nature overburden, nature of Rock, seepage along the slided slope

A number of cut slope failures along this road section
Removal of tall trees and banana groves from the crown of the landslide

Thick and loose nature of Debris, steep slope, cut slope failure
Removal of hanging Debris from the crown of the landslide, Removal of tall trees, bamboo and banana groves from the crown of the landslide
Thickness and loose nature of overburden material, steep slope, cut slope failure

Jointed and fractured nature of the Rockmass

Removal of jointed hanging blocks from the crown of landslide, Removal of plants with penetrative roots from the periphery of the landslide
Jointed nature of the Rockmass, steep slope

Thick vegetation, Sparse vegetation and jhum upslope
Removal of overburden material from the crown and periphery of the landslide
Consequent slope, loose nature of overburden

Removal of slided Debris from slided slope

Thick vegetation, Moderate vegetation upslope of landslide
Channeling of drainage, Removal of Debris and tall trees from crown of landslide

Thick vegetation in the valley, Moderate vegetation upslope and downslope of loc, sett opp slope
Consequent nature of slope, fratured and jointed nature of the Rock, Removal of toe support/ cut slope failure

Removal of advancing Debris, slope moderation at the crown of the landslide, Removal of load(tall trees, etc) from the crown area
Loose and thick nature of overburden, steep slope cutting, presence of gully nearby

Loose nature of overburden , slope cut failure

Thick vegetation, Moderate vegetation upslope of landslide
Removal of loose jointed blocks from the landslide sacrp, Removal of tall trees from theflanks and crown of the landslide,Removal of advancing Debris from the landslide slope
Weathered and fractured nature of the Rockmass, cut slope failure

A number of cut slope failures along this road section
Removal of overburden from crown of the landslide
Consequent ideal slope for movement of overburden downslope, cut slope failure

Thick vegetation downslope, Sparse vegetation, jhum
Removal of slided Debris, slope moderation
Loose and thick nature of overburden, cutting of toe support,

Moderate vegetation, old jhum/Sparse vegetation in the western slope
Diversion of drainage, Removal of old and loose landslide Debris
Seepage from flowing stream along the landlside slope

~5k m from Ainawl along PhullenPhuaibuang section
Removal of weathered Rockmass from the upslope, plantation of Soil fixing/holding plants downslope
Weathered and fractured nature of the Rock

Removal of slided Debris and fractured Rockmass from landslide scarp
Weathered and fractured nature of Rockmass, steep slope

2 km from Phullen along PhullenPhuaibuang section
Highly weathered, loose, friable nature of sandstone, cut slope failure

8 km from Phullen along PhullenPhuaibuang section

Bamboo plants upslope of landslide
6 km from Phullen along PhullenPhuaibuang section
Moderate vegetation with extensive bamboo groves
Highly weathered and fractured of the Rocks, steep slope, heavy rain

banana broves upslope of landslide, small landslides near this loc
Moderate vegetation with banana, tall trees

Concrete retaining wall, proper toe support at the base of the slope, channeling of water from domestic source
Weathered and fractured nature of the Rock, build up of load or stress from upslope (concrete building, road, etc), steep valley downslope, drainage from settlement area

9.5 km from Thanglailung along PhullenSaitual section
Thick vegetation with mixed vegetation of banana, tall trees, bamboo, thick undergrowth, jhum in the south and downslope

13 km from Thanglailung along PhullenSaitual section
Weathered and fractured nature of Rockmass, steep slope cut failure

Banana and bamboo groves upslope of landslide
Loose nature of overbureden, steep slope

Thick vegetation, Sparse vegetation upslope of landslide
Removal of tall trees from the crown of the landslide, slope moderation
Loose overburden material, highly weathered nature of the Rockmass, steep slope

Weathered andfractured nature of Rockmass, steep slope

Thick vegetation, cl downslope in the valley, jhum downslope and upslope of landslide
Removal of loose overburden material and slided Debris from landslide slope and scarp
Consequent nature of slope, loose nature of overburden

Banana groves upslope of landslide, landslide nearby
Removal of Fractured Rockmass from steep slope
Fractured nature of Rock mass, steep slope cut

Moderate vegetation with tall trees and thick undergrowth, jhum downslope in the SW
Highly weathered nature of the Rockmass, slope cut failure

Splintery grey shale with thinly bedded sandstone intercalation
4.5 km from Thanglailung along PhullenSaitual section
Removal of overhanging plants and trees and Rock blocks
Steep slope cut, splintery nature of Rock mass

~1ft road subsidence ~20 m from the slide
Channeling of seepage water, retaining wall/gabian type
Loose nature overburden, seepage along the slided slope

Moderate vegetation, jhum in the north and NW slope
Highly weathered nature of Rockmass, cut slope failure

Removal of loose Debris and weathered Rock from the steep slope
Highly weathered nature of Rockmass, cut slope failure

Removal of Debris and tall trees at the periphery, channelising and lining of drainage

Thick vegetation, Sparse vegetation upslope of landslide, jhum downslope of landslide

Another slide 20m apart
Thick vegetation downslope, Sparse vegetation, jhum
Removal of slided Debris, slope moderation
Loose and thick nature of overburden, cutting of toe support,

Shale (splintery, grey)- medium thinly bedded sandstone intercalation
Kapfo.K, and Thaware. R.K., 2017. Macro-Scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheet nos. 84 A/9 & 13, Aizawl, Kolasib and Mamit districts, Mizoram.GSI report of FS 2016-2017.
Thick vegetation, Settlement, Cultivated land on gentler slopes near the village
Channelising and lining of drainage/gully could prevent further sliding
Presence of deep gully along the slided slope, loose nature of overburden

Shale (thinly laminated, grey)- medium bedded sandstone intercalation
Kapfo.K, and Thaware. R.K., 2017. Macro-Scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheet nos. 84 A/9 & 13, Aizawl, Kolasib and Mamit districts, Mizoram.GSI report of FS 2016-2017.
Jointed and fractured rocks along steep slopes

Shale (splintery, grey)- up to 20cm thick bedded sandstone intercalation
Rolled boulders by the road side indicate rock slides/rock falls earlier
Structure and nature of bedrock, presence of competent incompetent beds in a damp area

Removal of load from the crown and periphery of ls
Penetration of deep rooted trees along the joints of bedrock, steep slope cut, splintery nature of sahle

Loose nature of overburden material, steep slope cut

Numerous small(1-2m wide) landslides along this section where splintery Shale is exposed
Thick vegetation along the slope and valley, Sparse vegetation on the hilltop, Jhum at the lower slope
Splintery nature of Shale on exposure along steep slope cut

Numerous debris slide near this location (below the road and on the western slope too)

Massive, hard and compact sandstone with ferruginous concretions
a number of small rock falls in this section
near Vanzao, ~400m from previous location
Netting of huge jointed blocks, Removal of broken rock fragments, channeling of drains upslope and downslope of road
Steep slope cut, and jointed nature of wall rock

Removal of weight-tall trees and banana groves upslope of ls

Hard to medium, moderately bedded, compact sandstone
Similar debdris slide ~2m from this slide
Removal of debris, proper diversion dranage
Steep slope and loose debris from earlier landslide

Hard to medium, moderately bedded, compact sandstone
~2 km from Vanzao, 2m from previous slide
Steep slope and loose overburden material

Dark grey med to fine grained thinly laminated Sandstone with fine Shale laminations
debris of boulders, rock fragments and loose overburden material along the gully deuing heavy rains
Removal of debris and tall trees at the periphery, channelising and lining of drainage
Nature of slope, nature of rock(Shale), Orientation od bed(towards the road)

Old landslide debris, overburden contains rock fragment, carried by gullies from upslope/esc NE of loc
Jointed and weathered nature of rock, steep slope cut

Grey, medium grained, hard and compact sandstone with intercalations of thin Shale laminationa
Presence of tilted trees indicate old slide or instability in the area; Debris accummulation from gullies add to the debris load on the road
Thick vegetation downslope, Sparse vegetation upslope
Slope moderation, Removal of loosely jointed blocks, and tall trees at the periphery of the slide/scarp face

Grey splintery Shale with spheroidal weathering
unstable due to steep slope cutting and splintery nature of Shale
Moderate vegetation with Sparse vegetation upslope of the slide and Settlement (Pehlawn village)
Slope moderation; Removal of loose rocks and debris and tall trees at the periphery of the slide/scarp face; Bio- fiber netting (covering with polythene during heavy rains).
Lithology (incompetent-competent rock units), Presence of loose and unconsolidated material, Presence of joints, Splintery and weathered nature of the bed rock (Spheroidal weathering), Steep slope

oversaturation of loose overburden with load along steep slope
Thick vegetation (mainly banana groves with ~0.5m gap on the landslide slope), bamboo on the northern slope
Channelising of drainage, Removal of load from the crown and periphery of ls
Loose nature of overburden material along steep slope, load of tall trees and banana groves leading to oversaturation in monsoon

Kepran slide
retaining wall put up at some place.
Removal of the old leaking tank, proper contour drainage along the slope, proper lining of the current water supply tank
Percolation caused by leakage of old water tank on the upslope of the landslide, Lithology (Competent- incompetent rock units), Joint/fractured rock, Steep slope cutting(for construction of house)

Kepran slide
Intercalations of grey, splintery shale with thin siltstone beds
Anthropogenic interference (extensive slope cut) also aided in the failure.
Heavy rainfall prior to landsliding reported
Retaining wall has been put up at places
Proper lining of tank and drainage; Removal of old leaking tank
Leakage of water-supply tank on the upslope of the slide and presence of splinetry shale

orange plantation
Moderate vegetation and Jhum in the east slope in the valley slope below the road
Removal of jointed and fragmented block rocks.Removal of the tall trees in the periphery of the scrap.hanging block along this road should be removed

~1km N of Pehlawn at 4 km Kepran milestone
Removal of the loss material and slope moderation
Slope cuttingand beds dipping towards the raod

Thick vegetation, Settelment, Jhum on the upslope of the slide

Numerous debris slide near this location (below the road and on the western slope too)
10 km Khawruhlian milestone towards Sesawng on NH 150

Debris slides of similar type an dimension along this 200m section

Flowing stream
11 km Khawruhlian milestone towards Sesawng on NH 150

retaining wall under construction
~6.5 km S of Khawruhlian towards Sesawng on NH 150

old landslide,Retaining wall under construction on the downslope of the road, cracks developing in the middle of the road.
~7.3 km S of Khawruhlian towards Sesawng on NH 150
Concrete retaining wall. Proper drainage with concrete lining

Deep gully erosion, with accumulation of debris on the road
~4.8 km S of Khawruhlian towards Sesawng on NH 150
Slope moderation,Horizontal spreading plantation, properdrainage and channelization of water on the slope
Lithology and slope cutting, loose overburden

Fault , diverted water chennal, crack still present along the ridge, netting is put up, evacuation of planned and evaacuated however local built house, culvert on the water side
Retaining wall in the form of rocknetting and concrete wall.

order for evacuation by administrative official until the retaining wall was constructed.

Road on the ridge at the upslope of the crown of landslide
2km Khawruhlian milestone towards Sesawng on NH 150
Slope cutting, saturation of loose overburden during heavy rain

House and hospital quarter on the upslope
2.5 km S of Khawruhlian towards Sesawng on NH 150
Removal of tall, deep rooted trees, slope moderation
Structure & lithology, root penetration of deep rooted trees, steep slope cutting

4.2 km S of Khawruhlian towards Sesawng on NH 150

Shale (splinetry, grey)-up to 10 cm thick bedded sandstone intercalation
Rock slide ~10 m from this locatio reactivates every year according to locals however it is not observeable during the time of this fieldwork.
Removal of disjointed blocks, load from the periphery of ls, slope moderation by cutting or benching
Splinetry and jointed nature of Shale along steep slope, dip and slope I the same direction

High risk due to the presence of settlement near the ls site
Moderate vegetation upslope of ls, Settlement
Loose nature of overburden material, dip of rockbeds towards slope

Minor 1-2 m slide~10 m from this slide
Slope moderation, plantation of horizantal spreading
Loose nature of overburden, oversturation, steep slope

old landslide, (2015); debris slide

Gullly along the slide, Retaining wall downslopeof the road
Construction of retaining wall along the slope, proper drainage
Unconsolidated nature of overburden on steep slope, oversaturation during mansoon

~27.3 km from Khawruhlian towards Sesawng on NH 150

Similar small slides (<1-2m width) are observed along this scetion

Small slide (<1m 2m width) along this scetion
27 km Khawruhlian milestone towards Sesawng on NH 150
Removal of deep rooted tree from the periphery

Nos of gully erosion along this road side
~25.8 km from Khawruhlian towards Sesawng on NH 150

steep slope cutting ~100 m along this section.
Jointed nature of the rock,steep slope cutting, persence of the road upslope, persence of deep rooted plants

~16 km from Khawruhlian towards Sesawng on NH 150
Removal of load - tall and deep rooted trees, loose overburden material, etc from crown and flanks of the landslide
Loose overburden material, Nature and weathered state of bed rock (Shale)

~19 km from Khawruhlian towards Sesawng on NH 150

ld slide initiating from foot of the hill upto th ridge highest point, numerous ls within settelment as well as vegetation area along road as well as up & down slope of the road
Damage to house and building foundation exposed

Dipping toward the road along the slope, jointed nature of rock (wedge failure)

Quarrying near the rock fall
~1km from Lungdai, on Silchar Road (Siphir-Serkhan section)

Quarrying near the slide
Slope cutting for construction of house, nature & lithology of rock

Cut slope failures
Thick vegetation mainly bamboo, Jhum, Cultivated land
Removal of load(tall trees, heavy bamboo groves) from the crown and the periphery of the ls scarp
Highly weathered along steep slope, Load at the periphery of the slope, competent-incompetent bed rocks
Highly weathered Sandstone along sttep slope cut, load at the peiphery of slope, competent-incompetent bedrock

Cut slope failures
Fresh slope cutting for road const., highly weathered and jointed nature of rocks

Cut slope failures
Removal of load(tall trees) at the crown and periphery of ls scarp

Nature of rock, steep slope, over saturation during the rain

Slope cutting, oversaturation of the overburden

Nh 54 downslope of the road
Removal of tall trees from the crown& periphery of the ls
Nature of bed rock, slpoe cutting,andpenetration of deep rooted plants along weak plane

Sandstone and shale of Bhuban Fm (Tertiary sequence)
The particular slope facet appears to be a zone highly susceptible to failure as evident from budging of lower budging slope, flowing hydrological condition and consequent damping of the slope, presence of curvilinear fractures
Heterogenous assemblage lateral, incipient curvilinear fracture

Shale, siltstone with coal and sandstone
Highly weathered friable Sandstone on steep slope

Siltstone rich interbedded Tertiary sequence where a thick soil profile developed
It is an old landslide zone where continuous creep movement takes place. The cutting of toe of the slope due to construction may have engineered local failure.
Old landslide zone and hence prone to further reactivation

Gully erosion along the slope
1.5m retaining wall along the foot of the cut slope is constructed, Removal of tall trees from the crown& periphery of the ls and channelized of the gullies along the slope
Unconsolidated overburden material, slpoe cutting, friable natyre of overburden

Removal of tall trees from the crown& periphery of the ls
Jointed nature of bed rock, steep slope cutting

Lined drainage
Nature of bed rock, slpoe cutting,and vegetation upslope

Shale, siltstone with coal and sandstone
14 km milestone Kawnpui on Aizawl-Silchar road
Removal of load (bamboo groves) at the crown and periphery of ls scarp
Nature of rock, Slope, load over the scarp of slope cut

Shale, siltstone with coal and sandstone
Khamrang-Kawnpui road, 19 km S of Kawnpui
Highly weathered friable Sandstone on steep slope

Tlawng river 50 m from Ls
Near bridge(PHED Kawnpui water supply gate)
Removal of load (bamboo groves, tall trees) at the crown and periphery of ls scarp
Loose, friable, highly weathered Sandstone on steep slope

Nature of bed rock, slpoe cutting,and incompetent beds,

Numerous banana grovres along the slope, tall tress and bamboos, slope 079/28-179

Numerous small debris slide near this location
Rawpuichhip-Mamit road, NH 44A, ~20 m from previous location
Removal of tall trees from the crown & periphery of the ls

Numerous small debris slide near this location
Removal of tall trees from the crown& periphery of the ls , slope moderation during the cutting
Jointed Sandstone,steep slope cut, roots penetration of trees

Numerous banana grovres along the slope, tall tress and bamboos, slope 079/28-179
Removal of tall trees from the crown& periphery of the ls
Oversaturation of loose overburden material due to heavy rain,steep nature of the slope, pressure / load from tall trees/ Banana groves

Cutting of slope, splintary nature of Shale, 3 set of joint

Steep nature of the slope, pressure / load from tall trees/ Banana groves, slope with jointed rocks

Removal of the tall trees from the periphery of the ls.,

Benching, platation of horizatally spreading root plant
Unconsolidated overburden material, slpoe cutting, root penetration

Slope moderation by Removal of loose overburden,Removal of the tall trees from the periphery of the ls.,

gully~50m from the ls, scarp/ steep downslope of road. Dhaleswari rivewr at the vally
Removal of tall trees, Removal of haning and jointed blocks, Removal of tall trees from the crown& periphery of the ls
Jointed nature of bed rock,penetration of the deep rooted plant& tree, steep slope cutting

Toe support of exposed jointed bedrock by sack piling or concrete depending on the importance of the road section, Removal of widely spaced jointed blocks
Orientation of bed =dip of slope, Jointed nature of rock

Loose nature of overburden, friable and weathered nature of rock

Hanging block upslope of the road~100m frm this lc., electricity cable downslope of road
Nature of rock, steep slope, over saturation during the rain

Stabilization of slope is underway by AIE Company Under Disaster Management, Aizawl
Ramhlun Sports Complex and Ramhlun Vengthar areas, Near Presbyterian Church
Percolation of water should be checked, Plantation, Toe erosion should be prevented
Damage to residential area, church, schools.
Lithology, Joints; Weathering, Oversaturation due to rainfall

Breast wall on the toe of the slope, Retaining wall on the downslope of the road, Dumped caused landslide on the downslope
Road block, 1 house endangered upslope of slide
Lithology, Joints; Weathering, Oversaturation due to rainfall

Laiputlang
Alternate sequence of sandstone and shale
Overloading of slope, high unguided discharge of monsoon rain
The understanding of the slope feature of Laipuitlang is a contributing factor in overall assessment of the hazard and risk scenario in Aizawl urban agglomeration.
Inherent property of the rock mass, huge artificial static loading, unguided monsoon drainage, local dynamic loading.

Stabilization of slope is underway
Destroyed 12 houses, killed 17 and injured 9 persons
Lithology, Joints; Weathering, Oversaturation due to rainfall

Nature of rock, steep slope ,str. Control

1.5km frm Rangamual, construction of the culvert on the road side
Gate for Mizoram Truck Owners' Association, 57 km Khawnpui milestone
Removal of the tall trees from the scrap and crown of the landslide
Nature of rock, loose overburden along steeply cut slope

1.5km frm Rangamual, construction of the culvert on the road side
Gate for Mizoram Truck Owners' Association, 57 km Khawnpui milestone
Removal of the tall trees from the scrap and crown of the ls., slope moderation and benching
Nature of rock, steep slope ,str. Control

Stabilization of slope is underway
Rangvamul Landslide, Rangvamul, NH-54 Aizawl - Lengpui(Airport) - Silchar
Widening of road, Breast wall. Plantation on the slope, Benching, Toe erosion downslope of the road have to be prevented by constructing retaining wall

Dumping of material on the steep slope by the settlement on the hilltop, Downslope landslide because by the dumped material of slide and by the waste of the village
Luangmual, Mizoram Univ. - Aizawl via NH 44A
Proper drainage, Plantation on the slope

Toe erosion by the the river adjacent to the slide, Dumping of material downslope should be prevented because it triggered landslide and block NH 44A/NH 54
Northeast of Luangmual, Mizoram Univ. - Aizawl via NH 44A
Mud fill drum/sack piling; Breast wall on the toe of the landslide, Retaining wall on the downslope, Proper drainage
Road block, Road endangered by downslope landslide

Downslope: Dumping material, Extensive slope cut
Luangmual, Mizoram Univ. - Aizawl via NH 44A

Downslope dumping shold be checked
Rangvamul, NH-54 Aizawl - Lengpui(Airport) - Silchar

Rangamval Landslide
nos. of the spring nearby this ls
terracing,proper draiange, fast growing shurbs, concrete retainning wall & rock netting constr.
Nature , str. Of the bed rock, presence of fault, seepage of waterat the base of the ls. On the road side

Dumping Site (mud etc) on the downslope of the road
Rangvamul, NH-54 Aizawl - Lengpui(Airport) - Silchar
Plantation on slope, Toe erosion be checked

Jhum cultivation on the downslope of the road should be banned
Rangvamul, Near Mining Check Post, NH-54 Aizawl - Lengpui(Airport) - Silchar
Drum/sack filled mud/rock piling, Percolation of water should be checked

Downslope of road duming of slide material
500m SW of New Secreteriat, Aizawl (Near GSI Site)
Breast wall, Drum/sack filled mud/rock piling

Toe erosion by the adjacent river
Zonuam Veng, on Mizoram University - Aizawl Rd

Zonuam Veng, on Mizoram University - Aizawl Rd
Prevention of water percolation on slope should be prevented, toe erosion should be prevented

Bed dipping toward the road
Govt Complex, Aizawl, Govt Complex - Mizoram university Rd via Zonuam

Retaining wall downslope to prevent toe erosion
Zonuam Veng, on Mizoram University - Aizawl Rd
Breast wall, Drum/sack filled mud/rock piling, percolation of water should be checked

Toe erosion downslope of the dump material by the river
West of Mission Veng, Tlawng - Aizawl Rd

Downslope of the road with retaining wall and extensive toe erosion
Maubawk, (abandoned water tank) Aizawl - Tlawng Rd
Prevention of water percolation on slope should be prevented

Narrow road with retaining wall downslope, N145: Landslide caused by Extensive slope cut and dumped materials.
Govt Complex, Aizawl, Govt Complex - Mizoram university Rd via Zonuam

Bed dipping toward the road, Extensive slope cut (approx.142.2m) in length along the road, Retaining wall downslope with steep slope

Caused by the dumped material upslope of new road construction
West of Mission Veng, Tlawng - Aizawl Rd

Plantation (HHP) upslope, Eastern slope landslide (natural)
West of Mission Veng, Tlawng - Aizawl Rd

N30: Extensive slope cut, Dumping of material of the new road also triggerd landslide
Prevention of water percolation on slope should be prevented

Prevention of water percolation on slope should be prevented

Retaining wall downslope toe erosion should be checked
Percolation of water upslope should be prevented

Toe erosion downslope of the etaining wall by the river, Whole village in a very steep slope
Percolation of water upslope should be prevented, Breast wall, Drum/sack filled mud/rock piling

Hunthar, NH-54 Aizawl - Lengpui(Airport) - Silchar
Plantation, proper drainage, Percolation of water and waste from the settlement upslope should be banned
Road block, 1 house endangered upslope of slide

Khatla Sinking/Subsidence
Variably weathered shales with thin intercalation of siltstone
The strike of the bed is N45°W with dip of 40° dipping towards North East
Rainfall and Anthropogenic activity, extensive slope toe excavation
The Circuit House below Bible House & Baptist House and also the GAD Quarter were demolished for the construction of State Convention Centre building in May 2016 and the excavation was started immediately. On 6th December, 2016 longitudinal cracks were d
M.K.Kaistha (Supdt.Geologist), G.K.Rongmei (Sr.Geologist), P.K.Theophilus (Sr.Geologist), RHQ, Shillong
Khatla locality, along M. G. Road, Aizawl
4 to 5 multi-storey building occupant evacuted
MG Road bench developed cracks and subsidence
In view of the vulnerability and proximity of the sinking/subsidence site to that of a prominent road bench and establishment and consequent apprehensions, following preliminary measures are suggested:
1) Immediate sealing of tensional cracks located at
The sinking/subsidence area is occupied by the important establishment building such as Bible House, Baptist House and BSNL Office Building (at the crown area), and also Presbyterian Building (South). It is also connected by MG Road at the crown and Khat
During field visit, it has been found that this sinking/subsidence main causative factor is due to deep excavation immediately below the Bible House, Baptist House and BSNL Office building for the construction of City Convention Centre by the Urban Devel

Dumping of slide material downslope of the raod
Mualpui Bethel, Salem Veng - World Bank Rd

Mualpui Bethel, Salem Veng - World Bank Rd

Extensive slope cut on toe.
Tlangnuam Vengthar, Melthum - Tlangnuam - Kulikawn Rd
Percolation of water should be checked, Plantation, Toe erosion should be prevented

Kulukawn, Melthum - Tlangnuam - Kulikawn Rd

Vengthar
Interbedded sequence of grey shale (very thinly bedded) and relatively thick sandstone bed.
Gaping cracks of 1-5 cm were observed in old retaining wall
1 house partially damage at the down-slope of the road
Both nature of rock and nature of shearing are responsible for inherent weak geological condition which has been acted upon by partial toe cutting and rainfall.

Retaining wall should be prevented
Tlangnuam Vengthar, Melthum - Tlangnuam - Kulikawn Rd

Tlangnuam Vengthar, Melthum - Tlangnuam - Kulikawn Rd
Road block, Retaining wall broken, 1 house foundation destroyed

CP Road
Sandstone (thickly bedded) alternate with shale (thickly bedded) overlain by weathered rockmass and loose overburden.
Slope parallel to vulnerable bedding plane.
Rainfall, toe cutting due to construction coupled with rainfall
Need to be mitigated before next monsoon
Newly constructed building, sparsely to moderately vegetated area
Inherent condition of slope mass and high rainfall

Bedding dipping towards the road, Extensive slope cut
Breast wall, Drum/sack filled mud/rock piling

Upslope: Barren rocky slope
Toe erosion should be checked, Percolation of water be prevented

Old landslide zone in geom
Hlimen, Hlimen Landslide on SH-Aizawl-Hlimen-Lungleng Rd

disturbanve in the upslope for road construction for private farming(crown site of the failure)
About 3km North of Hungohmun, SH-Aizawl - Lunglei road
Breast wall; mud filled drum piling, construction of proper drainage.
Overburden slope failure due to rainfall; highly weathered and fractured rocks

Downslope of the road dumping of waste from naerby area
West of Mission Veng, Dumping Site, Tlawng - Aizawl Rd
Breast wall, Drum/sack filled mud/rock piling

Downslope: Dumping of material, upslope:Settlement, tea plantation, Lemon plantation
South of Tlawng Hydro-Project, Oasis picnic spot, SH- Aizawl - Reiek
Mud fill drum/sack piling; Breast wall, Proper drainage, Waste disposal on the the slope should be properly made

Data collected on crown
1km South of Tlawng Hydro-Project view point of Azauli Falls, SH- Aizawl - Reiek

Teak plntation along the slope, N: Opposie bank of Tlawng river escarpment and transportational midslope in alternation.
Southwest of Tlawng Hydro-Project, SH- Aizawl - Reiek

The bed are almost horizontal
West of Tlawng Hydro-Project, SH- Aizawl - Reiek
Proper drainage needs to be constructed all along the road

Near Police Post Forest, Tlawng - Aizawl Rd

Toe erosion downslope of the dump material by the river
Near Police Post Forest, Tlawng - Aizawl Rd

Toe erosion downslope of the dump material by the river
Northwest of Mission, 500m from Police Post Forest, Tlawng - Aizawl Rd

Southwest of Lawipu, Power House, Lawipu - Tlawng Rd
Toe erosion shold be prevented by proper drainage, Removal of accumulated debris from the culvert

Toe erosion by the nala
Southwest of Lawipu, Near Power House, Lawipu - Tlawng Rd

Jhum cultivation upslope
Southwest of Lawipu, 500m from Power House, Lawipu - Tlawng Rd

Downslope dumped material
East of Mizoram university, Mizoram Univ. - Aizawl
Mud fill drum/sack piling; Breast wall, Benching

Mud filled drum piling, construction of proper drainage systems
Overburden slope failure due to rainfall;

Downslope of Mizoram University is Moderaterly dissected slope
Tanhril near the Spring, Tanhril - Aizawl

Slope moderation by Removal of loose overburden

Jhum cultivation in and around.
Mud/rock filled Drum/Sack/ piling on the toe; proper drainage systems/ Breast wall
Lithology, Weathering, Oversaturation due to rainfall

Mud/rock filled Drum/Sack/ piling on the toe; proper drainage systems/ Breast wall
Lithology, Weathering, Oversaturation due to rainfall

Extensive jhum cultivation in and around
Mud/rock filled Drum/Sack/ piling on the toe; Breast wall
Lithology, Weathering, Oversaturation due to rainfall

Landslide observed on the opposite hillslope toward East from the location.
Mud/rock filled Drum/Sack/ piling on the toe; Breast wall

Old quarry for construction materials, Extensive jhum cultivation in and around the location
Mud/rock filled Drum/Sack/ piling on the toe; proper drainage systems/ Breast wall

Slintery shale on the Steep slope, toe erosion by nala

The rocks are dipping toward the road, Dump materials from the raod was the major cause for landslide
Mud fill drum/sack piling; Breast wall; Removal of overhang materials; proper nala construction; Clearance of block materilals inside the culvert
Lithology, Dipping of rocks towards the road; Weathering, Oversaturation due to rainfall

The area is is very susceptible because of the erosion of the toe.

Retaining wall on the downslope of the road. (at the time of road construction). Downslope landslide (Dumped materials) due to toe erosion by the nala

Extensive jhum cultivation in and around.
Mud/ rock filled drum/sack piling on the toe; Breast wall

Retaining wall on the downslope. (at the time of road construction).
Mud/rock filled Drum/Sack/ piling on the toe; Breast wall

Jhum cultivation on the opposite hillslope, Downslope dumping of road slide material on river and then toe erosion by river.

Lithology, Dipping of rocks towards the road; Weathering, Oversaturation due to rainfall

Jhum cultivation on upslope and downslope 0f the road (landslide).
Lithology, Dipping of rocks towards the road; Weathering, Oversaturation due to rainfall

Jhum cultivation on the upslope (banana).
Removal of overburden materials; Breast wall

Downslope: Landslide caused by the dump material, toe erosion
North of W Lungdar, PMGSY Darung - W Lungdar - Chungtlang - Rulpuihlim
Mud fill drum/sack piling; Breast wall, Dumping of material should be prevented.
Lithology, bedding dipping toward the slope, Joints; Weathering, Oversaturation due to rainfall

Downslope: Landslide caused by the dump material, toe erosion by nala
NE of Reiek Tlang, SH Reiek - Chungtlang - Rulpuihlim
Mud fill drum/sack piling; Breast wall, Dumping of material should be prevented.

*Downslope: Landslide caused by the dump material, toe erosion endangering the road, Orange plantation, East of Reiek Lui basin Highly dissected slope, Western slope of Reiek Tlang: Highly dissected slope
NW of Reiek Tlang, SH Reiek - Chungtlang - Rulpuihlim
Mud fill drum/sack piling; Breast wall, Dumping of material should be prevented.

Downslope: Landslide caused by the dump material, toe erosion. (20m towards Reiek: ls:l10/w10/h9/run off0)
SW slope of Reiek Tlang, SH Reiek - Chungtlang - Rulpuihlim
Lithology, bedding, Joints; Weathering, Oversaturation due to rainfall

Downslope: Landslide caused by the dumping material so materials should be homogenously dump in a flattered stable area along the road (10m toward Reiek: Ls with length: 7m, Width: 5m, Height: 6m, Run off: 3m)
SW slope of Reiek Tlang, SH Reiek - Chungtlang - Rulpuihlim
Percolation of water should be prevented (Water proof covering)

culvert downslope ( about 20m towards Reiek L12/W6/H11/Run Off0, Toe erosion nala)
SW slope of Reiek Tlang, SH Reiek - Chungtlang - Rulpuihlim
Percolation of water should be prevented (Water proof covering)

Retaining wall downslope: toe erosion by the nala, Breast wall on the toe of landslide
Western slope of Reiek Tlang (1485m), SH Reiek - Chungtlang - Rulpuihlim

Western slope of Reiek Tlang (1485m), SH Reiek - Chungtlang - Rulpuihlim
Lithology, bedding, Joints; Weathering, Oversaturation due to rainfall

The rock fall have affected the retaining wall on the downslope.
Western slope of Reiek Tlang (1485m), SH Reiek - Chungtlang - Rulpuihlim
Removal of accumulated material in the culvert.

Removal of accumulated material, proper nala
Lithology,Joints; Weathering, Oversaturation due to rainfall

Downslope: Landslide caused by the dump material, toe erosion (Ls:L41/W20/H30/Run off 22m data collected on crown) Tension crack developed along the crown of the slide 13m in length)
Northwestern slope of Reiek Tlang (1485m), Waiting shed Reiek on SH Reiek - Chungtlang - Rulpuihlim
Mud fill drum/sack piling; Breast , Percolation of water should be prevented, Benching

Contact of softer rock and harder rock, Downslope dumping of slide material
East of Khawrihnin; Agri-link Road Tlawng river, Agri-link Road

Tea plantation on the upslope. Dated collected on crown
South East of Peihte Bawk Khawrihnin; Agri-link Road Tlawng river, Agri-link Road
Lithology, Joints; Steep slope, Weathering, Oversaturation due to rainfall

School construction work had been endangered

Dumping materials on the downslope of the road
W of Khawrihnin; Agri-link Road Tlawng river, Agri-link Road

Subsidence downslope due to water percolation, Arzangente Tlang downslope toe erosion (geom), N: Ngente Lunglen Tlang downslope steep rocky slope
North of Hreichuk, PMGSY W Lungdar - Darung
Mud fill drum/sack piling; Breast wall, Proper drainage for water to prevent water percolation, Retaining wall downslope.
Road block, Endangered road (subsidence downslope)

Downslope steep tension crack developed in the dumped material, Between Ngente Lunglen Tlang andLungdar Tlang soil thickness 1-2m
South of Lungdar Tlang, W Lungdar, PMGSY W Lungdar - Darung
Mud fill drum/sack piling; Breast wall, Proper drainage for water to prevent water percolation, Retaining wall downslope.

Jhum cultivation upslope: increase the overburden material, Downslope: Dumping of materials
North of W Lungdar, PMGSY Darung - W Lungdar - Chungtlang - Rulpuihlim

2.5 Km South of Lungphun; PMGSY-Kanghmun - W. Lungdar
Grass plantation, Jute covered on the crown, Retaining wall

Upslope: landslide, downslope: Landslide (dumped materials), Dumping should be avoided downslope, Retaining wall all along the road (settlement) stabilising the slope, jhum cultivation downslope the village
Grass plantation, Jute covered on the crown

Landslide on the downslope caused by the dump material of the slide, About 600m South of Lungphun in the spring, landslide caused by the dumped material and retaining wall constructed on the downslope of the road all along the rocky slope downslope
South of Lungphun; PMGSY-Kanghmun - W. Lungdar

downslope slide caused by the dumping material of the slide
0.8 Km South of Lungphun; PMGSY-Kanghmun - W. Lungdar

In and around Highly dissected slope, Extensive jhum cultivstion of the hillslope, Extensive slope cut along the road
3.5 Km South of Lungphun; PMGSY-Kanghmun - W. Lungdar

Steep slope, Highly dissected slope

In and around Highly dissected slope

Landslide in the river nearby (toe erosion)

Downslope Dumped material susceptible
1 Km South of Lungphun; PMGSY-Kanghmun - W. Lungdar

upslope: Jhum cultivation (sugarcane), N50: Khawrihnim 26 landslide, The upslope all along the road of the village strech, the rock are highly fractured and Unstable at most of the places

North of Hreichuk, PMGSY W Lungdar - Darung

E: 26 landslide of Khawrihnim on Steep slope i.e denudational hillslope, Spheroidal weathering
North of Hreichuk, PMGSY W Lungdar - Darung

Dumping material downslope, N315: Hreichuk downslope Highly dissected slope, N5: 4 landslide from the location. Ie Denudational hillslope
Lungphun (Near Govt.High school) PMGSY W. Lungdar- Darung

Only the interlinking road for the Riun village(Lungphun), because of the landslide in 1988, the whole village shifted to Road side near Hreichuk village.in the year 1994
Lungphun (Riun old Village) on the interlinking bridge of Old viilage and New village (data collected on crown)
Mud/ rock fill drum/sack piling; Grass plantation, proper drainage, Dumping of material should be prevented.
Road endangered and village shifted because of the slide

Dumping materials on the downslope of the road, Extensive slope cut for mew road.
SSE of Lungphun, Agri-link Road Tlawng river

Contact of softer rock (thinly bedded sandstone) with hard rock (thickly bedded sandstone, Material dump downslope, Toe erosion, Extensive slope cut
SSE of Lungphun, Agri-link Road Tlawng river

Downslope: Landslide caused by the dumped material of the upslope landslide; N: Lungleng Rocky slope, Highly dissected slope
East of Khawrihnin; Agri-link Road Tlawng river, Agri-link Road

N05: West flank of Lungleng escarpment, N310: Reiek Tlang Rocky slope, Orange plantation
East of Khawrihnin; Agri-link Road Tlawng river, Agri-link Road

Dumped material caused landslide downslope
west of Samtlang, N. Lungleng - Aizawl Rd

Downslope jhum cultivation, Case of jhum enhanced landslide, N320: 2 landslide on the steep slope of the hills
1km Southwest of Samtlang, N. Lungleng - Aizawl Rd
Jhum cultivation (upslope) should be prevented

Overburden contact with the massive sandstone body
2.5 km West of Samtlang, N.Lungleng - Aizawl Rd
Percolation of water should be prevented, Breast wall

the slide here is due enhancement of erosion by anthropogenic activity(jhum) in the upslope of the slides
Near Kumthung junction in Aizawl-lunglei road

a rock fall on the upslope of the slide, have further triggered this slide which is mostly younger loose debris of cull and filled material from the new road cut.
Berawtlang Tourist Lodge, DGM Check Gate, South of Berawtlang Lodge
Retaining wall along the filled area and construction of culvert for proper water outlet

Adjacent to this slide there is a previous slide which has been stabilized
Breast wall, Mud filled drum/sack piling
overburden slope failure, highly weathered and jointed and fractured rocks

Zemabawk
Interbedded sequence of sandstone and shales
In the upslope of the distressed area a large number of multi-storeyed building are found rested on the steep slope.
Inherent slope mass and anthropogenic condition

Thuampi Vengthar, Thuampui Vengthar - Chite Lui Rd

Chalhte Lui, World bank road (bridge area)

Ramhlun Vengther slide
Consists of 50m of shale and minor silt stone with N10°E-S10°W dipping 40° towards SE
Due to torrential rainfall, steep slope, incompetent beds.

Cut & filled for road construction by constructing retaining wall and at the time of monsoon it fail.

Bawng Venglai slide
Shale sandwiched between sandstone and siltstone and incompetent beds show warps, minor kinks and strike joints.
Sliding of the overburden rock material due to heavy rainfall

Due to slope cutting,due to construction of concrete house upslope of the road
Construction of retaining wall along the road level, Proper drainage channeling, Avoid further slope cutting and upslope streess/load
Nature and structure of bed rock (competent- incompetent beds), Weathered nature of rock, Slope cutting at the toe (road level) for construction

Zuangtui slide
Due to heavy rain cracks developed in the ground and walls of the control room. The lightning arrestor and Isolators were bent.

Retaining wall broken
Luangmual Near Power Station, Mizoram Univ. - Aizawl
Percolation of water should be prevented on the crown

this location is still active LS site, Polythene sheets are being used as temporary measures to prevent water perculation in this area.
East of Zemabawk, near MRF showroom on NH 54 Aizawl-Seling road
Breast wall; benching, construction of proper drainage systems
Overburden slope failure due to rainfall; Joint set anf fractures

this location is still active LS site, Polythene sheets are being used as temporary measures to prevent water perculation in this area.
Zemabawk, near Ripans complex road on NH 54 Aizawl-Seling road
Breast wall; mud filled drum piling, construction of proper drainage systems
Overburden slope failure due to rainfall; Joint set

The area shows sinking and roads constructed are being damaged.
Airfield veng, Junction of Airfield-Aizawl road
Improper drainage, the soil here is loose material and on saturation with water it causes subsidence
Subsidence in the area is causing a damage to a portion of the road

Wild bamboos and banana plantation observed in the area
Airfield Veng, Near Bamboo link road, NH-54 Aizawl-Seling
Breast wall; sack/mud filled piling along the road; proper channeling of drainage systems
Overburden slope failure due to Extensive slope cut.Highly jointed rocks;Oversaturation due to rainfall, improper drainage system-seepage observed in the adjacent slope cut

the area is mostly of wild bamboos and banana trees, Small scale sand mining is being done in the river terrace
Tuirial, 200m upstream from turial bridge
Breast wall, Mud filled drum/sack piling
overburden slope failure due to Disturbance of slope stability due to anthropogenic factor, toe cutting by Nala is also present

settlement on the upslope of the slide which may be of risk if proper measures are not taken.
About 2km south of thingsulthliah, 1km SW Thingsultliah Hospital

Jhum cultivation is present on the upslope of the slide area, wild banana and shrubs are prominent in the area as well. Settlement on the adjacent area is also present.
western slope of 1052 peak, S of Thingsultliah Hospital
overburden slope failure due to oversaturation caused by rainfall

the upslope of the area is mostly of wild bananas ans shrubs
North of Thingsultliah along NH 54, NW slope of 982 peak
removal of overhang materials, Breast wall
overburden slope failure, toe cutting by road cut, highly weathered and jointed rocks

the area is mostly of wild bamboos and shrubs
overburden slope failure, highly weathered and jointed rocks, Gully erosion

the slide here is due to natural slope failure, however the surrounding area is comparatively stable .
About 1km along bamboo link road, on the foot slope of Sherbawk tlang

the area is mostly of wild bamboos and shrubs, the younger loose debris downslope of the slide area is showing sign for futher failue
Rill erosion in highly wearthered and fractured rocks, Anthropogenic,

Nature of the rock, due to slope cutting

Bamboo culvert constructed in the downslope of the slide is blocked by sediments from earlier slide
Seling dumping site on SH Seling-Champhai road
Reatining wall; reconstruction of proper nala/culvert and removal of sediments blocking the culvert .

this rock fall is very small and confined. The sandstone-siltstone intercalations shows lenticular beddings at places.
Zero point Lui quarry along Seling- Keifang road

smaller slides adjacent to the area present. Bamboo-banana-shrubs.
2.7 km SE of seling on SH Seling-Champhai road.

this slide occurs on the old dump area from the road cutting upslope

Bamboo culvert constructed in the downslope of the slide is blocked by sediments from earlier slide.
About 7.5 km SE of Seling on SH Seling-Champhai road

bamboo and shrubs =banana trees present in the area.
About 8 km SE of Seling on SH Seling-Champhai road
wedge failure due to high joint density and weathering; oversaturation due to rainfall .

improper nala, Extensive slope cut; bamboo-shrubs and sparsely distributed high height trees.
About 9 Km SE of Seling on SH Seling-Champhai road
Breast walls; construction of proper nala systems along the road.
overburden slope failure due to Extensive slope cut for road, oversaturation due to rainfall; wedge failure due to high joint density and weathering.

Sandstone with subordinate shale siltstone intercalations
bamboo and shrubs present in the area.
About 8.5 Km SE of Seling along SH Seling-Champhai road
Removal of overburden materials; construction of proper nala systems along the road.
overburden slope failure due to rainfall; wedge failure due to high joint density and weathering.

Old landslide
About 11 Km SE of Seling on SH Seling-Keifang road

at places the massive Sst shows burrows (crab) Jhum/Banana plantation on the upslope of the slide.
Seling-Champhai SH about 1.3km South of Turini bridge, on SH Seling-Champhai rd
Highly weathered rock; overloading of the eroded sediments upslope by jhum; incessant rainfall supersaturating the soil.

Jhum(banana plantation) on the upslope of the slide.
About 1.500km South of Turini bridge, on SH Seling-Champhai rd
overburden slope failure (jhum upslope) gully erosion by river; wedge failure due to three joint sets

Jhum on the upslope of the slide.
16 Km stone (seling) on SH Keifang-Seling.
Highly weathered rock; overloading of the eroded sediments upslope by jhum; incessant rainfall supersaturating the soil.

bamboo and banana plantation present on the upslope.
16.5 Km from Seling aon SH Seling-Champhai rd
overburden slope failure: effects of joint sets

Tlungvel Presbyterian church slide
Heavy rainfall prior to landsliding reported
Cutting of steep slope and the presence of banana grooves along the affected slope contributed to the water retention and stress on the top soil leading to failure. Initiated on 17-09-2016
Tlungvel village (near the Presbyterian church)
Moderately vegetated with settlement, sparsely vegetated with few tall trees, banana grove, cultivation and a house along the affected slope; Church building on the hilltop, upslope of the affected slope.
Covering of slope with plastic\water resistant material for temporary aid during heavy rains; removal of load (banana/tall trees) along the periphery of the scarp/slope surface; concrete retaining wall; channelized lined drainage.
Modification\toe cutting of steep slope and gully erosion

Tlungvel slide
Sandstone(thickly bedded (up to 2 m)) with alternate <1 m siltstone & shale beds
Zone of depletion is upslope of the road whereas the zone of accumulation and\or run-out is below the road with some material accumulation on the road. Run out flows along the gully (up to ~1km). Numerous small(1-2m wide) slides along this stretch of ro
Heavy rainfall prior to landsliding reported
Jhum cultivation is practiced on the distressed slope for the betel leaves, pineapple and banana plantation. Initiated on 17-09-2016
Settlement surrounded by thick vegetation of tall trees, bamboo, banana and thick undergrowths. Banana grooves, few trees and crop cultivation along the affected slope.
Removal of loose overburden materials removal of load like banana plantation, tall trees at the periphery of the slope/slide; Slope moderation upslope of the road; channelized lined drainage along the slope and road would lower the risk of future slide.
Three houses completely razed along the slope on the roadside; Road and electricity poles damaged
Saturation of soil\ loose overburden material; steep slope

Cultivation is on the foot slope of the slide area on the river terrace,the area is moderately vegetated with bamboo and wild banana
Tlungvel, On Turini lui near cultivation area
Overburden slope failure due to rainfall; disturbance of slope stability by agriculture, toe erosion by nala

East of Tlungvel, about 3km along the foot tracks

Limpou.,L. And Tushipokla., 2017.Macro-Scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 84 A/11 & 15, Aizawl, Mamit, Lunglei and Serchhip districts, Mizoram. GSI report of FS 2016-2017.
Hualthu Near the Foundation Stone (MPLADS) by CL Raula, PMGSY Chhingchhip-Hualto Road
Widening of newly cut road and removal of slide debris. Construction of retaining wall and Nala to stabilise the area
Lithology, Highly weathered rock, Steep slope due to extensive slope cut, Cut and filled failure.

Limpou.,L. And Tushipokla., 2017.Macro-Scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 84 A/11 & 15, Aizawl, Mamit, Lunglei and Serchhip districts, Mizoram. GSI report of FS 2016-2017.
Southwest of Hmuntha, PMGSY Chhingchhip-Hmuntha Road
Lithology (Competent-incompetent rocks), Joints sets, Seepage during rain on steep slope due to extensive slope cut.

Chhingchhip Area,(Mounting hall) PMGSY Chhingchhip-Hualto Road
Removal of slide debris from road, widening of road and maintenance of Nala
Lithology, Steep slope due to extensive slope cut, cut and filled failure on highly weathered rock.

About 900m North of BukangKawn, NH-54 Aizawl-Serchhip-Lunglei Road
removal of slide debris and construction of contour drain upslope
Lithology, weathered rock, Seepage by rainfall on steep slope due to extensive slope cut.

North of Buhkangkawn, NH-54 Aizawl-Serchhip-Lunglei Road
Removal of slide debris and maintenance of roadside drain
Percolation of water during rainfall on dumped material.

Zawlbuk Group YMA Board, North of Buhkangkawn, NH-54 Aizawl-Serchhip-Lunglei Road
Maintenance of roadside drain with culvert; Construction of retaining wall
Weathered rock, Seepage by rainfall on steep slope due to extensive slope cut

About 300m from MIFCO Food Park, Buhkangkawn, NH-54 Aizawl-Serchhip-Lunglei Road
Removal of slide debris and maintenance of roadside drain
Lithology (incompetent rocks), Seepage during rainfall on steep slope due to extensive slope.

Dumped material from a road cut upslope of NH54 causes of landsliding by seepage during rainfall.
North of Chhingchhip, NH-54 Aizawl-Serchhip-Lunglei Road
Removal of slide debris and maintenance of roadside drain; Removal of bigger trees upslope
Lithology (incompetent rock), Seepage by rainfall on steep slope due to extensive slope cut.

About 500m from Chhingchhip, PMGSY Chhingchhip-Hualto Road
Removal of hanging overburden material upslope and debris accumulated on the road
Lithology, Weathered rock, Steep slope due to extensive slope cut and filled failure as well.

Mualpui Veng, Chhinchhip, NH-54 Aizawl-Serchhip-Lunglei Road
Removal of slide debris and maintenance of roadside drain
Lithology, Weathered and fractured rock unit, Seepage during rainfall.

Mualpui Veng, Chhinchhip, NH-54 Aizawl-Serchhip-Lunglei Road
Lithology, Oversaturation during rainfall, folded and fractured rock.

Removal of slide debris from road, widening of road and maintenance of Nala
Lithology, Highly weathered rock, Steep slope due to extensive slope cut, Oversaturation (increases in pore spaces) of the cut and filled materials.

Diversion of water by constructing contour darinage upslope, retaining wall and soil tightening with controll of household drainage will help in mintaining stability

Removal of slide debris from road, maintenance of road side drain, construction of contour drainage on the upslope
Lithology, Seepage in cut and filled material due to rain, Highly weathered and fractured rock unit, folded/sheared structure (zone).

Chhingchhip, Near VLT drug Store, NH-54 Aizawl-Serchhip-Lunglei Road
Lithology, Steep slope due to extensive slope cut

Bamboo and jhum cultivation in and around the slide area
cut and fill materaial failure, deep gully erosion by river

Variengte
Variably weathered, thin to thick bedded psemepellite sequence with development of thin to thick weathered mantle
Inherent rock mass condition, presence of vulnerable and other discontinuity and high monsoon discharge
The rock slide is adjacent to NH and has debris mass containing big size boulders, which may come down in event of subsequent surface runoff and strike the Silchar bound vehicular traffic and consequent hazard. Above the crown there are human settlements
NH 54, Near check post of Assam - Mizoram border
The steep slope, poor rock mass and high monsoon discharge

Limpou.,L. And Tushipokla., 2017.Macro-Scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 84 A/11 & 15, Aizawl, Mamit, Lunglei and Serchhip districts, Mizoram.GSI report of FS 2016-2017.
Near the viewpoint, about 150m Southwest of Samsiuh village, SH-Aizawl-Thenzawl-Lunglei Road
Road side drain with culvert is installed in this area however further extension of the outlet of the culvert to safer area will help avoid further toe erosion downslope where bigger cracks and joints are being developed.
Lithology (Competent-incompetent rock), Seepage steep slope due to extensive slope cut (streamlets on the scar).

Limpou.,L. And Tushipokla., 2017.Macro-Scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 84 A/11 & 15, Aizawl, Mamit, Lunglei and Serchhip districts, Mizoram.GSI report of FS 2016-2017.
About 100m west if Sumsuih, SH-Aizawl-Thenzawl-Lunglei Road
Lithology (Splintery Shale i.e. incompetent rock unit), Jointed rock.

Limpou.,L. And Tushipokla., 2017.Macro-Scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 84 A/11 & 15, Aizawl, Mamit, Lunglei and Serchhip districts, Mizoram.GSI report of FS 2016-2017.
1.2km Southeast of Samsuih, SH-Aizawl-Thenzawl-Lunglei Road
Lithology (Splintery Shale incompetent rock unit), Jointed rock,.

2km Southwest of Samsuih, SH-Aizawl-Thenzawl-Lunglei Road
Construction of retaining wall with proper maintenance of road side drain and culvert to controll of excessive water perculation. However not much can be done in the upslope hence constant monitoring and timely warning especially during rainy season may
Lithology, weathered rock, Seepage on the dumped materials in the cut and fill area, Toa erosion.

1.5km Southwest of Samsuih, SH-Aizawl-Thenzawl-Lunglei Road
road side drain with step wise retaining wall and culvert is installed in this area however further extension of the outlet of the culvert to safer area will help avoid further toe erosion downslope. Since no economically viable measures can be done to a
Lithology (splintery incompetent rock unit); Spheroidal weathering; rill erosion; joints;

About 900m Northwest of Hmuifan, SH-Aizawl-Thenzawl-Lunglei Road
Removal of overhanging materials and slide debris; maintenance of road side drainage to prevent the road from further damage.
Lithology, Slope modification due to extensive slope cut, Weathered rock unit; seepage (rill erosion) during rainfall; Same slope gradient and bedding dipping direction and slope aspect the same.

South of Hmangkawn, Chawilung - Hmangkawn road
maintenance of road side drain to prevent damage to road
Lithology, Slope modification by road cut, Seepage during rainy season, Jointed rock and spheroidal weathering.

Construction of contour drainage by impervious material on upslope to divert the water ; trimming of over hang materials and construction of support wall with maintenance of road side drain.
Lithology, Weathered and jointed rock unit, Slope modification caused by road cutting, slope and bedding dipping on the same side towards the road.

Tension cracks developing on the dumping downslope due to this seepage effect, Rill erosion is active in the area.
Removal of slide debris and maintenance of road side drain; trimming of over hangs and soil hardening by plantation
Lithology, Weathered and jointed rock unit, slope modification.

Removal of slide debris and maintenance of road side drain; trimming of over hangs.
Lithology, Highly weathered and jointed rock unit, slope modification, Seepage during rain.

About 4.5Km North of Sialsuk,SH-Aizawl-Thenzawl-Lunglei Road
Benching in the midslope to break the slope; Trimming of the overhang materials, Maintenance of road side drain
Lithology, Highly Jointed and fractured rock, Seepage during rainfall, Slope modification.

South of Chamring, about 7.5km North of Sialsuk, SH-Aizawl-Thenzawl-Lunglei Road
Removal of slide debris, maintenance of roadside drain, trimming of overhang materials
Lithology, Seepage during rainfall, Slope modification.

About 500m of Sialsuk Junction towards Thenzawl, SH-Aizawl-Thenzawl-Lunglei Road
Support wall is already placed at the toe of the slide
Lithology (splintery shale unit), Presence of joints, Steep slope, Weathered (Spheroidal) and fractured rock , Seepage during rainfall.

About 800m of Sialsuk Junction towards Thenzawl, SH-Aizawl-Thenzawl-Lunglei Road
Removal of loose overhanging material/blocks , Clearing of debris from road side drain, Benching to break the slope.
Lithology (splintery shale unit), Presence of joints, Steep slope, Weathered (Spheroidal) and fractured rock, Seepage during rainfall.

Zembawk slide
Due to the heavy and continuous rain fall, heavy building structure above, shale beds (soft incompetent beds) and gravity force.

About 2km North of Sialsuk near Two Sister Highway Hotel, SH-Aizawl-Thenzawl-Lunglei Road
Removal of slide debris, maintenance of roadside drain.
Lithology (Incompetent shale litho-unit), Slope modification, weathering (spheroidal weathering).

At 2km Mile Stone, North of Sialsuk, SH-Aizawl-Thenzawl-Lunglei Road
Removal of loose overhanging material/blocks from the scarp, Support system on the toe, contour draining from the upslope, and vegetation growth to tighten the slope.
Lithology (splintery shale), Presence of joints, Spheroidal weathering, Steep slope, Seepage during rainfall.

Lithology, Weathered rock, Overburden due to Rainfall, Failure plane developed in the interface of overburden- rock.

Near District Jail, Serchhip, Chhingchhip-Sialhau Road
Lithology, Highly weathered Rock, Percolation of water on the slope.

New road construction for quarry passage.
92km MileStone Chhiahtlang, NH-54 Aizawl-Serchhip-Lunglei Road
Removal of debris, Widening of Road and construction of retaining wall with proper Nala construction
Lithology, steep slope and rill erosion on the scar (Quarry area); Slope modification by road.

2km from Chhiahtlang, near 11km Milestone (Chhingchhip), NH-54 Aizawl-Serchhip-Lunglei Road
Lithology, Seepage during rain, Toe erosion.

About 1km North of Chhaiahtlang, Chhaiahtlang-Lamchhip (Darzika) Road
Lithology (Competent-incompetent rock), Steep slope due to extensive slope cut.

Near Presbyterian Kohran, Chhiahtlang, NH-54 Aizawl-Serchhip-Lunglei Road
Removal of accumulated material, proper nala
Lithology, Seepage by rainfall, Toe erosion.

contour drainage upslope; removal of piggery to reduce seepage; benching
Lithology, Seepage increases the pore spaces of the loose eroded material (from cultivated area)., Slope modification.

About 5.9 Km North of Chhiahtlang, NH-54 Aizawl-Serchhip-Lunglei Road
Removal of slide debris from the Nala, Construction of proper nala systems in the area.
Lithology, Weathered rock, Slope modification; oversaturation.

About 4km South of Chhingchhip, NH-54 Aizawl-Serchhip-Lunglei Road
Removal of slide debris from the Nala, Construction of proper nala systems in the area.
Lithology (softer rock unit). Steep slope due to extensive slope cut, seepage during rain.

Widening of road anf construction of retaining wall,
Lithology, Highly weathered rock, Slope modification; oversaturation.

Synform.
Removal of hanging overburden material upslope, cutting of larger trees near the edge of the crown
Lithology, Highly weathered rock, Slope modification; oversaturation.

About 2.2km South of Chhingchhip, NH-54 Aizawl-Serchhip-Lunglei Road
Removal of hanging overburden material upslope, construction/maintenance of nala
Lithology, Weathered rock, Slope modification; oversaturation.

South of Chhingchhip, PMGSY Chhingchhip-Hmuntha Road
Highly weathered Rock, Percolation of water on the slope.

Northwest of Sainik School,Chhingchhip, PMGSY Chhingchhip-Hmuntha Road
Removal of slide debris and maintenance of roadside drain; removal of bigger trees
Lithology. Steep slope due to extensive slope cut, seepage during rain.

The retaining wall damaged by water (nala), Plantation like banana, orange, mango, etc..
About 2km South of Chhingchhip, Near View Point, NH-54 Aizawl-Serchhip-Lunglei Road
Removal of slide debris from road and maintenance of Nala
Lithology. Steep slope due to extensive slope cut, seepage during rain.

Jhum cultivation on the slope contributed to the accumulation of overburden and then enhanced erosion.
About 1.8km South of Chhingchhip, NH-54 Aizawl-Serchhip-Lunglei Road
Removal of hanging overburden material upslope, cutting of larger trees near the edge of the crown

South of Chhingchhip, NH-54 Aizawl-Serchhip-Lunglei Road
Removal of slide debris from road and maintenance of Nala
Lithology, Weathered rock, Slope modification; oversaturation.

Susceptible for rock fall in the future as the rock unit is highly jointed and overhang on the steep slope.
Near Sainik School Junction, Chhingchhip, NH-54 Aizawl-Serchhip-Lunglei Road
Removal of hanging overburden material upslope and debris accumulated on the road
Lithology, Highly weathered rock, Slope modification; oversaturation.

Lithology. Weathered rock, Steep slope due to extensive slope cut.

South of Sainik School,Chhingchhip, PMGSY Chhingchhip-Hmuntha Road
Removal of rock debris and maintenance of roadside drain
Lithology (incompetent rocks), Presence of joints, Seepage during rainfall in steep slope due to extensive slope cut, localized spheroidal weathering.

Northwest of Sainik School,Chhingchhip, PMGSY Chhingchhip-Hmuntha Road
Removal of overburden materials upslope and slide debris and maintenance of roadside drain
Lithology. Steep slope due to extensive slope cut, seepage during rain.

West of Sainik School,Chhingchhip, PMGSY Chhingchhip-Hmuntha Road
Lithology, Seepage during rainfall in steep slope due to extensive slope cut

Southwest of Sainik School,Chhingchhip, PMGSY Chhingchhip-Hmuntha Road
Construction of retaining wall and maintenance of roadside drain
Oversaturation and seepage during rainfall in dumping area (road cut dump)

South of Sainik School,Chhingchhip, PMGSY Chhingchhip-Hmuntha Road
Lithology (incompetent rocks), Seepage during rainfall in toe cut/Steep slope due to extensive slope cut for road widening activity.

Southeast of Sainik School,Chhingchhip, PMGSY Chhingchhip-Hmuntha Road
Lithology, Weathered rock, Oversaturation and seepage due to rainfall, Incompetent rock.

Southwest of Tuikum River Bridge,Chhingchhip, PMGSY Chhingchhip-Hmuntha Road
Lithology (incompetent rocks), Seepage during rainfall in toe cut/Steep slope due to extensive slope cut for road widening activity.

Northwest of Tuikum River Bridge,Chhingchhip, PMGSY Chhingchhip-Hmuntha Road
Lithology (incompetent rocks), Seepage during rainfall on steep slope due toe cutting/extensive slope cut for road widening.

Southeast of Sainik School,Chhingchhip, PMGSY Chhingchhip-Hmuntha Road
Lithology (incompetent rocks), Localized structurally controlled; Seepage during rainfall in steep slope due to extensive slope cut.

North of Thentlang, Hmuntha, PMGSY Chhingchhip-Hmuntha Road
Lithology (incompetent rock), Seepage during rainfall on steep slope due toe cutting/extensive slope cut for road widening..

North of Thentlang, Hmuntha, PMGSY Chhingchhip-Hmuntha Road
Lithology (incompetent rock), Oversaturation of dumped materials.

Jhum cultivation, Hmuntha, PMGSY Chhingchhip-Hmuntha Road
Removal of slide debris and maintenance of roadside drain with culvert
Lithology, Streamlet erosion, oversaturation on dump materials from road cut.

Road cutting above the road and material dumped from this slope cut is responsible for this failure during rainfall.
Jhum cultivation, Hmuntha, PMGSY Chhingchhip-Hmuntha Road
Lithology (incompetent rock), Seepage during rainfall on steep slope due toe cutting/extensive slope cut for road widening.

Near Presbyterian English School, NH-54 Aizawl-Serchhip-Lunglei Road
Removal of slide debris, Construction of retaining wall with proper nala system, Diversion of Liquid waste from school to a safer location.
Lithology (presence of incompetent litho-units of Shale, siltstone), Weathered rock, Steep slope due to extensive slope cut.

Leisang veng, Serchhip, NH-54 Aizawl-Serchhip-Lunglei Road
Removal of slide debris from the Nala, Construction of proper nala systems in the area.

Near the Sawing Mill, Bilzel veng, Serchhip, NH-54 Aizawl-Serchhip-Lunglei Road
Lithology, Weathered rock, Steep slope due to extensive slope cut.

IOC Veng, Serchhip, NH-54 Aizawl-Serchhip-Lunglei Road
Lithology. Steep slope due to extensive slope cut.

IOC Veng, Serchhip, NH-54 Aizawl-Serchhip-Lunglei Road
Removal of slide debris from nala, Prevention of water percolation on slope.
Lithology. Steep slope due to extensive slope cut.

Old landslide area and the new slide is adjacent the old scar.
Near 16km Milestone(Keitum), Serchhip, NH-54 Aizawl-Serchhip-Lunglei Road

Further reactivation of the slide scar.
Near Catholic School, P & E Veng,(Power and Electric department), Serchhip
Lithology, Steep slope due to extensive slope cut, Slope aspect and bedding dipping on the same side towards the road.

P & E Veng,(Power and Electric department), Serchhip
Construction of retaining wall, Diversion of water upslope
Lithology. Steep slope due to extensive slope cut, seepage during rain, Slope aspect and bedding dipping on the same side towards the road.

Localized fold plunging easterly.
P & E Veng,(Power and Electric department), Playground, Serchhip
Flat ground area, on the upslope area in the BDO and Excise office complex, where slope cut have been made small relict of failure is observed. Polythene sheets have been spread to controll water perculation at some places.
Lithology, Weathered rock, Steep slope due to extensive slope cut.

P & E Veng,(Power and Electric department), Serchhip
Lithology. Steep slope due to extensive slope cut.

About 100m South of Assam rifeles Camp, Chanmari Veng, Serchhip-DIET Road
Removal of debris, Widening of Road and construction of retaining wall with Diversion of water upslope and proper Nala construction
Lithology, weathering (spheroidal), Seepage during rain, Rill erosion.

Tension crack developed on the dumped material downslope due to poor maintenance of hillside/roadside drain/nala.
About 50m West of dumping site, Chanmari veng, Serchhip-DIET Road
Removal of debris, Widening of Road and construction of retaining wall with proper Nala construction
Lithology, Weathered rock, Oversaturation due to rainfall, Erosion by nala.

Teak plantation on the crown portion of the slide.
About 1.20km Southwest of Serchhip-Bungtlang junction,SH-Thenzawl-Serchhip Road.
Removal of loose slide debris, construction of proper nala system
Lithology, Weathering, Presence of jointed rock, Steep slope caused by extensive slope cut by road widening. Failure plane developed along the overburden and rock interface due to over saturation.

Prominent three sets of joints.
About 900m Southwest of Serchhip-Bungtlang junction,SH-Thenzawl-Serchhip Road.
Lithology, Weathered rock, Steep slope due to extensive slope cut.

About 1km Southwest of Serchhip-Bungtlang junction,SH-Thenzawl-Serchhip Road.
Removal of slide debris , proper nala construction to prevent the existing excessive floe of water on the road. Soil tightening measures by plantation
Weathered rock, Steep slope due to extensive slope cut.

Teak plantation on the adjacent hillslope.
About 1km Southwest of Serchhip-Bungtlang junction,SH-Thenzawl-Serchhip Road.
Lithology, Fractured rock, Toe erosion, Failure of filled structure downslope due to uncontrolled flow of water.

Tension cracks. Toe erosion by the nala
About 600m Southwest of Serchhip-Bungtlang junction,SH-Thenzawl-Serchhip Road.
Lithology, Weathered rock, Steep slope caused by Old quarry area and extensive slope cut by road widening.

Teak plantation on the adjacent hillslope.
100m west of Serchhip-Bungtlang Junction, SH-Thenzawl-Serchhip road
Removal of slide debris to widen the roads, Construction of nala
Lithology, Highly jointed and fractured rock, Steep slope caused by extensive slope cut by road widening, Failure plane developed along the overburden-rock interface due to over saturation.

Retaining wall on the downslope seems to be in weak condition and needs to be monitored by construction of proper nala.
About 200m North of Road junction, Serchhip, NH-54 Aizawl-Serchhip-Lunglei Road
Removal of Debris from the nala to maintain flow of water, Mud fill drum/sack piling; Breast wall

Damp with thick colluvial material.
Diversion of water from upslope with retaining wall on the slope

Jhum cultivation on the upslope of the slide.
About 1.10km Southwest of Serchhip-Bungtlang junction,SH-Thenzawl-Serchhip Road.
Removal of overhang materials, Breast wall
Lithology, Highly jointed and weathered rocks affected by steep slope caused by extensive slope cut by road widening. Failure plane developed between weathered rock and rock interface thereby affecting the weaker rocks in its sliding.

Extensive slope cut for road widening activity underway since 2015 have affected all the stretch along Thenzawl-Serchhip. Several tension cracks are also developed on the dumping site.
Removal of the slide debris, proper channelling of water in the area and removal of the debris blocking the culvert in the downslope
Lithology, Disturbance of natural slope stability on weathered and fractured rock unit by road widening activity and excessive water percolation from upslope during rain.

On the Upslope, highly weathered and jointed rock with several crack are exposed in the road section as road widening activities are underway since 2015.
Removal of slide debris at a safer slope, avoiding of excessing dumping downslope, proper nala construction to prevent the existing excessive floe of water on the road.
Lithology, Weathering, Oversaturation of the loose debris (dumped materials of quarry) due to rainfall, Slope modification.

Near Zuala store, Old Serchhip, NH-54 Aizawl-Serchhip-Lunglei Road
Construction of nala, Removal of slide debris and construction of retaining wall and plantation of deep rooted grass or plants to tighten the soil
Lithology, Weathered rock, Oversaturation due to rainfall, Slope modification.

High susceptible zone and temporary measure with polythene sheets to prevent water percolation.
C. Biakchunga House, Pentecostal home, Old Serchhip, NH-54 Aizawl-Serchhip-Lunglei Road
onstruction of nala to control the seepage upslope; Breast wall
Lithology, Slope modification on jointed and fractured rock unit.

Almost all the road stretch are affected by road widening activity underway since 2015.
Diversion of water by proper channeling of rivulets
Lithology, Weathered rock, Percolation of water during rainfall, Disturbance of natural slope stability by road widening activity, Failure plane on the contact of overburden-rock interface.

Excessive dumping of the slide material on the downslope, developing tension cracks. Water outlets from the culvert may trigger further failures by toe erosion.
Diversion of water by proper channeling of rivulets to control the dripping of water. Mud/rock filled Drum/Sack/ piling to support the toe upslope;
Lithology, Weathered rock, Percolation of water during rainfall, Disturbance of natural slope stability by road widening activity, Structurally controlled zone (Fault).

Downslope water outlets need to be monitored.
2km Southwest of the Cultivation (Mat River Basin) road junction, Serchhip, SH-Thenzawl-Serchhip Road
Removal of overhang materials. Construction of nala for proper chanelling of drainage.
Lithology, Weathered rock, Percolation of water during rainfall, Slope gradient and bedding dipping towards the road.

Extensive slope cut by road widening activity underway since 2015. The overburden upslope may experience further failure if quarrying activity in the freshly cut slope if not stopped.
Construction of proper drainage to controll excessive flow of water in the road, Local Quarrying on the toe of upslope alomg the freshly cut slope needs to be stopped.
Lithology, Presence of Joints, Weathering, Seepage during rainfall.

Almost all the road stretch ia affected by road widening activity underway since 2015 wherein excessive rainfall leads to small failures along the road section.
Removal of overburden materials; Diversion of water from the affected area by constructing nala for controlled flow of water.
Lithology, Weathered rock, Percolation of water during rainfall, Disturbance of natural slope stability by road widening activity.

Development of tension crack within the dumped materials downslope along the widening road is observed. Large quarrying activity adjacent to the slide is observed along the river upslope.
About 700m from the road junction, Mat-Phai Road.
Lithology, Weathering, Steep slope due to extensive slope cut.

At 300km Mile Stone, NH-54 Aizawl-Serchhip-Lunglei Road
Removal of slide debris, Construction of nala along the road section
Lithology, Weathered rock, Seepage during rainfall.

Slope failure on downslope caused by the dumped material of the upslope landslide.
Grassland Cultivation Site, NH-54 Aizawl-Serchhip-Lunglei Road
Removal of slide debris, Construction of nala along the road section
Lithology, Weathered rock, Presence of joints/fractures, seepage of water on the contact of rock and overburden materials at the time of rainfall.

Landslide caused by the dumped material of the upslope landslide further downslope.
About 2.5 km from Serchip, NH-54 Aizawl-Serchhip-Lunglei Road
Lithology, Presence of jointed and fractured rock, Seepage by rainfall leads to sliding affecting the weaker rock units as well during its downward movement.

Quarrying activities.
About 2.2 km from Serchhip, NH-54 Aizawl-Serchhip-Lunglei Road
Lithology, weathered rock, Percolation of water leading to oversaturation due to rainfall.

Excessive dumping downslope from road cut and slide materials.
About 200m West of Stone Crusher, NH-54 Aizawl-Serchhip-Lunglei Road
Lithology, Slope modification (Old quarry area), Seepage of water on the slide scar. Presence of jointed and fractured rocks, Rill erosion.

Southeast of Sainik School,Chhingchhip, PMGSY Chhingchhip-Hmuntha Road
Lithology (incompetent rocks), Seepage during rainfall on extensive slope modification for road, and fractured rock,

Removal of old landslide debris
Nature of rock (splintery shale); loose nature of overburden; steep slope (Extensive Slope cutting)

Near BSF camp, NH-54 Aizawl-Serchhip-Lunglei Road
Removal of slide debris to widen the roads, Construction of nala
Lithology (incompetent-competent rock units), Presence of jointed and fractured rock unit.

About 300m West of BSF camp, NH-54 Aizawl-Serchhip-Lunglei Road
Removal of slide debris, Construction of nala

Moderate weathering, moderately jointed and fractured; SΓéÇ- 168Γü░/66Γü░NE, JΓéü- 64Γü░/41Γü░E
Removal of overhanging material; slope moderation
Jointed, fractured & weathered nature of lithology; steep slope

Slope moderation
Jointed & fractured nature of lithology; steep slope

Highly weathered, moderately jointed and fractured
Removal of advancing material; slope moderation by benching; removal of loads from the upslope & scarp face
Jointed, fractured & weathered nature of lithology; steep slope; loads (trees, bamboo, banana) on the scarp face; presence of deep rooted plants

Removal of hanging material; slope moderation by benching
Thick vegetation, abandoned jhum in SE slope, jhum in the downslope of road
Jointed, fractured & weathered nature of lithology; steep slope

Removal of advancing material, slope moderation by benching
Thenzawl-S. Zote Section (5 km NW of S. Zote PMGSY road)
Loads (tall trees) at the scarp of the landslide, steep slope, loose nature of overburden (highly weathered)

Removal of advancing material and overhanging material (soil & bamboo grooves), removal of load (bamboo grooves) from the crown of the landslide
Thenzawl-S. Zote Section (4 km NW of S. Zote PMGSY road)
Load (bamboo grooves) at the crown of landslide, steep slope, loose nature of overburden

Moderate weathering, moderately jointed and fractured; SΓéÇ- 175Γü░/31Γü░W
Removal of overhanging jointed blocks near the landslide and on the landslide scarp; presence of deep rooted plants from the rocky slope
Thenzawl-S. Zote Section (3 km NW of S. Zote PMGSY road)
Jointed & fractured nature of rock, presence of deep penetrative rooted plants (trees, bamboos, shrubs)

Moderate weathering, jointed and fractured; So-183Γü░/51Γü░W
Channeling and lining of drainage (lined drainage); removal of advancing material
Seepage along the base of the landslide slope, presence of load (tall trees) over the slope, steep slope

Moderate weathering, jointed and fractured; JΓéü- 164Γü░/43Γü░NE, JΓéé- 158Γü░/66Γü░SW, JΓéâ- 212Γü░/41Γü░, JΓéä- 132Γü░/81Γü░NE
Removal of overhanging jointed blocks; removal of deep rooted trees from the rocky slope
Thick vegetation, settlement 'S' Zote, Extensive cut slope along the road, low height plantation in the downslope
Jointed nature of rock; steep (overhanging blocks) slope; seepage from joints of rock; presence of deep rooted trees on the rocky slope

Removal of overhanging material & trees from the crown of the landslide; benching for slope moderation & stability; lined drainage
South of S. Zote Village towards Chiphhir
Thick vegetation (bamboo, tall trees with dense undergrowth)
Loose nature of overburden with load (tall, heavy trees) on top; steep slope (cut slope failure); weathered & splintery nature of rock

Fractured & jointed nature of rock; load on the slope of the scarp (tall trees, banana grooves); steep slope

Moderate weathering, moderately jointed and fractured; SΓéÇ- 168Γü░/66Γü░NE, JΓéü- 64Γü░/41Γü░E
Removal of advancing slide debrii, removal of deep penetrating rooted plants & trees from the landslide scarp and landslide slope
Jointed & fractured nature of lithology, highly weathered lithology

Moderate weathering, highly jointed and fractured
Removal of loose debrii (advancing material), removal of overhanging fractured & jointed rocks
Loose debrii material (from old landslide), steep slope, fractured and splintery nature of lithology

Removal of loose slide debris, construction roadside drain
Lithology (Competent-incompetent rocks), Seepage during rain on steep slope due to extensive slope cut.

Seepage is prominent in the area, a small rivulet is flowing on the side of the slide and water is flowing all over the road further damaging the road section showing signs of sinking as well, This slide is reported to be recurring every year in the rai
Removal of loose slide debris, construction roadside drain
Lithology (Competent-incompetent rock), Steep slope due to extensive slope cut.

Vegetation cover is mainly wild banana and shrubs.
Near plantation Area (Gov. Of India) Project, SH Thenzawl-Serchhip Road
Construction of nala for proper channeling of water. Plantation of vegetation for soil tightening on the slope.
Lithology, Seepage during rainfall on the slope modification by road widening activity.

Vegetation cover is mainly bamboo and shrubs.
About 1.6km East of Mat River Bridge (DGM Gate), SH Thenzawl-Serchhip Road
Construction of proper drainage to controll excessive flow of water in the road
Lithology, Weathered rock, Percolation of water during rainfall, Disturbance of natural slope stability by road widening activity

About 1.7km Northwest of Serchhip road junction, SH-Aizawl-Thenzawl-Lunglei Road
Lithology (Competent-incompetent rocks), Joints sets, Seepage during rain on steep slope due to extensive slope cut.

About 1.2km Northwest of Serchhip road junction, SH-Aizawl-Thenzawl-Lunglei Road
Removal of loose slide debris, construction roadside drain
Lithology (Competent-incompetent rocks), Seepage during rain on steep slope due to extensive slope cut.

Colluvium, the exposed extensive slope cut scarp shows highly jointed rock.
About 50m East of Mat River Bridge (DGM Gate), SH Thenzawl-Serchhip Road
Removal of hanging overburden material upslope. Diversion of water by construction of Nala.
Lithology, Weathered and jointed rock, Percolation of water at the rain, Disturbance of natural slope stability by road widening activity.

Removal of slide debris, maintenance of roadside drain.
Lithology, Weathered rock, Slope modification by road cut, Seepage during rainy season.

About 4.2km Northwest of Sailam Bazar, SH-Aizawl-Thenzawl-Lunglei Road
Lithology (Competent-incompetent rock), Steep slope due to extensive slope cut, Highly jointed rock.

About 15.7km North of Thenzawl, SH-Aizawl-Thenzawl-Lunglei Road
Diversion of the streamlets, road widening and construction retaining wall with proper maintenance of road side drain with culverts
Lithology (Competent-incompetent rocks), Joints sets, Seepage during rain on steep slope due to extensive slope cut (abandoned Quarry).

Lithology (Competent-incompetent rocks), Seepage during rain on steep slope due to extensive slope cut.

East of Tlawng River Bridge, SH-Thenzawl-Buarpui Road

North of Buarpui, SH-Aibawk-Darlung- Buarpui-Lunglei Road
Removal of loose slide debris, construction roadside drain to maintain the stability of the road; removal of bigger overhanging trees from the crown part of the slide
Lithology (Competent-incompetent rocks), Seepage during rain on steep slope due to extensive slope cut. Bedding and slope dipping towards the same direction (towards the road).

North of Buarpui, SH-Aibawk-Darlung- Buarpui-Lunglei Road
Lithology, Weathering, Oversaturation due to rainfall.

Near 1km Milestone South of Buarpui, SH-Aibawk-Darlung- Buarpui-Lunglei Road
Lithology, Weathered rock, Dumped materials of road cuts on the intervening slope, Slope modification for new road.

Buarpui Slide
Near the playground (Propose Site for Primary School), Buarpui
Contour drainage on the upslope to prevent excessive perculation of water during rainfall; plantation of vegetation with deep roots to strenghten the loose materials.
Shale lithology; Seepage during rainfall, weathering, Toe erosion.

About 3km Southwest of Buarpui, Buarpui-Bungtlang Road
Removal of loose slide debris, construction roadside drain; removal of overhanging material from the crown part of the slide
Lithology ( incompetent rock unit), Seepage during rainfall on modified slope, Spheroidal weathering;

Lithology, Seepage during rainfall in loose dumped material by quarrying activity, Rill erosion on the scar of the slide.

About 2.5 km Southeast of Buarpui, SH-Aibawk-Darlung- Buarpui-Lunglei Road
Removal of loose slide debris, construction roadside drain; removal of overhanging material from the crown part of the slide
Lithology (splintery shale unit), Gully erosion on the slide scar; Slope modification.

East of Tlawng River Bridge, SH-Thenzawl-Buarpui Road
Lithology, Seepage during rain on steep slope due to extensive slope cut.

Channeling of contour drainage at the upslope of landslide; lining of drainage along the road & upslope; removal of load (dump waste material, trees etc.) from upslope of landslide
Thick vegetation, dump waste in the upslope during construction of electric tower
Thick & loose dumped material at the upslope of the road; presence of gully along the slided slope; load from dumped material & tall trees; steep slope

Removal of deep rooted trees from crown of landslide
Thick vegetation, dump waste in the upslope during construction of electric tower
Fractured, jointed & weathered nature of rock; presence of deep rooted plants/trees; steep slope

Removal of rock blocks from landslide slope; retaining wall for toe support
Jointed & fractured nature of lithology; presence of deep rooted plants; steep slope; damp nature of overburden

Removal of debris & jointed rocks from the landslide slope; removal of deep rooted trees from rocky slope at the upslope of road; channeling & lining of drainage at the upslope of road
Presence of old landslide debris; jointed & fractured nature of lithology; presence of gullies at both the flanks of landslide; steep slope; presence of deep rooted trees; presence of load

Removal of hanging material from crown of landslide
Thick vegetation, sparse vegetationin NE slope
Jointed & fractured nature of lithology; consequent to slope; steep slope

Concrete retaining wall in the downslope; concrete toe support wall in the upslope; channeling & lining of drainage along this slope
Highly weathered, fractured & jointed nature of rock; load from road traffic and dump waste material during cutting of slope; steep slope (upslope & downslope of landslide) cut for road construction

Channeling of lined contour drainage; benching in the upslope of road; lined drainage along the road side
Thick vegetation in the downslope, settlement Kawlhawk
Structure (fractured & jointed) and weathered nature of rock; presence of drainage along the upslope of road; steep slope gradient

Grey coloured fine grained compact sandstone with burrows (branched, horizontal & vertical) imprints of bivalves
Removal of load from crown of the slide
Thick vegetation, sparse vegetationalong the Escarpment in N slope, small quarry along the road side
Loose nature of overburden; highly weathered nature of lithology; steep slope

Grey coloured fine grained compact sandstone with burrows (branched, horizontal & vertical) imprints of bivalves
Removal of load from crown of the slide
Thick vegetation, sparse vegetationalong the Escarpment in N slope, small quarry along the road side

Highly weathered, lowly jointed and fractured
Removal of loads & advancing material; slope moderation by benching
West Bungtlang-Changpui Section (Herticulture link road junction)
Thick vegetation, sparse vegetation& moderate vegetation at patches in opposite slope (east), Extensive cut slope, dump waste in the downslope of loc
Nature & structure of overburden & lithology; presence of load (bamboos) on the scarp of landslide; presence of nala near the right flank of landslide; steep slope

Micaceous grey coloured fine grained sandstone with assymetric ripple marks-shale
Moderate weathering, moderately jointed and fractured
Channeling & lining of drainage in the upslope & downslope of road; removal of advancing material; removal of load (from landslide slope & crown of landslide); slope moderation
Buarpui-Kawlhawk Section (~8 km south of Buarpui)
Presence of gully along the landslide slope; nature & structure of rock; presence of load (bamboo, tall trees); cut slope failure

Removal of load from crown of landslide; slope moderation by benching
Loose nature of overburden (>1m); nature & structure of rock; steep slope (cut slope failure; load (bamboo & tall trees)

Benching for slope moderation
Thick vegetation, low height plantation ~200m from loc
Nature & structure of rock unit; steep slope (cut slope failure)

Benching for slope moderation; Removal of overhanging overburden material
Thick vegetation, low height plantation ~200m from loc
Nature & structure of rock (shale dominant); steep slope; load (bamboo groove, tall trees)

Removal of load from crown of landslide
Thick vegetation, jhum in the upslope of landslide
Fractured nature of rock; steep slope; load (bamboo trees) and roots of these bamboos

Sandstone-shale (with spheroidal weathering of sandy/silty shale)
Highly weathered and highly jointed; SΓéÇ-188Γü░/51Γü░SE; JΓéü-270Γü░/53Γü░SW; JΓéé- 244Γü░/60Γü░NW; JΓéâ- 180Γü░/72Γü░E
Removal of overhanging jointed blocks at upslope of road
Jointed nature of rock; bedding consequent to the slope

Removal of load (trees) from the landslide crown
Nature & structure of rock & overburden; steep slope (cut slope failure)

Highly weathered, lowly jointed and fractured
Removal of advancing material; Slope moderation by benching

Highly weathered, lowly jointed and fractured
Removal of advancing material; removal of load from landslide slope
Fractured & weathered nature of lithology; presence of load (trees) on landslide slope

Slope moderation by benching; removal of advancing material
Thick vegetation, low height plantation in NW of loc near the road side
Loose nature of overburden; highly weathered nature of lithology; steep slope

Removal of loose slide debris, construction roadside drain; removal of overhanging material from the crown part of the slide
Lithology i.e. Contact zone of competent and incompetent rock, slope modification, Presence of joints, Bedding and slope dipping towards the same direction (towards the road).

Micaceous sandy shale, siltstone and sandstone
Channeling & lining of drainage is of utmost importance; benching for slope moderation; avoid settlement near big gullies
Changpui Village near Mizoram Presbyterian church
Thick vegetation around the sett, settlement Changpui, high height plantation (areca) near the settlement area (downslope of road)
Highly weathered friable overburden/rock; gullies flanking at both sides of landslide; steep slope

Removal of overhanging material from the scarp face; benching for slope stability
Nature & structure of overburden & lithology; cut slope failure; presence of load (big trees) on the landslide scarp face; presence of nala in the downslope

Removal of advancing material from landslide slope; plantation of grasses/trees along the landslide slope which have more soil holding capacity
Near NW outskirts of Thenhlum Village (Tleu-Thenhlum Section)
Loose & thick nature of overburden; steep slope; presence of nala nearby

Removal of advancing material (landslide debrii) from the steep slope; slope moderation by benching; channeling/lining of drainage along the road & alandslideo along the slope
Thick vegetation, low height plantation & jhum in the downslope of loc
Nature & structure of lithology; steep slope; nala is present in the downslope

Retaining wall constructed; channeling & lining of gully along the road and along the slope
Thick vegetation, sparse vegetationin the downslope
Nature & structure of lithology; steep slope; presence of gully in the downslope of road; presence of load from road traffic

Concrete retaining wall constructed upto road level (with blocks); channeling of drainage in the downslope of road/landslide slope; channeling & lining of drainage along the road
Near Kao river along Tleu-Thenhlum Section
Thick vegetation in the downslope, sparse vegetationin the upslope of road, Extensive cut slope
Friable & intercalated nature of lithounit; presence of deep gully in the downslope of road; steep slope; load from road traffic

Removal of overhanging material (overburden & trees) from landslide scarp
Near Kao river (Eastern bank) along Tleu-Thenhlum Section
Jointed nature of the rock; steep slope; presence of deep rooted trees

Removal of advancing material from landslide slope; removal of overburden material for benching
Nature & structure of lithology; loose nature of overburden; steep slope

Removal of advancing material; slope moderation by benching; removal of loads from the crown of landslide
Thick vegetation, fresh jhum in the western slope (opposite slope) of loc
Nature & structure of lithology; steep slope; presence of load (bamboo grooves) on the crown of landslide

Removal of advancing material; removal of loads from the crown of landslide; slope moderation by benching
Nature & structure of overburden; presence of loads (bamboo trees) on the crown of landslide; steep slope

Removal of advancing material; slope moderation by benching
Thorangtlang Wildlife Sanctuary (2km behind of Airawhkawn-Tlangsang)
Nature & structure of overburden & lithology; steep slope

Planting of soil holding shrubs & grasses
Loose nature of dumped material on the downslope of road side; steep slope

About 2km South of S. Khawlek,SH-Aibawk-Darlung- Buarpui-Lunglei Road
Removal of loose slide debris and overhanging materials, construction roadside drain to maintain the stability of the road;
Lithology, Weathering (Spheroidal), seepage during rainfall.

About 2.3 km Northwest of Samlukhai, SH-Sialsuk-Samlukhai-Damdia Road
Removal of slide debris and maintenance of road side drain.
Lithology, Jointed/fractured rock, Weathered rock (spheroidal weathering).

About 800m Northwest of Samlukhai, SH-Sialsuk-Samlukhai-Damdia Road
Removal of slide debris and maintenance of road side drain.
Lithology, Weathered and jointed rock unit, slope modification, Toe erosion.

About 200m West of Smalukhai, SH-Sialsuk-Samlukhai-Damdia Road
Removal of slide debris and maintenance of road side drain; trimming of over hangs and cutting of bigger trees
Lithology, Highly weathered and jointed rock unit, slope modification, toe erosion.

No significant slide in the adjacent area.
About 3 km Northwest of Samlukhai, SH-Sialsuk-Samlukhai-Damdia Road
Removal of slide debris and maintenance of road side drain.
Lithology, Highly weathered and jointed rock unit, slope modification.

About 2.5 km Northwest of Samlukhai, SH-Sialsuk-Samlukhai-Damdia Road
Lithology, Highly weathered and jointed rock unit, slope modification.

About 4 km Northwest of Samlukhai, SH-Sialsuk-Samlukhai-Damdia Road
Lithology, Highly weathered and jointed rock unit, slope modification.

About 3km Southeast of Lungsai village, SH-Sialsuk-Samlukhai-Damdia Road
Removal of slide debris, maintenance of roadside drain, trimming of overhang materials

Southeast of Lungsai village, SH-Sialsuk-Samlukhai-Damdia Road
Removal of slide debris, maintenance of roadside drain, trimming of overhang materials

About 15km south of Damdia, SH-Sialsuk-Samlukhai-Damdia Road

About 10.5km South of Damdia, SH-Sialsuk-Samlukhai-Damdia Road
Lithology, Weathered and jointed rock unit, Slope modification caused by road cutting, slope and bedding dipping on the same side towards the road.

Near 11km Mile Stone, SH-Sialsuk-Samlukhai-Damdia Road

About 1.5km Northwest of Thiak, SH-Aizawl-Thenzawl-Lunglei Road
Lithology (splintery shale); Weathering, Same slope gradient and bedding dipping direction, Slope modification.

Though road side drain/nala with retaining wall and culvert is constructed, still further extension of the outlet of the culvert to safer area will help avoid further toe erosion.
About 200m South of Tropic of cancer, North Lungsai, SH-Aizawl-Thenzawl-Lunglei Road

About 200m South of Tropic of cancer, North Lungsai, SH-Aizawl-Thenzawl-Lunglei Road

About 900m South of Oil India Drilling site, North Lungsai, SH-Aizawl-Thenzawl-Lunglei Road
Removal of slide debris from road side drain
Lithology (Competent-incompetent rocks), Seepage during rain on steep slope due to extensive slope cut during rainfall; Toe erosion.

About 1km West of Maubuang along Samlukhai- Damdia road
Lithology, Seepage during rainfall, Slope modification.

the area is mostly of wild bamboos and banana trees, Small scale sand mining is being done in the river terrace
overburden slope failure, highly weathered and jointed and fractured rocks

Affected the road junction creating about 10 feet deep crack on the road junction as well as tilting of Toilet of the upslope house.
North of Darlung village, SH-Aibawk-Darlung- Buarpui-Lunglei Road
Shale lithology; Seepage during rainfall, weathering, Toe erosion, Same slope gradient and bedding dipping direction

Darlung Slide
Road Junction of Darlung-Reiek at Darlung,SH-Darlung-Reiek Road
Construction of retaining wall to support the endangered house, controll of excessive water perculation by constructing road side drain with proper culvert.
Two houses were swept away. 1 house partially damaged
Oversaturation of the dumped materials in dumping site/cut and fill area, Toe erosion.

About 2 km South of Bawlte village, SH-Darlung-Reiek Road
Shale lithology; Seepage during rainfall, weathering, Toe erosion, Same slope gradient and bedding dipping direction, Slope modification.

About 1km South of Bawngtha, SH-Aibawk-Darlung- Buarpui-Lunglei Road
Shale lithology; Seepage during rainfall, weathering, Toe erosion, Same slope gradient and bedding dipping direction, Slope modification.

South of Kanghmun, PMGSY-Kanghmun - Darung
Removal of overhang materials, Breast wall

Extensive slope cut
South of Kanghmun, PMGSY-Kanghmun - Darung
Removal of overhang materials, Breast wall
overburden slope failure due to rainfall; wedge failure due to high joint density and weathering.

Banana nad bamboo (wild), spheroidal weathering
South of Kanghmun, PMGSY-Kanghmun - Darung
Proper drainage system; Removal of material from culvert

Upslope: Plantation (forest dept)

Banana (wild), Dumping of slide material downslope of the road, Highly dissected slope toward N200 from the location.

Highly dissected slope, toe erosion by nala toward N290 from the location, Banana, oranges (plantation)

Downslope Landslide by the dumped material, Toe erosion downslope, Extensive jhum cultivation; Western flank of the hills: 3 landslide; Eastern flank of the hill: 2 landslide caused by dumped materials

Removal of load; benching by removal of overburden (weathered & fractured rock)
West of Tleu Village along Tleu-Bunghmun road Section
Nature & structure of rock unit; presence of load (bamboo grooves, overburden); presence of gully at the eastern flank

Removal of load from the crown of landslide
West of Tleu Village along Tleu-Bunghmun road Section
Thick vegetation, low height plantation ~100m from loc
Cut slope failure/steep slope; nature of overburden & structure of rock; presence of load

Benching for stability & slope moderation; channeling & lining of drainage along the road
West of Tleu Village along Bunghmun-Tleu road Section
Old landslide debris; loose nature of overburden; nature & structure of grey splintery shale; steep slope; seepage at the base of landslide slope along the road

Micaceous grey coloured fine grained hard compact sandstone
Removal of overhanging blocks from crown of the scarp; metal netting; avoid quarrying activities during monsoon; avoid unscientific method of quarrying without safety precautions
Thick vegetation in gen, barren along the rocky slope (upslope & downslope), quarry for past 15 years
Slope disturbances due to Extensivetensive quarrying; consequent slope & dip; jointed nature of lithounit

Splintery grey shale with thin bands of sandstone & siltstone
Removal of landslide debris from steep landslide slope; benching for slope moderation; removal of load (trees) from the crown of landslide
Nature & structure of rock unit; steep slope; presence of deep rooted trees

Benching of slope for stability
Thick vegetation, settlement Tleu in the west
Presence old debris landslide material; nature & structure of rock; slope cut failure

Benching for slope moderation & stability; removal of deep rooted trees from crown of the landslide
Nature & structure of lithology; steep slope; presence of deep rooted trees

West Banghmun slide
Limpou, L. and Sendh, D., 2020. Macro-Scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheet nos. 84A/06, 84A/07, 84A/08 and 84B/05, Mamit and Lunglei districts, Mizoram. Unpublished GSI report.
Rill erosion observed and still active,Its enlarging still active,Two slide upslope and down slope, Contact between Middle and Upper Bhuban, Extensive dumping & Sinking of road, It is a fault zone (from GSI geological map of 1:50,000 database).
Near Mizoram Rural Bank, West Banghmun RD Block
Pineapple plantation and horticulture nursery slide away
Plantation of deep rooted plantwith fast growing plant,diversion of rain water from converging into the slide zone,Shifting of Horticulture nursery necessary upslope
Incompetent lithounit of shale and sandstone,oversaturation of slope forming material at the time of rainfall,Toe erosion by the nala on toe of the slide,Rill erosion & Plantation (Nursery),consequent slope,convergence of rain water by the nala on the la

Sesawn village slide 2
Limpou, L. and Sendh, D., 2020. Macro-Scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheet nos. 84A/06, 84A/07, 84A/08 and 84B/05, Mamit and Lunglei districts, Mizoram. Unpublished GSI report.
Extensive slope cut at the time of road construction,cutting down of tree
Sesawn village near Presbyterean Church of India (PCI) on SH- Marpara - West Banghmun road
Construction of retaining wall/Breast wall,plantation upslope(settlement area),proper hill side nala,deep rooted along with fast growing grass downslope
Extensive slope cut at the time of road construction,oversaturation of slope forming material,uprooting of a tree on the slope, Spheroidal weathering (differential weathering).

Santosh PK et al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 79M/13, 14, 83D/4, 8, 84A/1, 2, 5, 6, North Tripura and Dhalai districts, Tripura. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2015-2016.
widening of the joints due to percolation of rain water

Thaichanglui Anti Poaching Camp slide 2
Limpou, L. and Sendh, D., 2020. Macro-Scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheet nos. 84A/06, 84A/07, 84A/08 and 84B/05, Mamit and Lunglei districts, Mizoram. Unpublished GSI report.
Quarrying had lead to the slide, Rock boulder may fall anytime
Near Thaichanglui Anti Poaching Camp, Dampa Tiger Reserve on SH Aizawl - West Phaileng - Teirei - Tuipuibari road
Widening of road, Removal of rock boulder from the slide zone of accumulation, Overhang and loose boulder may also removed.
Extensive slope cut for quarrying, Presence of joints, Percolation of water along the joint plane

SE of Tuipuibari slide 2
The slide debris had flow down along the nala which further accumulated on the road blocking the road, Quarrying of construction near the slide area in progress.
About 6km SE of Tuipuibari on SH Aizawl - West Phaileng - Tupiuibar - Rajiv Nagar road.
Plantation of tree and fast growing grass.
Toe erosion by the streamlet/nala at tme of rainfall (Streamlet origin and presence of spring), Spring on the slope, Saturation of slope forming materials at the time of rainfall, Presence of joints and percolation of water along the joint plane.

East Saihtah slide 2
Tension cracks developed along the road,Dumping of cut material along the downslope which triggers further landslide
2 Km East Saihtah on PMGSY Saihta - Parvatui road
Removal of slide materials from the road side.
Extensive slope cut at the time of road construction,Oversaturation of slope forming material at the time of rainfall

East Saihtah slide 4
Tension cracks developed along the road,folding leading to fracturing of rock bed mainly in the shale horizon,drainage near the landslide, construction work under progress since 2018
2.5 Km East Saihtah on PMGSY Saihta - Parvatui road
Plantation of fast growing grass & Shrub,Construction of retaining wall, Maintenance of proper drainange
Consequent slope,Extensive slope cut at the time of road construction,localised folding,highly fractured and jointed rock

South of Kanan Veng slide 2
Dumping of waste (plastic, etc) from the settlement
South of Kanan Veng, West Phaileng on SH Aizawl - West Phaileng - Marpara Road
Plantation of tree and fast growing grass, Diversion of water on the slope from percolation, Repairs and furtehr extension of retaining wall, Dumping of domestic waste should be prevented.
Oversaturation of the dumped materials, Percolation of water at the time of rainfall, Gully and rill erosion

Serhmun-Bungmun section slide 1
Presence of many cut slope failures along the road
Removal of fractured blocks and load (tall trees) from the crown and esge of the slope, construction of retaining wall
Consequent slope along the joint parallel bedding plane, weathered nature of lithology, presence of load (tall trees) at crown, steep slope

Bunghmun slide
Serhmun-Bungmun-Kawrtethaeveng road section (near Bunghmun village)
Removal of fractured material (debris) from landslides, construction of retaining wall or benching
Structural (highly fractured) and lithology (weathered and competency contrast between shale and sandstone) factor, presence of load (tall trees)

Serhmun-Bungmun section slide 2
Presence of cut slope failure alonh 15m northern side along the road
Benching by removal of loose overburden and trees from the crown
Loose, weathered nature of overburden, presence of load at crown,steep slope

Mualthuam- Kawrtethawveng road section slide 3
Removing of hanging blocks from landslide face, line drainage along the roadside, construction of retaining wall
Weathered, loose nature of lithology, presence of gully and seepages and presence of extensive cut slope

Jointed nature of rock, cut slope failure

Benching on the slope cut,Banana groves upslope of the ls
Removal of loose debris from periphery of the ls , Removal of tall trees/ banana groves load
Splintery nature of Shale, steep slope cutting and structural joint

Dapchuah-Dampui slide 1
Very small cut-slope failures along this section
Slope moderation by benching, removal of load (bamboo grooves) from the crown
Weathered and splintary nature of rock (shale), steep slopes

Dapchuah-Dampui slide 2
Removal of fractured and jointed blocks from the crown of landslide, removal of load (trees) from the upslope of crown
Quarrying at the foot of the slope, fractured and jointed nature of the rock, steep slope

South of Mamit slide
Small cut slope failures along the section of the road
Concequent dipping of beds towards the slope, weathered and fractured nature of lithology, cut slope failures

Mamit road slide
Junction between NH-108 bypass and Mamit road
Concequent slopes , weathered and fractured nature of lithology, extensive slope cut

Mamit-Tuidam old road section slide 1
Presence of cut slope failure, several small (1m width) landslides along the road section
Proper channeling of drainage, slope moderation
Presence of gully erosion, steep nature of the slope, weathered slope forming material

Mamit-Tuidam road section slide
Nature of lithology (splintary shale), seepages along the base of the slope

Mamit-Tuidam old road section slide 2
Mamit-Tuidam old road section, near Tuidam water reservoir (NRDWP)
Removal of dumped material from gully section, Channeling of gully
Dumping of slope cut materail in upslopes, presence of bgully along landslide slope

North of Tuidam slide 1
Tuidam-Kwarthah road section (North of Tuidam village/NH 108)
Removal of debris from drainage to avoid stagnation of water, benching for slope moderation
Weathered, jointed, fractured nature of the rock, cut slope failures

North of Tuidam slide 2
Tuidam-Kwarthah road section (North of Tuidam village/NH 108)
Removal of debris from the drainage to avoid stagnation of water, benching for slope moderation, removal of fractured and jointed rock blocks from crown of the landslides
Weathered, fractured and jointed nature of the rock, seepages along cut slope, consequent nature of bed dip and slope, cut slope faliure

Santosh PK et al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 79M/13, 14, 83D/4, 8, 84A/1, 2, 5, 6, North Tripura and Dhalai districts, Tripura. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2015-2016.
diversion of rain water by maintaining proper drainage

Santosh PK et al., 2016. Macro-scale (1:50,000) landslide susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheets no. 79M/13, 14, 83D/4, 8, 84A/1, 2, 5, 6, North Tripura and Dhalai districts, Tripura. Unpub. GSI report of FS 2015-2016.

Every monsoon debris and rock boulders cause road blockade

Retaining wall and removal of overburden

maintain proper drainage and grass plantaion as toe support measures will be helpful

maintain proper drainage and suitable grass plantaion to cover the exposed surface
Steep slope with lack of vegetation cover thereby exposing to rain causing oversaturation

Numerous small rock fall and slide from freshly cut road

Mualthuam- Kawrtethawveng road section slide 2
Retaining wall was already been constructed at downslope of the road, presence of slide (at N120Ã‹Å¡E/ ~100 m) at natural slope
Changing of LULC from thick vegetation to sparse vegetation due to agricultural purpose, presence of steep slope, gully erosion (small gullies along the face)

Mualthuam- Kawrtethawveng road section slide 1
Removing of hanging debris from the landslide face, slope moderation by benching
Loose, weathered nature of overburden, extensive cut slope

TSR camp, Phuldungsei slide
Exact measurement cannot be taken due to vegetation cover and debris material
maintain proper drainage system for the rain water and suitable grasses may be plantated

About 15 m apart

Bamboo retaining wall, bag piling which are put up fail during heavy monsonn
maintaining proper drainage system and water piping holes required along with the remedial measures

Retaining wall put up not effective
~3km N of Longthir; western bank of Sunai river
Toe cutting for road, slope modification

maintain proper drainage for the rain water, sealing of the cracks
Fractured nature of rock, presence of shale acting as lubricating material

Siltstone with shale parting and sandstone band
Numerous flowing/dripping streams along this road section

Deep gully erosion below the road
maintain proper drainage such as concrete drain, culverts with concrete upto certain below the culvert for the water to pass below

Suscpetible
Jointes forming the overhangs and due to widening of these joints

remove the over hangs, diversion of rain water by maintaining proper

Damcherra-Hmunpui junction road section along Jampui hill range
remove the over hangs, diversion of rain water by maintaining proper

Friable sanstone with shale parting and siltstone

Bahadurpara

maintaining proper drainage system such as concrete drainage to check the erosion

South of Bungthuan slide
Moderate to highly weathered, S//J1 30°/20°E, J2 348°/62°SW
Removal of load and material from the crown, removal of debris from toe nala
Loose, weathered nature of lithology, consequent joint/fracture plane with the landslide slope

Damcherra-Hmunpui junction road section along Jampui hill range

Fine grained sst with thinly bedded siltstone
Damcherra-Hmunpui junction road section along Jampui hill range

A number of small slides <3-4m along this section

Fine grained sst with thinly bedded siltstone

Slope modification and highly weathered shale

diversion of rain water by maintaining proper drainage
percolation of rain water in to the bedding

Kaskao

North Bungthuan slide
Northern tip of Bungthuan village, near Bridge
Removal of load (thick vegetation), and roots from crown, slope moderation by benching
Loose, weathered material, presence of load (tall trees at crown), extensive slope cut

North of Hriphaw slide
The risk of landslide is high as opposite side of it settelement is there (Two samll houses) and load at the crown may affect the electric wire in front of it
Removal of load (tall trees, thick vegetation) from the crown, slope moderation by benching
Loose, weathered nature of soil, presence of load (tall trees, thick vegetation at crown), steep slope, extensive slope cut

Luimawi-Thinghlun slide
Loose, weathered, thick overburden, cut slope failure

Nandagram slide
This landslide was due to removal of vegetation cover for jhum cultivation exposing the slope which failed during incessant rainfall.
Yadav, S., Mohanty, A., Kandpal, J., 2020. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in Toposheet No. 83 D/11 and in parts of Toposheet Nos. 83 D/6, 7 & 10 in Hailakandi and Karimganj districts of Assam, Kolasib and Mamit districts of Mizor
Jhum cultivation may be not done on steep slopes.
Deforestation for jhum cultivation, over-saturation and loss of cohesion of slope material during incessant rainfall.

Kukinala slide
This landslide was due to erosion of river bank by river which failed during incessant rainfall.
Yadav, S., Mohanty, A., Kandpal, J., 2020. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in Toposheet No. 83 D/11 and in parts of Toposheet Nos. 83 D/6, 7 & 10 in Hailakandi and Karimganj districts of Assam, Kolasib and Mamit districts of Mizor
Embankment of slope of river by rock boulder may be applied.
Incessant rainfall and toe erosion by river.

Bairabi bridge slide
Shale, siltstone and mudstone with sandstone
Seepages in adjacent area along the slope
Benching/slope moderation, removal of hanging jointed crown part of landslide, channeling of drainage
Jointd nature of lithology, consequence slopes, seepages along the fractures

Mamit-Zamuang road junction slide
Shale, siltstone and mudstone with sandstone
Excessive small cut slope failures along the road
Benching/slope moderation, removal of load from crown, channeling of nala at base
Highly weathered lithology and loose overburden, steep slope, presence of top load (trees, bamboo gooves, teak), seepages at the base of the landslide

Bairabi Suarhliap slide
Shale, siltstone and mudstone with sandstone
Highly weathered, fractured present within sandstonee
Excessive l cut slope failures in adjusent areas, presence of old landslide near to the location
Loose , weathered nature of lithology and overburden material, steep slope

South of Suarhliap slide
Seepages along the rocky quarry slope
Mamit Bairabi road section (south of Suarhliap village)
Removal of loose landslide material from landslide slope, avoid blasting activities in the vicinity and quarrying at the foot of the slope
Loose, weathered and jointed nature of overburden (rock), vibration from blasting activities at quarry adjucent to landslide, steep slopes

Damdial slide
Mamit Suarhliap road section (at Damdial village)
Removal of over burde, channeling of seepages
Loose thick overburden, seepages adjacent to landslide

North of Damdial slide
Presence of flowing spring appox. 15m towards SE along the road from landslide location, excessive cut slope along the road section
Mamit Suarhliap road section (near North of Damdial village)
Removal of jointed road blocks from crown area, slope moderation, removal of load from crown
jointed nature of lithology, steep slope, topload (tall trees/dense vegitation), roots of the trees enlarging the jointed space of the lithology

West of Chuvel slide
Low to moderately weathered, J1 172°/22°SW
Channeling of seepage water, removal of load, jointed blocks and roots etc
Presence of seepages along the face and flank of landslide, jointed nature of lithology, presence of tall trees and penetrative roots at crown, steep slopes

Kolalian-Hriphaw-Zamuang slide 2
Removal of tall trees and jonted blocks from the crown as well as from flank of landslides
Loose, jointed nature of lithology, presence of tall trees and their penetrative roots at crown

Kolalian-Hriphaw-Zamuang slide 1
Loose, weathered nature of debris, steep slopes

North of Zamuang slide
1.6 km north of Zamuang village, on NH-108
Slope moderation by benching, channeling of seepages
Loose debris from old landslide, presence of seepages and load at the crown

South of Zawlnuam slide
From last location many slope cuts are observed along the road, retaining wall is already constructed but subsidence and cracks are developing
4 km south of Zawlnuam town along NH-108
Removal of debris and vegetation from slope and crown of landslides and from the toe nala
Thick, weatherd, loose nature of overburden, presence of load at crown

South of Zawlnuam slide
1.5 km south of Zawlnuam town along NH-108
Slope moderation by benching, removal of tall trees from the crown
Loose, weathered nature of overburden, steep slopes, load at the crown

West of Zamuang-Rengdil section slide 4
Loose, weathered nature of overburden, load at crown, extensive cut slopes

West of Zamuang-Rengdil section slide 1
3 nos. of debris slides are present aling N-NW direction
Loose, thick overburden, seepages along the landslide, presence of load at the crown, presence of extensive cut slopes

West of Zamuang-Rengdil section slide 2
Landslides are present along the road section
Loose, thick overburden, seepages along the face of landslide, presence of extensive cut slopes, presence of load at the crown,

Multiple extensive cut slopes along the road
Loose, weathered nature of overburden, presence of seepages, extensive cut slopes

Loose, thick overburden/ soil, extensive cut slopes

South of Zamuang slide
Presence of small landslide in the vicinity, many retaining walls are already constructed along the road
Retaining wall is already constructed at the location, benching by slope moderation
Weathered, jointed nature of lithology/overburden, presence of load and penetrative roots of the trees, extensive cut slopes

East of Zamuang slide
Presence of one old landslide about 8m towards east along the road
6 km east of Zamuang (Zamuang-Bairabi road section)
Slope moderation by removal of loose overburden and load from the crown, channeling of seepages
Loose, weathered nature of old landslide debris, seepages along the face of the landslide, extensive slope cut

South of Rengdil slide
Loose, weathered, fractured nature of lithology, consequent slope, cut slope failure

South of Rengdil village slide 2
Presence of cut slope failures/old landslides all along the road starig from location sl no. 59
2 Km south of Rengdil village and North of Kwarthah village, on NH-108
Retaining wall is already constructed at the location, benching by slope moderation
Landslide slope is consequent with dip of bed rock (easterly dipping), splintary, fractured nature of lithology, cut slope failure

South of Rengdil village slide 1
Presence of old landslides alng the road, retaining wall was built already
1.5 Km south of Rengdil village, on NH-108
Reactivated landslides affecting the already constructed retaining wall (part of retaining wall is demolished), beching for slope moderation
Consequent slopes, loose, weathered, fractured, splintary nature of overburden, presence of thick load at crown

planatation of grasses to harden the slope
consequent slope and slope modification for construction of road

removal of slide material and hardening of the slope by growing suitable grasses
extensive cut slope and infiltration of surface runoff, friable lithology

infiltration of surface runoff, slope modification for road construction

already benching has been done
plantation of grasses for hardening of the slope, contour drain above crown
consequent slope, extensive cut slope, infiltration of surface runoff

removal of the slide material resting on the slope
extensive cut slope, infiltration of surface runoff

removal of hanging blocks, removal of tall tress, sealing of joints
widening of joints, infiltration of surface runoff through joint planes, extensive cutslope

Aizaw-Silchar road,6 km milestone S of Kawnpui
Thick vegetation downslope and opp. Slopes, HHP(teak,sal)
Removal of load(tall trees) at the crown and periphery of ls scarp
Loose nature of overburden, steep slope cut

The hanging blocks should be properly removed
Consturction of contour drainage to check infiltration, proper dumping of the slide material
Widening of joints due to infiltration of surface runoff water and presence of competent and incompetent lithology

Removal of moving and loosely jointed blocks
Highly jointed, splintery and fractured nature of rock, steep slope cut

Thick vegetation, HHP(teakl) upslope of landslide

Road blockade, blockade of lined drain along the road
Slope moderation by benching or lowering the angle
Splintery nature of Shale, jointed nature, streep slope cut

Aizaw-Silchar road, 8 km milestone S of Kawnpui
Thick vegetation along the slopes and valleys, Moderate vegetation at the hilltop
Orientation of bedrock and slope towards the road, Dip of bed < gradient of slope, Highly weathered and jointed nature of the rocks

Aizaw-Silchar road, 9 km milestone S of Kawnpui
Removal of load over the scarp and crown peiphery(tall teak trees), Removal of loose jointed blocks, netting where closed jointes are present along the cut or uncut slope

Aizaw-Silchar road (~100m from prev loc)
Removal of load (bamboo groves, tall trees) and loose debris at the crown and periphery of ls scarp
Orientation of bed towards slope; Competent-incompetent beds

Prevent vegetation and load over the rocky slope; Removal of load at the crown and over the scarp of ls
Orientation of bed towards slope; Competent-incompetent beds; Slope=dip of rock

Aizaw-Silchar road (~10m from prev loc 206a)
Lining of gully, channelising of drainage
Toe erosion due to the presence of deep gullies cutting the slope, loose nature of overburden

Aizaw-Silchar road (~100m from prev loc 205)
Removal of load at the crown and periphery of the ls scarp
Competent-incompetent bed, ideal slope for failure

Jointed, weathered and friable nature of the rock

Splintery shale with siltstone and conglomerate
Jhum, Thick vegetation (dense bamboo, thick undergrowth), Low height planation(oil plam) downslope of the road
Removal of load at the crown and periphery of the ls scarp

may be the slide is having some tectonic influence?
construction of contour drain and plantation of grasses for hardening the slope.
slope modification for construction of road, presence of fracture planes

Splintery shale with siltstone and conglomerate
retention wall recommended
removal of overhangs and planatation of suitable plants

Splintery shale with siltstone and conglomerate
site specific study recommended
removal of overhangs and planatation of suitable plants

removal of overhangs and planatation of suitable plants

do

slide along the depressed areas along the nala
cultivationearance and removal of the blocks and overhangs, sealing of the cracks if possible
slope modification for constrruction of road, consequent slope, presence of three sets of joints leading to development of cracks and infiltration of water leading to widening of thecracks

thw whole stretch of the road prone to rock slide due to consequent slope and chances of slide in future too
cultivationearance and removal of the blocks and overhangs, sealing of the cracks if possible
slope modification for constrruction of road, consequent slope, presence of three sets of joints leading to development of cracks and infiltration of water leading to widening of thecracks

removal of the overburden andslide material
slope modification for construction of road and consequent slope

removal of slide material to unblock the roadside drain
slope modification for construction of road

extensive cut slope forroad construction, improper disposal of household waste water

slope is stabilised
slope modification for construction of road, infiltration of surface runoff

slope modification for construction of road

slope modification for construction of road and oversaturation

jhum cultivation on the upslope
slope modification for constuction of road, absence of proper drainage, oversaturation of the overburden

proper channelisation of the drainage to check infiltration
oversaturation of the overburden due to the infiltration of surface runoff.

overhanging boulders and trees to be removed from the road
penetration of roots of the tree along lose rock blocks wchicjh fell down causing the rock blocks to fall on the road

road block
hardening of the slope by planting fast growing plants/shrubs, proper drainage
seepage of water, extensive cut slope forroad construction, toe cutting by nala

oversaturation of the overburden due to the infiltration of surface runoff.

removal of slide material from the slope

older slide stabilsed already

its an old slide, the material resting on the slope has alraedy stabilised with vegetation growth

bamboo mostly
infiltration of surface runoff, slope modification for road construction

infiltration of rainwater along joints and bedding

hardening of the slope by plantation of suitable plants and shrubs
overstauration of the overburden, slope modification for construction of road

the first slide occured in 2012, thereafter evry monsoon it gets reactivated
support wall and check infiltration of surface runoff by chanelising the drainage or by polythene cover
consequent slope and cutting for playground, school and some house on upslope of playground

obsequent slope, but slope is modified for road construction and since its settlementtlemnt area, risk is moderate
removal of overburden and plantation of grasses
slope modification for road construction, infiltration of rainwater leading to oversaturation of overburden

two house on the upslope, old slide
plantation of grasses and vegetation to harden the slope
slope cutting for construction of road, infiltration of water from household waste

beddng is conspicuous, old slide

steeply dipping beds, road block and light pole damaged

extensive cut slope for construction of road, oversatuartion of the overburden

plantation of grasses, channelisation of drainage
extensive cut slope for construction of road, oversatuartion of the overburden

removal of the slide material from the slope, hardening of the slope by plantation
extensive cut slope for construction of road

slide material partly removed, not fully
removal of the slide material from the slope, hardening of the slope by plantation
extensive cut slope for construction of road

cultivationearance of the slide material on the slope, contour drain, planattion of grasses
Moderate vegetation, banana, bamboos, trees mixed
extensive cut slope for construction of road, oversatuartion of the overburden

from a distance of 500m

slope modification for construction of road, depressed area

extensive cut slope for constructionof road, infiltraation of surface runoff

removal /cultivationearance of the slide material, maintanence of proper roadside drainage
slope modification for construction of roads

slide along the depressed areas along the nala
proper channelisation of surface runoff, construction of concrete drainage line
slope modification for construction of roads

proper channelisation of surface runoff, construction of concrete drainage line
slope modification for construction of the road

contour darinage, planataion of suitable plants, covering of the bare slope
extensive cut slope for construction of road, infiltration of rainwater along joints and bedding causing oversaturation

site specific study recommended
plantation of suitable grasses for hardening and satbilising the slope
extensive cut slope and toe cutting by nala

shale is fragile nad splintery
growing of suitable plants to harden the surface or covering of the bare exposed slope to check infiltration
extensive cut slope without slope stabilisation measures which aids in the infiltration of surface run off water leading to oversaturation of the overburden, two fracture planes making a wedge and because of the cutting of the slope, the failure occured

removal of the slide material is going on.
constuction of contour drain at the crown, channelisation of surface runoff water upslope
extensive cut slope for road construction, infiltration of rainwater

road block
removal of slide material and maintanence of proper household drainage
extensive cut slope and drainage from the household water leading t oversaturation

cultivationearance and removal of slide material
slope modification due to road cutting, consequent slope, development of cracks

dried leavs of bamboo appears like slide at some places
toe cutting by nala, slide along the nala

N. Hlimen slide 2
Presence of extensive slope cut at downslope
Channeling of the toe nala, removal of debris
Seepages alonf tha landslide face, loose weathered nature of overburden

N. Hlimen slide 1
Loose weathered nature of overburden, steep slopes

N. Hlimen slide 3
Presence of Tuirial water reservoir at N70Ã‹Å¡E trend from location point
Removal of jointed blocks, slope moderation by benching
Weathered, jointed nature of overburden, steep slopes

removal of resting material and channelisation of the domestic waste water
slope modification for road construction, domestic drainage from household

not possible to capture the photograph.
oversaturation of the overburden due to the infiltration of surface runoff.

plantation of suitable grasses for hardening and satbilising the slope

old slide
oversaturation due to lack of vegetaion cover

broom cultivation upslope.
slope stabilization by growing of graases/suitable plantation, channelization of rainwater
toe cutting by nala and oversaturation of the overburden

consequent slope, more chances of failure during rain due to infiltration of water along the joints.
polythene cover or plantation of grasses, check infiltration of surface runoff water by construction of contour drainage.
consequent slope with three settlements of joints, and slope cutting for construcetion of road.

broom cultivation on the upslope.
sealing of the joints, cultivationearance of material resting over the sliding surface, contour drain to check infiltration
consequent slope andpercolation of water through the joints and bedding

slide mapped from a distance
toe support, growing of grasses , construction of contour drain
toe cutting by nala, steep slpe and oversaturation of the overburden

consequent slope
removal of the material resting on the slide surface, nad maintanence of proper road side drainage
widening of joints due to infiltration of water, slope modification for road construction

Moderately weathered and splintary in nature
Many extensive cut slopes along the road from last slide location ( Sl. No. 25) to this slide. Dump waste material aling the downslope of the road
Removal of weathered material, slope moderation by benching
Weathered and splintary natura of the shale, steep slopes

Saipum-Tuirial dam slide 2
Removal of jointed rocks from crown by benching
Jointed & fractured nature of the rock, steep slope, presence of load (Bamboo grooves tall trees)

Saipum-Tuirial dam slide 1
Numerous small landslide along this road section, seepages at several places
Removal of loose material from the crown and slope moderation by benching
Loose, weathered/splintary nature of the overburden and rocks, steep slopes

Saipum-Tuirial dam slide 6
Removal of debris from the landslide face, channeling of gullies
Loose, highly weathered nature of lithology, presence of gully

Telecommunication pole affected (tilted) due to slide
Presence of loose, dumped material, presence of gully at the foot of landslide slope

Presence of small rock slide (Long: 92.89/Lat:24.36) (100 m along the road towars North)
Removal of load from the crown, removal of debris and slopemoderation by benching
Presence of load (Bamboo grooves), highly weathered and loose nature of overburden, steeep slopes

Removal of jinted rocks from landslide slope and crown, removal of debris
Jointed and weathered nature of rock, steep slopes

Removal of dumped waste, channeling of gully
Presence of dumped waste due to road cutting, toe erosion by gully

Presence of old cut slope failures
Consequent nature of the slope, steep slope

Its been observed that, benching, gabion wall and line drainages are already present before the current landslide.
Saipum-Tuirial dam- Mauchhar road section, near Tuirial Dam site
Removal of overburden, vegetation from crown, channeling and lining of drainage, Gabions are already constructed
Loose, weathered nature of overburden, gully erosion at the flanks of the landslide

NEEPCO Guest House-Saipum village road slide 1
NEEPCO Guest House-Saipum village road (NH 306A)
Removal of weathered, loose overburden and load from the crown, slope moderation by benching
Loose, highly weathered nature of overburden, steep slopes, presence of load (big trees fallen down)

NEEPCO Guest House-Saipum village road slide 2
NEEPCO Guest House-Saipum village road (NH 306A)
Removal of debris and load from the crown, slope moderation by benching
Loose, highly weathered and fractured nature of overburden, steep slopes, presence of load at the crown

NEEPCO Guest House-Saipum village road slide 3
NEEPCO Guest House-Saipum village road (NH 306A)
Removal of debris and trees from the crown, slope moderation by benching
Loose, highly weathered nature of overburden, steep slopes, penetrative roots all through the crown areas

South of Saipum slide 4
Highly weathered and fractured, 2sets of joint present, one is S/J1
N. Hlimen-Saipum road section, soutern tip of Saipum village
Removal of weathered, jointed debris from the crown and from landslide face, removal of load (HHPs) from upslope of the crown
Loose, weathered, fractured, splintary nature of lithology (Affected by both lithological and structural nature), presence of load (High height plantation/HHPs) at the crown, steep cut slope

South of Saipum slide 3
Highly weathered, 2sets of joint present, one is SparallelJ1
N. Hlimen-Saipum road section, ~1Km south of Saipum village
Removal of jointed blocks and weathered blocks, removal of load (HHPs)
Consequent nature of slope, loose, weathered and jointed nature of overburden, presence of load (High height plantation) at the crown

Presence of small rock slide along the road from last location (Sl. No. 27)
Consequent slopes, presence of gully erosion

Low to moderately weathered, presence of bedding parallel joint
Presence of Debris slide ~20 mt towards North
Removal of jointed blocks from fresh, unweathered bedrock
Consequent slopes, jointed (bedding parallel joint) nature of the lithology

~50m width landslide is present at upslope, materials/debris from this landslide bought down on to the road by gullies during the heavy rains
Removal of weathered and jinted nature of overburden and bedrock, channelig (Contour drainage) of drainage
Weathered and jinted narure of the bed rock, Consequent nature of the slope, seepages aling the landslide slope (prsence of gully at the North flank of the landslide)

South of Saipum slide 2
Low to moderately weathered, presence of 2 sets of joint, S/J1 222°/36°NW, J2 100°/74SSW, presence of ripple marks
Presnce of ripple marks, presence of small landslide at downslope, presence of small landslide a rockslide and dumped waste is ovserved ~10m along the road towards North
N. Hlimen-Saipum road section, ~1.5Km south of Saipum village
Removal of jointed blocks and weathered top soil
Consequent nature of slope, weathered, jointed nature of lithology

Highly weathered, 2sets of joint present, one is SparallelJ1
N. Hlimen-Saipum road section, ~1.4Km south of Saipum village
Removal of jointed blocks and weathered rocks and soil
Consequent nature of slope, weathered, jointed nature of overburden

Moderate to highly weathered, presence of bedding parallel joint
Removal of loose, weathered overburden, removal of tall trees from the crown
Loose, weathered nature of the overburden, consequent slopes, presence of load (high height plantation/ Teak plantation) at the crown

Moderately weathered, presence of bedding parallel joint
Presence of broken water pipeline on landslide flank
Removal of debris from the landslide, channelig (Contour drainage) of drainage
Cosequent nature of the slope, presence of gullies on both flanks of the landslide, loose, weathered nature of the lithology, presence of broken water pipe

Presence of conchoidal fracture within sandstone
Removal of jointed blocks from the crown
Consequent slopes, jointed nature of the lithology, toe removal by quarrying

Removal of debris and the load from the crown
Consequent slopes, presence of load at crown (mainly thick vegetation) and thick overburden, jointed nature of the rocks

Saipum-Saiphai section slide 1
Removal of loose, weathered material along with removal of trees from crown
Loose, highly weathered nature of overburden, steep cut slopes

Saipum-Saiphai section slide 3
Minor road damage due to landslide
Channeling of gullies present at flanks and foot, removal of dumped waste material
Presence of gullies at flanks and foot of landslide, loose, weathered dumped material

Saipum-Saiphai section slide 4
Presence of culvert at the location
Channeling of gullies (Lining drainage) from the cpresent culvert
Loose, weathered nature of debris, presence of gully at the flanks of slope

SW of N Chawnpui slide
All along the road section precence of Areca nut (LHPs), water bodied on both side of the road, presence of cultivated land along the road
Serlui B TL to Saiphai road section (SW tip of N Chawnpui village)
Loose weathered nature of overburden, steep slopes

Moderately weathered and presence of 2sets of joint, one is S//J1
Removal of jointed blocks, removal of trees from the crown
Weathered, jointed nature of lithology, steep slope (Extensive cut slope), presence of penetrative roots and top load

Removal of loose overburden from the slope, channeling of drainage, removal of tall trees (load) from crownand upslope of crown
Cut slope failure, consequent slopes, loose, weathered nature of overburden, seepages along the landslide face, presence of load at crown and upslope

Dumped maaterial downslope of the road, presence of small rock slide ~20mt towards North along the road
Channeling of water from landslide slope/ contour drainage, slope moderation by benching
Presence of gully in landslide slope, loose weathered, jointed nature of overburden (jointed sandstone and splintery nature of shale), steep slopes

Serlui B -Bilkkhawtlir slide
Presence of dumped material along the downslope of road
Removal of advancing debris material, channeling of gullies and lining of toe nala, removal of load from the crown
Consequent slopes, presence of gully erosion along the flanks of the landslide, loose nature of lithology, presence of load (Tall trees, bamboo grooves) and thick overburden

Serlui B Tourist lodge slide
Moderately weathered, presence of localized fracture
Roadside failure present
Removal of fractured sandstone blocks and load from the crown, removal of sandstone blocks from the toe nala
Partial blockage of nala and complete blockage of toe nala
Fractured nature of sandstone blocks, presence of load (Trees, penetrative roots), steep slopes

North Chimluang slide
This landslide was due to Extensive cut slopeting for road widening on slope made up of weathered sandstone which failed during incessant rainfall.
Yadav, S., Mohanty, A., Kandpal, J., 2020. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in Toposheet No. 83 D/11 and in parts of Toposheet Nos. 83 D/6, 7 & 10 in Hailakandi and Karimganj districts of Assam, Kolasib and Mamit districts of Mizor
Slope benching may be applied along with application of Vegetation cover.
Extensive cut slopeting for road widening rendered the slope vertical to sub vertical which failed during incessant rainfall.

Bilkhawthlir slide
This landslide was due to Extensive cut slopeting for road widening on slope made up of weathered sandstone which failed during incessant rainfall.
Slope benching may be applied along with application of Vegetation cover.
Extensive cut slopeting for road widening rendered the slope vertical to sub vertical which failed during incessant rainfall.

Bilkawthlir slide 2
This landslide was due to Extensive cut slopeting for road widening on slope made up of weathered sandstone which failed during incessant rainfall.
Slope benching may be applied along with application of Vegetation cover.
Extensive cut slopeting for road widening rendered the slope vertical to sub vertical which failed during incessant rainfall.

Zukbual slide

Zukbual-Bilkhawthlir road slide 1

Zukbual-Bilkhawthlir road slide 2

Omloi slide
Slope benching may be applied along with wire mesh support.

Saihapui K slide 1

Saihapui K slide 2

Bilkhawthlir- Kolasib road slide
Due to excessive slope cutting and dipping of sandstone beds towards the slope which failed during incessant rainfall
NA.
Modification of slope by providing stable slope angle and construction of protection wall along with weep hole to release the pore water pressure.
Bedded sandstone with unfavourable bedding plane dipping towards the valley, Extensive cut slopeting and incessant rainfall.

Kolasib- Bilkhawthlir slide

GosenVeng slide 1

obsequent slope, but slope modification for road construction
cultivationearing and removal of overhangs to unblock the drainage

upslope, above crown, banana cultivation can be seen
extension of existing wall and increament of wall height
oversaturation of overburden and slope modification for road construction

Moderate vegetation, bushes, bamboo, few tall tress

jointed block, widening of cracks due to infiltration of water

removal of slide material and hardening of the slope by growing suitable grasses
widening of joints due to infiltration of surface runoff along joint planes, extensive cut slope

removal of slide material and hardening of the slope by growing suitable grasses
extensive cut slope and infiltration of surface runoff leading to oversaturation

cultivationearing and removal of overhangs to unblock the drainage
oversaturation of overburden and slope modification for road construction

plantation of grasses for hardening of the slope
consequent slope, slope cutting for road construction and oversaturation due to infiltration of surface runoff

GosenVeng slide 3

GosenVeng slide 2

Zero Point slide 1

Zero Point slide 3

Zero Point slide 4

cultivationearance of the overhanging material, plantation of suitable grasses
slope modification for road construction and oversaturation of overburden due to infiltration

clearance of overhangs, planatation of suitable grasses
infiltration of rain water along jointed blocks,slope modification for road construction

almost vertical slope cut
removal of overhangs, planatation of suitable grasses
infiltration of surface runoff, friable lithology, extensive cut slope,

Jalnachaura slide
This landslide was due to Extensive cut slopeting for road widening and slope made of highly weathered shale which failed during incessant rainfall.
Sub vertical to vertical Extensive cut slopeting for for road widening, slope forming material comprising highly weathered shale, over-saturation and loss of cohesion of slope material during incessant rainfall.

Lalpani slide
This landslide was due to Extensive cut slopeting and slope made of highly weathered sandstone which failed during incessant rainfall.
Slope angle may be reduced and Vegetation cover may be applied.
Extensive cut slopeting, slope forming material comprises highly weathered sadstone, over-saturation and loss of cohesion of slope material during incessant rainfall.

Nishkar slide
This landslide was due to Extensive cut slopeting and slope made of highly weathered sandstone and shale which failed during incessant rainfall aided with gully formation.
Slope angle may be reduced and Vegetation cover may be applied.
Extensive cut slopeting and removal of vegetation, slope made up of weathered shale and sandstone, gully formation and over-saturation during incessant rainfall.

Lala Chaura Bagan slide
The landslide has occurred because of Extensive cut slopeting and slope made up of highly weathered sandstone which under the influence of rainfall got failed.
The slope stabilization may be carried out by reducing the slope angle and plantation of small plants.
Destabilization of natural slope comprising highly weathered sandstone due to extensive cutting and and loss of cohesion during incessant rainfall.

Nubarnapur slide
This landslide was due to Extensive cut slopeting for house extension and slope made of highly weathered sandstone which failed during incessant rainfall.
Extension of house may be checked and slope angle may be trimmed.
Extensive cut slopeting for house extension led to slope unstability and failed during incessant rainfall.

Terracherra Slide
Highly weathered sandstone and sub-ordinate shale
The bedding plane show strike direction of N 100E dipping 300 towards SE.
The landslide area is composed of thick regolithic soil forming the slope of a hillock which is been extensively cut for human settlement. There are heavy RCC buildings and houses with a road above the crown area of the landslide. Also the slope has been
1. Diversion of drainage at the top of the slope 2. Avoid further activities (building construction, deforestation) that can result in destabilizing the slope. 3. Two rows of closely spaced bamboo poles upslope of the weathered shale to arrest further sl
one house completely damaged along with 2 bicycles
1. Reduction of strength on saturation of slope material due to heavy rain 2. Anthropogenic activities due to cutting of slope for construction of house 3. Reactivation of old slides lubricated by torrential and continuous rainfall. 4. The colluviums mat

Terracherra Slide
Weathered sandstone. Geologically the study area is composed of Tipam Sandstone Formation consisting of medium and course, gritty, micaceous arkose with bluish-grey shale and buff coloured clay.
The bedding plane show strike direction of N 100E dipping 300 towards SE. One prominent joint observed on the other side of the hill show trend of East-West with sub vertical dip. Slope angle 35˚ tow*
The landslide incident is situated in Nonai Reserve forest under Lalla PS. The site can be accessed only by foot tracks about 4 km from the motorable road. It is observed that the landslide is a reactivation of old slides lubricated by torrential and con
Saturation of the slope material due to heavy rain on 17th May, 2016 led to gravitational failure.
A reactivated slope under torrential and continuous rainfall led to destabilsation of the slope and moving the resting mass of soil down the steep slope burying completely a house with eight occupants of a family killing 4 members. Reactivated during May
As the locality can be reached after 4 km of trek, the following remedial measures are been suggested:
a. Shifting of the house to a higher platform adjacent to the slope.
b. Driving of closed spaced bamboo poles at a few distances above the toe portion
One house completely damaged along with 2 bicycles
The following geo-scientific causes are observed:
1. Reduction of strength on saturation of slope material due to heavy rain
2. Anthropogenic activities due to cutting of slope for construction of house
3. Reactivation of old slides lubricated by torrent

Kurttathal slide
The landslide has occurred because of Extensive cut slopeting leading to almost vertical slope made up of highly weathered sandstone which get unstable and failed.
The slope stabilization should be addressed by reducing the slope angle and plantation of small plants may be done.
Unscientific slope cutting to sub-vertical angle and loss of cohesion during incessant rainfall.

Paglanala slide
Sandstone, fine to medium grained with quartz, sericite, lithic fragments. Top covered with reddish brown lateritic soil.
Paglagaon (near Mursabarti) under Baghbahar GP part 3
Steep slope hydrostatic pressure, weak geological formation.

Barthal slide
This landslide was due to Extensive cut slopeting making the slope unstable and made of weathered sandstone which during incessant rainfall failed.
Slope angle may be reduced and Vegetation cover may be applied.
Extensive cut slopeting rendered the slope vertical and unstable, loss of cohesion during incessant rainfall.

Lalcherra Slide (Raboinala)
Highly weathered sandstone and sub-ordinate shale
The bedding plane show strike direction of N 150W dipping 250 towards NE. One prominent joint observed trending E-W with near vertical dip. Slope angle 40 towards NE
The landslide area is composed of thick regolithic soil forming the slope of a hillock which is been extensively cut for human settlement. There are heavy RCC buildings and houses with a road above the crown area of the landslide. Also the slope has been
Incident occurred around 3 am on 18th may.
1. Diversion of drainage at the top of the slope, 2. Avoid further activities (building construction, deforestation) that can result in destabilizing the slope, 3. Two rows of closely spaced bamboo poles upslope of the weathered shale to arrest further s
Part of one house was buried by the slide and one more house have developed cracked.
1. Reduction of strength on saturation of slope material due to heavy rain, 2. Anthropogenic activities due to unplanned cutting of slope for construction of house, 3. Reactivation of old slides lubricated by torrential and continuous rainfall, 4. Defore

Lalcherra Slide (Rabinala)
Highly weathered sandstone and sub-ordinate shale. Geologically the study area is composed of Tipam Sandstone Formation consisting of medium and course, gritty, micaceous arkose with bluish-grey shale and buff coloured clay.
The bedding plane show strike direction of N 150W dipping 250 towards NE. One prominent joint observed trending E-W with near vertical dip. Slope angle 40 towards NE.
Two houses constructed below a slope improperly dressed. One house constructed across the slope, partly collapsed under the debris killing a 60 year old man. The other house an Assam Type developed wall cracks due to soil pressure.
Saturation of the slope material due to heavy rain from late evening of 17th May, 2016 led to its failure by gravitation.
The slope was also unstable due to toe cutting of the slope for construction of the affected house. The reactivation occurred around 3 am on 18th May triggered by heavy and continuous rainfall since 17th May.
Near Patakhouri Durga Mandir Under Bilaipur Forest Village; Lala Police Station
1. Diversion of drainage at the top of the slope
2. Avoidance of further activities (building construction, deforestation) that can result in destabilization of the slope.
3. Two rows of closely spaced bamboo poles deeply driven into the slope at the
Part of one house was buried by the slide and one more house has developed cracked.
The following geo-scientific causes are observed -
1. Reduction of strength on saturation of slope material due to heavy rain
2. Anthropogenic activities due to unplanned cutting of slope for construction of house
3. Reactivation of old slides lubricated

Phaisen slide
This slide was due to Extensive cut slopeting for house construction on top of slope without following the proper slope stability measures. During incessant rainfall it failed..
NA.
Slope angle may be reduced followed by plantation of small grasses and no firther construction with proper slope stability measures may not be allowed
Extensive cut slopeting rendering the slope vertical and unstable, construction of house on top of slope creating overburden presure and loss of cohesion during incessant rainfall.

SE of Vairengte slide
Small cut slope failures in Vairengte aong this road section
Slope moderation by benching and removal of top material , removal of load (Tall trees, bamboo grooves)
Weathered and splintary nature of rock (shale), Steep slopes, presence of load (trees)

Vairengte to Phainuam section slide
Slope moderation by removal of overburden, removal of load
Loose nature of overburden, top load (tall trees), steep slope

Saiphai village slide
The houses are at high risk which are present at the flank of the landslide, also complete removal of road
Channeling and lining of drainage along the slope, proper retaining wall with weepholes
Partial removal of cables, water pipeline is damaged, concrete retaining wall is damaged completely
Presence of deep gully erosion, loose nature of overburden material (dumped waste/younger loose debris), removal of toe by gully erosion

S of Saiphai village slide
Presence of seepages along the flanks of the land slide though landslide face is dry
Serlui B TL to Saiphai road section (S of Saiphai village)
Slope moderation by benching, removal of penetrative roots from the crown
Loose ,weathered, fractured nature of lithology, steep slopes, presence of penetrative roots within overburden and rocks

South of Saiphai slide
Proper footwall/retainig wall t the foot of landslid/slope
Channeling of drainage in the upslope of road, lining and channeling of drainage in the downslope of rod, culvert for channeling of water from upslope
Presence of deep gully erosion from upslope of road and downslope at the foot of landslides, loose material (dumped waste/younger loose debris), steep slope

Presence of small landslide ~10m from the location on both side of this landslides
Removal of loose overburden from crown by benching
Loose, weathered nature of overburden, steep slope (extensive cut slope)

Bishnupur Puniyar Slide
Highly weathered sandstone and siltstone of Bhuban Formation of Surma Group.
The shallow translational debris slide formed due to intense weathering and erosion. Over long periods, daily temperature variations and extreme heat along with water flowing through fractures decomposes the bedrock. In addition, heavy downpour resulted
One family is residing very close to the affected location. Evacuate and relocate the residents from the downslope area. (Mainly to be taken up by the respective state department.)
1. Slope modification with benches supported by gabion wall/ 2.Covering the vulnerable slope by geosynthetic/ geotextile 3.Removal of debris and tress from the slope face 4. Natural flow should be channelized by construction of a chute drain.
1. Slope forming material comprising mainly of highly weathered sandstone and siltstone 2. Intense weathering and erosion has resulted the development of fractures on the slope face 4. Over long period, daylighting and water seepage condition through fra

Raj Nagar Slide
Ferruginous sandstone with siltstone of Tipam Sandstone Formation.
The slide is a shallow translational debris slide triggered due to slope excavation and incessant rainfall. Weak slope forming material comprising weathered sandstone and siltstone and few rill erosion along the slope are the main causative factors. The
The affected location is occupied with settlements. It is very necessary to evacuate and relocate the residents from the downslope area. (Mainly to be taken up by the respective state department.)
1. Slope easing at the crown area 2. Remove accumulated debris and RCC retaining wall with sufficient weep holes may be constructed at the toe of the slope/ Covering the vulnerable slope by geosynthetic/ geotextile
Affected a house; now they have shifted to nearby area
1.The affected slope comprises highly friable sandstone and siltstone 2. Soil quarry 3. Due to incessant rainfall, pore water pressure of the material reduced leading to loss of cohesion

Shymacharanpur slide
The slide is a shallow translational debris slide occurred during the month of August in the year 2019, triggered due to slope cut for building a house and incessant rainfall. Weak slope forming material comprising weathered sandstone- siltstone along wi
The landslide occurred during the month of August in the year 2019 affecting one family. One person from the family was hospitalized and the house was under debris. The debris inside the house has been removed but the remaining debris on the slope may po
1. Slope dressing at the crown area 2.Removal of trees from the edge of the cut slope 3. RCC retaining wall/ Masonry wall with sufficient weep holes may be constructed at the toe of the slope with few meters buffer zone.
1. The affected slope comprises highly weathered ferruginous sandstone with siltstone 2. Unscientific slope modification and unsupported slope for house construction 3. The weight of the trees at the flanks of the excavated slope along with the infiltrat

Dholaikhal slide
Sandstone and siltstone of Bokabil Formation of Surma Group.
This is a shallow translational rock fall which has been triggered due to slope cut for road construction, structural discontinuities such as joints and fractures along with incessant rainfall. The overburden material is quite weak comprising highly weat
The affected site is located at a few distances away from the settlements even though it is connection path for nearby villages. Therefore necessary action must be taken up.
1. Removal of protrusions and overhangs boulders retained on the slope 2. Trimming of branches or removal of heavy vegetation cover from the affected slope area which can potentially slide down 3. Hill side drains may be constructed along the road 4. Toe
1. Highly weathered and jointed (three sets of joints observed) slope; comprises sandstone and siltstone 2. Unscientific slope modification for road construction. 3. Over-saturation of weak slope forming material due to rainfall 4. Water seepage through

Vairangte slide-1
Brownish coloured fine to medium grained highly weathered sandstone of Bokabil Formation of Surma Group
The affected area is shallow translational soil slide caused due to slope cut for road, triggered by incessant rainfall. The overburden material comprising in-situ soil with highly weathered sandstone developed increase in pore water pressure due to cont
Proper remedial measure should be adapted as a precaution against future landslides.
Slope easing at the crown area. Construction of strong reinforced retaining wall/gabion wall at the toe of the slide founded on firm substratum. Construction of lined hillside drainage.
1. Weak slope forming material 2. Cutting of slope for road construction. 3. Incessant rainfall led to over-saturation of slope forming material results in reduction of shear strength due to rise in local pore water pressure.

Vairengte slide
Presence of old landslide 10m SW along the road from landslide location, presence of gully at old landslide
Vairengte to Phainuam road section (Near Vairengte)
Removal of jointed blocks from crown and slope of landslide, slope moderation
Jointed nature and competency contrast between shale and sandstone layer, steep slopes

Dholaikhal slide
This landslide was due to removal of vegetation cover for jhum cultivation exposing the slope which failed during incessant rainfall.
Jhum cultivation may be not done on steep slopes.
Deforestation for jhum cultivation, over-saturation and loss of cohesion of slope material during incessant rainfall.

Dwarbond- Bilaipur slide
This landslide was due to quarry activity for sand mining. The slope composed of weathered sandstone and quarry activity without taking proper slope stabilisation measures the slope failed during incessant rainfall..
Slope trimming may be done to reduce the slope angle and plantation of small grasses.
Excessive slope cutting for local mining of sand lead to slope instability. Due to negative slope formation and exposure, it failed during incessant rainfall.

Purbanakshatila slide 1
Extensive cut slopeting for sand mining for rendering the slope vertical and slope made up of highly weathered sandstone which failed during incessant rainfall.
Slope cutting for sand mining activity may be stopped , if done low slope angle may be maintained.
Sand quarry, unscientific slope cutting for house construction, and loss of cohesion during incessant rainfall.

Purbanakshatila slide 2
Extensive cut slopeting for sand mining for rendering the slope vertical and slope made up of highly weathered sandstone which failed during incessant rainfall.
Slope cutting for sand mining activity may be stopped , if done low slope angle may be maintained.
Extensive cut slopeting for sand mining, vertical slope cut, and loss of cohesion during incessant rainfall.

BoroJalenga slide
This landslide was due to moderately steep slope angle and slope made of highly weathered sandstone which failed during incessant rainfall.
Natural Landslide
Landslide location is in densely forested area with nil settlement so remedial measure may not be required if there is no future possibility for development.
Slope comprised of highly weathered sandstone with moderately steep slope angle failed during incessant rainfall.

Pruptal slide
Intercalated unit of highly friable siltstone and shale of Bokabil Formation of Surma Group.
Geologically, the affected site is comprised of highly weathered and friable siltstone and shale overlain by thin layer of in-situ soil cover. Slope excavation beyond the critical angle and toe removal of natural slope having weak slope forming material
Evacuate and relocate the residents residing on the upslope area.
1. Removal of debris from the slope 2. Easing of the slope by benching 3. Trimming of branches or removal of heavy vegetation cover from the affected slope area which can potentially slide down 4. Covering the vulnerable slope by geosynthetics/ geotextil
1.The affected slope comprises highly friable siltstone interbedded with thin layers of shale 2. The rocks are highly fractured and folded 3. Soil quarry 4. Reduction of shear strength due to over saturation during heavy rainfall.

Panibara slide
Intercalated unit of highly friable siltstone and shale of Bokabil Formation of Surma Group.
In this affected slope the overburden material has failed along with some highly fragmented underlying bedrock. The overburden material is comprised of highly friable siltstone interbedded with shale and thin layers of in-situ soil. Unscientific cutting
One settlement is located near to the slide area. It is very necessary to evacuate and relocate the residents from the downslope area. (Mainly to be taken up by the respective state department.)
As it is situated near to settlement and road remedial measures must be required: 1. Easing of the slope by benching 2. Removal of heavy vegetation from the slope area 3.Toe support for the affected slope through construction of strong RCC retaining wall
1. The affected slope comprises highly friable siltstone interbedded with thin layers of shale 2.  Quarry 3. The rocks are structurally disturbed to some extent as obliterated joints and fractures are present 3. Over-saturation of slope material and l

Rongpur slide
Construction of stone wall without weep hole created the problem.

Rakhalbasti
Highly weathered ferruginous sandstone with thin impersistened shale.
The bedding plane show strike direction of N100W dipping 500 towards NE.
The landslide occurred on 18th April, 2016 as a result of ensuing pre-monsoon rainfall in Guwahati *
1. Driving of closed spaced bamboo poles at a few distances above the toe portion.2. Diversion of water from the crown portion and redistribution3. Avoid further activities (building construction, road etc) that can result in destabilizing the slope.
One House buried along with three bicycles and household properties
1. Failure of an older dump (About 10 yrs old) soil mass along a slope, 2. Reduction of strength on super-saturation, 3. Anthropogenic activities: Unplanned cutting of slope (Extensive slope cut) and unplanned construction, 4. The highly weathered sandy

Rakhalbasti
Highly weathered ferruginous sandstone with thin impersistent shale, was observed at the site of the landslide. Geologically, the area falls within the Bhuban Formation of Surma Group, comprising medium grained, compact, greyish sandstone with bands of r
The bedding plane show strike direction of N100W dipping 500 towards NE. Data collected from a quarry with dominant khaki shale with intermittent thin beds of ferruginous sandstone, about one km east*
The affected house was situated on the slope of a small hillock where the slope angle was about 35 degree towards SE direction. A mass of the hillock at the top was excavated for construction of house about 10yrs ago and the debris dumped on the slope be
Torrential Rainfall (136.8mm) on 18th May, 2016 preceded by nearly 70mm of rainfall each on 16th & 17th May, 2016.
The slide occurred at 3 AM early dawn of 18th May 2016 following incessant and torrential rainfall on the day preceded by moderate rainfall continuously for two days making the sandy soil mass soft and heavy. A mass of soil was lying on a pre-cut slope r
Rakhalbasti, near Sonaicherra TG. Under Ram Krishna
a. Driving two rows of closed spaced bamboo poles at a small distance above the toe portion.
b. Diversion of water from the crown portion and its redistribution.
c. Avoidance of further activities (building construction, road etc) that can result in dest
One House buried along with three bicycles and household properties
1. Failure of an older dump (~ 10 yrs old) soil mass.
2. Reduction of strength on saturation due to heavy rainfall
3. Anthropogenic activities: Unplanned cutting of slope and unplanned construction.
4. T

Maneshwarpur landslide
This landslide was due to Extensive cut slopeting and slope is made of weathered and poorly compacted shale which during incessant rainfall failed.
Slope angle may be reduced and small height plantation may be applied.
Slope forming material comprising weathered shale, Extensive cut slopeting, followed by incessant rainfall led to failure.

Dinanathpur slide
This slide was due to dumping of slope cut material along the slope and during incessant rainfall it failed
Slope angle may be trimmed and debris should not be dumped along the slope.
Extensive cut slopeting in weathered sandstone and dumping of debris along the slope lead to failure during incessant rainfall.

Ramchandi (Koyabasti)
The bedding plane show strike direction of N 050W dipping 350 towards SW.
The landslide occurred on 18th April, 2016 as a result of ensuing pre-monsoon rainfall in Guwahati *
Shifting of the house towards more stable area preferably along south east direction from the present house. 2. Avoid further activities (building construction, deforestation) that can result in destabilizing the slope
Reduction of strength on super-saturation of natural slope due to heavy rain 2. Anthropogenic activities: Unplanned cutting of slope construction

Ramchandi (Koyabasti)
Highly weathered micaceous sandstone was dominant at the site of the landslide. Geologically the area is made up of Bokabil Formation of Surma Group consisting of Shale-siltstone alternations, rhythimites, muds tones, fine to medium micaceous sandstones
The bedding plane show strike direction of N 300E dipping 350 towards NW direction. Two sets of joints were observed showing the following attitude- Joint 1= N400E/ 630SE & Joint-2= E-W/Vertical
The landslide occurred as a result of unprecedented heavy rainfall recording a high value of 313.7 mm since late evening of 17th May, 2016. The slope material is made up of loose sandy soil which got lubricated as a result of heavy rainfall. The thick ov
The landslide occurred in the morning of 18th may, 2016. The field party was provided logistic support (Vehicle, Field guide) by the District administration. Shri Siju Das, District Project Officer, Disaster Management, Hailakandi district assisted the G
Shifting of the house towards more stable area preferably along south east direction from the present house.
2. Avoidance of further activities (building construction, deforestation) that can result in destabilizing the slope.
3. For long term measur
2. Anthropogenic activities: Unplanned cutting of slope for construction of house.
3. High angle of the sl

Garapunjislide
This landslide was due to slope cutting for house extension and dumping of debris on the slope which failed during incessant rainfall.
House extension may ne checked and dumped material may not be dumped on slope.
Dumping of slope cut material and constructional material debris on slope during extension of house.

Paglacherra slide
This landslide was due to Extensive cut slopeting for quarry activity which failed during incessant rainfall.
Slope cutting may be checked and slope angle may may be reduced.
Extensive cut slopeting for quarry activity and over-saturation of slope material during incessant rainfall.

Satkaragul
Fine grained micaceous sandstone, with splintery olive green shale, Siltstone and clay bands.
The slide occurred on 10/05/2014 at 1:30 am. The people of the area should not construct houses near cutting of the slope, avoid planting of big trees

remove the over hangs, diversion of rain water by maintaining proper drainage

sandstone with shale partings/ friable sandstone, grey shale
beds dipping towards the road (Dip less than slope cut, hense higher susceptiblity)
maintain proper drainage and suitable slope stabilisation measures to be taken to cover up the cut slope face

Sontang no.3 landslide
Tipam Group of rocks represented by highly weathered, friable, unconsolidated, yellowish to light brown colour, fine to medium grained, ferruginous sandstone with small mudstone/clay pockets.
The rocks units of the Tipam Formation in the area are easterly dipping with dip amount ranging from 10┬░15┬░.
I (Yellow)
Channelization and lining of drainage that runs along the slope; Removal of the overhanging and advancing material from the slope; Slope moderation by benching to stabilize the slope.
Settlement, thick vegetation and cultivated paddy fields in the downslope plain areas
It is a reactivated slide. The loose debris from old minor landslides and the resultant cracks that have developed on the ground indicate instability and contribute as one of the major causes of this particular earthslide. Excavation of natural slope for

Narengbari landslide
Shale, siltstone and mudstone with sandstone of Bokabil Formation of the Surma Group of rocks
Western limb of Baramura antiform; nearby areas the beds are westerly dipping (15┬░30┬░)
At the base of the slope, seepage of water was observed after the event of slope failure. Downslope of the landslide, toe erosion by nala (Nareng nadi) has caused minor slides.Another slide is also observed on the other slope face of the same hill. A fam
Champabari, Belbari Block (formerly part of Jirania block)
Settlement, thick vegetation with tall trees, bananas and rich undergrowth
Slope moderation with multiple benching at the crown area/ where the slopes are relatively steeper. Removal of load from the upslope such as tall trees with penetrative roots, banana plants and overhanging materials. Strengthening of the unconsolidated
Steep and concave nature of the slope ideal for water seepage and retention. Thickness of unconsolidated overburden material which comprise of thick soil, highly weathered shalesiltstonemudstone with friable ferruginous sandstone; Slope cutting of natur

Shale, siltstone and mudstone with sandstone of Bokabil Formation of the Surma Group of rocks
Western limb of Baramura antiform; nearby areas the beds are westerly dipping (15┬░30┬░)
Presence of settlement upslope which may be at risk.; In the eastern slope of this village, cracks have developed near the edges of the slope at several places and along the walls of a number of houses. Such cracks have affected both concrete and mud wal
Champabari, Belbari Block (formerly part of Jirania block)
Removal of load such as tall trees with penetrative roots and overhanging materials
The presence of younger loose material from an old slide. Water retention at the base of the slope; saturation due to incessant rain led to failure.

Kayerpur Landslide
Unstable slope along the raised bridge from ground level which is under final construction stage

Lunglawn landslide
Sandstones, siltstones and shales of Upper Bhuban Formation of Surma group which is highly weathered. The rocks themselves are very soft and at highly weathered.
Though the slide is a small slide, due to the extremely rapid rate of movement and the time at which it occurred i.e. 6:30 pm which is dinner time for most families in Mizoram, it has taken the lives of 10 people.
20 m stretch of a kachha road damaged by debris from run out.
A retention wall (Fig. 3) with proper weep holes has to be constructed at the toe of the landslide which will restrict the further movement of the slope material. The wall should be founded over hard bedrock. Dimension (L * W * H) = 20m * 1.5m * 3m. Line
One pukka house destroyed by the debris. The houses at the crown has severe damage to their foundation.
The bedrock (Shale) is highly weathered wherein nearly 2 meters thick soil has developed on gentler slopes above the crown (Photo 3). The dip of the bedrock is 40Γü░ towards southeast direction which is also the direction of the slope. (Photo 4). The

Taidu Police Station landslide
Tipam Group of rocks represented by highly weathered, unconsolidated, yellowish to light brown colour, fine to medium grained, ferruginous sandstone with small mudstone/clay pockets.
The rocks units of the Tipam Formation in the area are easterly dipping with dip amount ranging from 5┬░8┬░.
The houses (Police Station area) and the telecommunication tower upslope are at risk if the landslide retrogrades further.
Removal of advancing material from the scarp of the slide, removal of load and overhanging materials at the crown of the slide. Strengthening of the loose and thick overburden material by planting of locally available grass or lateralspreading root plant
The thickness of the overburden and the highly weathered nature of the lithology comprising of unconsolidated and friable ferruginous sandstone with small clay pocket is one of the main causal factors. Steep nature of the slope; Toe cutting for construc

Taidu landslide (opposite to Taidu Police Station)
Tipam Group of rocks represented by highly weathered, friable, unconsolidated, yellowish to light brown colour, fine to medium grained, ferruginous sandstone with small mudstone/clay pockets.
The rocks units of the Tipam Formation in the area are easterly dipping with dip amount ranging from 5┬░8┬░.
The houses both upslope and downslope are at risk. Considering the risk of lives and economic factors, a detailed slope stability studies may be carried out to understand the causative factor and to work out an appropriate and long term mitigation measur
Removal of landslide debris, overhanging material and load such as tall trees with penetrative roots, banana groves, etc from the crown of the slope. Proper channelization of domestic and natural drainage, preferably concrete lined drainage will help to
11 houses completely damaged and 16 houses partially damaged.
The thickness of the overburden and the highly weathered nature of the lithology comprising of unconsolidated and friable ferruginous sandstone with small clay pocket is one of the main causal factors. Extensive slope excavation for construction of the h

Chessore landslide
Shale with minor sandstone which is jointed and moderately weathered.
Highly jointed rock supersaturated after heavy rainfall. Steep slope35┬░45┬░( Details are stated in the report)

Toe cutting for road, slope modification, rainfall and shale/material

Eastern slope
Toe cutting for road, slope modification, rainfall

toe cutting for road, loose condition of the overburden

Ratiapara slide
maintain proper drainage and sealing of the joints or netting may be useful
Road block causing problem in supply of ration
Weathered material, joints and other weak planes

Govindbari slide
Knee deep slush/mud in monsoon
Removal of weathered material, Retaining wall with proper drainage

Near Govindbari BSF BPO(~400m from Govindbari slide)
Weathered material, joints and other weak planes

Toe cutting for road, slope modification

Similar debris slides 10 m apart near the location

Rabiraipara slide
Road and electricity poles and cables destroyed
Weathered material, orientation and dip, steep slope and toe cutting for road

Nasharampara slide
the loose materials resting on the slip surface needs to be removed

Simeinisora slide
Rinmuanpuii, P. and Jena, D. K., 2020. Macro-Scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheet nos. 84B/06, 84B/10, 84B/11, 84B/12 AND 84C/09, in Lunglei and Lawngtlai districts, Mizoram. Unpublished GSI report.
Data taken from distance.

Parva I to Parva II road slide
Rinmuanpuii, P. and Jena, D. K., 2020. Macro-Scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheet nos. 84B/06, 84B/10, 84B/11, 84B/12 AND 84C/09, in Lunglei and Lawngtlai districts, Mizoram. Unpublished GSI report.
Slide has stabilized itself
1. Construction of culvert across the road and lined drainage along the road 2. Slope easing by benching.

Bhandukbandasora slide
Rinmuanpuii, P. and Jena, D. K., 2020. Macro-Scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of toposheet nos. 84B/06, 84B/10, 84B/11, 84B/12 AND 84C/09, in Lunglei and Lawngtlai districts, Mizoram. Unpublished GSI report.
1. Construction of culvert across the road and lined drainage along the road 2. Slope easing by benching.
Increased pore pressure of overburden due to rainfall, cut slope failure

Bymari-Tongkolong slide
Chakma, K. and Das, J., 2020. Macro-Scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in toposheet nos. 84C/13, 84B/16, 84F/03, 84G/1 and 84F/04, Saiha and Lawngtlai Districts, Mizoram. Unpublished GSI report.
Removal of a uprooted tree
slope moderation and channelling of the nalla
Extensive slope cut at the time of road construction,oversaturation of slope forming material

Lombasu bymari slide 2
Chakma, K. and Das, J., 2020. Macro-Scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in toposheet nos. 84C/13, 84B/16, 84F/03, 84G/1 and 84F/04, Saiha and Lawngtlai Districts, Mizoram. Unpublished GSI report.
Extensive slope cut at the time of road construction
Construction of retaining wall/Breast wall,plantation upslope, proper mining technique during quarring nearby
Extensive slope cut at the time of road construction,oversaturation of slope forming material

Lombasu bymari slide 6
Chakma, K. and Das, J., 2020. Macro-Scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in toposheet nos. 84C/13, 84B/16, 84F/03, 84G/1 and 84F/04, Saiha and Lawngtlai Districts, Mizoram. Unpublished GSI report.
slope moderation and channelling of the nalla
Extensive slope cut at the time of road construction,oversaturation of slope forming material

Lombasu bymari slide 3
Plantation of tree and fast growing grass, Diversion of water on the slope from percolation, slope moderation

Plantation of tree and fast growing grass, Diversion of water on the slope from percolation, slope moderation

Plantation of tree and fast growing grass.
nature and strcuture of the lithology,loose soil

East of Lombasu slide
Construction of retaining wall and fast growing grasses to stablise the zone
Oversaturation of slope forming material at the time of rainfall, loose overburden, extensive slope cut

Lombasu slide 1
slope moderation and removal of load from the crown of landslide
loose overburden, Oversaturation of slope forming material at the time of rainfall

Lombasu slide 2
Fast growing grasses to stablise the road section
Oversaturation of slope forming material at the of rainfall,presence of joint & fracture rock

culvert is damaged completely
Plantation of fast growing grass & Shrub,Construction of retaining wall,
Consequent slope,Extensive slope cut at the time of road construction,highly fractured and jointed rock

Hmawngbuchchah slide

W of Hmawngbu slide

Lunghauna Hmawngbu slide
Construction of retaining wall/Breast wall and proper slope moderation and benching

South of Tongkolong slide 2
widening of road, benching and construction of retaining wall
Extensive slope cut at the time of road construction,oversatuaration of SFM at the time of rainfall,consequent slope

South of Tongkolong slide 1
removal of advancing material, slope moderation and planting of fast growing grasses for stablity of slope

Dash, Seema and Rinmuanpuii, Priscilla, 2019; Macro-Scale (1:50,000) Landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of toposheets no. 84 B/14 and 84 B/15, Lunglei, Lawngtlai and Saiha districts, Mizoram
Slide has stabilized itself.
Increased pore pressure of overburden due to rainfall and cut slope failure

Dash, Seema and Rinmuanpuii, Priscilla, 2019; Macro-Scale (1:50,000) Landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of toposheets no. 84 B/14 and 84 B/15, Lunglei, Lawngtlai and Saiha districts, Mizoram
1. Slope easing by benching of the slope. 2. Hardening of the slope surface by plantation of vegetation like vetiver grass. 2. Lined drainage along the side of the road as well as channelisation of surface run-off.

Dash, Seema and Rinmuanpuii, Priscilla, 2019; Macro-Scale (1:50,000) Landslide susceptibility mapping in parts of toposheets no. 84 B/14 and 84 B/15, Lunglei, Lawngtlai and Saiha districts, Mizoram
1. Slope easing by benching of the slope. 2. Hardening of the slope surface by plantation of vegetation like vetiver grass. 2. Lined drainage along the side of the road as well as channelisation of surface run-off.
"

1. Slope easing by benching of the slope. 2. Hardening of the slope surface by plantation of vegetation like vetiver grass. 2. Lined drainage along the side of the road as well as channelisation of surface run-off.
"
Increased pore pressure of overburden due to rainfall and cut slope failure and rill erosion by nala.

Bungtlang S to Sekulhkai road slide 1
Increased pore pressure of overburden due to rainfall, cut slope failure

Sekulhkai to M Kawnpui road slide 2
1. Proper lined drainage along the side of the road are recommended. 2. Slope easing by benching of the slope.
Increased pore pressure of overburden due to rainfall and cut slope failure.

Sekulhkai to M Kawnpui road slide 3
Siltstone, micaceous sandstone & splintery shale

Bungtlang S to Sekulhkai road slide 4
1. Proper lined drainage along the side of the road are recommended. 2. Slope easing by benching of the slope. 3. Channelisation of surface runoff. Construction of retaining wall with proper weepholes at the toe of the slide.
Increased pore pressure of overburden due to rainfall and cut slope failure.

Bungtlang S to Sekulhkai road slide 5
1. Proper lined drainage along the side of the road are recommended. 2. Slope easing by benching of the slope. 3. Channelisation of surface runoff. Construction of retaining wall with proper weepholes at the toe of the slide.
Increased pore pressure of overburden due to rainfall and cut slope failure.

Sekulhkai to M Kawnpui road slide 1
Geometrical modification of slope by benching of the slope.

Sekulhkai village slide

1. Proper lined drainage along the side of the road are recommended. 2. Slope easing by benching of the slope. 3. Channelisation of surface runoff. Construction of retaining wall with proper weepholes at the toe of the slide.
Increased pore pressure of overburden due to rainfall and extensive slope cut failure.

M Kawnpui to Saibawh road slide 3
Increased pore pressure of overburden due to rainfall and cut slope failure

M Kawnpui to Saibawh road slide 4

Fangfarlui slide 2
Benching of slope and construction of lined drainage along the road.
Extensive slope cut failure and subsequent deep gully and rill erosion.

Chikhurlui to Vathuampui road slide 1

Chikhurlui to Vathuampui road slide 2
Data taken from distance.

Chikhurlui to Vathuampui road slide 3

1. Construction of culvert across the road and lined drainage along the road 2. Slope easing by benching.

Fangfarlui slide 1
Siltstone, micaceous sandstone & splintery shale

Tuichawngtlang slide
Benching of slope and construction of culvert
Oversaturation of overburden due to natural depression and subsequent deep gully and rill erosion.

Chhippui slide
Data taken from distance.

Chhippui road slide
1. Construction lined drainage along the road 2. Slope easing by benching 3. Repair of culvert.
Increased pore pressure of overburden due to rainfall, obstruction of culvert and cut slope failure

Chhippui road slide 2
1. Construction lined drainage along the road 2. Slope easing by benching.

Damdep II slide 2

Damdep II slide 1

N. Fulisora road slide 2

Chhippui road slide 3

N. Fulisora road slide 1

Chhippui village slide 1

Chhippui village slide 2

Parva I to Devasora road slide

Chhippui to Parva road slide 9

Chhippui to Parva road slide 8

Chhippui to Parva road slide 6

Chhippui village slide 3

Clearing of vegetation cover and subsequent deep gully erosion

India Bangladesh Fencing road slide 4

Bifurcation from Damdep II slide 1
Benching of slope and construction of lined drainage along the road.

Bifurcation from Damdep II slide 2
Benching of slope and construction of lined drainage along the road.

Damdep I slide

Damdep II road slide
1. Construction lined drainage along the road 2. Slope easing by benching.

Guisury to Damdep II road slide 4
1. Construction lined drainage along the road 2. Slope easing by benching.

Guisury to Damdep II road slide 2
1. Construction of culvert across the road and lined drainage along the road 2. Hardening of the slope surface by vegetation like Vetiver grass. 3. Slope easing by benching.
Increased pore pressure of overburden due to rainfall and because it was a natural depression and cut slope failure

Guisury to Damdep II road slide 3
1. Construction of culvert across the road and lined drainage along the road 2. Hardening of the slope surface by vegetation like Vetiver grass. 3. Slope easing by benching.

1. Construction of retaining wall with proper weep holes at the toe of the slide. 2. Lined drainage along the road 3. Hardening of the slope surface by vegetation like Vetiver grass. 4. Slope easing by benching.

Guisury village slide
1. Construction of retaining wall with proper weep holes at the toe of the slide. 2. Lined drainage along the road 3. Hardening of the slope surface by vegetation like Vetiver grass. 4. Slope easing by benching.

Vaseikai to Parva road slide 4
1. Construction of retaining wall with proper weep holes at the toe of the slide. 2. Lined drainage along the road 3. Hardening of the slope surface by vegetation like Vetiver grass. 4. Slope easing by benching.

Vaseikai to Parva road slide 5
Cut slope failure along wedge joint planes of soft friable sandstone

Vaseikai to Parva road slide 2

India Bangladesh Fencing road slide 6

India Bangladesh Fencing road slide 8
Benching of slope and construction of lined drainage along the road and culvert across the road.

Benching of slope and construction of lined drainage along the road and culvert across the road.

Borapansury to Montola slide
Construction of culvert across the road and lined drainage along the road
Cut fill failure on a slope where there are loose dumped materials and deep gully erosion

Kurbalavasora to Borapansury slide
Construction of lined drainage along the road and culvert across the road.

Diblibagh village slide 2
Micaceous sandy shale, siltstone and sandstone
Road cuttingalong the slope which trigger landslide all along the road
Diblibagh village near the Ferry point of Karnaphuli River
Construction of retaining wall/Breast wall,Plantation of deep rooted tree along with fast growing grass,Construction of hill side nala and diversion of water on slope by channeling out(Contour drainage)
Extensive slope cut at the time of road construction,oversaturation of slope forming material,consequent slope

Tushipokla & Christabel S (2019); Macro-Scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in Toposheet nos 84B09 & 84B13.
Removal of overhanging bigger trees on the edges of the crown. Maintenance of the road side nala
Oversaturation failure in highly weathered splintery shale unit with extensive slope cut

Tlabung -Tiperghat road section slide 4
Trimming of the slope, construction of breast wall
Extensive slope cut at the time of road construction,oversaturation of slope forming material and highly jointed nature of sandstone.

South of Chawnpui Veng slide 2
Rock boulder still on the slide area and slide material also caused a blockage downslope road.
South of Chawnpui Veng on PMGSY Tlabung - Chawlung road
Diversion of rainwater downslope,Plantation of deep rooted plant downslope of road and construction of retaining wall downslope of road
Present of Joints,Consequent slope,Extensive slope cut,Percolation of water in joint plane

SE of Chawnpui veng slide
Downslope of road massive landslide due to dumping of materials and dumping should be avoided
1 Km SE of Chawnpui veng on PMGSY Tlabung - Chawlung road
Widening of road,removal of slide material and plantation of deep rooted plant downslope of the road
Presence of Joints,Consequent slope,Oversaturation of slope forming material and extensive slope cut at the time of road construction

SE of Chawnpui veng slide 1
Extensive slope cut at the time of road cutting for PMGSY and closely spaced landslide along the road
1.2 Km SE of Chawnpui veng on PMGSY Tlabung - Chawlung road
Widening of road,removal of slide material and plantation upslope.
Consequent slope,Presence of Joints,Percolation of water in the joint plane,Extensive slope cut at the time of road construction and presence of splintery shale

SE of Chawnpui veng slide 2
1.3 Km SE of Chawnpui veng-Chawlung road
Plantation of deep rooted plant along with fast growing plant/grass
Consequent slope,presence of jointed rock,Percolation of water along the joint plane,Toe cutting at the time of road construction

SE of Chawnpui slide 3
Toe erosion downslope of road,Bamboo in and around, High height plantation (teak)
Plantation of deep rooted plant along with fast growing grass,Maintenance of drainage at toe of hill side, Construction of retaining wall and deep rooted plant at downslope
Consequent slope,Oversaturation of slope forming material at the time of rainfall,Extensive slope cut at the time road construction.

South of Chawnpui Veng slide 1
Consequent slope,Downslope massive landslide cause by the nala
1 Km south of Chawnpui veng on PMGSY Tlabung - Chawlung Road.
Widening of road, Breast wall/retaining wall should be constructed downslope of the road
Presence of Joints,Consequent slope,Extensive slope cut at the time of road, construction and seepage in the joint plane

SE of Chawnpui Veng slide 4
Concave slope & Downslope slope failure of the road
2 km SE of Chawnpui Veng on Tlabung - Lunglei Road
Construction of Breast wall, plantation and mantainance of hill side nala.
Consequent slope, Failure plane is developed on the contact of SFM & Rock,Oversaturation of slope forming material and extensive slope cut

South of Tlabung slide
Along the road 5-6 slope failure due to extensive slope cut also observed
4 km South of Tlabung on SH - Tlabung -Tiperghat road
Plantation of short scrub,removal of rock boulders
Extensive slope cut at the time of road construction,oversaturation of slope forming material,presence of jointed rock.

Tlabung Higher secondary school slide 1
Work construction underway and one nala flowing along right flank of slide
200m from Tlabung Higher secondary school on SH- Tlabung -Tiperghat Road
Oversaturation of slope forming material,extensive slope cut at the time of road construction,splintery nature of shale (Incompetent and competent litho unit),High intensity of weathering due to spring in rainy season

Tlabung -Tiperghat road section slide 5
2-3 landslide observed adjacent to it, Widening and upgradation of road is under progress
Plantation of shrub and grasses,widening and removal of slide material,mantainance of hill side drainage
Extensive slope cut at the time of road construction, Oversaturation of slope forming material, presence of splintery shale.

SE of Tlabung slide 3
Failure plane is contact between overburden and rock
4 km SE Tlabung on SH - Tlabung - Tiperghat road.
Mantainance of drainage and trimming of the overhang materials
Extensive slope cut at the time of road construction, oversaturation of slope forming material, presence of splintery shale.

Tlabung -Tiperghat road section slide 3
Construction of road is under progress
Re-enforcement of vegetation and geomat, Proper hill side nala, Removal of slide material from road.
Extensive slope cut at the time of road construction, Oversaturation of slope forming material, presence of joints.

SE of Tlabung slide 4
10.8 km SE of Tlabung on SH- Tlabung -Tiperghat road
Construction of breast wall,plantation of fast growing grass and shrub, geo-mat may be provided
Extensive slope cut due to road construction,Oversaturation of slope forming material at the time of rainfall and presence of fractured and Jointed rocks

SE of Tlabung slide 7
Thin to medium bedded sandstone and siltstone intercalation
12 km SE of Tlabung on SH- Tlabung -Tiperghat road
Extensive slope cut at the time of road construction,presence of softer rock,consequent slope and failure plane develop between overburden and rock

Tension crack developed and smaller landslide develop within the main landslide body
10.3 km SE of Tlabung on SH- Tlabung -Tiperghat road
Plantation of fast growing grasses and shrub,geo-mat may be provided to prevent gully erosion and construction of breast wall
Extensive slope cut due to road construction,Oversaturation of slope forming material at the time of rainfall and presence of weathered rock

Toe erosion by the nala of the dumped material which lead to slope failure and upgradation of road.
7 km SE of Tlabung on SH- Tlabung -Tiperghat road
Plantation of fast growing grass/short scrub along with deep rooted palnts, construction of breast wall
Extensive slope cut due to road construction,Oversaturation of slope forming material at the time of rainfall,presence of Joints and seepage of water at the time of rainfall on the slope

Localised folding(Tight folding and kinking) is observed,Because of folding shale horizon is more disturbed and slope failure observed,Nala is passing on right flank of landslide.
Extensive slope cut at the time of road construction,oversaturation of SFM at the time of rainfall,presence of localised folding of competent and incompetent bed and presence of splintery shale.

Stone net cage wall construction is under progress,Lots of boulder are sliding down.
Construction of stone net cage wall,trimming of slope and plantation, Dumping should be avoided downslope of road.
Extensive slope cut due to road construction,Oversaturation of slope forming material at the time of rainfall and presence of Joints

Muriskata to Lewin slide
Tension crack and slope failure observed the downslope of road near the landslide
Muriskata to Lewin on SH- Tlabung -Tiperghat road
Extensive slope cut at the time of road construction,oversaturation of slope forming material at the time of rainfall,presence of jointed rocks,splintery nature of shale.

Structurally controlled by locailized folding.
9.2 km SE of Tlabung on SH- Tlabung -Tiperghat road
Widening and removal of slide material from the road
Extensive slope cut due to road construction, Oversaturation of slope forming material at the time of rainfall and presence of fractured and Jointed rocks(Sandstone)

Extensive dumping downslope of road trigger slope failure in which retaining wall slide away
10 km SE of Tlabung on SH- Tlabung -Tiperghat road
Widening of road by removal of debris and trimming of overhangs, retaining of wall construction and plantation of deep rooted plant to prevent toe erosion
Extensive slope cut due to road construction,Oversaturation of slope forming material at the time of rainfall

Extensive dumping observed and plantation may be provided on the dumped area as well
Plantation of fast growing grasses and shrub, Geo-mat may be provided to prevent gully erosion,Plantation,construction of breast wall
Extensive slope cut due to road construction,Oversaturation of slope forming material at the time of rainfall

Thin to medium bedded Siltstone,Shale,Sandstone intercalation
Failure plane is in the contact between rock and overburden, Toe erosion and development of deep gully erosion downslope of the road
11.4 km SE of Tlabung near Silkur Village on SH- Tlabung -Tiperghat road
Widening of road,excavation of slide material
Consequent slope,Oversaturation of slope forming material and extensive slope cut at the time of road construction

Silkur village slide 2
Oversaturation of slope forming material at the of rainfall,presence of joint & fracture rock

Thin to medium bedded Siltstone and Sandstone intercalation
Presence of Loose and jointed litho units.
SE of Tlabung near Silkur Village on SH- Tlabung - Thekaduar Road
Presence of jointed rock,Extensive slope cut at the time of road construction and Oversaturation of slope forming material

Removal of rock block upslope of the road,mantainance of nala to prevent percolation of water.
Percolation/ eepage of water along the consequent slope through the joint plane present in the rock, Toe cutting at the time of road construction, Lithology (Shale, siltstone, Sandstone)

Muriskata village slide 2
Tree was uprooted
Muriskata village, Tlabung on Karnaphuli River bank
Embankment construction is suggested and reinforcement of fast growing grass and shrub
Oversaturation of slope forming material at the time of rainfall. Uprooted of plant on the slope

Tlabung Higher secondary school slide 2
Structural disturbance observed, Extensive dumping downslope of the road triggering another slope failure endangering the road upslope
300m from Tlabung Higher secondary school on SH- Tlabung -Tiperghat Road
Localised folding,Oversaturation of slope forming material,splintery nature of shale,extensive slope cut at the time of road construction and structural control area

Public Higher Secondary School slide
The slided protion had been temporary covered by water proof (Polythene),
Enforcement of plantatation along with fast growing grass
Graveyard/cemetry area effected, Geo-mat and stone cage are also been damaged
Overssaturation of slope forming material and percolation of rain water/seepage, Dumping of the material along upslope, Extensive slope cut at the time of road construction

Bawnveng Village slide 2
Damage of stone net cage wall
Plantation of deep rooted tree along with fast growing grass,Geo-mat may be provided
Dumping of road materials from above and Oversaturation of slope forming material

West of Kamlabagan slide
West of Kamlabagan near the road Junction of Kamlabagan - Bindasora Road
Oversaturation of slope forming material,Extensive slope cut,and presence of jointed rocks

North of Bindasora village slide 2
Adjacent one more landslide is observed of a similar nature
Oversaturation of slope forming material, Failure palne along the contact between SFM & Bed rock,Consequent slope and extensive slope cut at the time of road construction

NW of Kamlabagan slide 2
1 km NW of Kamlabagan on Kamlabagan - Bindasora road
Oversaturation of slope forming materials,Extensive slope cut at the time of road construction

Tlabung Tourist Lodge slide
Endangering a house upslope of slide,Failure plane developed between overburden
Near Tlabung Tourist Lodge on SH - Tiperaghat - Tlabung - Lunglei Road
Widening and removal of slide material,Plantation of deep rooted along with fast growing grass
Extensive slope cut at the time of road construction,Oversaturation of Slope forming material,Presence of Joints(3 Sets)

Chanmari Veng, Tlabung slide 1
Improvement and upgradation of road of Tlabung - Kawlpuichhuah road
Chanmari Veng, Tlabung on Bypass SH- Tlabung - Lungsen - Lunglei Road
Extensive slope cut across the hill, Jointed nature of rock, Presence of splintery shale

Chanmari Veng, Tlabung slide 2
Quarrying triggeribg landslide,Slope cut and quarrying stop due to Landslide and cutting down of trees upslope
Plantation of deep rooted plant and proper drainage on the hill side
Extensive slope cut for quarrying of construction materials,Oversaturation of Slope forming materials and consequent slope

North of Tlabung slide 9
Percolation of water along the nala
4.2 km North of Tlabung on PMGSY Tlabung - Diblibagh road
Extensive slope cut at the time of road construction,oversatuaration of SFM at the time of rainfall,consequent slope

North of Tlabung slide 2
Localised folding
4 km North of Tlabung on PMGSY Tlabung-Diblibagh road
Extensive slope cut at the time of road construction,presence of joints, Failure palne along the contact between rocks and joints and oversaturation & percolation of water on the joint plane

North of Tlabung slide 11
5 km North of Tlabung on PMGSY Tlabung - Diblibagh road
Extensive slope cut at the time of road construction,oversaturation of slope forming material,consequent slope and failure plane in between overburden & rock unit

Tushipokla & Christabel S (2019); Macro-Scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in Toposheet nos 84B09 & 84B13.
Construction of retention wall and culvert is beind done at present ; Photo 1550-53
Maintenance of road side nala
Oversaturation in extensive cut slope area.

Tushipokla & Christabel S (2019); Macro-Scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in Toposheet nos 84B09 & 84B13.
Maintenance of road side nala
overburden slope failure due to saturation from infitration

Dumping of slide material downslope is observed; Proper monitoring of dumping may be done to avoid load failure downslope
Removal of slide debris from the road and nala, maintenance of nala

Removal of the overhanging blocks and debris; construction of the road side nala; toe support by suitable material

Culverts on both the sides of the road is being constructed. The regolith thickness decreases towards the village area to 0.5-2m
Trimming of the edges; removal of bigger trees upslope; maintenance of roadside nala

This road stretch is a newly cut area. Photo no 1510-1515
Slope moderation by benching and soil hardening by suitable plantation

Benching and bunding with bamboo and plantation of some plants are observed. Road side drain has been made with concrete as well. Phot no 1508-09
Toe support by suitable material

Siltstone, micaceous sandstone & splintery shale
Trimmming of edges of the croen; Maintenance of road side drain
overburden slope failure due to rainfall

Phairuangkai Slide
Patra S K & Limpou L, Geologists, 2017; POST DISASTER INVESTIGATION OF PHAIRUANKAI LANDSLIDE, LUNGLEI DISTRICT
Trimming of the overhang soil from the crown and clearance of slide debris, Widening of road with road side drain;Plantation on the upslope and downslope
Anthropogenic Activities; Oversaturation of soil during rainfall and development of failure plane along the contact of the soil and rock interface.
One house completely destroyed, 2 houses endangered and are vacated

Pachang slide

Removal of overhangs/Trees and accumulated debris; Maintenance of roadside drains

Removal of overhangs/Trees; Maintenance of roadside drains

removal of slide debris from thr road side nala and clearing of the blocked culvert; Trimming of edges; Miantenance of the road side drain.

removal of slide debris from thr road side nala; Trimming of edges

Pachang-2 slide

Hawruang slide

Hawruang-2 slide

Hawruang-3 slide

Hawruang-4 slide

Roadside nala maintenance

Removal of slide debris from the road and nala, maintenance of nala
Overburden slope failue due to infiltration of water in cracks anf jonts

Removal of slide debris and maintenance of road side nala
Oversaturation of overburden due to infiltration

A few meters from the location anothe smaller slide is also present
Removal of slide material and maintenance of road side nala
oversaturation of overburden due to infiltration in loose friable lithology and consequent slope

Lunglei-5 slide

Toe protection by using bamboos; slope moderation
Toe erosion by the flowing spring at the base of the landslide slope; steep nature of slope

Removal of slide debris from the scarp surface and maintenance of road side nala.
Oversaturation failure in loose friable lithology

Another slide is also present adjacet to this slide; Photo no 1534-36
Removal of overhanging bigger trees on the edges of the crown. Maintenance of the road side nala
Infiltration of surface runoff in joints and fractures; weathering in alternating units of competant and incompetent sst-shale units.

Soil hardening by plantation of suitable grasses and maintenance of road side nala
Oversaturation in loose and friable sst unit. Increase in load of overburden from jhum activity upslope.

Proper channeling & lining of gully; benching for slope stability; removal of load (bamboo grooves) from the crown of landslide
Presence of gully along the toe of landslide slope; seepage (damp) on the landslide slope; nature & structure of lithology; steep slope

Benching for slope stability; removal of loads from the crown of landslide; channeling & lining of gully
Thick vegetation, jhum in the downslope of loc upto the river & in W slope, fresh jhum in SW & NW slopes
Nature & structure of lithology; presence of loads (bamboos) on the crown of landslide; presence of gully along right flank of landslide; cut slope failure

Channeling & lining of gully; benching for slope stability; removal of loads from crown of the landslide
Presence of gully along the toe of landslide slope (downslope); presence of seepage (damp) on the landslide slope; nature & structure of lithology; steep slope (cut slope failure); penetrative roots of the plants

Slope moderation by benching; removal of loads from crown of landslide
Steep slope; nature of overburden & lithology; loads on crown of landslide; presence of penetrative plant roots; cut slope failure

Channeling & lining of gully; slope moderation by benching; removal of loads from crown of landslide
Presence of gully just near the right flank of landslide; steep slope; presence of loads (bamboos) on the crown of landslide; gullies are formed on landslide slope

Removal of overhanging fractured rock blocks; removal of penetrative plant roots
Nature & structure of lithology; steep slope; presence of penetrative plant roots

Grey splintery shale with micaceous hard & compact sandstone
Removal of advancing jointed rock blocks from the upslope & scarp of landslide; proper channeling & lining of drainage
Dehlui River-Lungchem Village Section (~1 km NE of Lungchem)
Thick vegetation, dump waste, low height plantation in downslope & upslope of road, jhum in SE slope
Jointed & splintery nature of lithology; seepage along the road; steep slope; gullies flank in both east & west flanks of landslide

Fractured & weathered nature of lithology; steep slope; presence of load (trees & bamboos)

Slope moderation at the crown of landslide by benching
Loose nature of overburden; fractured & highly weathered nature of rock; steep slope

Removal of debris; removal of bamboos & trees from crown of landslide
Dehlui River Bridge along Sertlangpui-Lungchem Section
Fractured & weathered nature of rock along cut slope; steep slope (slope cut); presence of gully at the eastern flank of landslide

Removal of advancing material; benching & plantation of plants/grasses having soil holding capacity
Thick vegetation, high height plantation in the upslope of road, fresh jhum in NE slope (opposite slope)
Loose & thick nature of overburden; highly weathered lithology

Sandstone-shale with subordinate amount of mudstone
Removal of material (trees, overburden) from crown of landslide; slope moderation by benching; toe support with lined drainage
Highly weathered, fractured & jointed nature of rock; presence of gully at the northern flank of landslide; steep slope (cut slope failure); presence of load (trees, overburden)

Thick vegetation, low height plantation in the upslope of landslide & road
Loose nature of overburden; highly weathered & fractured nature of lithology; steep slope (cut slope failure)

Removal of load from crown of landslide; slope moderation by benching
Thick vegetation, cultivated land in hilltop in NNW slope (upslope of road)
Highly weathered nature of rock; presence of load (bamboo grooves); loose overburden; steep slope

Benching for slope moderation; planting of soil holding/tightening plants or grasses
Highly weathered sandstone; loose nature of overburden; cut slope failure

Highly weathered and fractured; SΓéÇ-163Γü░/53Γü░NE; JΓéü-266Γü░/85Γü░S; JΓéé- 205Γü░/79Γü░SE
Removal of load (tall trees) & overburden material from crown of landslide
Highly weathered & fractured nature of sandstone; cut slope failure; Jointed nature of rock; presence of deep rooted trees

Highly weathered and fractured; SΓéÇ-163Γü░/53Γü░NE; JΓéü-266Γü░/85Γü░S; JΓéé- 205Γü░/79Γü░SE
Removal of overhanging overburden material from crown of landslide
Highly weathered & fractured nature of sandstone; cut slope failure; Presence of gully at the northern flank & downslope of road

Removal of tall trees & loose overburden material from crown of landslide
Thick vegetation, sparse vegetationin the upslope of landslide, jhum in the downslope of road & SE slope
Highly weathered & fractured nature of rock unit; loose nature of the overburden; steep slope (cut slope failure)

Highly weathered, moderately jointed and fractured
Removal of advancing material; construction of retaining walls
Thick vegetation, dump waste in the downslope of loc

Removal of top/crown overburden for benching (slope moderation)
settlement Serte, low height plantation in upslope of landslide and downslope of road (~20m from loc)
Nature & structure of lithology; cut slope failure

Fine grained sandstone with bands of silty shale
Removal of debris from the landslide slope; removal of load from the crown of landslide; channeling & lining of drainage; retaining walls upto the road level from downslope
Thick vegetation, moderate vegetation in the upslope of road
Loose nature of overburden; fractured & jointed nature of rock; steep consequent slope; presence of gully along the landslide slope

Moderate weathering, jointed and fractured; JΓéü-175Γü░/24Γü░NE; JΓéé- 176Γü░/64Γü░W; JΓéâ- 056Γü░/86Γü░NE
Construction of concrete retaining wall upto the road level; avoid domestic drainage along the landslide slope; lined drainage for natural & domestic water
Fractured & jointed nature of lithology; steep slope; slope modification for construction of house

Removal of jointed overhanging blocks
S. Lungdai Village (Opposite to F. Laremruata's residence)
settlement S. Lungdai, Thick vegetation in the downslope of sett
Jointed & fractured nature of lithology; overhanging blocks on steep slope

Highly weathered, highly jointed and fractured
Construction of concrete retaining foot wall from below the road (subsidence); retaining wall along the landslide scarp & Extension
settlement S. Lungdai with Extensive cut slope, Thick vegetation in the downslope & around the settlement
Highly weathered & jointed nature of rock unit; steep slope (cut slope failure) ; presence of gully along the subsidence part

Shale-sandstone alteration (Shale with numerous sandy/silty layer)
Benching for slope moderation; removal of deep rooted trees from landslide scarp & slope; contour drainage/channeling of drainage
Thick vegetation, quarry ~50m from this loc
Nature & structure of rock unit; Extensive cut slope (cut slope failure); presence of gullies/numerous rill formations

Moderate weathering, jointed and fractured; SΓéÇ- 155Γü░/39Γü░NE (same as slope); JΓéü-263Γü░/69Γü░S; JΓéé- 205Γü░/81Γü░NW
Removal deep rooted plants over the rocky slope; contour drainage/lined drainage
Consequent nature of rock unit with slope; jointed & fractured nature of rock; presence of gully along the landslide slope

Slope moderation by benching; removal of load from landslide crown & flanks
Nature of overburden; highly weathered & fractured nature of rock; presence of load

Removal of load at the crown of landslide; benching for slope moderation
Thick & loose nature of overburden; presence of load (tall trees & bamboo); cut slope failure; presence of gully

Thick vegetation, cultivated land in the downslope along the river valley/terrace
Fractured & jointed nature of rock unit; steep slope(cut slope failure); presence of gully at the northern flank of the landslide

Grey splintery shale with sandy layers/bands
Channeling of drainage; construction of concrete retaining wall
Thick vegetation, high height plantation & jhum (moderate vegetation) in the downslope of road
Presence of gully at the falnk & foot of the landslide slope; nature & structure of rock

High to moderate weathering, jointed and fractured; SΓéÇ- 002Γü░/49Γü░E
Construction of concrete retaining wall upto the road level; channeling of drainage
Presence of gully at the foot of the landslide slope; presence of dumped material; nature & structure of rock & overburden; steep slope (Not a cut slope failure)

Removal of jointed blocks from the landslide scarp; removal of load from landslide crown
Jointed & fractured nature of rock; steep slope (cut slope failure); presence of gully; presence of deep rooted plants more causing fractures & joints

Benching for slope moderation & stabilisation
Thick vegetation (mainly bamboo), low height plantation in the upslope of landslide
Nature & structure of rock & overburden (thicken on landslide slope); presence of gully; cut slope failure

Highly Jointed & fractured; SΓéÇ- 339Γü░/61Γü░SW; JΓéü-337Γü░/44Γü░NE; JΓéé- 247Γü░/84Γü░SE
Removal of jointed hanging blocks; removal plants from crown of the landslide;
Thick vegetation, dump waste, low height plantation ~200m N of loc
Jointed & fractured nature of rock; consequent to slope (337Γü░/44Γü░NE); presence of load & deep rooted plants

Highly Jointed & fractured; SΓéÇ- 339Γü░/61Γü░SW; JΓéü-337Γü░/44Γü░NE; JΓéé- 247Γü░/84Γü░SE
Removal huge bamboo groooves from the landslide scarp; benching for slope moderation
Thick vegetation, dump waste, low height plantation ~200m N of loc
Presence of load (huge bamboo grooves); nature & lithology of overburden; cut slope failure

Fine grained moderately compact massive sandstone, weathered friable sandstone
Moderate weathering, moderately jointed and fractured
Removal of hanging jointed & fractured rocks; removal of plants
Thick vegetation, sparse vegetationin the rocky Extensiveposures, low height plantation (oil palm)
Jointed & fractured nature of rock types; presence of roots causing more vurnerable to landslide

Proper channeling of drainage (contour drainage); removal of big trees because those are causing more fractures & load
Thuampui-Lunglei Section (~1.8 km from Thuampui)
Concavity (gully present); steep slope; nature & structure of lithology

Slide material has been removed and according to the locals this slide did not affect the houses nearby during the sliding.
Soil hardening of the surface by plantation of suitable grasses and maintenance of road side nala
Oversaturation failure due to infiltration of surface run off during heavy rainfall

This arae is near the inferred contact between UB and MB; Flowing stream nearby
Removal of load from the crown portion; Maintenance of road side drain

The area falls near the boundary between UN and MB; Dumping of the materials downslope needs to be monitored to avoid load failure.
Removal of overhanging materials; maintenance of road side drainage; slope moderation by benching with diversion of surface runoff from the upslope area with hillside/contour drainage. Toe support wall.
Seepage is seen on the LS scarp; water retention may be more due to concavity of the slope; the area is an accumulation of unconsolitated materials which is being oversaturated. The area is also bounded by rivers on both the flanks.

Removal of slide debris from the road and nala, maintenance of nala
about 5km N of Pukpui alonh Pukpui- Mausem road
Banana plantation upslope may be enhancing load accumulation upslope. Oversaturation failure

Removal of the boulders for widening the road; Photo no 1173-75

Removal of hanging materials & trees from the scarp & upslope of landslide; channeling of drainage
Thuampui-Lunglei Section (~1.5 km S of Thuampui)
Thick vegetation (tall trees, bamboo, banana, thick undergrowth)
Concave steep slope (gully); nature & structure of lithology; presence of deep rooted plants & trees causing widening of fractures, more water percolation and sliding of surface

Lining of gully & drainage; channeling of drainage along & below the road
Gully along the northern flank of the slide (very cultivated landose to it); cut slope failure; nature & structure of lithology; roots of the trees

Maintenance of road side nala
oversaturation of overburden due to infiltration; toe removal by nala on the right flank of the slide

Removal of the slide material from the road & Maintenance of nala
Disturbance of the slope stability by cutting where the upslope of the road have been modified for plantation purpose in addition to the road cut.

Maintenance of the Culvert; Removal of the slide material and nala maintenance
Oversaturation; Dripping spring is present on the right flank of the slide

An old retention wall can be observed on the left flank of the slide; Photo no 1180-1184
Slope moderation and Soil hardening by plantation. Removal of the slide material from the road & Maintenance of nala

channeling of drainage along the slope & along the road; retaining wall along the downslope side of road; benching for slope stability in the downslope of road (along old landslide)
Zotuitlang-Haulawng Section (~1.5 km N of Zotuitlang)
Thick vegetation (mainly bamboo with tall trees and thick undergrowth)
Presence of gully at the flank of the landslide; nature & structure of lithology; steep slope; presence of old landslide at the downslope of the road

Moderate to low weathering, jointed & fractured
Removal of overhanging jointed blocks and trees from the crown of the landslide
Jointed & fractured nature of rock; presence of tall/heavy deep rooted trees causing widening of joints & fractures

Alternating bands of Dark grey splintery shale-khaki green micaceous sandstone
Moderate to low weathering, jointed & fractured; SΓéÇ- 170Γü░/07Γü░E; JΓéü- 063Γü░/65Γü░NW; JΓéé- 312Γü░/78Γü░SW
Removal of trees & plants from rocky face and from the crown of debris slide; proper benching on the rocky slope
Debris slide in the upper part of the slope; steep slope face; old quarry; loose nature of overburden.

Alternating bands of Dark grey splintery shale-khaki green micaceous sandstone
Moderate to low weathering, jointed & fractured; SΓéÇ- 170Γü░/07Γü░E; JΓéü- 063Γü░/65Γü░NW; JΓéé- 312Γü░/78Γü░SW
Removal of trees & plants from rocky face and from the crown of debris slide; proper benching on the rocky slope
Rock fall & slide in the lower part of the slope; steep slope; nature and structure of the rock; jointed nature of rock

Moderate weathering, moderately jointed and fractured
Removal of landslide debris from the road; slope moderation at the crown of the landslide
Thick vegetation, jhum in western slope of loc
Steep slope (cut slope failure); jointed & weathered nature of lithology; penetration of roots into the joints & fractures of rock unit

Slope moderation by removal of overburden from the crown of landslide; removal of load (trees & bamboo grooves) from upslope & crown of landslide; removal of debris from drainage
Loose nature of overburden; steep slope (cut slope failure)

Removal of loose overburden & load
Thick vegetation, settlement Haulawng, low height plantation in the downslope
Nature of loose overburden & structure of rock unit; load ( tall trees, overburden, electricity pole); cut slope failure

Removal of overhanging & jointed blocks; removal of load & trees from landslide crown; fiber netting
Thick vegetation, moderate vegetation at the hilltop & upslope of landslide, low height plantation & jhum in the downslope and NE slope (~300m SW slope of loc)
Highly weathered & jointed nature of rock unit; steep slope (Not cut slope failure, escarpment) ; presence of deep rooted trees on the crown of the landslide & scarp

Highly weathered, moderately jointed and fractured; SΓéÇ/JΓéü-050Γü░/55Γü░SW; JΓéé- 054Γü░/82Γü░NE; JΓéâ- 016Γü░/51Γü░NE
Removal of highly & fractured rock and overburden from the crown of the landslide; slope moderation by benching along the slope of the landslide; channeling of contour drainage
Lunglei-Aizawl road (~5 km south of Haulawng Village)
Thick vegetation, Extensive cut slope all along this section
Nature & structure of lithology; steep slope; gully formation along the slope of the landslide during rainy season

Removal of overhanging material; slope moderation by benching
Lunglei-Aizawl road (~5.8 km south of Haulawng Village)
Nature & structure of lithology; steep slope (cut slope failure)

Highly weathered, moderately jointed and fractured; JΓéü-340Γü░/23Γü░NW; JΓéé- 096Γü░/61Γü░N
Removal of overhanging material
Thick vegetation, Extensive cut slope in the opposite side of loc
Loose nature of dump material; presence of gullies along both flanks of landslide (both gullies are dripping)

Highly weathered, moderately jointed and fractured
Slope moderation by benching; removal of overhanging material
Thick vegetation, Extensive cut slope, sparse vegetationin the opposite side of loc
Steep slope; nature & structure of lithology; presence of big trees above the crown face

Highly weathered, moderately jointed and fractured; JΓéü-326Γü░/51Γü░NE; JΓéé- 265Γü░/83Γü░SW; JΓéâ- 246Γü░/51Γü░NW
Removal of hanging blocks
Jointed & fractured nature of lithology; steep slope

Haulawng-Thenzawl Section (~1.5 km N of Saichhoh Tourist Lodge)
Thick vegetation (mainly bamboo), high height plantation (teak)

Haulawng-Thenzawl Section (~1 km S of Mualthuam Village)
Thick vegetation, cultivated land at places
Thick & loose nature of overburden, weathered & fractured nature of rock, consequent natureof bed (dipping towards the slope & road), steep slope (Extensiveslope cut)

Removal of loose (dumped) material at the scarp of the landslide slope, slope moderation during removal of loose material, tightening of dumped debris (slided material)
Dripping (seepage near the flank of the landslide)
Thick vegetation in downslope, settlement Mualthuam in the upslope of landslide, Extensive cut slope
Loose & thick nature of overburden (dumped material), steep slope, seepages at the base of of the slope

Slope moderation by benching, removal of overhanging material

Loose & thick nature of overburden, fractured nature of rock, steep slope

Steep slope, fractured nature of lithology

Moderate weathering, moderately jointed and fractured; SΓéÇ- 320Γü░/44Γü░NE
Removal of fractured & jointed rocks at the scarp of the landslide slope
Jointed & fractured nature of lithology, steep slope, loose nature of overburden

Removal of old landslide debrii, construction of retaining wall
Loose debrii from old landslide, steep slope, fractured nature of lithology

Jointed & fractured nature of lithology, steep slope (Extensive Slope cut)

Slope moderation by removal of loose overbuden & load

Removal of load and overburden
Thick vegetation, jhum in upslope of landslide
Soil thickness is more, highly weathered nature of lithology, loads on the scarp

Removal of loose overburden material, removal of loads
Loose overburden material, loads (trees, bamboos), steep slope (Extensive Slope cutting)

Loose nature of overburden, weathered nature of rock, steep slope (Extensive Slope cut)

Removal of suspended materials; removal of loose material & loads from the scarp face; slope moderation by benching

Slope moderation by benching; removal of load (overhanging material & bamboos) from the crown of the landslide
Highly weathered & fractured nature of lithology; steep slope (cut slope failure); presence of deep rooted trees & plants causing further fracture

Removal of loose overburden & load from crown of the landslide; slope moderation by benching
Thick vegetation (bamboo), Extensive cut slope, jhum in northern slope of loc
Thick & loose nature of overburden; highly weathered nature of rock unit; steep slope (Extensive slope cut)

Removal of load (heavy, tall trees & bamboo) from the landslide scarp; slope moderation
Thick vegetation (mainly bamboo with tall trees & thick undergrowth)
Slope cutting, load (tall trees & bamboo groves), nature of rock (weathered & fractured)

Highly weathered, highly jointed and highly fractured
Removal of load & overburden, removal of advancing loose landslide debris
Thickness of soil, load on the scarp, steep slope, penetrative roots

Solpe moderation, removal of load from the scarp
Thikness of soil, highly weathered nature of rock, steep slope (Extensive Slope cutting), load

Slope moderation by removal of load
Thick vegetation (mainly bamboo), low height plantation (banana, oil palm) in upslope of landslide
Steep slope (Extensive slope cutting), loose nature of overburden, weathered and fractured nature of rock, load (tall trees, bamboo, banana etc.)

Solpe moderation, removal of load
Thick vegetation, low height plantation (banana) in western slope
Loose and thick nature of overburden, weathered and fracured nature of rock, steep slope (Extensive Slope cut), load (bamboos at the scarp of the landslide)

Slope moderation by benching; removal of advancing material
Thick vegetation, sparse vegetationin the upslope of landslide
Thick & loose nature of overburden; highly weathered nature of rock unit; steep slope (Extensive slope cut)

Dark grey sandstone-light coloured fine grained sandstone
Moderately weathered, lowly jointed & fractured
Removal of overhanging/advancing material from the scarp face; slope moderation
Fractured & jointed nature of lithology; steep slope

Removal of loose material & load from landslide crown; slope moderation; planting of soil holding/tightening plants or grasses
Loose & thick nature of overburden material; steep slope

Moderate weathering, jointed and fractured; JΓéü- 164Γü░/43Γü░NE, JΓéé- 158Γü░/66Γü░SW, JΓéâ- 212Γü░/41Γü░, JΓéä- 132Γü░/81Γü░NE
Removal of fractured rocks from the landslide scarp; removal of load (trees, bamboos)
Fractured, jointed & splintery nature of the rock; steep slope

Slope moderation by benching; removal of deep rooted trees
Highly weathered, jointed & fractured nature of lithology; presence of deep rooted trees; cut slope failure

Removal of advancing material

Slope moderation by benching; removal of overhanging material (overburden, bamboo, plants)
Loose & thick nature of overburden; fractured nature of lithology

Removal of loose overburden, advancing material & loads from the scarp face
Loose & thick nature of overburden; presence of loads (bamboos) on the scarp face

Removalof overhanging material (overburden & trees) from the scarp of landslide
Thick vegetation in the upslope of landslide, jhum in SE slope, Extensive cut slope
Nature of overburden (weathered rock, debris & soil); steep slope (cut slope failure)

Moderate weathering, jointed and fractured; So-183Γü░/51Γü░W
Northern outskirts of Pangzawl Village (NH-54)
Thick vegetation, jhum in the northern slope
Nature of rock (splintery shale); steep slope

Removal of overhanging & jointed blocks; removal of deep rooted trees
4 km milestone to Pangzawl Village (NH-54)
Jointed overhanging blocks; presence of deep rooted trees along the joints & fractures; steep slope

Removal of loose overburden for benching; removal of advancing material
Thick & loose nature of overburden; steep slope; presence of gully

Thick vegetation, sparse vegetationin the downslope of loc, settlement Pangzawl in the north of loc

Removal of jointed & fractured overhanging rock blocks; removal of trees & plants from the landslide crown & scarp
Jointed & fractured nature of lithology; steep slope; presence of trees with penetrative roots

Removal of advancing material; removal of loads from the crown of the landslide
Highly weathered splintery shale; loads at the top of the scarp face

Removal of penetrative rooted trees & plants; slope moderation by benching; removal of overhanging materials
Highly weathered & jointed nature of lithology; cut slope failure; presence of trees & plants with deep penetrative roots

Removal of overhanging blocks of rocks

Removal of the teak trees on the extreme adge of the slide area and maintenence of the roa side nala.
A sall foot track in the HHP plantation area is constructed upslope, which may act as a factor for water saturation and increasing in load in the slope.

Removal of slide debris and overhanging trees at the crown to reduce the load
Overburden slope failure due to infiltration of water in jointed rocks ; extensive slope cut area;

Slope moderation, trimming of the egdes and Maintenance of the roadside nala

Maintenance of roadside nala and trimming of edges (crown)
Oversaturation due to infiltration of surface run off .

Removal of overhangs trees and blocks; Maintenance of roadside nala
Overburden slope failure in slope cut area

Removal of slide debris; Maintenance of roadside nala
Infiltration of surface runoff in weak joints and palnes

Maintenance of roadside nala

Removal of the slided material from the road and nala; trimming of the edges on the crown and removal of the trees(load ) from the edge; Maintenance of the road side nala
Overburden slope failure due to oversaturation

a small rock fall in the adjacent area is also noticed. Photo no 1687-88; on the opposite slope new jhum cut is also present.
Oversaturation due to infiltration of surface run off in Loose friable lithology having spheroidal weathering pattern.

Removal of slide material from the road & Maintanence

The slope is stabilized. But the roadside nala should be properly manged/maintained.
Oversaturation due to infiltration and surface runoff along the weak planes. Presence of joints.

Slope modification for construction of foot track upslope
Diversion/construction of nala upslope

removal of slide material

Roadside nala maintanance
Jhum/plantation activity upslope enhanced the percolation of surface run-off and accumulation of overburden

Dumping of slide material downslope should be avoided. Gully erosion on the right flank of the slide is observed. A new house is being constructed near the crown of the slide
the dometic sewage and waste material should be channelised and properly disposed, roadside nala maintanance
Domestic sewage from the settlement upslope along with the dumped waste from the settlement carried downslope along the gully and nala. Moreover there is seepage of water at the baseof the slide

Removal of slide material from the scarp surface maintance of roadside nala.
Oversaturation due to infiltration and surface runoff along the weak planes. Jhum upslope

The slide material has been dumped downslope which needs to be monitored to avoid load failure.; Photo no 1223-1224
Removal of the overhanging block from the slide scarp, Maintenance of road side drain.
presence of three sets of joints; infiltration of surface runoff along the weak planes leading to development of cracks coupled with extensive slope cut for road construction.

Removal of overhanging block and maintenance of roadside nala
Infiltration of surface runoff along the weak planes; 3 sets of joints present

removal of slide material and trees from the scarp surface, maintanance of roadside nala
Presence of 3 sets of joints, dev of cracks along these weak planes coupled with the slope modification for road construction

Removal of the slide materials and nala maintenance

Removal of slide material from the road

Lunglei-7 slide

Pachang slide
Obstruction in natural nala course & highly weathered shale with sandstone.

Removal of the slide material from the road & Maintenance of nala

Dumping of loose debris along the nala is observed. Dumping of household waste on the opposite slope is also noticed; Photo no 1487
Maintenance of drainage with culverts to channelise the surface runoff.
cut and fill structure failure due to saturation;

Channeling of surface runoff by hillside drain and contour drainage.
Toe removal by cutting of slope and presence of seepage

Construction of retention wall is in progress

Cracks and smaller slides are observed all along the slopes (upslope if TL Zotlang, Retention near the house downslope shows development of Cracks, small slides observed along this small road. Three road cuts along a single slope and also drilling activi
Proper Maintenance of road side nala, diversion of water with hill side drain,
Slope modifocation for construction purpises, Infiltration from household waste, toe Erosion by surface runoff

Erosinal activities on the slide surface forming nala. Nearby a few meters upslope on thre road, a huge pit on the road side due to erosional activity by surface runoff on the cut and fill structure, where in retension wall of the filled structure is al
Removal of slide debris from the nala
Oversaturiaton of the overburden material due to rainfall

currently the construction because the upslope house is at risk; Photo no 1480-85
Removal of roots alonng the edges and the crown part; diversion of surface runoff and construction of nala
Seepages are observed along the slided scarp;Construction work is bening done in the area

Lunglei-6 slide

Removal of slided debris and overhanging blocks; maintenance of road side nala

an old retention wall has been partially damaged
Removal of the slide material and maintenance of nala

Trimmming of edges of the crown;Removal of slided debris from the nala and Maintenance of road side drain
Overburden slope failure in in road cut area

Toe removal , large scale exacavation & wedge formation towards slope

Lunglei slide
Large scale excavation, toe removal & steep slope

Removal of slide material and maintanance of roadside nala
2.5km N of Luangmaul (Lunglei-Lungsen road)
presence of joints, infiltration of surface runoff

Highly weathered shale with steep slope, deforestation and toe removal.

removal of slide material from slope surface and diversion of the nala upslope, proper dumping of the waste material upslope, maintanance of roadside nala and culvert
Presence of 3 sets of joints, ex slopecut for road construction led to seepage of surface runoff along weak planes and failure. Dumped waste from settlement upslope is slided further along the nala

removalof slide material and maintanance of roadside nala
oversaturation of the overburden due to infiltration of surface runoff

Removal of slide material, maintanance of nala, proper dumping of material rom upslope
Presence of 3 sets of joints, ex slopecut leads to infiltration and seepage of surface runoff leading to rock slide initially. Eventually the debris dumped from upslope slided along the failure plane

Lungmual
Moderately, hard compact and interbeds of grayish sandstone and siltstone with shale laminae
The landslide is located about 2 km south of Lunglawn village within 2nd BN Mizoram Armed Police (MAP) Residential Complex
Caused due to cloud burst aggravated by improper drainage system.

Toe removal, large-scale excavation and presence of highly weathered shale with sandstone.

The road boulders are being quarried by the local people from the slide. A no. of local quarrying activity observed along this road stretch.
Maintanance of roadside nala

Maintanance of roadside nala
Presence of 3 sets of joints, ex slopecut leads to infiltration and seepage and led to initiation of slide (2013). Thereafter quarrying activity leads to occasional small slides

The cullvert constructed at the edge of the road downslope should be extended further
Maintanance of roadside nala
Presence of 3 sets of joints, ex slopecut leads to infiltration and seepage of surface runoff leading to rock slide initially. Since bedding and J1 is almost horizontal and during oversaturation small failure occurs.

Lunglawn landslide
Priscilla Rinmuanpuii, Geologist, 2018; A NOTE ON THE POST DISASTER INVESTIGATION OF LUNGLAWN LANDSLIDE IN LUNGLEI TOWN, LUNGLEI DISTRICT
Toe support by construction of retaining wall and Proper concrete drainage line ;slope moderation by construction of benches on the affected slope.
20 m stretch of a kachha road damaged by debris from run out.
The landslide is anthropogenic, Destabilisation of slope by Cutting and improper dumping of the debris from excavations for building; Oversaturation during heavy Rainfall
One pukka house destroyed by the debris. The houses at the crown has severe damage to their foundation.

Landslide at 1.5 km South of Leiting Village
Dominantly weathered Shale of Disang Formation is exposed in the area.
Partial damage and narrowing of the NH 102A in the slided area. Natural Landslide facing 174╦Ü.
Slope easing; Proper drainage at toe; Gabion wall construction (80m length x 3m height x 1m width)
Weathered splintery shale; Rill erosion; Debris material; Heavy rainfall leading to excessive water percolation to the ground.

Maintanance of roadside nala, diversion of water upslope
Percolation of surface run-off may be due to the installation of electric pole upslope

Maintenance of drainage to channelise the surface runoff at suitable places.
oversaturation of OB due to presence of rivulets; Gully erosion is developing on the slide scarp

Roadside nala maintanance
Presence of 3 sets of joints leading to wedge failure

Removalof slide material and overhanging material from the slope
Modification of slope for road construction and plantation upslope

Dumping of the slided material downslope is showing signs of load cracks.
Removal of overhanging blocks and bigger trees from the edge of the crown portion ; road widening and maintenance of road side nala
The rocks are highly fractured and development of cracks are visible wherein infiltration of surface runoff occurs weakening the mass

Removal of slide material and maintanance of roadside nala
Infiltration of surface run-off along the bedding and joint planes

Old abandoned quarry, Old abandoned Juhm upslope
Overburden slope failuer in Quarrying area, Toe removal

Retention wall has been already constructed here
Removal of the overhanging trees from the crown portion

Removal of the slide materials and nala maintenance and extension of the toe support system

Unplanned quarrying on large scale & toe removal

Clearing of trees and overhanging slide material; Roadside nala maintanence

Slope moderation, removal of slide material, contour drain upslope

Removal of slide material and Maintenance of road side nala
Overburden slope failure due to oversaturation

removal of overhanging big trees and maintanance of roadside nala

Removal of overhangs on the upslope

Removal of slide material from slope and roadside, maintanance of roadside nala
presence of 3 sets of joints, spheroidal weathering, development of cracks

Removal of overhanging blocks and materials; maintenance of road side nala and clearing of the roads

Trimming of the edges and maintenance of road side nala

remaoval of the slided material; maintenance of the roadside nala
Presence of joints; water percolation in the joints and weathering

Soil hardening by suitable plantation; Roadside nala maintenance

Removal of trees above the crown
Seepage of water along weak planes coupled with quarrying activity. Also the rocks slided along the spheroidal weathering

Clearing the slided material from the road and maintenance of road side nala

he slided material is found to be dumped on the immediate downslope where development of gully erosion is noticed. Proper minotoring and channeling of water neds to be done to avoid load failure i hte dumping area which will damage the
Disturbance of slope stability by road construction activity

Photo no 1070-1071. It is a natural slide
Proper channeling of water
Oversaturation failure due to saturation; break in slope enhances accumulation of surface runoff resulting in loss of shear strenght of the material and looses to gravitational pull.

Removal of overhanging materials; Slope moderation and maintenance of drainage sysytems
about 300m from TNT home, along Lunglei- Lawngtlai Rd
Presence of 2 prominent fracture planes; Splintery nature of the rock and water activity removes the incopetent rock units and the overlying massive sst body fails due to loss in toe support

the rock fall have damaged the road and a person on duty was killed when the JCP he was driving for clearing up the road was pulled down with the debris. Previous slide have partially damaged the road and the debris from the slide was dumped on the inter
road widening; removal of overhanging blocks proper channeling od surface runoff
about 1 Km from TNT along Lunglei- Lawngtlai Rd

road widening; removal of overhanging blocks proper channeling od surface runoff
about 1 Km from TNT along Lunglei- Lawngtlai Rd

Removal of overhanging blocks upslope and maintanance of roadside nala
Seepage ofsurface runoff along the joint planes

Removal of the slided material from the road and nala; Maintenance of the road side nala
Overburden slope failure tdue to saturation

Removal of overhanging materials; trimming of edges; and maintenance of road side nala.
Overburden slope failuredue to saturation in extensive cut slope area.

Overburden slope failure tdue to saturation

maintainence of road side nala, contour drainage upsloe for diversion
Infiltration of water in joints (3 sets) in a consequent slope.

natural slope failure is observed in the western slope of the area at 22 47 31.41 and 92 49 17.03; causes toe erosion by nala validated.
Trimming of the edges and maintenance of road side nala
overburden slope failure due to rainfall

Roots penetrating on joints and cracks are noticed which might be weakening the stability by enhancing weathering through water activity; Photo no 1410-1412
Removal of overhanging blocks and bigger trees from the edge of the crown portion ; road widening and maintenance of road side nala
Infiltration of surface runoff in cracks and joints (3 sets) and high weathering

Maintenance of road side drain; removal of overhangs
SW of Mualthum along Thualthu-Tawipui road
Overburden slope failure due to seepage during rainfall

Trimming of edges in the crown portion; Removal of overhanging big trees anf boulders; removal of debris from the nala and maintenance od nala.
overburden slope failure in extensive slope cut area due to infiltration of water through cracks and joints.

Maintenance of roadside drain; removal of slide debris from nala
Oversaturation slope failure in road cut area

Removal of underlying splintery shale by rill erosion led to collapse of the overlying jointed sst bodies.
Removal of debris from road and nala; Repair/construction of retaining wall for toe support; Maintenance of road side drain

Adjacent to old landslide area; Small rill erosion are being developed around the area ; Photo no 151413-01
Construction of hill side drain to channelise the runoff Maintenance of road side drain and Culvert.

Roots penetrating within the cracks and joints are observed enhancing erosion; toe erosion activity is also observed in the adjacent slopes.
Removal of slide debris from road side nala and its maintenance
Overburden slope failure due to infiltration of water in jointed rocks ; extensive slope cut area;

Trimming of the edges and maintenance of the road side nala
Oversaturation in extensive cut slope area on friable lithology

Trimming of the edges and maintenance of the road side nala
Oversaturation in friable and weathered lithology;

Removal of slide debris and maintenance of road side nala
Overburden slope failure to to oversaturation

Removal of slide debris and maintenance of road side nala
Oversaturation in friable and weathered lithology;

"1. Construcion/ repair of the culvert and proper lined drainage along the side of the road are recommended.
"
Deep gully erosion by nala and subsequent blockage of culvert by nala causing yearly reactivation during monsoon season

1. Slope easing by construction of benches. 2. Proper lined drainage along the side of the road 3. Removal of Debris.

General slope angle at the spot is 79┬░.
1. Removal of debris at toe of the fall to prevent debris slide. 2. Construction of culvert across the road for channelisation of surface runoff.
Oversaturation due to monsoonal rainfall of debris resting on a steep slope causing failure of the debris.

This slide has already stabilized itself.
1. Construcion of steel netting along the affected area 2.Proper lined drainage along the side of the road. 3. Removal of loose materials at crown.
Destabilization of toe by extensive slope cut and increase in pore water pressure and oversaturation of debris resting on an unstable slope due to monsoonal rainfall. Domestic discharge of water and dumping of wastes also caused unstability for the initi

The debris accumulated along the road has caused smaller debris slides along the road.
1. Construcion of steel netting along the affected area 2.Proper lined drainage along the side of the road. 3. Removal of loose materials at crown.

Leichedut slide
1. Proper lined drainage along the side of the road are recommended. 2. Retaining wall on downslope side of the road (Cladding wall). 3. Slope easing by benching of the slope. 4. Proper channelisation of surface runoff.
Destabilization of toe by extensive slope cut and increase in pore water pressure and oversaturation of debris and loosened blocks of jointed sandstone due to monsoonal rainfall. Domestic discharge of water and dumping of wastes.

1.Construction of lined drainage. 2. Construction of culvert across the road for channelisation of water. 3. Removal of loose debris from crown and slope easing by benching.
Destabilization of toe by extensive slope cut and increase in pore water pressure and oversaturation of debris resting on an unstable slope due to monsoonal rainfall.

The downslope side of the road is used as a dumping ground for Dumped Wastes.
1. Proper lined drainage along the side of the road. 2. Removal of loose debris from the crown of the slide
Weak geology, Increased pore pressure, failure along open joints of shales

1.Construction of lined drainage on both sides of the road. 2. Stabilization of toe by construction of retaining structure with proper weep holes for about 10m at affected area on both sides of the road. 3. Benching of the slope on both sides of the road
Cut slope failure due to road cutting across the spur.

1.Construction of lined drainage. 2.Benching of the slope on both sides of the road.

1.Construction of lined drainage. 2. Stabilization of toe by construction of retaining structure with proper weep holes for about 15m at affected area. 3. Benching of the slope 4. Removal of loose debris from crown.
Destabilization of toe by extensive slope cut and increase in pore water pressure and oversaturation of debris resting on an unstable slope due to monsoonal rainfall

The slide upslope of the road has stabilised itself and should remain undisturbed.
1. Proper lined drainage along the side of the road are recommended. 2. Retaining wall on downslope side of the road (Cladding wall).
Destabilization of toe by extensive slope cut and increase in pore water pressure and oversaturation of debris resting on an unstable slope due to monsoonal rainfall. Furthermore, debris from the slide has caused another slide on the downslope side of th

1.Construction of lined drainage. 2. Stabilization of toe by construction of retaining structure with proper weep holes for about 30m at affected area. 3. Benching of the slope 4. Removal of loose debris from crown.
Destabilization of toe by extensive slope cut and increase in pore water pressure and oversaturation of debris and loosened blocks of jointed sandstone resting on an unstable slope due to monsoonal rainfall.

Area has been demarcated by state PWD as rockfall area.
1.Construction of lined drainage. 2. Stabilization of toe by construction of retaining structures like net mest for about 250m at affected area.3. Removal of loose debris from crown.
Destabilization of toe by extensive slope cut and increase in pore water pressure and oversaturation of debris and loosened blocks of jointed sandstone resting on an unstable slope due to monsoonal rainfall.

Raillalung slide 2

Raillalung slide 1

Zehtet to Mautlang road slide 2
Increased pore pressure of overburden due to rainfall on steep slopes and extensive slope cut failure.

Zehtet to Mautlang road slide 3
Increased pore pressure of overburden due to rainfall on steep slopes and extensive slope cut failure.

Zehtet to Mautlang road slide 4
Extensive slope cut failure on the spur of the slope along the road

1. Construction of lined drainage along the side of the road 2. Widening of the culvert across the road. 3.Construction of cladding wall below the road.
Deep gully erosion of loose materials from road construction dumped on the downslope part of the road become oversaturated during monsoon season due to rainfall causing failure.

Ruallalung to Zehtet road slide 3
1. Slope easing by benching of the slope. 2. Hardening of the slope surface by plantation of vegetation like vetiver grass. 3. Lined drainage and culvert on the road for channelisation of surface run-off.
Extensive cut slope failure, erosion of right flank of the slide by nala and oversaturation of overburden by percolation of surface runoff.

Zehtet village slide 1

Zehtet village slide 2

Ruallalung to Zehtet road slide 1
1. Construction of lined drainage along the side of the road 2. Widening of the culvert across the road. 3.Construction of cladding wall below the road.
Deep gully erosion of loose materials from road construction dumped on the downslope part of the road become oversaturated during monsoon season due to rainfall causing failure.

Ruallalung to Zehtet road slide 2

Ruallalung to S Lungrang road slide 1
2. Lined drainage along the side of the road. 2. Construction of culvert across the road
Deep gully erosion of loose materials from road construction dumped on the downslope part of the road become oversaturated during monsoon season due to rainfall causing failure.

Ngiautlang village slide 1
2. Lined drainage along the side of the road. 2. Construction of culvert across the road
Deep gully erosion and cut fill failure of the road

Ngiautlang village slide 2
2. Lined drainage along the side of the road. 2. Construction of culvert across the road
Weathering and widening of joint planes causing failure along the joint planes and toe cutting by extensive road cutting.

Chawngte P to Ruallalung road slide 4
1. Slope easing by benching of the slope. 2. Hardening of the slope surface by plantation of vegetation like vetiver grass.3. Lined drainage along the side of the road.
Deep gully erosion and failure of oversaturated overburden of talus slope.

Chawngte P to Ruallalung road slide 5
1. Construction of lined drainage along the side of the road 2. Widening of the culvert across the road. 3.Construction of cladding wall below the road.

Chawngte P to Ruallalung road slide 6
1. Slope easing by benching of the slope. 2. Hardening of the slope surface by plantation of vegetation like vetiver grass.3. Lined drainage along the side of the road.

1. Slope easing by benching of the slope. 2. Hardening of the slope surface by plantation of vegetation like vetiver grass.3. Lined drainage along the side of the road.

Lungrang S slide 1

Lungrang S slide 2

Raillalung slide 4
Slide data taken from distance.

Slide data taken from a distance.
Weathered nature of lithology, steep nature of slope

Ruallalung to S Lungrang road slide 2
Removal of loose debris at the crown of the slide
Weathering and widening of joint planes causing failure along the joint planes and toe cutting by extensive road cutting.

Ruallalung to S Lungrang road slide 4

Removal of loose debris at the crown of the slide
Weathering and widening of joint planes causing failure along the joint planes and toe cutting by extensive road cutting.

Lungrang S slide

S Lungrang slide

S Lungrang to Lalnutui road slide 1

S Lungrang to Lalnutui road slide 2

S Lungrang to Lalnutui road slide 3

Buisek to Chhotapansury slide
Culvert already constructed across the road

Montola slide 1
Extensive slope cut failure and subsequent deep gully and rill erosion.

Montola slide 2
Data taken from a distance.
Construction of weir oblique to the river course

Montola slide

Montola to Borapansury slide
Damage to water pipelines and elecric and telecommunication wires
Extensive slope cut failure and subsequent deep gully and rill erosion.

Ngharum to Buisek road slide

Buisek slide

Montola to Buisek slide

Ugadasury slide
Data taken from a distance.

Silsury to Chhotapansury slide
Data taken from a distance.

Saizawh W to Ngharum road slide 2

Saizawh W to Ngharum road slide 1

Mualbu L slide 1
Benching of slope and hardening of surface by plantation of vegetation.
Dumping of debris on a slope which is constantly being eroded at the toe by a nala

Mualbu L slide 2
Plantation of vegetation to harden the surface and retaining wall at toe of the slide.

Mualbu slide
Slide data taken from a distance.
Weak nature of the lithology, steep slope

Chawngte P slide 1
1.Construction of lined drainage. 2. Stabilization of toe by construction of retaining structure with proper weep holes for about 20m at affected area. 3. Benching of the slope 4. Removal of loose debris from crown.
Destabilization of toe by extensive slope cut and increase in pore water pressure and oversaturation of debris resting on an unstable slope due to monsoonal rainfall

Chawngte P slide 2
1.Construction of lined drainage. 2. Removal of loose debris from culvert to prevent damming. 3. Reconstruction of culvert to allow proper channelisation of water across the road.
Oversaturation on overburden resting on weak geology by heavy rainfall during initiation and subsequent years, groundwater seepage, dynamic load from vehicular movement along the road and toe erosion by nala.

Chawngte P to Hmunlai road slide 1
1.Construction of lined drainage. 2. Removal of loose debris from culvert to prevent damming. 3. Reconstruction of culvert to allow proper channelisation of water across the road.
Destabilization of toe by extensive slope cut and increase in pore water pressure and oversaturation of debris resting on an unstable slope due to monsoonal rainfall

Kamlanagar IV slide
1.Construction of lined drainage and removal of loose debris at the crown.
Destabilization of toe by extensive slope cut and increase in pore water pressure and oversaturation of debris resting on an unstable slope

Kamlanagar III slide
1.Construction of lined drainage and removal of loose debris at the crown.
Destabilization of toe by extensive slope cut and increase in pore water pressure and oversaturation of debris resting on an unstable slope

Boganpara slide 2

Boganpara slide 1
1. Construction of weir oblique to course of the river. 2. Hardening of the slope by planting of vegetation like vetiver grass.

1. Slope easing by benching of the slope. 2. Hardening of the slope surface by plantation of vegetation like vetiver grass.

1. Slope easing by benching of the slope. 2. Hardening of the slope surface by plantation of vegetation like vetiver grass. 2. Lined drainage along the side of the road.

Chawngte P slide 3
1. Slope easing by benching of the slope. 2. Hardening of the slope surface by plantation of vegetation like vetiver grass 3. Construction of culvert across the road.

1. Slope easing by benching of the slope. 2. Hardening of the slope surface by plantation of vegetation like vetiver grass. 2. Lined drainage along the side of the road.
Extensive slope cut failure and toe and flank erosion by nala and oversaturation of overburden resting on steep slope..

Slide data taken from distance.

Chawngte P to Hmunlai road slide 2
1.Construction of lined drainage. 2. Removal of loose debris from culvert to prevent damming. 3. Reconstruction of culvert to allow proper channelisation of water across the road.
Deep gully erosion of the slope on the right flank of the landslide causing blockage to the culvert along the road and toe erosion by swift flowing nala.

Chawngte P to Hmunlai road slide 3
1.Construction of lined drainage. 2.Benching of the slope 3. Repairing of damaged culvert.

1.Construction of lined drainage. 2. Benching of the slope 3. Removal of loose debris from crown 4. Repair of damaged culvert
Deep gully erosion of the slope on either flanks of the landslide and toe erosion of the slope by swift flowing nala.

1. Construcion of steel netting along the slope of rock fall area. 2. Proper lined drainage along the side of the road. 3. Removal of loose debris from the crown of the slide
Destabilization of toe by extensive slope cut and widening of joint cracks and lubrication of joint spaces due to percolation of runoff during monsoonal rainfall

Diltlang to Chawngtelui road slide
1. Construcion of steel netting along the slope of rock fall area. 2. Proper lined drainage along the side of the road. 3. Removal of loose debris from the crown of the slide
Destabilization of toe by extensive slope cut and widening of joint cracks and lubrication of joint spaces due to percolation of runoff during monsoonal rainfall

Chawngtelui to Diltlang road slide
1.Construction of lined drainage and culvert across the road.
Cutfill failure of the road due to stagnation of water along the road.

Chawngtelui village slide 1
A retaining wall has been constructed along the road but it has suffered some damage as well due to the landslide.
Destabilization of toe by extensive slope cut and increase in pore water pressure and oversaturation of debris resting on an unstable slope due to monsoonal rainfall, rill erosion on the slide scarp and subsequent quarrying for stones.

Chawngtelui village slide 2
Slide data taken from a distance.
1.Construction of weir oblique to the river course.
Toe erosion by nala due to diversion of river course by quarrying

Mualbu L to Chawngtelui road slide 1
1.Construction of lined drainage. 2.Benching of the slope on both sides of the road 3. Repairing of the damaged culvert.

Chawngtelui village slide
1. Construcion of proper lined drainage along the side of the road and repair of the culvert across the road.
Destabilization of toe by extensive slope cut and increase in pore water pressure and oversaturation of debris resting on an unstable slope and subsequent deep gully erosion from damaged culvert

Mualbu L to Chawngtelui road slide 2
1.Construction of lined drainage. 2.Benching of the slope upslope and downslope of the road 3. Repairing of the damaged culvert.
Toe erosion by river, damage to culvert across the road, blockage of the culvert and leads to pore pressure due to oversaturation by stagnated water and percolation of runoff from rainfall.

Ajasora slide 3

Ajasora slide 4

Ajasora slide 5

Mualbu to Diltlang S road slide
1. Construcion of proper lined drainage along the side of the road.
Destabilization of toe by extensive slope cut and increase in pore water pressure and oversaturation of debris resting on an unstable slope due to monsoonal rainfall. Domestic discharge of water and dumping of wastes also caused unstability for the ini*

Ulusora slide

Maniabapsora slide
Construction of lined drainage along the road and culvert across the road.

Chawngte C to Longpuighat slide

Rangkashya road slide 4
Oversaturation of overburden resting on steep slope by percolating monsoonal runoff.

Rangkashya road slide 1

Rangkashya road slide 2
Repair of culvert and construction of lined drainage along the road.

Lokhisury slide

Charluitlang road slide

Vaseitlang II slide

Chiminisora slide

M Kawnpui to Saibawh road slide 5
1. Construction of lined drainage along the road 2. Removal of loose material at the crown
Wedge failure along joints due to removal of toe support by extensive slope cut.

Vaseikai to Fangfarlui slide
Repair of culvert and construction of lined drainage along the road.
Oversaturation of overburden due to natural depression and subsequent deep gully and rill erosion.

Fangfarlui slide 3
Toe erosion by river, Extensive slope cut failure and subsequent deep gully and rill erosion.

Increased pore pressure of overburden due to rainfall and extensive slope cut failure.

Simeisury slide

Jognasury village slide

1. Proper lined drainage along the side of the road are recommended. 2. Slope easing by benching of the slope. 3. Construction of retaining wallfrom locally sourced materials with proper weepholes at the toe of the slide.
Increased pore pressure of overburden due to rainfall, cut slope failure and toe erosion by nala

M Kawnpui slide
1. Proper lined drainage along the side of the road are recommended. 2. Slope easing by benching of the slope. 3. Construction of retaining wall with proper weepholes at the toe of the slide.

Saikhawthlir slide

Saikhawthlir road slide

1. Construction of lined drainage along the road 2. Removal of loose material at the crown

removal of loose debris at the crown and lined drainage along the road

Retaining wall already constructed at the toe of the slide.

South Bungtlang to Hmunnuam road slide 1
1. Proper lined drainage along the side of the road are recommended. 2. Slope easing by benching of the slope. 3. Channelisation of surface runoff.
Extensive slope cut failure and seepage from groundwater rainfall causing oversaturation to overburden.

South Bungtlang to Hmunnuam road slide 2
1. Proper lined drainage along the side of the road are recommended. 2. Slope easing by benching of the slope.
Extensive slope cut failure and seepage from groundwater rainfall causing oversaturation to overburden.

Hmunnuam to Diltland road slide
1. Removal of loose materials at the crown of the slide.
Destabilization of toe by extensive slope cut and widening of joint cracks and lubrication of joint spaces due to percolation of runoff during monsoonal rainfall

South Bungtlang to Hmunnuam road slide 3
1. Proper lined drainage along the side of the road are recommended. 2. Slope easing by benching of the slope. 3. Repair of damaged culvert.
Extensive slope cut failure and seepage from groundwater rainfall causing oversaturation to overburden resting on a natural depression which was filled up during road construction. A culvert was constructed across the road and it has been blocked.

Diltlang S slide

Khawmawi to Chawngte P road slide 3

Diltlang road slide
1. Removal of debris at toe of the fall to prevent debris slide. 2. Repair of culvert across the road for channelisation of surface runoff.
Deep gully erosion by nala and subsequent blockage of culvert by nala causing yearly reactivation during monsoon season

Diltlang S slide
Retaining wall already constructed and damaged twice in 2018 and 2019.
Extensive slope cut failure, oversaturation of overburden by constant leakage of water from pipelines.

Ngengpuikai to Chawngte road slide
1. Construcion of steel netting along the slope of rock fall area. 2. Proper lined drainage along the side of the road. 3. Removal of loose debris from the crown of the slide

Diltlang S to Khawmawi road slide
1. Slope easing by construction of benches. 2. Proper lined drainage along the side of the road 3. Removal of Debris.

Khawmawi to Chawngte P road slide 1

Khawmawi to Chawngte P road slide 2

Landslide has stabilized itself.

1. Proper lined drainage along the side of the road are recommended. 2. Slope easing by benching of the slope. 3. Channelisation of surface runoff.

Deep gully erosion of the slope causing blockage to the culvert along the road and toe erosion by swift flowing nala.

1. Proper lined drainage along the side of the road are recommended. 2. Slope easing by benching of the slope.
Oversaturation due to monsoonal rainfall of debris resting on a steep slope causing failure of the debris. Eroson by nala on the laft flank of the slide.

Increase load of overburden on steep slope due to increased pore water pressure during to monsoonal rainfall

1. Construction of lined drainage along the road 2. Removal of loose material and debris at the toe. 3. Slope easing by benching of the slopes.
Increased pore pressure of overburden due to rainfall, nala causing erosion on either flanks of the slide, destabilization of existing debris deposited at the toe of the slide by slope cutting.

Retaining wall has been constructed at road level and has already suffered damage. Site specific studies may be taken up for this landslide.
1.Prevention of seepage of water by sealing cracks. 2.Construction of lined drainag to channelise the domestic water discharge. 3. Stabilization of toe by construction of retaining structure with proper weep holes for the affected area.
Oversaturation on overburden resting on weak geology by heavy rainfall during initiation and subsequent years, groundwater seepage, static load from houses and dynamic load from vehicular movement along the NH 54, seepage from domestic water discharge an

Retaining wall with weep holes has been constructed.

1. Construction of lined drainage along the side of the road and culverts across the road.

The landslide has stabilized itself.

Loose materials from road construction dumped on the downslope part of the road become oversaturated during monsoon season due to rainfall causing failure.

Slope easing by benching has already been done.

The landslide has stabilized itself. However, to preserve road quality, slope easing by benching and surface hardening by vegetation is recommended.

S0 15┬░/40┬░SE J1 80┬░/vertical J2 141┬░/subvertical
Previous slide debris should be removed from road.
The landslide has stabilized itself.

Retaining wall was constructed but was damaged by recativation and movement of original slide debris.

The landslide has been stabilized.Wire gabion retaining wall and lined drainage has been constructed at the toe of the slide.

1. Removal of loose materials from the crown 2. Construction of retaining structure like steel net.

Bamboo poles were driven into the ground to arrest movement during the rainy season, however the landslide moved even with these precautions.

Removal of loose debris materials at the crown

1. Proper lined drainage along the side of the road are recommended. 2. Slope easing by benching of the slope. 3. Construction of retaining wall with proper weepholes at the toe of the slide.

1. Proper lined drainage along the side of the road are recommended. 2. Slope easing by benching of the slope. 3. Construction of retaining wallfrom locally sourced materials with proper weepholes at the toe of the slide.
Increased pore pressure of overburden due to rainfall, erosion by nala on the left flank of the slide.

There are preexisting retaining structures on both sides of the road which has been damaged by on going slide movement.
"1. Construcion of culvert across the road.
Oversaturation on overburden resting on weak geology by heavy rainfall during initiation and subsequent years, groundwater seepage, dynamic load from vehicular movement along the road, absence of a culvert to channelise flow of surface runoff and toe ero

Increased pore pressure of overburden due to rainfall, erosion by nala on the right flank of the landslide and deep gully erosion.

Retaining wall already constructed but damaged by landslide.
Increased pore pressure of overburden due to rainfall, extensive slope cut failure and toe erosion by nala.

Weak geology, Increased pore pressure, failure along open joints of shales

The debris run out has broken off the downslope part of the road.

1. Repair ofexisting retaining wall at the toe of the slide 2. Lined drainage along the road 3. Hardening of the slope surface by vegetation like Vetiver grass.

1. Removal of loose materials from the crown 2. Construction of culvert across the road.
Increased pore pressure of overburden due to rainfall on steep slopes and extensive slope cut failure.

Some houses have already been dismantled.
Construction of retaining walls at the toe of the slide and lined drainage along the road and for domestic water discharge.

Site specific studies should be taken up to study rate of movement and to give site specific mitigation measures to stop the movement.
Construction of retaining walls at the toe of the slide and lined drainage along the road and for domestic water discharge.
Increased pore pressure of overburden due to rainfall, static load from houses, unchannelised discharge of domestic run off, seepage from groundwater as evidenced by presence of a perennial spring at the subsidence zone and construction of houses obstruc

Site specific studies should be taken up to study rate of movement and to give site specific mitigation measures to stop the movement.
Construction of retaining walls at the toe of the slide and lined drainage along the road and for domestic water discharge.
Increased pore pressure of overburden,load from houses and vehicles, discharge of domestic run off, seepage from groundwater and construction of houses obstructing nala courses.

1. Removal of debris blocking the culvert and repair of the culvert. 2. Lined drainage along the road.

1. Channelization of nala by construction of culvert across the road. 2. Lined drainage along the road 3. Easing of the slope by benching 4. Hardening of the slope by planting of vegetation like vetiver grass.
Increased pore pressure of overburden due to rainfall, cut slope failure and erosion on both flanks of the slide by nalas.

Increased pore pressure of overburden due to rainfall and erosion of nala on the left flank of the slide.

1. Construction of retaining wall with proper weep holes at the toe of the slide and culvert across the road 2. Lined drainage along the road 3. Hardening of the slope surface by vegetation like Vetiver grass.
Increased pore pressure of overburden due to rainfall, groundwate seepage, nala causing erosion on right flank of the slide.

Diblibagh village slide 1
Road cuttingalong the slope which trigger landslide all along the road
Diblibagh village near the Ferry point of Karnaphuli River
Construction of retaining wall/Breast wall,Plantation of deep rooted tree along with fast growing grass,Construction of hill side nala and diversion of water on slope by channeling out(Contour drainage)
Extensive slope cut at the time of road construction,oversaturation of slope forming material,consequent slope

5 km North of Tlabung on PMGSY Tlabung - Diblibagh road
Extensive slope cut at the time of road construction,oversaturation of slope forming material,consequent slope and failure plane in between overburden & rock unit

West of Tlangpuikawn slide
Construction of retaining wall/Breast wall and proper slope moderation and benching
Oversaturation of slope forming material at the of rainfall,presence of joint & fracture rock

Percolation of water along the nala
4.2 km North of Tlabung on PMGSY Tlabung - Diblibagh road
Extensive slope cut at the time of road construction,oversatuaration of SFM at the time of rainfall,consequent slope

North of Tlangpuikawn slide
slope moderation,Construction of retaining wall,proper drainange
Consequent slope,Extensive slope cut at the time of road construction,localised folding,highly fractured and jointed rock

Sesawn village slide 1
Extensive slope cut at the time of road construction,cutting down of tree
Sesawn village near Presbyterean Church of India (PCI) on SH- Marpara - West Banghmun road
Construction of retaining wall/Breast wall,plantation upslope(settlement area),proper hill side nala,deep rooted along with fast growing grass downslope
Extensive slope cut at the time of road construction,oversaturation of slope forming material,uprooting of a tree on the slope, Spheroidal weathering (differential weathering).

Bawnveng Village slide 1
Damage of stone net cage wall
Plantation of deep rooted tree along with fast growing grass,Geo-mat may be provided
Dumping of road materials from above and Oversaturation of slope forming material

East Saihtah slide 3
Tension cracks developed along the road,folding leading to fracturing of rock bed mainly in the shale horizon,drainage near the landslide, construction work under progress since 2018
2.5 Km East Saihtah on PMGSY Saihta - Parvatui road
Plantation of fast growing grass & Shrub,Construction of retaining wall, Maintenance of proper drainange
Consequent slope,Extensive slope cut at the time of road construction,localised folding,highly fractured and jointed rock

North of Lower Theira slide

NW of Lower Theira slide

NW of Kamlabagan slide 1
1 km NW of Kamlabagan on Kamlabagan - Bindasora road
Oversaturation of slope forming materials,Extensive slope cut at the time of road construction

North of Pukzing slide 2

North of Bindasora village slide 1
Adjacent one more landslide is observed of a similar nature
Oversaturation of slope forming material, Failure palne along the contact between SFM & Bed rock,Consequent slope and extensive slope cut at the time of road construction

Localised folding
4 km North of Tlabung on PMGSY Tlabung-Diblibagh road
Extensive slope cut at the time of road construction,presence of joints, Failure palne along the contact between rocks and joints and oversaturation & percolation of water on the joint plane

Tension cracks developed along the road,Dumping of cut material along the downslope which triggers further landslide
2 Km East Saihtah on PMGSY Saihta - Parvatui road
Removal of slide materials from the road side.
Extensive slope cut at the time of road construction,Oversaturation of slope forming material at the time of rainfall

Silkur village slide 1

Muriskata village slide 1
Tree was uprooted
Muriskata village, Tlabung on Karnaphuli River bank
Embankment construction is suggested and reinforcement of fast growing grass and shrub
Oversaturation of slope forming material at the time of rainfall. Uprooted of plant on the slope

Lana slide 1
Extensive slope cut at the time of road construction

Lana slide 2

1. Removal of loose blocks of rocks at the crown 2. Slope easing by benching.

1. Construcion of steel netting along the slope of rock fall area. 2. Removal of loose debris from the crown of the slide
Bifuraction to 3rd IR Battalion Camp, Thingkah

Landslide is stabilized

Trimming of the edges of crown; Maintenance of the road side nala
Overburden slope failure due to saturation

maintenance of the road side nala
Jhum activity upslope may have enhanced the overburden load wherein failure occurs during heavy rainfall due to oversaturation

Removal of the slide debris and rock boulders and Maintenance of the road side nala
Spheroidal weathering, Jhum activity upslope may have enhanced the overburden load wherein failure occurs during heavy rainfall due to oversaturation

Maintenance of nala
Overburden slope failure. Jhum activity upslope (Abandoned)

Photo no 1626-30; on the upslope of the area another small debri slide is observed with about 7m length, 9 m width and 5m height which have blocked the road as wellla s the nala which might have further blocked the natural nala/culvert downslope leading
Clearence of the nala, Construction of rentention wall with proper culvert.
Cut and fill failure due to water activity; Nala and Culvert blocked

currently the crown potion is covered with polythene bags for temporary remedial measures.; Photo no 1645-48
Widening of the road, retention wall and removal of slide debris

Removal of rock boulders and debris from the nala. Maintenance of road side nala
Infiltration of surface runoffi in the weak planes and Joints, Spheroidal weathering

Sandstone, shale with subordinate mudstone, shale
Rampant dumping dowslope of the road have also triggered landslide downslope of the road and endangering the road
Widening of road, Proper hillside/roadside drainage
2.5km North of South Vanlaphai on PMGSY South Vanlaphai-Muallanpui Road
Presence of joints in the sandstone rock exposed, Extensive slope cut at the time of road construction, Oversaturation of the SFM

quarrying activity of the fallen rock boulders are seen.
Maintenance of nala and culverts

Removal of overhanging trees and removal of debris from the nala. Maintenance of road side nala
overburden slope failure due to rainfall

Sandstone, shale with subordinate mudstone, shale
Rampant dumping dowslope of the road have also triggered landslide downslope of the road and endangering the road
Widening of road, Proper hillside/roadside drainage, Plantation of deep seated root tree and fast growing grasses on the downslope of the road, Removal of rock boulder from the slope
1.5 km South of Luatpuitlang on PMGSY South Vanlaphai-Muallanpui Road

3 numbers of rock falls/Slides; Photo no 1663
Maintenance of nala
Infiltration of surface runoffi in the weak planes and Joints,

Maintenance of roadside nala.
Oversaturation of OB, Jhum activity upslope, Spheroidal weatherial weathering

A few meters from this slide old Landslide area is observed.
Maintenance of roadside nala.

The whole road and downslope area shows failure uncontrolled flow of water on the road; The road has slid downslope; 1672-79
Road widening, Proper Maintenance of road sidle nala with construction of culverts. Construction of toe support downslope.
About 1km E of Tuipui along Darzo-Tuipui

Overburden slope failure in extensive cut slope area; Fault Zone

Trimming of the edges of crown; Maintenance of the road side nala
Overburden slope failure in loose and friable rocks

Removal of slided debris from the road, and removal of bigger trees (load) upslope and Maintenance of road side nala
Overburden slope failure due to oversaturation

Overburden slope failure in loose and friable rocks

Slope is stabilised now
Overburden slope failure in loose and friable rocks

Retention wall; Diversion of the seewage; Removal of bigger trees at the upslope
Oversaturation of the overburden due to infiltration of surface runoff from domestic seewage and rainfall; Consequent slope

Road widening, Removal of overhanging trees and boulders, Maintenance of road side nala.

Construction of retention wall is being done at the moment with proper nala.; Photo no 1605-1608
Slope moderation by benching; Diversion of the nala upslope
Seepage observed; erosion by nala and Toe removal by road cut; loose and friable rocks

Benching has been already done on the right slide of the slide area.
overburden slope failure; Slope disturbance by cutting; Cultivation activity upslope

Hnathial kanan veng Slide
Houses upslope tilted with development of cracks, church building abandoned due to development of cracks and slip downslope. Road and retention wall slipped and damaged. CPWD proposed construction of a bridge.
Channelization of the water from the culvert downslope by concrete drain, diversion of water upslope, benching with retention wall downslope
Toe erosion by the nala, Presence of a discontinuity plane and blasting activity at the time of road construction somehow destabilized the slope, also presence of 3 roads on the same slope

Removal of slide debris; Maintenance of road side nala
Oversaturation in extensive cut slope area.

Removal of fractured & jointed materials
Highly fractured & jointed nature of lithology; seepage near the slide

Removal of load (trees & overburden) from crown of landslide
Loose nature of overburden; fractured & splintery nature of bedrock; cut slope failure

Removal of loose landslide debris
Loose old landslide debris; nature of rock unit

Removal of load (tall trees) from the landslide crown; slope moderation by benching
Thick vegetation, moderate vegetation & high height plantation in the upslope of loc

Removal of loose overburden, trees & bamboos from the crown of landslide
Thick vegetation, low height plantation & jhum in the downslope of road
Loose nature of overburden; Splintery nature of lithology

High to moderate weathering and fractured
Removal of trees & loose overburden from crown of the landslide; slope moderation by benching

Benching along landslide scarp; removal load (trees) from crown of the landslide
Thick vegetation, high height plantation in the upslope of landslide (50m N of loc)

Removal of landslide debris; benching at the crown of the landslide
Thick vegetation, low height plantation is nearly 100m south of loc
Old landslide reactivation; damp material along the landslide slope; steep slope; weathered nature & structure of rock unit; presence of load (tall trees)

Shale (Sandy shale & Splintery shale)-sandstone
Slope moderation by benching; removal of load (overhanging trees) & loose overburden from the crown of the landslide
Southern outskirts of Thiltlang Village (NH 54)
Thick vegetation in the upslope of loc, settlement Thiltlang in the downslope
Nature & structure of rock unit; steep slope

Removal of overburden from the crown of the landslide for benching; toe support
Southern outskirts of Thiltlang Village (NH 54)
Southern outskirts of settlement Thiltlang, Extensive cut slope
Loose nature of overburden; weathered nature of rock; steep slope (cut slope failure)

Removal of loose overburden from crown of the landslide for benching; toe support
Southern outskirts of Thiltlang Village (NH 54)
Thick vegetation, low height plantation in the upslope of landslide
Loose nature of overburden; nature & structure of weathered rock unit

Benching at the crown part of landslide/slope
Southern part of Thiltlang Village (NH 54)
Thick vegetation, sparse vegetationin the downslope of road, low height plantation in the upslope of loc
Steep slope; nature & structure of rock unit

Moderately weathered & highly jointed; JΓéü-296Γü░/81Γü░NE; JΓéé- 276Γü░/80Γü░SW; JΓéâ- 195Γü░/40Γü░E; JΓéä- 200Γü░/ 80Γü░NW
Netting of cut slope; Removal of overhanging jointed blocks; presence of trees & plants from the scarp in the nearby areas
Jointed nature of sandstone; steep slope

Removal of old landslide debris for benching
Northern outskirts of Thiltlang Village (NH 54)
Thick vegetation, sparse vegetationat places, northern outskirts of settlement Thiltlang

Removal of advancing material; slope moderation by benching
Northern outskirts of Thiltlang Village (NH 54)

Prevent downping downslope, Grading(trimming) the overhanged
5 Km North of South Chwangtui on PMGSY North Vanlaphai-South Chwangtui Road
Presence of joints, Extensive slope cut(excavation) at the time of road construction, Steep slope, Oversaturation of SFM

Dumping of slide materials donslope of the road have also triggered landslide downslope of the road and endangering the road, Jhum upslope of the slide
Plantation of deep rooted plants and fast growing grass, Retaining wall downslope of the road, Diversion of drains/nala from further percolating on the dumped materials
6 Km Northwest of North Vanlaphai on SH North Vanlaphai-Serchhip Road
Plunge of two fold plunging/dipping opposite to each other, Presence of joints on thinly bedded sandstone interbedded with shale, Oversaturation of SFM, Steep slope dueto extensive slope cut

Dumping of slide materials donslope of the road have also triggered landslide downslope of the road and endangering the road
Widening of road, Proper hillside/roadside drainage, Plantation of deep seated root tree and fast growing grasses on the downslope of the road
3.2Km Northwest of North Vanlaphai on SH North Vanlaphai-Serchhip Road
Lithology of shale, presence of joints (Sandstone), Extensive slope cut at the time of road construction, Steep slope, Oversaturation of SFM

Sequence of sandstone, splintery shale and siltstone
Rampant dumping and jhuming also responsible for the slope failure
Plantation of deep seated root plants on the dumped materials of quaryying, Proper nala for the drainage running on the left flank of the slide/quarry
3.5Km South of Lungkawl Village on PMGSY North Vanlaphai-Cherlun Road
Presence of joints in the sandstone rock exposed, Extensive slope cut at the time of quarrying for hard rock (sandstone), Consequent slope, Rampant dumping of quarrying materials downslope, Oversaturation of the SFM

Plantation of deep rooted and fast growing plant
5 km East of Khawri, Hnathial-Khawri-Cherlun Road
Presence of joints in the sandstone rock exposed, Extensive slope cut at the time of quarrying for hard rock (sandstone), Consequent slope, Toe cutting at the time of quarrying, Incompetent rock (sst &sh), Percolation of water into the bedding plane

Slope failure reactivated on the right flank of the slide
Widening of road by removal of slide debris, Plantation of fast growing grasses.
1.5km North of Sailulak Village on PMGSY Sailulak-East Lungdar Road
Splintery shale, Extensive slope cut at the time of road construction, Oversaturation of slope forming materials

Plantation with fast growing grasses
North Sailulak Village on PMGSY Sailulak-East Lingdar Road
Splintery shale, Extensive slope cut at the time of road construction

Construction activities of Dam in progress, Plantation should be used so as to stabilized the slope
Plantation of deep rooted plants
Small Hydel Project area at Tlau va River, Dam site
Presence of joints, Extensive slope cut at the time of channel construction, Oversaturation of slope forming materials

Construction of road is in progress and sandstone mining, Tensions cracks developed on the dumping materials downslope of the road
Proper hillside/roadside drainage, Plantation upslope, Avoid further dumping of slope cut and waste quarrying materials, Retaining as well as breast wall
4Km SE of Khuangthing Village on PMGSY Khuangthing-Thekte Road
Splintery shale, Presence of joints, Extensive slope cut at the time of road construction, Oversaturation of slope forming materials

Removal of slide Debris and Soil hardening by sultable plantations, Construction and maintenance of roadslide nala.
overburden slope failure in extensive slope cut area due to infilteration of surface run off along the Rock planes and joints

Trimming of the edges, Removal of slide Debris and Soil hardening by sultable plantations, Construction and maintenance of roadslide nala.
overburden slope failure in extensive slope cut area due to infilteration of surface run off along the Rock planes and joints

Removal of slide Debris to widen the roads, Construction and maintenance of ropadside nala, Soil hardening upsloe by suitable grass plantation (afforestation)

Soilhardening by growing of suitable grass. Removal of slide debries from the nala.
Oversaturation of highly weathered Rocks in the extensive slope cut area.

Soil hardening by plantation of suitable grass. Removal of slide Debris from roadside nala and maintanance of roadside nala.
Oversaturation in highly weathered Rocks and extensive slope cut area

Diversion of surface runoff from upslope to safer place;Roadside nala maintenance; Removal of overhanging materials
Extensive slope cut failure; water perculation from upslope along the joints and cracks.

Fencing above the crown of the slided area may be damaged if the slide contibues further
Trimming of overhanging materials on the edges and maintenance of road side drains
Oversaturation due to Rainfall, vertical slope cut for road

Trimming of overhanging materials on the edges and maintenance of road side drains

Oversaturation failure in extensive slope cut area.

Removal of overhang materials, Trimming of the crown part and maintenance of road side nala
Extensive slope cutting by road widening work. Oversaturation of the overburden material due to excesive infiltration of the surface runoff in splintery shale lithology.

Removal of overhang materials, Trimming of the crown part and maintenance of road side nala
Over stauration slope failure in highly weathered Rock unit (slope cut for road)

FarkawnSamthang Rd (Near Lamsial Puk Junction)
Removal of overhang materials, Trimming of the crown part and maintenance of road side nala
Extensive slope cut failue. (overstauration due to excessive infiltration of surface run off on accumuated overburden fro jhum cultivation upslope and splintery shale unit.

overbutden slope failure in extensive slope cut area

Removal of slide Debris to widen the roads, Construction and maintenance of roadside nala
Overburden slope failure due to extensive slope cut from road widening work due to toe Removal and over saturation.

Removal of Rock Debris from the road and nala. Trimming of the overhanging materials.
vertical slope cut failure due to heavy Rainfall

Vaphai slide
older slide stabilsed already
Removal of overhanging trees and Rock boulders. Slope moderation. Maintainance of road side nala.
Infiltration of surface runoff in the joints and cracks. Extensive slope cut area

bamboo mostly, Clearing and proper dumping of the slide material to unblock the road side drain.
road side nala maintainance. Slope moderation by trimming of the crown part. Soil hardening by suitable grass plantation.
Oversaturation of overburden materials due to accumulation of surface runoff in the concave surface. Disturbance of natural slope stability by slope modificaton for road.

Vaphai slide
slope moderation by trimming the crown part of the slided area; Soil hardening by grass plantation; proper channelling of water in the area and Removal of the Debris blocking the roadside drain
Disturbance of natural slope stability on highly weathered and fractured Rock unit by Rock widening activity and excessive water perculation from upslope in concave surface.

Removal of overburden materials; Diversion of water from the affected area by constructing contour drainage and road side nala maintenance
Disturbance of natural slope stability on highly weathered and fractured Rock unit by Rock widening activity and excessive water perculation from upslope.

Removal of overhang materials. Construction of road side nala for proper chanelling of drainage.

slope is stabilised
South of Vaphai, near Tantlang escarpment.
Removal of accumulated debries. Trimming of overhanging Rock blocks. Maintainance of road side nala.
infiltration of rain water along the joints and bedding plain. Extensive slope cut area.

South of Vaphai, below Tantlang Escarpment
Trimming of overhanging Rock blocks, Removal of slide Debris accumulated along the road side nala and maintenance of road side drains
Infiltration of surface runoff along the joints and bedding plane ; extensive slope cut area along the road section.

Soil hardening by plantation, road side nala maontenance
Oversaturation due to Rainfall, vertical slope cut for road, sparsely vegetated with loose unconsolitated materials

Soil hardening by plantation. Maintainance of road side nala.
Oversaturation slope failure in extensive slope cut area.

Slope moderation and road side nala maontenance
Oversaturation due to Rainfall, vertical slope cut for road, sparsely vegetated with loose unconsolitated materials

its an old slide, the material resting on the slope has alraedy stabilised with vegetation growth
maintainance of road side drain. Slope moderation.
Oversaturation failure in extensive slope cut area.

Sandstone, siltstone and shale with conglomerate
trimming of the crown part, diversion of water upslope. Maintainance of road side drain.
infiltration of rain water along the joints and cracks. Extensive slope cut area.

Sandstone, siltstone and shale with conglomerate
Diversion of water upslope, Trimming of the crown part, construction of proper roadside nala system
Infiltration of wate along the cracks and bedding planes of Rocks. The failure appears to be along the overburden Rock interface due to over saturation.

Mawhro chapi slide 2
reinforcement of fast growing grass and shrub, slope moderation and proper channelling of drainage
presence of nalla, Oversaturation of slope forming material at the time of rainfall

Mawhro chapi slide 3
Fast growing grasses to stablise the road section and slope moderation

Mawhro chapi slide 1
Plantation of deep rooted tree along with fast growing grass,Geomat may be provided
high Overburden thickness and Oversaturation of slope forming material

house nearby in danger
Oversaturation of slope forming material at the time of rainfall, nalla presence

South of Siata village slide

SW of Chheillu slide 4

Chheihlu Mawhro section slide 3
nalla flowing downhill
widening of road, benching and construction of retaining wall
Extensive slope cut at the time of road construction,oversatuaration of SFM at the time of rainfall

Chheihlu Mawhro section slide 2
colluvium along road side
Plantation of tree and fast growing grass, slope moderation by benching
Extensive slope cut at the time of road construction,oversaturation of slope forming material,presence of nalla , steep slope

SW of Chheillu slide 1
Removal of slided material from the road side drainage channel
Mantainance of drainage and slope moderation
Extensive slope cut at the time of road construction,oversaturation of slope forming material due to nalla flowing.

SW of Chheillu slide 2

Chheihlu Mawhro section slide 4
proper channelling of rainfall water via drainage
proper watershed management of hillslope and plantation of deep rooted grasses to ensure slope stability

Chapi slide
Bamboos are placed temporarily to hold the loose debris from further sliding. Urgent need for retaining wall
Plantation of fast growing grass & Shrub,Construction of retaining wall,proper drainage, slope moderation and benching required
Extensive slope cut at the time of road construction,lhighly fractured and jointed rock, gully erosion, loose overburden thickness

Extensive slope cut at the time of road construction,cutting down of tree

SE of Zawngling slide

South east of Phudungsei slide

Zawngling slide

SW of Zawngling village slide 1

SW of Zawngling village slide2

SW of Zawngling slide

Tuipang slide

North of Pukzing slide 1

South of Vahai vilalge slide
slope moderation,Construction of retaining wall,proper drainange

SE of Vaihai slide 1
Plantation of deep rooted plantwith fast growing plant,diversion of rain water from converging into the slide zone,Horticulture necessary upslope
oversaturation of slope forming material at the time of rainfall,Toe erosion by the nala on toe of the slide,Rill erosion, extensive slopecsut

SE of Tuipuibari slide 1
The slide debris had flow down along the nala which further accumulated on the road blocking the road, Quarrying of construction near the slide area in progress.
About 6km SE of Tuipuibari on SH Aizawl - West Phaileng - Tupiuibar - Rajiv Nagar road.
Plantation of tree and fast growing grass.
Toe erosion by the streamlet/nala at tme of rainfall (Streamlet origin and presence of spring), Spring on the slope, Saturation of slope forming materials at the time of rainfall, Presence of joints and percolation of water along the joint plane.

South of Kanan Veng slide 1
Dumping of waste (plastic, etc) from the settlement
South of Kanan Veng, West Phaileng on SH Aizawl - West Phaileng - Marpara Road
Plantation of tree and fast growing grass, Diversion of water on the slope from percolation, Repairs and furtehr extension of retaining wall, Dumping of domestic waste should be prevented.
Oversaturation of the dumped materials, Percolation of water at the time of rainfall, Gully and rill erosion

Thaichanglui Anti Poaching Camp slide 1
Quarrying had lead to the slide, Rock boulder may fall anytime
Near Thaichanglui Anti Poaching Camp, Dampa Tiger Reserve on SH Aizawl - West Phaileng - Teirei - Tuipuibari road
Widening of road, Removal of rock boulder from the slide zone of accumulation, Overhang and loose boulder may also removed.
Extensive slope cut for quarrying, Presence of joints, Percolation of water along the joint plane

SE of Vaihai slide 2
folding observed (anticline) with the nalla acting as a axial planar cleavage
Plantation of deep rooted plantwith fast growing plant,diversion of rain water from converging into the slide zone
oversaturation of slope forming material at the time of rainfall,nalla is the axial plane cleavage of the anticline, extensive slopecsut

SE of Vaihai slide 3
slope moderation , costruction of retaining wall with Geomat may be provided
Consequent slope, high Overburden thickness and Oversaturation of slope forming material

NW of Laki village slide

North of Laki slide 2

South of Laki village slide 3

West of Laki village slide 1

West of Laki village slide 2

South of Laki slide

Laki slide 2

Laki slide 3

South of Laki village slide 1

South of Laki village slide 2

Laki slide 1

North of Laki slide 1

North of Laki slide 3

South of Khopai slide 3

North of Khopai slide

Khopai Laki slide
Construction of retaining wall/Breast wall and proper slope moderation and benching

South of Khopai slide 1

South of Khopai slide 2

Khopai village slide

Singh, T. G., Singh, M. P. and Sujata, S., 2020. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 83H/16, 83L/04, 84E/13 and 84I/01 falling in Churachandpur, Chandel districts of Manipur. Unpublished GSI report.
Preparation of proper hillside drains and converts for the water runoff, Slope stabilisation with countor benching.
Highly weather rocks of olistostromal unit, toe errosion by nearby drain, no hillside drainage and converts, water accumulated and flowing in road.

Singh, T. G., Singh, M. P. and Sujata, S., 2020. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 83H/16, 83L/04, 84E/13 and 84I/01 falling in Churachandpur, Chandel districts of Manipur. Unpublished GSI report.
Slope stabilisation with countor benching, Drainage management, Preparation of proper hillside drains and converts for the water runoff.
Toe cutting by nearby nala, highly weather rocks of olistostromal unit, Steep slope cutting for road construction, water flowing in road during rainy season.

Singh, T. G., Singh, M. P. and Sujata, S., 2020. Macro-scale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheets nos. 83H/16, 83L/04, 84E/13 and 84I/01 falling in Churachandpur, Chandel districts of Manipur. Unpublished GSI report.
Proper management of drain water runoffs and hillside drain, slope stabilisation.
Presence of higly weather and loose Olistostromal rocks, steep slope, water accumulalion and exessive water flow during rainy season.

Preparation of proper hillside drains and converts for the water runoff, Slope stabilisation with countor benching.
Presence of higly weather and loose Olistostromal rocks, steep slope cutting for road construction, No hillside drain or cunverts, water accumulalion and exessive water flow during rainy season.

Slope stabilisation, proper management of drain water, fast growing plant plantation.
Presence of higly weather and loose Olistostromal rocks, steep slope, water accumulalion and exessive water flow during rainy season.

Slope stabilisation, Removal or compaction of highly weather rocks, fast growing plantaion in the affected area.
Planner failure, presence of highly jointed and fracture sandstone units, toe cutting for the road construction

Slope stabilisation, Removal or compaction of highly weather rocks, fast growing plantaion in the affected area.
Steep slope cutting for road construction, highly jointed fracture sandstone units,

Slope stabilisation, removal of weathered/ debris rock material, proper management of drainage water flows.
Presence of higly weather and loose shales, water accumulalion and exessive water flow during rainy season.

Shale, siltstone and sandstone of Disang Group
Slope stabilisation, removal of weathered/ debris rock material, proper management of drainage water flows.
Presence of higly weather and loose shales, water accumulalion and exessive water flow during rainy season.

Shale, siltstone and sandstone of Disang Group
Natural slide, Control of stream water runoff to avoid toe cutting.
Toe cutting by river water, Highly weather and shear shale of Disang group. Steep gorge along river section.

Shale, siltstone and sandstone of Disang Group
Proper management of drain water flows, removal of weather and loose debris materials.
Steep slope, toe cutting by streams/ nala section, loose and weather rocks.

Proper management of drain water flows, removal of weather and loose debris materials.
Water accumulation along the hill slope, toe cutting due to nearby stream.

Steep slope cutting, water accumulation due to nearby drain.

Minimising jhum culativation, proper drainage management
Village is situated in between two major nala, jhum cultivation carried out upslope causes water accumulation

slope stabilisation such as countering and benching
Steep slope cutting for the road construction

compaction or removal of loose debris material, Afforestration, control of toe erossion etc.
steep slope, toe cutting by river water, presences of highly weathered and loose debris material.

Construction of retaining wall, slope stabilisation such as benching, removal of weather and loose slide materials.
Steep slope cutting, water accumulation from nala

Slope stabilisation, proper management of drainage water runoff.
Water accumulation zone, steep slope, presances of weather and loose materials etc.

Removal of old slide debris material, proper management of drainage water run off.
water accumulation zone, slide reactivated due to Jhum activities

Highly weathered shale and sandstone of Disang Group
Slope stabilisation, proper management of drainage water runoff, Removal of weather and old debris materials.
Toe cutting due to stream nearby, Presances of highly weather rocks and old debris material, steep slope etc.

Slope stabilisation, Plantation with fast growing plant, removal or compaction of loose and weather slide materials.
Steep slope cutting, toe cutting iniated by drainage water runoff, Jhum cultivated areas in earlier time.

slope stabilisation such as countering and benching
Steep slope failure, presence of weather rocks

Highly weathered shale and siltstone of Disang Group
slope stabilisation such as countering and benching
Steep slope cutting for road construction

Proper maintanance of drainage water flows, removal of old sliding materials, restriction and avoiding Jhum cultivation.
Planner failure, water accumulation zone due to nearby drain, Jhum activities enhancing the probability of the slide.

Slope stabilisation, proper maintanance of drainage water runoff.
Steep slope cutting for the road construction, water accumulation zone due to nearby drain.

Steep slope cutting during road construction

Steep slope cutting for road construction, water accumulation during rainy season due to presences of drain in nearby areas.

Afforestration and plantation to control the suface water runoff of the streamlets, avoiding Jhum cultivation activities in the area.
Highly weather and shear rocks of olistostromal unit, presence of numerous streamlets, toe erossion along the stream channels, sparse vegetation.

Steep slope cutting, toe cutting due to nearby nala.

Proper management of drain water flows, removal of weather and loose debris materials.
Planner failure along bedding plane due to toe erosion by nearby drain, water accumulation during rainy season.

Slope stabilisation, compaction or removal of loose materials, plantation etc.
Presences of highly weather rock materials, toe cutting during road construction.

Slope stabilisation, removal of weathered/ debris rock material, proper management of drainage water flows.
Toe cutting by nearby drain, Steep slope, presence of weather rocks.

Removal of loose debris of old slide, proper management of drainage water runoff.
Toe cutting by nearby drain, Planner failure along bedding plane, Old slide location.

Slope stabilisation, proper management of drain water runoff in the surrounding areas, removal or compaction of loose debris sliding materials.
Steep slope cutting for road construction, water accumulation zone, highly weather and loose debris materials.

Proper drainage management, removal of old debris and weather rocks, devoid of jhum cultivation actibities.
Water accumulation zone, planner failure along the bedding plane due to toe cutting during road construction, Jhum cultivated areas.

slope stabilisation and maintaining of slope angle during road cutting construction of retaining wall etc.
Steep slope cutting for raod constuction, slope failure

Slope stabilisation and maintaining of slope angle during road cutting, removal of loose sliding materials, construction of retaining wall etc.
steep slope cutting for road construction, thick loose debris materials, drain water during heavy rainfall.

Slope stabilisation and maintaining of slope angle during road cutting, removal of loose sliding materials, construction of retaining wall etc.
Steep slope cutting for road construction, presence of thick loose debris and weathered rocks,

Slope stabilisation, proper maintanance of drainage water runoff.
Steep slope failure due to toe erosion by nearby streams, strong water flows during rainy season, confluence zone of two nalas.

Slope stabilisation, removal of debris materials
Steep slope cutting, bedding and slope parallel

S0 = Dip 780 towards 700 ; J1=Dip 750 towards 950
Proper maintanance of drainage to avoid water stagnant and plantation of short height plants
3 houses collapse and 1 village playground partly collapse
Village on slope where heavy flowing of water during rainy season

Slope stabilization, proper maintanance of road side drain.
steep slope cutting, highly weathered and shear rocks, water accumulation zone due to drainage.

Slope stabilization, removal or compaction of highly weather rock materials.
Steep slope cutting, highly shear and splintary weather shales

Removal of weather rock material, proper maintanance of drain, slope stabilization etc.
Toe cutting due to stream nearby, Presances of highly weather rocks, steep slope etc.

Slope stabilisation, Removal of weathered/ debris rock material.
Steep slope cutting, Planar failure along bedding plane

Control and maintainance of drainage water runoff and flow.
Highly weathered character of rock and a nala make water accumulation upslope

Slope stabilisation, Plantation with fast growing plant, removal or compaction of loose and weather slide materials.
Steep slope cutting, toe cutting by nearby streams, water accumulation zone, jhum cultivation activities etc.

Natural slide, slope stabilisation, Control of stream water runoff to avoid toe cutting.
Steep slope, toe erossion by river water runoff, highly weathered and shear rocks of disang.

Natural slide, slope stabilisation, Control of stream water runoff to avoid toe cutting.
toe erossion by river water runoff, steep slope, area in major lineament zone

Slope stabilisation, control and maintain of Drainage water runoff and flow.
River Toe cutting, Presence of higly shear and fragile debris material etc.

Natural slide, slope stabilisation, Control of stream water runoff to avoid toe cutting.
Presence of higly weather and loose shales, water accumulalion and exessive water flow during rainy season.

Slope stabilisation, proper maintanance of drainage water runoff, avoid cultivation activities, fast growing plantation.
Presence of highly weather and loose soils, toe cutting by nearby river, steep slope, less vegetation growth, jhum cultivation activities etc.

Slope stabilisation, proper management of drainage water runoff.
Steep slope cutting, water accumulation during rainy season due to nearby drain.

Slope stabilisation, maintainages of hillside drain, fast growing plantation.
Steep slope cutting for road construction, water accumulation zone, highly weather and loose debris materials.

Controlling toe cutting by the river, construction of embackment, fast growing plantation.
Toe cutting by river, presence of loose and weather rocks of olistostromal unit, less vegetation growth etc.

Slope stabilisation, compaction or removal of loose materials, plantation etc.
steep slope cutting, highly weathered rocks, damp area

Slope stabilisation, maintain drainage water flow,Plantation in the affected area etc.
Steep slope cutting, toe cutting iniated by drainage water runoff.

Near Khubum Khullen diversion along Chakpi-Firan Machet road
Slope stabilisation, control and maintain of road side Drainage water runoff and flow.
Slope and bedding plane parallel to each other, Highly weathered shale

S0 = Dip 350 towards 720 ; J1=Dip 700 towards 1800
Houses shifted to the nearby safe places
Proper management of drainage and hillside drains
Steep slope and heavy water flow along the slope during rainy season

Highly weathered and shear rocks, steep slope

Slope stabilisation, fast growing plant plantation, construction of concreate retaining wall along road section.
water accumulation zone with a nala at the middle of slide, presence thick loose debris and weather rocks, steepe slope.

Das, R. and Gogoi, A. 2019: MacroΓÇÉscale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheet nos. 83H/15, 83L03 and L/07 falling in Chandel, Tengnoupal and Thoubal Districts of Manipur. Un pub. GSI report for FS 2018-19
Avoid construction of houses and jhum ciltivation in the area.
Loose fractured shale slided down due to heavy weight by oversaturation

Das, R. and Gogoi, A. 2019: MacroΓÇÉscale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheet nos. 83H/15, 83L03 and L/07 falling in Chandel, Tengnoupal and Thoubal Districts of Manipur. Un pub. GSI report for FS 2018-80
Highly weathered shale of splintery nature existing along first order stream

Das, R. and Gogoi, A. 2019: MacroΓÇÉscale (1:50,000) Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in parts of Toposheet nos. 83H/15, 83L03 and L/07 falling in Chandel, Tengnoupal and Thoubal Districts of Manipur. Un pub. GSI report for FS 2018-82
Drainage cuased oversaturation of weathered rock

Highly jointed and fractured shale got destabilized due to slope cut

The slided area now turned into quarry
Highly fractured and jointed shale lying on steep slope got destabilized due to slope cut

Highly fractured and weathered shale got destabilized due to heavy rainfall

Weathering of shale coupled by road cut in toe

Weathering of shale and jointed failure (Anaclynal)

Extensive toe cut due to road construction

Either stopping of ilegal sand mining or dumping back unused material into the hollows
River cutting and extensive illegal sand mining

highly jointed Shale, siltstone and sandstone and weathering

Embankment with concrete retaining wall and stop quarrying of toe

Shale intercalated with thin bed sandstone
Embankment with concrete retaining wall and stop quarrying of toe
Shale and sandstone weathering and quarrying activity

River cutting and extensive illegal sand mining

Shale and sandstone weathering and quarrying activity

Removal of debris & proper drainage system
Percolation of water between overburden and bedrock, reduction of strength on super-saturation and unplanned cutting of slope

Concrete walls constructed.
1. Increase in pore water pressure 3. reduction of strenght in super-saturation.

1. Increase in pore water pressure 3. reduction of strenght in super-saturation.

Landslide occurs every year at this location during monsoon period
1. Increase in pore water pressure 2. reduction of strenght in super-saturation. 3. Anthropogenic activity (unplanned cutting of slope)

Natural slide. Data taken by remote sensing technigue.
1. Increase in pore water pressure 2. reduction of strenght in super-saturation.

1.Removal of slided material. 2. Proper line drainage to be provided. 3. Benching of slope
1. Increase in pore water pressure 2. reduction of strenght in super-saturation. 3. Anthropogenic activity (unplanned cutting of slope)

1. Not recommended passage of heavy vehicles 2. Overburden material is removed

Flaggy fine grained sandstone which is fractured with shale partings
1. Increase in pore water pressure 2. reduction of strenght in super-saturation. 3. Anthropogenic activity (unplanned cutting of slope)

Natural slide. Data taken by remote sensing technigue.

Shale, siltstone, Greywacke Rhythmite and sandstone of Upper Disang Formation.

Splintery shale with siltstone and sandstone of Lower Disang Formation.
Natural slide. Data taken from Loktak-Leimatak road
Data taken from Loktak- Leimatak highway
1.Gully erosion. 2.Increase in pore water pressure as the slided area is drained by a stream.

Splintery shale with siltstone and sandstone of Lower Disang Formation.
Natural slide. Data taken from Loktak-Leimatak road
Data taken from Loktak- Leimatak highway

1. Removal of debris. 2. Proper line drainage to be provided. 3. Construction of concrete wall with proper weep holes. 4. Benching of slope

1. Removal of debris. 2. Proper line drainage to be provided. 3. Construction of concrete wall with proper weep holes.
Increase in pore pressure reducing the cohesive strength of the overburden materials. Unplanned cutting of slope.

1. Removal of debris. 2. Proper line drainage to be provided. 3. Benching of slope
Increase in pore pressure reducing the cohesive strength of the overburden materials. Steep cutting of slope.

1. Removal of debris and proper line drainage. 2. Benching of slope. 3. Planting of grass
1. Beds are consequent to slope ( Slope aspect-90Γü░ and slope angle-33Γü░) 2.Increase in pore water pressure reducing the strenght to withstand sliding.

Shale and sandstone beds. Sandstone beds are fractured and jointed.
Extensive slope cut with sparse vegetation
1. Removal of debris and proper line drainage. 2. Benching of slope.
1. Steep cuuting of slope for road alignment. 2. increase in pore pressure reducing the cohesive strength of the overburden materials. 3. rocks are fractured and jointed.

debris are removed.
Extensive slope cut with moderate vegetation
1. Steep cutting of slope for road alignment. 2. increase in pore pressure reducing the cohesive strength of the overburden materials. 3. incompetent lithology of shale which is splintery in nature.

Flaggy sandstone with subordinate shale and siltstone
Natural slide. Data taken from Loktak-Leimatak road
Increase in pore water pressure during incessant rainfall.

1. Removal of debris. 2. provide benching. 3. Proper lined drainage.
1. weak lithology. 2.Increase in pore water pressure in the overburden. 3. extensive slope cut.

Alternate layers of shale and sandstone.
Concrete walls provided at the toe of the slide
1. Weak lithology. 2.Increase in pore water pressure in the overburden. 3. extensive slope cut.

1. Steep cutting of slope for road alignment. 2. increase in pore pressure reducing the cohesive strength of the overburden materials. 3. incompetent lithology of shale.

Splintery shale, with subordinate snadstone and siltstone alteration.
1. Incompetent lithology. 2. increase in pore pressure reducing the cohesive strength of the overburden materials. 3. Extensive slope cut.

Flaggy sandstone, shale and siltstone alteration
Concrete wall construction in progress.
1. Extensive slope cut. 2. increase in pore pressure reducing the cohesive strength of the overburden materials which slided alone with the dumped materials of the above road cut.

1. Removal of debris and proper line drainage. 2. Retention wall with proper weep holes at the toe of the slide.
1. Beds are consequent to slope ( Slope aspect-90Γü░ ) 2. steep and high benching for road alignment. 3. increase in pore water pressure reducing the strenght to withstand sliding.

Alternate layers of shale, siltstone and sandstone.
1. Removal of debris and proper line drainage.
1. Increase in pore water pressure reducing the cohesive strenght of the materials. 2. Beds are consequent to slope

Shale and siltstone with subordinate sandstone laminae.
Gabion walls provided.

Sandstone with subordinate shale and siltstone
Proper nala provided
1.Steep cutting of slope for road alignment. 2. Reduction of the cohesive strenght of the overburden materials by excessive water percolation.

Sandstone with subordinate shale and siltstone
Concrete wall with proper drainage provided.
1.Steep cutting of slope for road alignment. 2. Reduction of the cohesive strenght of the overburden materials by excessive water percolation.

Data taken from Sangji village-Dolang village

Data taken from Sangji village-Dolang village
Toe erosion by the stream as the slide is located on the cut bank slope of the stream.

Well bedded sandstone with minor shale partings of Upper Disang Formation.
1. Slope easing by benching. 2. lined darainage along the road.

Intercalation of sandstone in Friable Shale of Upper Disang.
Trees bend on the left flank of the slide and cracks developed on the road.
Benching of slope and planting deep rooted plants to bind the materials.
Seepage of water which added to the increased in pore water pressure of the slide area. Thus reducing the cohesive strenght of the overburden materials and causing the materials to slide.

Shale and Sandstone alteration of Upper Disang.
Astream flowing on the left flank of the slide.
Removal of debri materials from the stream and providing a free passage for water to flow downstream.
1. Extensive slope cut. 2. Increase in pore pressure on over burden by incessant rainfall as it is located close to the vicinity of the stream.

Shale and Sandstone alteration of Upper Disang.
proper drainage provided.
1. Extensive slope cut. 2. Increase in pore pressure on over burden by incessant rainfall.

Shale and Sandstone alteration of Upper Disang.

Highly friable shale with siltstone alteration
proper lined drainage provided
1. Benching of slope. 2. Clearing the passage of stream so that water can flow freely decreasing creeping rate.
Increased in pore water pressure of the slide area. Thus reducing the cohesive strenght of the overburden materials and causing the materials to creep. 2. sliding at the right flank of the slide due to steep cutting of the slope for road alignment. 3. St

Shale with sandstone of Upper Disang Formation.
1. Slope easing by benching. 2. lined darainage along the road.
Steep cutting of slope for road alignment.

Along Imphal-Khuopum road, near Tairenpokpi village.
1. Steep slope cutting. 2. Closely spaced joints in Sandstone beds.

Self supporting slope.
Along Imphal-Khuopum road, near Tairenpokpi village.
1. Inncreased in pore water pressure. 2. Steep slope cut

Along Imphal-Khuopum road, near Zouyantek village.
1. Inncreased in pore water pressure. 2. Steep slope cut

Shale with subordinate sandstone of Lower Disang Formation.
1. Gabion wall construction. 2. Proper drainage to drain away the water. 3. Avoid stagnation of water at the toe of the slide.
1. Increase in pore water pressure 3. reduction of strenght in super-saturation. 4. Loose debri material

Intercalation of siltstone and sandstone in friable shale.
Increased in pore water pressure of the slide area. Thus reducing the cohesive strenght of the overburden materials and causing the materials to slide. In addition steep slope cut is another causal factor for the sliding.

Extensive slope cut with moderate vegetation
Slope benching to be provided and proper lined drainage.
Increased in pore water pressure of the slide area due to incesssant rainfall. Thus reducing the cohesive strenght of the overburden materials and causing the materials to slide. In addition steep slope cut is another causal factor for the sliding.

Thick sandstone bed intercalated by shale.
Extensive slope cut with moderate vegetation
1. Slope benching to be provided. 2.Proper lined drainage. 3.Removal of debris lying on the road.

Active fault zone????
1. Increased in pore water pressure. Subsequentlly reducing the frictional strenght of the over burden materials. 2. springs developed after the earthquake. 3. toe erosion by the Ijai river.

Birchandrapara landslide
Tipam Group of rocks represented by highly weathered, loose, unconsolidated, yellowish to light brown colour, fine to medium grained, ferruginous sandstone with small mudstone/clay pockets.
Contact between Tipam Group with Bokabil Formation of the Surma Group of rocks noted in nearby location with almost sub horizontal bedding plane (6┬░).
Streams or gullies which form along the slope should be channelized to avoid further seepage along the undisturbed slope. Several small failures are observed in the locality, therefore slope stability studies may be carried out to understand the causativ
Lokhicherra river along with a small irrigation canal flows in the valley portion (plain).
Paddy cultivation in the valley (plain) portion (not affected) surrounded by hillocks.
Removal of the slide material from the scarp as well as the advancing material; Removal of load such as tall trees with penetrative roots and overhanging materials; Diversion of surface runoff away from the affected slope by construction of hillside dra
The area shows a thick volume of highly weathered, loose and unconsolidated ferruginous sandstone with small clay pocket where modification of natural slope for construction of the house have been made without sufficient slope support. The incessant rain

Reduction of strength on super saturation of water and unplanned cutting of slope

Planner failure and unplanned cutting of slope

Modification of the slope and construction of retaining wall

Bongyang slide
Toe cutting, steep slope & soft material

The slide is stable now, only loose debris from the toe of the slide needs to be removed.
Highly weathred and fractured shale got destabilized due to slope cut

Unstable slope having jointed and fractured splintery shale

Construct deep seated retaining wall along the abutement of the bridge
Highly jointed loose weathered shale resting on steep slope

Fractured splintery shale slided down due to loading on the roadside

Highly fractured and jointed shale got destabilized due to overloading

Thick overburded lying on the slope failled due to heavy rain

Loose debris lying over weathered rock slided destabilized due to toe erosion by 1st order stream

Removal of debris and slope modification
Planner failure, and unplanned cutting of slope

Consequent slope and steeply dipping jointed rock is the cuase for unstability

Highly jointed and fractured shale got destabilized due to toe cutting by first order stream

Highly fractured and jointed shale got destabilized due to heavy rainfall

Slope cut has destabilized jointed shale and sandstone

Weathered shale slided down along the jointed plane

Highly jointed and fractured shale got destabilized due toe cutting by nala

Erosion by nala along the slope has cuased weathered shale to slide

Removal of debris and construction of retaining wall

Construction of retaining
walls and removal of debris

Moderate vegetation and cultivated land on the downslope of the road
Removal of loose materials from the slopes, benching and construction of retaining wall
Pore water pressure and reduction of strength on super-saturation

Alternate bands of highly weathered shales and sandstone
Removal of debris & construction of retaining wall

Highly weathered and splintery shales with sandstone
Removal of debris and construction of retaining wall

Highly wethered splintery shale, dark grey in colour

Highly wethered splintery shale, dark grey in colour
Construction of retaining wall and chanellization of drainage
Planner failure and unplanned cutting of slope

Removal of debris and modification of slope

Sandstone with highly weathered and fractured shale
Removal of debris and modification of slope by benching
planner failure, reduction of strength on super-saturation and unplanned cutting of slope

Removal of debris and modification of slope by benching

Highly fractured and splintery dark grey shales
Proper drainage management, removal of debris and construction of retaining wall

Reduction of strength on super saturation of water and toe erosion

Sandstone with thin intercalation of highly fractured shales
Removal of debris and slope modification

Thick bedded sandstone with thin intercalation of highly fractured shales
Removal of debris and slope modification

Highly weathered, fractured & splintery shales interbanded with sandstone about 2 ft in thickness
Removal of debris & construction of retaining wall

Sandstone with thin intercalation of shales
planner failure and anthropogenic activities, unplanned cutting of slope

highly fractures and splintery dark grey shales
Removal of debris and construction of retaining wall

Planner failure and anthropogenic activities, unplanned cutting of slope

Deep translational failure. Landslide facing 180╦Ü

Slope easing, Construction of proper drainage at toe, removal of loose debris materials.
Steep slope, loose, unconsolidated and weathered overburden materials, well defined slope surface due to jhum cleaning.

Road is part of the slide, sliding after road is aslo noted. Shallow translational failure. Landslide facing 276╦Ü.
Slope easing with proper ratio, proper drainage at toe and construction of breast wall.
Steep slope, Weathered rocks, heavy rainfall and unconsolidated materials as overburden.

Shallow translational failure. Oxidized soil cover as overburden. Road partially blocked due to slided material. Landslide facing 252╦Ü
Benching, proper drainage at toe, covering the landslide with water proof material to minimise the effect of water percolation.

Natural Landslide,Shallow translational failure. Landslide facing 286╦Ü. Road is part of the landslide.
Slope easing, Construction of retention wall, proper drainage at toe.

Shallow translational failure. Landslide facing 291╦Ü. Road is part of the landslide.
Construction of retentio wall. Proper drainage at toe.
Weathered shale, heavy rainfall,extensive slopecut, improper drainage at toe.

Natural Landslide,Shallow translational failure. Landslide facing 320╦Ü.
Slope easing, proper drainage at toe. Aforestation.

Natural Landslide,Shallow translational failure. Landslide facing 127╦Ü.
Weathered shale, heavy rainfall, steep slope.

Natural Landslide,Shallow translational failure. Landslide facing 67╦Ü.
Weathered shale, heavy rainfall, steep slope.

Slope easing, proper drainage at toe. Aforestation.

Deep translational failure. Landslide facing 303╦Ü
Weathered shale, rill erosion due to heavy rainfall, debris material as overburden.

Road side Landslide,Shallow translational failure. Landslide facing 30╦Ü.
Proper drainage at toe, removal of debris material
Weathered and jointed shale, heavy rainfall and extensive slope cut causes failure in the debris material.

walls, benching and removal of debris

Splintery shale with intercalation of sandstone

Highly weathered and splintery shales with sandstone

walls and removal of debris

Road side Landslide,Shallow translational failure. Landslide facing 310╦Ü.
Proper drainage at toe, removal of debris material
Steep slope of 60╦Ü, Weathered shale, heavy rainfall and extensive slope cut causes failure in the debris material.

Weathered shale, heavy rainfall, debris material as overburden.

Deep translational failure. Landslide facing 305╦Ü. Landslide is at upslope of the road, slided materials are dumped after the road.
Benching, proper drainage at toe, covering the landslide with water proof material to minimise the effect of water percolation.
Weathered shale, rill erosion due to heavy rainfall, near vertical bed rocks, debris material as overburden, steep failure plane.

Natural Landslide,Shallow translational failure. Landslide facing 270╦Ü. Road is part of the landslide.
Slope easing, Construction of retention wall, proper drainage at toe.
Weathered shale, rill erosion due to heavy rainfall causes deep groves below the road, loose debris material.

Natural Landslide,Shallow translational failure. Landslide facing 150╦Ü. Road is part of the landslide.
Weathered shale, heavy rainfall, steep slope, prominent joint planes, presence of 1st order stream nearby at the left flank of the slide.

Slope easing, Construction of breast wall, proper drainage at toe. Aforestation.

Road side Landslide,Shallow translational failure. Landslide facing 90╦Ü.
Proper drainage at toe, removal of debris material
Steep slope, Weathered shale, heavy rainfall and extensive slope cut causes failure in the debris material.

Subsidence facing 160╦Ü. Trend of the cracks- 40╦Ü
Development of cracks in the village water reservoirs.

Subsidence facing 178╦Ü.
Construction of retentio wall. Proper drainage at toe, reinforcing of the village community hall
Weathered shale, heavy rainfall, debris material.

Up Slope Road side Landslide,Shallow translational failure. Landslide facing 125╦Ü.
Weathered shale, heavy rainfall and failure in the debris material.

Weathered shale, heavy rainfall and extensive slope cut.

Landslide partially blocking the road,Shallow translational failure. Landslide facing 148╦Ü.

Rockfall facing 132╦Ü.
Slope easing, Construction of breast wall, netting of weak rock mass, proper drainage at toe.
Jointed and sheared phyllite, heavy rainfall and steep slope.

Road side Anthropogenic Landslide,Shallow translational failure. Landslide facing 300╦Ü.
Slope easing, Construction of proper drainage at toe, removal of loose debris materials and erection of breast wall.
Steep slope, Weathered shale, heavy rainfall causes failure in the debris material. No drainage at toe.

Road side Natural Landslide,Shallow translational failure. Landslide facing 80╦Ü.
Steep slope, Weathered shale, heavy rainfall causes failure in the debris material.

Shallow translational failure. Palaeo landslide facing 180╦Ü.
Slope easing with proper ratio, proper drainage at toe.
Steep slope, Weathered shale, heavy rainfall and semiconsolidated materials as overburden.

Shallow translational Palaeo landslide facing 216╦Ü.
Slope easing, Construction of proper drainage at toe, removal of loose debris materials.
Steep slope, fractured rocks, improper drainage at toe

Natural Landslide,Deep translational failure. Landslide facing 158╦Ü. Road is part of the landslide.
Slope easing, Construction of proper drainage at toe, removal of loose debris materials.
Steep slope, Weathered shale, heavy rainfall causes deep groves in the debris material. No drainage at toe. Length>> width. General surface slope is 53╦Ü.

Relict scar is now filled with thick vegetation.
Avoid construction of houses near to the slided area.
Insitu soil resting on steep slope got oversaturated due to heavy rainfall

Fractured shale existing along steep slope

Fractured and jointed weathered shale became unstable due to steep slope.

Fractured shale became unstable due to slope cut

1.The area is stable now. 2.Drainage should be cleared.
Highly fractured and weathered shale got destabilized due to slope cut

Loose debris derived from weathered shale slided down

Removal of slided debris and clear drainage.

Loose colluvium material resting on steep slope became destabilised due to oversaturation

Put wooden pile across the width of the slide along downslope side of the road.
Loose debris resting on steep slope got oversaturated during rainfall and load plying on the road may have initiated the slide.

1. Removal of debris. 2. Sliding has reached the top so there is no chance of further sliding, however the little hanging rocks should be removed.
Highly jointed and fractured shale and siltstone got destabilized due to slope cut

Loose debris lying upon highly weathered shale

1. Loose debris lying upon highly weathered shale, 2. Toe cutting by first order stream

Loose debris resting on the steep slope got destabilised due to slope cut

Kondong Lairembi slide

Remove slided debris to clear drainage, removal of loose hangning material from the crown
Highly weathred and fractured shale got destabilized due to slope cut

Proper maintenance of hillside drain and slope stabilisation
Steep slope cutting on loose soil and small water accumulation zone upslope

Slope stabilization, afforestration, removal of loose and weather rocks.
Water accumulation zone upslope, landslip initiated at loose contact zone between regolith and soil layer

Contact zone of chert dominat oceanic pelagic sediment and ophiolite suite of rock
Construction of retaining wall and curlvert for not accumulation of water in the contact zone; Slope stabilization
Contact zone of highly weathered and sheared oceanic pelagic sediment and ophiolite suite of rocks; water flows during rainy season

Belfung landslide
The Bokabil Formation of the Surma Group of rocks comprising of shale, siltstone and mudstone with sandstone and conglomerates.
Western limb of Baramura antiform; nearby areas the beds are gentle and westerly dipping (5╦Ü12╦Ü)
Streams or gullies which form along the slope should be channelized to avoid further seepage along the undisturbed slope. Banana plantation on upslope; The people residing in the neighboring houses were recommended to evacuate and shift to a safer place
Settlement, thick vegetation and cultivated land
Removal of the advancing material and the material on the scarp. Slope moderation by multiple benching along the steep landslide scar and nearby slopes. Removal of load such as tall trees with penetrative roots and overhanging materials. Diversion of sur
Thick volume of regolith consisting of highly weathered and unconsolidated ferruginous sandstone with small clay pocket; Excavation of natural slope for construction of the house without sufficient slope/toe support. The steep and concave nature

Lokchao slide

Gabbion wall is under construction. It will stabilize the slope
Loose debris resting on the steep slope got destabilised due to slope cut

1.Removal of slided debris. 2. Construction of breast wall. 3. Construction of benches
Highly weathred and fractured shale on steep slope got destabilized due to slope cut

Construction of benches to modify the slope
Loose debris resting on the steep slope got destabilised due to slope cut

Highly jointed and weathered shale got destabilized due to slope cut

Construction of breast wall of height 1.5m.
Highly weathred rock got destabilized due to slope cut

Removal of loose hanging debris from crown

A small water pond constructed during charcoal making may have have cuased it

Between Bongyang & Lokchao slide
Due to toe cutting & soft nature of material

Construct deep seated reaining wall, Put culvert to make passes for water
Nala is feeding water to the slope consisting of fractured shale

Construct gabbion wall/retaining wall towards dwonslope side of the road

People and livestock should avoid the place during rainy season
Highly jointed and fractured weathered shale has slided down along the major joints during rainfall.

Loose debris resting on steep slope slided down due to heavy weight by oversaturation

The road is realigned from the other side of the ridge
Avoid the affected slope for road construction, Jhum or any other purpose.
1. Thinly laminated shale got destabilised due to cutting of consequent slope for road construction. 2. The slope is very steep

Highly jointed and fractured weathered shale has slided down along the major joints during rainfall.

1.The area is stable. 2. Smoothen the slope
Slope cut along highly fractured and jointed rock destabilized the slope

Highly jointed loose weathered shale got destabilized due to oversaturation by Rainfall

Slide has reached the hill top, no chance of further sliding
Slope cut along highly fractured shale destabilized the slope

Loose fractured shale slided down due to heavy weight by oversaturation

Remove loose hanging material crown and also clear the drainage by removing slided debris
Loose fractured shale slided down due to heavy weight by oversaturation

Highly jointed loose weathered shale resting on steep slope

Construct breast wall along hillside of the road
Extensive slope cut destabilized the slope with jointed rocks

Erosion cauased by drainage destabilized the rock, slope forming material loose debris lying over weathred bed rock.

Loose debris lying over weathered rock slided due to 1st order drainage cut through it.

Loose debris resting on steep slope got oversaturated during rainfall

Extensive slope cut destabilized the slope with jointed rocks

Loose debris lying over weathered rock slided destabilized due to slope cut

Highly fissile shale with highly dipping bed existing along consequent slope caused instability.

Shifting of houses from the crown portion of the slide
Loose debris resting on slope slided down triggered by heavy rainfall

Construction of retaining wall across the width of the slide
Consequent slope consisting of highly jointed and fractured rock fell as wedge failure

Wedge failure due to presence of three sets of joints dipping in the same direction as slope

Triggered by erosion along 1st order drainage loose jointed weathered shale got destabilized

A natural slide in inhabited areas, hardening of compaction of loose and wether rocks by fast growing plantation, Avoid Jhum or agricultural actibities.
Steep slope in the upslope as well as down slope, Presence of loose and weather rocks, Toe cutting by near by nala.

Sheared, fractured splintery shale resting on steep slope slide down due to oversaturation during heavy rainfall

Slope stabilisation, contruction of retaining wall in the cut slope, hillside drain, management of drain water runoff, fast growing plantation.
Steep slope cutting, highly shear and splintary weather shales with Sst. water accumulated during rainy season, no hillside drain and converts.

Construction of Breast wall of height 1-1.5m with gabbion wall towards downslope
Jointed rock lying on consequent slope became unstable due to slope cut

Slope stabilisation, Removal or compaction of highly weather rocks, construction of hillside drain and retaining walls for proper management of drainage water runoff, fast growing plantaion in the affected area.
steep slope, highly jointed and fracture Sst unit, water accumulation by drain during rainy season, no hillside drain and converts.

Slope stabilisation, control and management of surface water runoff from nearby drain, removal or hardening of loose debris materials, fast growing plantation.
water accumulation during rainy season, Steep slope, presence of highly jointed and fracture rocks and its debris.

Removal or compaction of weather and loose debris materials, proper management of drain, fast growing plantation.
Presence of weathered and loose materials of Olistostromal unit, highly shear rocks and tectonic active zone, water accumulation during rainy season etc.

slope stabilisation, removal of older debris materials or hardening by fast growing plantation, controlling of toe erossion by stream water runoff.
steep slope cutting, highly jointed and fracture sst units, presence of thick older debris materials, toe cutting by stream water runoff.

slope stabilisation, removal or hardening of highly weather and fracture rocks, control and management of surface water runoff, fast growing plantation.
Highly jointed anf fracture rocks, Steep slope, toe errosion by nearby drain, no hillside drainage and converts, water accumulated and flowing in road during rainy season.

Slope stabilisation, construction of retaining wall at the slope cutting area, hardening of compaction of loose and wether rocks by fast growing plantation.
Steep slope in upslope and downslope, planner failure due to toe cutting, presence of higjly jointed and fracture sst units, loose debris material.

Control of Toe cutting by the streams through drainage management, Avoid exposre and perclation of water in the solf shale layer, fast growing plantatation for hardening of solf rocks.
Planner failure along the bedding plane due to toe cutting by nearby drain, presence of highly weather and splintary shales within hard Sst beds, these soft rocks acts as a slippage plane for the slide.

Concrete linning of the drains to avoid toe cutting, regulaur removal of weather rocks and debris, countour or benching of the slope, avoid of stone quarrying.
Very steep slope or vertical cutting, highly jointed and fracturing, toe cutting by nalas, pronounce during rainy season, stone querrying site for the localities.

Controlling or diversion of drain water running from the slide area. removal of older debris material, hardening of the debris by fast growing plant plantation.
Planner failure along the bedding plane due to toe cutting by nearby drain, Presence of highly jointed and splintary weather shales with sandstone units

Avoiding further toe cutting, construction of retaining wall along the cutting portion, compection or removal of loose and weather materials, fast growing plantation.
Planner failure along bedding plane, steeply dipping beds, toe cutting for road construction, highly shear and jointed rocks of olistostromal unit.

Slope stabilisation, control and maintanance of drain water, fast growing plantation etc.
Steep slope cutting for road construction, water accumulation during rainy season, sparse vegetation etc.

Diversion of road if possible, concrete linning of the drain, removal or compaction of loose debris metarials, fast growing plantation.
Planner failure along bedding plane, nala flowing in the middle of the slide zone, Toe erossion by the stream as well as road cutting, highly weather and shear zone.

Slope stabilisation, maintain drainage water flow,Plantation in the affected area etc.
Steep slope, highly shear and weather rocks of olistostromal, hill ridge part, less vegetaion growth etc.

Avoid constant weighing the affected slope
Jointed rock particularly the verticle joint set aiding the slide due to slope cut.

Contact zone of chert dominat oceanic pelagic sediment and ophiolite suite of rock
Jhum cultiation at downslope
The road was along the contact zone, road diversion is needed to prevent from further demage; proper maintenance of hillside drains, construction of culvert to prevent from stagnant of water in the affected area; removal sliding materials and debris.
Contact zone of highly weathered and sheared oceanic pelagic sediment and ophiolite suite of rocks; water flows during rainy season

Hillside drain and culvert for proper maintanace of water flowing during rainy season
Contact zone of highly weathered and sheared oceanic pelagic sediment and ophiolite suite of rocks; water flows during rainy season

Highly weathered ophiolite suite of rocks
Compaction or removal of loose debris material, Slope stabilisation/ construction of retaining wall etc.
Steep Slope cutting for road, presence of loose debris material, passing of Drain, sparse vegetation etc

Highly weathered ophiolite suite of rocks
Control of Toe cutting by proper drainage management, removal of debris and sliding materials
Presances of highly shear and weather rocks, Teo cutting by streams due to exessive raifall

slope stabilisation such as countering and benching, hardening of the loose younger debris by fast growing plantation and avoiding Jhum activities.
Steep slope cutting, presencce of younger and loose debris, toe cutting for the road construction and jhum activities.

Slope stabilisation, construction retaining wall in the cutting areas, compaction or hardening of the loose soil by fast growing plantation.
Presence of mixtures of loose younger debris with massive blocks of Quartzic Sst. water accumulation during rainy season, toe cutting for road construction.

Slope stabilisation, contruction of retaining wall in the cut slope, control and management of drain water runoff, fast growing plantation.
Steep slope in the upslope part, Presence of loose and weather rocks of olistostromal unit, Toe cutting by nearby nala and road construction.

Proper management of hillside drain, removal and compaction old debris and loose slide materials, fast growing plantation.
Steep slope cutting, water accumulation zone, tectonic contact zone of ophiolite and Olistostromal unit

Proper management of hillside drain, removal and compaction old debris and loose slide materials, fast growing plantation.
Water accumulation zone, downslope sliding cause due to toe cutting by streams, presence of weak and shear rocks of tectonic contact zone.

Slope stabilisation, proper management of hill side drains, compaction and removal of loose sliding materials.
Steep slope cutting, presence of a nala within the sliding zone, water accumulated during heavy rainfalls.

Proper management of drain water, fast growing plantation.
toe erossion by river water runoff, steep slope, area in major lineament zone

Toe cutting by nearby nala, Planner Failure along bedding plane.

water accumulation zone, prsences of highly weather rocks of olistostromal unit

slope stabilisation, removal of older debris materials or hardening by fast growing plantation, controlling of toe erossion by stream water runoff.
Slide occur at highly weathered and shear zone of olistostromal unit, presence of streams and water accumulated during heavy rainfall season.

Toe cutting by nearby nala, Presences of highly weather rocks of olistostromal unit, high changes of sliding during rainy season.

Cofuence zone of two stream, steep slope, presence of highly weather and loose materials.

Slope stabilisation, proper management of hill side drains, compaction and removal of loose sliding materials.
Steep slope cutting, water accumulated zone due to presence of nala in the sliding area.

Slope stabilisation, proper management of hill side drains, compaction and removal of loose sliding materials.
Steep slope cutting, slope failure due to water accumulation, presences of streams in the sliding zone.

Removal of weather and loose slide materials, proper management of hillside drain, slope stabilisation.
Toe cutting due to stream water, presence of highly weathered and loose debris material, steep slope.

Proper management drainage water runoff, avoiding of Jhum cultivation actibities, plantation of fast growing plants.
Water accumulation zone, sperse vegetation due to extensive Jhum cultivation activities, prsence of soft and loose weather rocks.

Slope stabilisation by benching or countoring, Removal of weather and loose debris materials from the slides, fast growing plantation.
Steep slope cutting, planner failure due to toe cutting along the bedding plane and dipping slope, water percolation along the fracture plane.

Slope stabilisation, proper management of drainage runoff, construction concreate retaining wall etc.
steep slope cutting for road construction, toe cutting by stream water, water accumulation zone.

Removal of weather and loose slide materials, proper management of hillside drain, slope stabilisation.
Steepe slope cuuting, presence of highly weathered and fracture rocks, stream water flowing in the middle of the slide.

Slope stabilisation, removal or compaction of loose debris materials, proper maintanage of hill side drains.
Steep slope, presence of highly weathered and splintary shales, water accumulation zone.

proper management of drainage water run off in the area, slope stabilisation.
Water accumulation zone, presence of highly weather and splintary shales, steep slope cutting.

Steep slope cutting at highly weather and shear rocks, water accumulation zone, inproper management of hill side drains.

Slope stabilisation, compaction and removal of loose debris, fast growing plant plantation along the slope.
Steep slope cutting for road construction, presence of highly weathered and loose debris.

Removal or compaction of loose weathered sliding materials, slope stabilisation, proper management of side drains.
Steep slope cutting for road construction, water accumulation zone, highly weather and loose debris materials.

Slope stabilisation, Plantation with fast growing plant, removal or compaction of loose and weather slide materials.
Steep slope cutting for road construction, presence of highly weathered and loose debris.

Planner failure along the bedding plane, extensive slope cutting for road construction, toe cutting by the nearby nala.

Slope stabilisation, fast growing plantation, proper management of drain water runoff etc.
Water accumulation zone, confluence of drain water area, steep slope cutting for road construction.

Steep slope due to Extenssive cutting for road construction, Presences of loose and weather rock materials.

Slope stabilisation, removal of weathered/ debris rock material, construction of retaining wall.
Planner failure along the bedding plane, extensive slope cutting for road construction, presence of loose and weather rock materials.

Slope stabilisation and maitaining of slope angle during road cutting.
Steep slope cutting for road construction, slope failure during heavy rainfall season, presence of loose debris materials.

Slope stabilisation and maintaining of slope angle during road cutting.
Steep slope cutting during road construction, presence highly weather and fracture rocks.

Planner failure, toe cutting due to nearby drain, extensive slope cutting for road construction.

Slope stabilisation, proper management of drain water runoff in the surrounding areas, removal or compaction of loose debris sliding materials.
Toe cutting due to presence of nala, presence of thick older debris materials, steep slope cutting.

Proper management drainage water runoff, removal or compaction of loose and weathered rocks, construction of retaining wall.
Steep slope cutting, presence of streams in the sliding area, water accumulation zone, presence of weather rock materials.

Slope stabilisation, removal of weathered/ debris rock material, construction of retaining wall.
Steep slope cutting, hughly weather rocks, accumulation of water from nearby drain.

Slope stabilisation, removal of loose and weather overburdan debris materials.
Steep slope cutting, planner failure due to toe cutting along the bedding plane and dipping slope, water percolation along the fracture plane.

Water accumulation zone during rainy season, steep slope cutting.

Steep slope cutting, water accumulation during rainy season.

Slope stabilisation, compaction or removal of loose materials, plantation etc.
Steep slope cutting for road construction, presence of highly weather and fracture rocks.

Slope stabilisation, proper maintanance of hillside drain water runoff.
Steep slope cutting during road construction, water accumulation zone, presence highly weather and fracture rocks.

Steep slope cutting, presances of highly weather rocks etc.

Planner failure along the bedding plane due to toe cutting during road cutting, steep slope.

Slope stabilisation, proper management of drain water, fast growing plant plantation.
Extenssive slope cutting, water accumulation zone during rainy season due to presence of drain in nearby area.

Slope stabilisation, proper management of drain water, fast growing plant plantation.
Steep slope cutting for road construction, water accumulation during rainy season due to presences of drain in nearby areas, presence of highly weather rocks.

Planner failure along bedding plane due to Toe cutting by nearby drain, Steep slope, water accumulation during rainy season.

Slope stabilisation, proper maintanance of drainage water runoff.
Steep slope cutting, Planner failure along bedding plane due to toe cutting by nearby nala.

Steep slope cutting, water accumulation during rainy season, presence of loose and weather rocks.

Presances of Highly weather rocks, toe cutting by nearby nala, planner failure.

Slope stabilisation, removal of highly weather and loose materials, fast growing plantation.
Steep slope cutting, presence of highly weather and loose materials

Slope stabilisation, proper management of drainage water runoff.
Steep slope cutting, toe cutting iniated by drainage water runoff.

Silststone dominant rock of Disang Group
Steep slope cutting, toe cutting iniated by drainage water runoff.

Steep slope cutting, water accumulation zone.

Slope stabilisation, proper management of drainage water runoff, Removal of weather and old debris materials.
Steep slope cutting, highly weather rocks of olistostromal unit, soft rocks within sandstone units, toe cutting by nearby nala etc.

Debris Landslide,Shallow translational failure. Landslide facing 248╦Ü.
Sheared phyllite, heavy rainfall and steep slope.

Removal of loose materials from the slopes